64:
875:
57:
521:
794:
951:
41:
2136:
867:, Fahl being a later variant of Fihl). As the Byzantine forces practically annihilated in this battle, the Muslims forces continued to the town of Pella, where they faced little resistance with the town of Pella surrendering by treaty, thereby avoiding occupation by military conquest. Accordingly, the archaeological record shows no disruption attributable to the arrival of Islam, as was the case for nearly all the towns of
663:
871:. Rather, the churches, markets and houses of Pella continued in use, with the archaeology showing their progressive modification to meet evolving social and political conditions, as in many of the other towns of the Decapolis alliance in north Jordan. In particular, a large market and workshop area was installed adjacent to the Civic Complex church at the heart of the Byzantine town plan.
889:, as a Jordan Valley rift fault line runs directly under the site. The stone and mudbrick two-storeyed houses on the top of the tell (main mound) collapsed in on themselves, thereby trapping the inhabitants – human and animal – and preserving a rich collection of finds sourced from distant regions, such as Egypt and the
607:
As yet no public buildings from the
Hellenistic period have been identified, although well-appointed private houses attest to their integration into the wider norms of urban living, such as wall-paintings and statuary. Several of these houses suffered what appears to be the same fiery destruction in
726:
had slain its Jewish citizens, there was a general Jewish uprising against neighboring Syrian villages, who sought revenge for the murder of their countrymen, during which time Pella was ransacked and destroyed. Growing Jewish dissent over Roman military occupation in Judea brought about Roman
781:. Pella is alleged to have been the site of one of Christianity's earliest churches, but no evidence has been found of this. According to historian Edward Gibbon, the early Church of Jerusalem fled to Pella after the ruin of the temple, staying there until their return during the reign of
331:
in Greece which was the birthplace of
Alexander. Getzel M. Cohen sees it as plausible that the name Pella was chosen either due to its similarity with the older Semitic name, or due to a common characteristic of both the Macedonian and Transjordan sites: their richness in springs. For the
251:, in the north of the country. Pella's ruins – predominantly temples, churches, and housing – have been partially excavated by teams of archaeologists; they attract thousands of tourists annually but especially in spring, during which time the area is awash with spring flowers.
909:(caravanserai) dating to ca. 950 CE was unearthed at Pella. Recent work on the tell has identified widespread rebuilding following the 749 earthquake, as indicated by wall foundations, plastered floors and refuse pits filled with finely worked bone and moulded glassware.
682:
and incorporating Judaea as a client kingdom. A group of cities claiming Greek
Hellenistic foundations asked Pompey for freedom from the threat of incorporation within Rome's new client-state of Hasmonaean Judaea. Pompey agreed, and these cities were called the
904:
period), was reduced in size, but featured an enclosed double-courtyard architectural complex in the valley immediately north of the tell. The configuration of the complex suggests markets (khans), with commercial activities such as glass workshops. An
Abbasid
535:
IIA city of ca. 1800 BCE boasted massive mud-brick city walls. Australian archaeologists also discovered Middle and Late Bronze Age temples and palatial residences (ca. 1800-1200 BCE). The city was first mentioned in the 19th century BCE in
Egyptian
503:
In May 2010 Bourke announced to the press the discovery of a city wall and other structures dating back to 3400 BCE and some even to 3600 BCE, indicating that the city standing at the top of Pella's Tell Husn at the time was a "formidable"
727:
reprisals against Jewish enclaves in the regions of
Galilee, the coastal plains of Judea, Idumea and Perea, until, at length, the Roman army had subdued all insurgents and their military governors established during the Jewish revolt.
998:
temples and administrative buildings. A Canaanite temple was uncovered between 1994 and 2003. In 2010 Stephen Bourke announced the discovery of a city wall and other structures, some dating back to the mid-4th millennium BCE.
839:. The access streets were lined with newly built shops and large buildings, serving both commercial and residential functions. This concern with urban development matched similar activities in other Decapolis towns, such as
823:("second Palestine"), it certainly had a bishop by the year AD 451. At least three triapsidal churches have been identified within the city: the West Church at the western foot of the tell; the Civic Complex church in the
259:
During the Roman period, Pella was a thriving city with evidence of urban planning, public spaces, and luxurious villas. The city’s location along ancient trade routes contributed to its prosperity.
929:(pulpit), residential compounds defined by lane ways, and a large cemetery. Australian archaeologists discovered a Mameluke mosque and administrative compound (ca. 1350 CE). Late 16th century
699:, they now honoured Pompey by counting 63 BC as a new "Year One". Like most cities within the empire, Pella would have had its own town council. It also minted coins in the Roman period.
