901:
1007:(IMF) imposed in 1987 draconian economic measures: 10% additional levy on wages, hiring freezes, and compulsory retirements. On June 16, 1989, the People's Republic of Benin signed with the IMF a first adjustment plan, in exchange for enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) of 21.9 million Special Drawing Rights of the IMF. Changes that were promised in the agreement with the IMF included a reduction in public expenditure and tax reform, privatizations, reorganization or liquidation of public enterprises, a policy of liberalization and the obligation to enter into that borrowing at concessional rates. The IMF agreement set off a massive strike of students and staff, requiring the payment of their salaries and their scholarships. On 22 June 1989, the country signed a rescheduling agreement first with the
1024:
abandonment of
MarxismâLeninism, the liquidation of the Political Bureau, and the closure of the party's central committee. The Government accepted the establishment of a National Conference bringing together representatives of different political movements. The Conference opened on 19 February 1990: KĂ©rĂ©kou expressed himself in person on 21 February, publicly recognising the failure of his policy. The work of the Conference decided to draft a new constitution and the establishment of a democratic process provided by a provisional government entrusted to a prime minister. KĂ©rĂ©kou remained head of state on a temporary basis. KĂ©rĂ©kou said on 28 February to the attention of the Conference: "I accept all the conclusions of your work."
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56:
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896:. Its philosophical basis is MarxismâLeninism to be applied in a lively and creative manner to the realities of Benin. All activities of national social life in the People's Republic of Benin are organized in this way under the leadership of the revolution of Benin, detachment vanguard of exploited and oppressed masses, leading core of the Beninese people as a whole and its revolution.
1314:
999:'s closure of its border with Benin led to a sharp decline in customs and tax revenues. The state was no longer able to pay the salaries of civil servants. Agriculture was disorganized, the Commercial Bank of Benin ruined, and communities were largely paralyzed due to lack of budget. On the political front, the violations of
991:
A new constitution was adopted in 1978, and the first elections for the
National Revolutionary Assembly were held in 1979. Kérékou was elected unopposed to a four-year term as president in 1980 and reelected in 1984. The National Revolutionary Assembly was nominally the highest source of state power,
1023:
led
President Kérékou to agree to bring down his regime. In February 1989, a pastoral letter signed by eleven bishops of Benin expressed its condemnation of the People's Republic. On 7 December 1989, Kérékou took the lead and surprised the people by disseminating an official statement announcing the
841:
In 1974, under the influence of young revolutionaries â the "Ligueurs" â the government embarked on a socialist program: nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy, reform of the education system, establishment of agricultural cooperatives and new local government structures, and a campaign
915:
The opposition was muzzled, and political prisoners remained in detention for years without trial. The elections were held under a system of unique applications. Campaigns were conducted for rural development and improving education. The government also pursued a policy of
826:. President Kérékou condemned and sometimes executed various representatives of the former political regime. On 30 November 1975, with the first anniversary of the speech of Abomey, Kérékou changed the country's name to Benin, named after the
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In the 1980s, Benin's economic situation became increasingly critical. The country experienced high economic growth rates (15.6 percent in