638:
decades afterwards, but his specific reference to the destruction of Pella by
Jannaeus because its inhabitants refusing to follow Jewish customs, seems to refer to a different place (
962:, but the first excavation was conducted by Funk and Richardson only in 1958, revealing Bronze and Iron Age material in two soundings. From 1966–1967, R. H. Smith led a team from
431:", an alliance that grew in stature and economic importance to become regionally influential under Roman jurisdiction. However, Pella expanded to its largest size during the
1907:; Watson, P. (2006) Changing Patterns of Settlement and Land Use in the Hinterland of Pella (Jordan)in Late Antiquity. pp. 171–192 in A. Lewin and P. Pellegrini (eds),
978:
and Dr A. W. McNicoll. Wooster stopped excavations in 1985, but the
Australian project continues. Between 1994 and 1996, Pam Watson (at the time, Asst Director of the
1593:
1572:
1551:
1394:
827:
at the southeast foot of the tell and which, due to its size and location, was probably the cathedral; and the elevated East Church on the higher slopes of the
358:, is another name of Pella from the Hellenistic period, based on only one source: Stephanos. The Macedonian name Berenike was often used in the royal family of
1154:
1094:
885:
Pella, which by the eighth century CE had officially returned to its original
Semitic name of Fihl (variant of Pihil), was totally devastated by the massive
1761:
Walmsley, A.G. (2007) Households at Pella, Jordan: the domestic destruction deposits of the mid-eighth century. In L. Lavan, E. Swift and T. Putzeys (Eds),
1888:
Pella in Jordan 2: The Second
Interim Report of the Joint University of Sydney and College of Wooster Excavations at Pella, 1982-1985 (Meditarch Supp. 2)
986:
conducted the Pella Hinterland Survey to identify land-use in an area approx. 30 square km around the city. Since the 1990s, with the project headed by
1248:
974:(Australia), but with separate excavation teams and seasons, explored the city from 1978–1985. The Australian expedition was initially directed by
447:(Province of Jordan), but in time was negatively impacted by natural calamities and eclipsed by the geo-political successes of the nearby towns of
584:
The urban heart of the Iron Age city-kingdom seems to have suffered a major destruction in the later 9th century, from which it did not recover.
512:
were taking shape. The official University of Sydney excavation page only mentions Early Bronze Age stone defensive platforms from ca. 3200 BCE.
2102:
2093:
2124:
687:– literally, the ten cities – although the lists which have survived vary in composition and number. Pella, however, is consistently a "
2389:
1980:
2379:
1706:
Pella in Jordan 2. The Second Interim Report of the Joint University of Sydney and College of Wooster Excavations at Pella 1982–1985
2374:
397:
1873:
Pella in Jordan 1: an interim report on the joint University of Sydney and the College of Wooster excavations at Pella 1979-1981
917:
Evidence for a presence in the Crusader period (12th century CE) is slight – a few pottery sherds only – but in the following
1993:
1883:
Pella of the Decapolis, Volume 2: Final Report on the College of Wooster Excavations in Area IX, the Civic Complex, 1979-1985
1445:
114:
863:; Beisan). This encounter, one of the earliest between Muslims and Byzantines, came to be known as the Battle of Fihl (also
1624:
762:, the disciples had been miraculously told by Christ to abandon Jerusalem because of the siege it was about to undergo.
1886:
1650:
770:
2070:
2041:
1962:
1941:
1533:, Saudi Aramco World, November/December 1985 print edition, pp. 28-35, via archive website, accessed 19 December 2019
1284:
1202:
1104:
1685:
817:. By the Byzantine era, Pella had reached its maximum size and, probably, prosperity. Being part of the province of
527:-type temple at Pella, first built in the Middle Bronze Age (1650 BCE) and destroyed in the Iron Age (850 BCE), 2001
2059:
Pella of the Decapolis: Studies on the history, architecture and art of a Hellenised city from northern Transjordan
1760:
2201:
831:. A Bishop's palace from ca. 550 CE was also discovered. On the tell, the entire summit was leveled off and a new
642:, XIII.395-397): it is listed as if amongst southern Levantine cities and out of its more normal sequence between
2132:
2117:
2054:
Studien zur Geschichte, Architektur und Bildenden Kunst einer Hellenisierten Stadt des nördlichen Ostjordanlandes
778:
427:
period, the town formed with other like-minded towns in the region a political and cultural league known as the "
56:
1777:
Walmsley, A. et al., (1993) The Eleventh and Twelfth Seasons of Excavations at Pella (Tabaqat Fahl): 1989-1990.
378:. It is not possible to assess after which Ptolemid the city was renamed, possible candidates being the wife of
1933:
1821:
754:
made their way to Pella and settled in the city which became a Jewish Christian hub during the early days of
400:
as its founder as a reaction to other cities in the region claiming an illustrious, but fictitious pedigree.
20:
925:
periods the flat summit of the tell was inhabited by a large village, featuring a stone-built mosque with a
1530:
319:(fl. 6th century CE), a quite late source, seems to indicate that it was founded by Alexander himself, and
2186:
1791:
S. McPhillips and A.G. Walmsley (2007), Fahl during the Early Mamluk Period: archaeological perspectives.
1745:
Walmsley, A.G. (1992) Fihl (Pella) and the Cities of North Jordan during the Umayyad and Abbasid Periods.
942:
where wheat, barley, and sesame were grown and taxes collected on goats, beehives and water-driven mills.
2097:
966:(Ohio) to prepare a plan of the site and its environs, and begin excavations, but was interrupted by the
308:
228:
855:
On the plain of the Jordan Valley below Pella, a historically decisive battle took place in January 635
847:/Jarash), and reflects the role of regional centres in serving local populations during late antiquity.
2110:
1272:
979:
774:
747:
695:. If these cities had previously dated their years from their foundation under Alexander the Great or
2022:
1796:
1776:
1744:
1316:
765:
Epiphanius claims that after the destruction, some returned to Jerusalem. Similarly to Epiphanius,
1422:
2206:
1513:
468:
1900:
1502:
1266:
1188:
983:
896:
Subsequent settlement at Pella, dated from the later eighth to eleventh centuries CE (from the
886:
719:
390:. Cohen presumes that under Seleucid rule, the city reverted right away to being called Pella.
247:: a drive of about two hours (due to the difficult terrain), and an hour southwest by car from
467:
The University of Sydney's Pella Excavation Project discovered at Tabaqat Fahl the remains of
2242:
1854:
Pella of the Decapolis. Vol. 1, The 1967 season of the College of Wooster Expedition to Pella
1610:
759:
320:
1514:
Bourke, S. (1997) Pre-Classical Pella In Jordan: A Conspectus Of Ten Years' Work 1985-1995.
634:). From Josephus, it is clear that Pella had been damaged and so needed some restoration by
596:, its ancient name must still have been known, for its new, Greek name was a close synonym,
396:
is another name of the city from the Roman period, seen by Cohen as an attempt of claiming
2191:
1457:
1398:
1262:
971:
859:(13 AH) between a Muslim army and the Byzantine forces stationed at Pella and Scythopolis (
766:
572:
of Shechem. Apparently, they rebelled and expanded their territory and associated with the
312:
2211:
2030:
Sheedy, Kenneth A.; Carson, Robert A. G.; Walmsley, Alan G. (2001). da Costa, Kate (ed.).
785:, making it a secondary pilgrimage site for early Christians and modern Christians today.
8:
2237:
2181:
2062:
1276:
959:
601:
316:
304:
1809:
Historical Geography of Palestine, Trans-Jordan and South Syria in the Late 16th Century
2384:
2196:
2010:
1482:
1453:
1359:
1304:
819:
809:(archaeological mound), across the broad central valley of the town today known as the
806:
696:
613:
436:
220:
216:
2216:
608:
the Late Hellenistic period. This has been attributed to a massive destruction by the
315:, which makes it hard to assess who exactly gave it its Greek name and precisely why.
2176:
2140:
2066:
2037:
1989:
1958:
1954:
The History of Al-Tabari Vol. 11 The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13
1937:
1632:
1620:
1280:
1242:
1198:
1100:
890:
723:
609:
532:
480:
359:
274:
270:
91:
628:
227:
periods. It is located near a rich water source within the eastern foothills of the
1441:
1351:
1194:
1184:
1093:
Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William L.; McAlister, Marian Holland, eds. (1976).
1013:
802:
621:
537:
432:
1437:
564:. The Amarna Archive contains letters showing that the city was ruled by ruled by
560:(c. 1350 BC), Pella was the site of an Egyptian "governor's residence" containing
327:
write that it was founded by veterans of Alexander's army, and named it after the
2262:
2052:
2031:
1957:(Khalid Yahya Blankinship English ed.). State university of New York Press.
1952:
1927:
1866:
1449:
1168:
1117:
1008:
963:
782:
743:
593:
404:
367:
232:
188:
1832:
1606:
1589:
1568:
1547:
987:
975:
930:
874:
864:
860:
813:(see photograph), and over the slopes and summit of the southern hill known as
651:
484:
452:
444:
363:
240:
180:
1039:
260:
2368:
2317:
2302:
2292:
2267:
2087:
868:
557:
375:
333:
129:
116:
1656:
1155:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Pella (Khirbet Fahil) Jordan.
710:
3.5). According to Josephus, Scaurus "laid waste the country around Pella" (
311:. It is not known (as of 2006) who founded the Hellenistic town of Pella in
2307:
1901:
Watson and O'Hea (1996), Pella Hinterland Survey 1994: Preliminary Report.
1636:
755:
703:
675:
520:
204:
1733:
The Invisible Conquest. The Ontogenesis of Sixth and Seventh Century Syria
1226:
797:
Children playing football in the ancient ruins of Pella in September 2004.
2287:
2252:
1763:
Objects in Context, Objects in Use. Material Spatiality in Late Antiquity
1699:
1018:
967:
836:
715:
714:
1.8.1). Pella was one of eleven administrative districts (toparchies) in
679:
561:
424:
387:
278:
1486:
938:
s list a village called Fahl el Tahta in the administrative district of
793:
243:(Lake Tiberias). The site is situated 130 km (81 mi) north of
2343:
2297:
1616:
991:
954:
Topographical map Pella, including several significant excavation areas
906:
856:
691:" city, and the city in the northernmost bounds of the region known as
541:
505:
488:
383:
337:
294:
208:
1836:
1363:
2353:
2247:
1713:
950:
832:
751:
731:
688:
684:
456:
428:
420:
379:
200:
40:
1423:
The Near Eastern Archaeology Foundation, University of Sydney: Pella
737:
2322:
2282:
2277:
1584:
1563:
1542:
1355:
995:
617:
492:
371:
212:
370:, and ruled over the city until 218 BCE, when they lost it to the
2312:
2232:
1820:
Schumacher, G. (1888) Pella. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
918:
901:
897:
882:
565:
293:
is the name under which the city is mentioned in early Egyptian (
2327:
2272:
2257:
2144:
2135:
934:
926:
922:
844:
840:
671:
662:
647:
643:
635:
573:
569:
545:
524:
196:
102:
1951:
Blankinship, Khalid Yahya; Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (2015).
1909:
Settlements and Demography in the Near East in Late Antiquity.
407:(1179–1229), could find no Arabic meaning for the modern name
2159:
958:
The site was first published as part of a regional survey by
939:
692:
597:
509:
487:
in the 1990s, the excavation has been focusing on the site's
448:
341:
328:
248:
244:
224:
1224:
730:
University of Sydney digs unearthed the theatre, baths, and
1092:
479:
The Australian teams also found storage complexes from the
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
678:, converting the old Seleucid empire into the province of
440:
1473:
Smith, Robert H. (1968). "Pella of the Decapolis 1967".
1503:
Ben Churcher, The Discovery of Pella's Canaanite temple
1056:
1323:
674:
integrated the region into the Eastern portion of the
19:"Fahl" redirects here. For the ice hockey league, see
1911:
Pisa: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazional
1169:
Graf, D.F. (1992) "Hellenisation and the Decapolis."
835:
constructed during the time of the Byzantine emperor
548:
temple was uncovered during the 1994-2003 campaigns.
508:
around 3400-3200 BCE, at the same time the cities of
2029:
1852:
The results were published in Smith and Day, (1973)
1648:
1652:
Panarion, or, Mathew 24:15-22, Against the Heresies
1136:
1124:
1021:, another 'Pella' from the Roman province of Judaea
750:, tradition holds that a Jewish-Christian sect of
666:Map of the Decapolis showing the location of Pella
592:Re-established as an urban centre under the early
419:Pella has been almost continuously occupied since
1950:
1719:
2366:
1747:Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan
1342:Smith, Robert (July 1984). "Pella in Jordan 1".
1225:Meyers, E. & Brown, J.P. (3 February 2020).
231:, close to the modern village of Ṭabaqat Faḥl (
195:) was an ancient city in what is now northwest
1708:, Chapter 8. Sydney: Mediterranean Archaeology
540:, and it continued to flourish throughout the
2118:
1811:, p. 167. Erlangen: Frankische Geographische.
1612:Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects
1096:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
483:period (ca. 4200 BCE). Since being headed by
435:, when it was a bishopric in the province of
325:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
1605:
1255:
1247:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1227:"Places: 678326 (Pella/Berenice/Philippeia)"
805:periods, the town extended over the ancient
239:) some 27 km (17 mi) south of the
1498:
1496:
1088:
1086:
2125:
2111:
1807:Hütteroth, W.D. and K. AbdulFattah (1977)
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1164:
1162:
414:
39:
1875:. Canberra: National Gallery of Australia
1735:. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.
1432:
1430:
1418:
1416:
411:and believed it to be of foreign origin.
340:paragraph in the article on the original
1493:
1438:Jordan Valley - cradle of civilisations?
1083:
949:
873:
792:
661:
519:
1370:
1261:
1218:
1183:
1159:
850:
738:First Christians: the "flight to Pella"
344:. The town is said to have been called
2367:
1669:
1655:. p. book 29, 7:8. Archived from
1427:
1413:
1177:
495:temples and administrative buildings.
2106:
2050:
1978:
1925:
1885:. Wooster, Ohio: College of Wooster.
1472:
1468:
1466:
1401:, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
1341:
1329:
1142:
1130:
1077:
945:
587:
403:The Arab geographer of Greek origin,
63:
2033:Pella in Jordan 1979-1990: The Coins
1856:. Wooster, Ohio: College of Wooster.
878:Eastern portion of main tell (mound)
769:recounts how Pella was a refuge for
2202:Al-Aghwar Al Shamaliyyeh Department
990:, the focus has been on the site's
788:
236:
192:
170:Department of Antiquities of Jordan
13:
1988:. University of California Press.
1463:
1335:
14:
2401:
2390:Former populated places in Jordan
2081:
748:destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE
734:of the Roman city of ca. 150 CE.
722:, when the Syrian inhabitants of
2380:Roman towns and cities in Jordan
2134:
1929:Jordan: An Archaeological Reader
1865:See the interim joint volume by
1672:Treatise on Weights and Measures
1190:The New Moody Atlas of the Bible
912:
515:
443:CE, the town became part of the
62:
55:
1926:Adams, Russell B., ed. (2008).
1918:
1894:
1859:
1846:
1826:
1814:
1801:
1785:
1770:
1754:
1738:
1725:
1693:
1678:
1663:
1642:
1599:
1578:
1557:
1536:
1523:
1507:
1344:American Journal of Archaeology
1118:Perseus Digital Library Project
982:) and Dr Margaret O'Hea of the
657:
498:
474:
471:housing dated to ca. 6000 BCE.
2375:Archaeological sites in Jordan
2187:Al-Mazar Al-Shamali Department
2061:] (in German). Wiesbaden:
1934:Equinox Publishing (Sheffield)
1148:
1099:. Princeton University Press.
1032:
702:Pella was incorporated within
551:
199:, and contains ruins from the
1:
1877:. The final report was Smith
1720:Blankinship & Tabari 2015
1649:Epiphanius of Salamis (377).
1025:
746:", sometime before the Roman
718:. During the outbreak of the
670:In 63 BCE, the Roman General
354:in Greek, often Latinised to
336:meaning of the name, see the
323:is another possible founder.
21:Federal Amateur Hockey League
1460:, accessed 25 December 2020.
462:
45:Byzantine Basilica in Pella.
7:
2098:American Center of Research
1835:and Richardson, H. (1958).
1674:. Chicago University Press.
1002:
980:British Institute at 'Amman
970:. A joint project with the
579:
10:
2406:
1841:The Biblical Archaeologist
1837:The 1958 Sounding at Pella
1273:Princeton University Press
439:. In Islamic times, after
254:
18:
2336:
2225:
2169:
2151:
1979:Cohen, Getzel M. (2006).
1298:Pella/Berenice/Philippeia
742:In what is known as the "
184:
166:
158:
153:
145:
108:
98:
87:
79:
50:
38:
31:
1765:, 239-272. Leiden: Brill
1609:; Reinink, G.J. (1973).
1268:Map 69 Damascus-Caesarea
2207:Bani Kinanah Department
1531:The Decapolis of Jordan
1448:9 November 2020 at the
843:(Umm Qays) and Gerasa (
415:History and archaeology
264:
2051:Weber, Thomas (1993).
1891:was published in 1992.
984:University of Adelaide
955:
887:749 Galilee earthquake
879:
801:In the late Roman and
798:
775:First Jewish–Roman War
720:First Jewish-Roman War
667:
616:, about 83 or 82 BCE (
528:
16:Ancient city in Jordan
2243:Al-Shuna al-Shamalyah
2182:Bani Obaid Department
1793:Mamluk Studies Review
1687:History of the Church
1263:Talbert, Richard J.A.
953:
877:
796:
773:who were fleeing the
665:
523:
321:Ptolemy III Euergetes
80:Alternative name
2192:Ar Ramtha Department
2090:, 2013, at PBase.com
1399:University of Sydney
976:Prof. J. B. Hennessy
972:University of Sydney
851:Early Islamic period
771:Jerusalem Christians
767:Eusebius of Caesarea
600:– the birthplace of
297:) historical texts.
162:Government of Jordan
2344:Capitolias/Beit Ras
2238:Al Mazar al Shamali
2217:Wasatieh Department
2063:Harrassowitz Verlag
1080:, pp. 265–268.
602:Alexander the Great
305:Alexander the Great
126: /
71:Shown within Jordan
28:
1781:, vol. 37: 165-240
1619:. pp. 44–46.
1044:www.atlastours.net
956:
946:Recent excavations
880:
833:gridded urban zone
820:Palaestina Secunda
799:
697:Seleucis I Nicator
668:
614:Alexander Jannaeus
588:Hellenistic period
529:
437:Palaestina Secunda
423:times. During the
386:, and the wife of
366:and thus Pella in
83:Fihl, Tabaqat Fahl
26:
2362:
2361:
2212:Taybeh Department
2141:Irbid Governorate
2088:Pictures of Pella
2036:. Sydney: Adapa.
1995:978-0-520-24148-0
1822:Reprinted in 2010
1731:Pentz, P. (1992)
1395:"Pella in Jordan"
1332:, pp. 41–42.
1185:Beitzel, Barry J.
891:Arabian Peninsula
829:Jebel Abu el-Khas
533:Middle Bronze Age
398:Marcius Philippus
307:'s birthplace in
174:
173:
130:32.450°N 35.617°E
92:Irbid Governorate
2397:
2226:Cities and towns
2197:Koura Department
2139:
2138:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2076:
2047:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1947:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1646:
1640:
1630:
1626:978-9-00403763-2
1603:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1529:Rami G. Khouri,
1527:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1470:
1461:
1458:FreeRepublic.com
1442:The Jordan Times
1434:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1368:
1367:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1195:Moody Publishers
1181:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1036:
1014:Diocese of Pella
789:Byzantine period
538:execration texts
433:Byzantine period
382:, a daughter of
362:, who conquered
238:
194:
186:
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
66:
65:
59:
43:
29:
25:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2332:
2221:
2165:
2147:
2133:
2131:
2094:Photos of Pella
2084:
2079:
2073:
2044:
2018:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1944:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1899:
1895:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1759:
1755:
1749:vol. 4: 377–384
1743:
1739:
1730:
1726:
1722:, p. 171].
1718:
1714:
1700:McNicoll, A.W.
1698:
1694:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1647:
1643:
1627:
1604:
1600:
1583:
1579:
1562:
1558:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1471:
1464:
1450:Wayback Machine
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1371:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1260:
1256:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1229:. Pleiades/Stoa
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1182:
1178:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1040:"Pella, Jordan"
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1009:Flight to Pella
1005:
964:Wooster College
948:
915:
853:
791:
783:Emperor Hadrian
758:. According to
744:flight to Pella
740:
660:
590:
582:
554:
518:
501:
477:
465:
455:and especially
417:
360:Ptolemaic Egypt
303:is the name of
267:
257:
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
67:
46:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2083:
2082:External links
2080:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2048:
2042:
2027:
1994:
1982:Pella/Berenike
1976:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1858:
1845:
1825:
1813:
1800:
1784:
1769:
1753:
1737:
1724:
1712:
1692:
1677:
1662:
1659:on 2015-09-06.
1641:
1625:
1598:
1590:The Jewish War
1577:
1569:The Jewish War
1556:
1548:The Jewish War
1535:
1522:
1506:
1492:
1481:(2): 134–137.
1462:
1454:StonePages.com
1444:, 28 May 2010
1436:Taylor Luck, "
1426:
1412:
1369:
1356:10.2307/504582
1350:(3): 426–427.
1334:
1322:
1285:
1254:
1217:
1203:
1176:
1158:
1147:
1145:, p. 400.
1135:
1133:, p. 405.
1123:
1105:
1082:
1055:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1001:
988:Stephen Bourke
947:
944:
914:
911:
865:Battle of Fahl
852:
849:
790:
787:
779:1st century CE
739:
736:
712:The Jewish War
659:
656:
623:The Jewish War
610:Hasmonean king
589:
586:
581:
578:
553:
550:
517:
514:
500:
497:
485:Stephen Bourke
476:
473:
464:
461:
445:Jund al-Urdunn
416:
413:
364:southern Syria
266:
263:
256:
253:
241:Sea of Galilee
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
135:32.450; 35.617
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
70:
61:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2402:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Der Abi Saeed
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2072:9783447033770
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2043:9780957889002
2039:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1966:
1964:9780791496848
1960:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1943:9781845530372
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1843:, 21.4:81–96.
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1607:Klijn, A.F.J.
1602:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1306:
1299:
1288:
1286:9780691049458
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1228:
1221:
1206:
1204:9781575673721
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1108:
1106:9780691035420
1102:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:G. Schumacher
952:
943:
941:
937:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:Later history
910:
908:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
876:
872:
870:
869:Bilad al-Sham
866:
862:
858:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
795:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
735:
733:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Roman Judaean
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
677:
673:
664:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
615:
611:
605:
603:
599:
595:
585:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Amarna Period
549:
547:
543:
539:
534:
526:
522:
516:Middle Bronze
513:
511:
507:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
472:
470:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Antiochos III
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
234:
230:
229:Jordan Valley
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
182:
178:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
139:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
58:
49:
42:
37:
30:
22:
2348:
2158:
2058:
2053:
2032:
1999:. Retrieved
1981:
1968:. Retrieved
1953:
1928:
1919:Bibliography
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1792:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1762:
1756:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1715:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1670:Epiphanius.
1665:
1657:the original
1651:
1644:
1611:
1601:
1588:
1580:
1567:
1559:
1546:
1538:
1525:
1515:
1509:
1478:
1474:
1403:. Retrieved
1347:
1343:
1337:
1325:
1297:
1290:. Retrieved
1267:
1257:
1231:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1170:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1116:– via
1110:. Retrieved
1095:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1034:
957:
933:
916:
895:
881:
854:
828:
825:Wadi al-Jirm
824:
818:
815:Tell al-Husn
814:
811:Wadi al-Jirm
810:
800:
764:
756:Christianity
741:
729:
711:
707:
701:
676:Roman Empire
669:
658:Roman period
639:
629:
622:
606:
604:in Macedon.
591:
583:
562:clay tablets
555:
530:
502:
499:Early Bronze
481:Chalcolithic
478:
475:Chalcolithic
466:
459:(Tiberias).
418:
408:
402:
393:
392:
355:
351:
350:
345:
324:
300:
299:
290:
286:
282:
273:name of the
268:
258:
205:Chalcolithic
176:
175:
2288:Kafr Al-Maa
2253:AshShajarah
2170:Departments
2019:|work=
2001:25 December
1518:129: 94–115
1475:Archaeology
1405:25 December
1313:|work=
1292:25 December
1233:25 December
1210:25 December
1173:4(1): 1–48.
1112:25 December
1019:Bayt Nattif
968:Six Day War
861:Beit She'an
837:Justinian I
716:Roman Judea
708:Jewish Wars
706:territory (
680:Coele-Syria
652:Scythopolis
640:Antiquities
630:Antiquities
568:, a son of
552:Late Bronze
425:Hellenistic
388:Ptolemy III
313:Transjordan
279:Hellenistic
221:Hellenistic
133: /
109:Coordinates
2369:Categories
2298:Kufr Rakeb
2293:Kufr 'Awan
1970:23 October
1867:McNicoll,
1684:Eusebius,
1637:1076236746
1617:E.J. Brill
1615:. Leiden:
1330:Cohen 2006
1275:. p.
1143:Cohen 2006
1131:Cohen 2006
1078:Cohen 2006
1049:2015-11-29
1026:References
760:Epiphanius
542:Bronze Age
506:city-state
489:Bronze Age
394:Philippeia
384:Ptolemy II
295:Bronze Age
281:site, was
209:Bronze Age
167:Management
154:Site notes
149:Settlement
2385:Decapolis
2354:Husn Camp
2248:Ar Ramtha
2177:Al-Qasbah
2021:ignored (
2011:cite book
1905:28: 63–76
1315:ignored (
1305:cite book
900:into the
803:Byzantine
752:Nazoreans
732:nymphaeum
689:Decapolis
685:Decapolis
594:Seleucids
546:Canaanite
469:Neolithic
463:Neolithic
457:Tabariyah
429:Decapolis
421:Neolithic
380:Ptolemy I
338:Etymology
317:Stephanos
309:Macedonia
217:Canaanite
201:Neolithic
159:Ownership
2323:Umm Qais
2283:Johfiyeh
2278:Huwwarah
1881:,(1989)
1833:Funk, R.
1585:Josephus
1564:Josephus
1543:Josephus
1487:41667820
1446:Archived
1265:(2000).
1243:cite web
1187:(2009).
1003:See also
996:Iron Age
724:Caesarea
618:Josephus
580:Iron Age
493:Iron Age
372:Seleucid
356:Berenice
352:Berenike
237:طبقة فحل
213:Iron Age
94:, Jordan
88:Location
2313:Natifah
2233:Al Husn
2152:Capital
2096:at the
1871:(1982)
1797:119-156
1795:11(1):
1704:(1992)
1690:, 3.5.3
1596:(2.457)
1594:2.18.1.
931:Ottoman
919:Ayyubid
902:Fatimid
898:Abbasid
883:Umayyad
777:in the
566:Mutbaal
556:In the
346:Pihilum
275:ancient
271:Semitic
255:Tourism
225:Islamic
121:35°37′E
118:32°27′N
2337:Others
2328:Zoubia
2273:Habaka
2263:Bushra
2258:Aydoun
2145:Jordan
2069:
2040:
1992:
1961:
1940:
1903:Levant
1879:et al.
1869:et al.
1702:et al.
1635:
1623:
1575:(3.51)
1573:3.3.5.
1554:(3.44)
1552:3.3.3.
1485:
1452:, via
1364:504582
1362:
1283:
1201:
1103:
992:Bronze
935:defter
927:minbar
923:Mamluk
845:Jerash
841:Gadara
672:Pompey
648:Gerasa
644:Gadara
636:Pompey
632:14.4.4
625:14.4.8
574:Habiru
570:Labaya
525:Migdol
453:Beisan
277:, pre-
233:Arabic
197:Jordan
189:Arabic
103:Levant
99:Region
2349:Pella
2318:Samma
2303:Malka
2160:Irbid
2057:[
1986:(PDF)
1483:JSTOR
1360:JSTOR
940:Ajlun
693:Perea
598:Pella
510:Sumer
449:Amman
405:Yaqut
374:king
342:Pella
334:Greek
329:Pella
301:Pella
291:Pehal
287:Pihil
283:Pahil
249:Irbid
245:Amman
185:Πέλλα
181:Greek
177:Pella
33:Πέλλα
27:Pella
2308:Marw
2067:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2023:help
2003:2020
1990:ISBN
1972:2021
1959:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1779:ADAJ
1633:OCLC
1621:ISBN
1456:and
1407:2020
1317:help
1294:2020
1281:ISBN
1277:1065
1249:link
1235:2020
1212:2020
1199:ISBN
1171:ARAM
1114:2020
1101:ISBN
994:and
921:and
907:khan
807:tell
650:and
544:. A
531:The
491:and
409:Fahl
269:The
265:Name
223:and
146:Type
2143:of
1516:PEQ
1440:",
1352:doi
441:635
368:301
289:.
285:or
193:فحل
2371::
2065:.
2015::
2013:}}
2009:{{
1936:.
1932:.
1839:.
1587:,
1566:,
1545:,
1495:^
1479:21
1477:.
1465:^
1429:^
1415:^
1397:.
1372:^
1358:.
1348:88
1346:.
1309::
1307:}}
1303:{{
1296:.
1279:.
1271:.
1245:}}
1241:{{
1197:.
1193:.
1161:^
1085:^
1058:^
1042:.
893:.
857:CE
654:.
646:,
627:;
620:,
612:,
576:.
451:,
348:.
235::
219:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
191::
187:,
183::
2126:e
2119:t
2112:v
2075:.
2046:.
2025:)
2005:.
1974:.
1946:.
1767:.
1751:.
1710:.
1639:)
1631:(
1629:.
1520:.
1489:.
1409:.
1366:.
1354::
1319:)
1251:)
1237:.
1214:.
1120:.
1052:.
179:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
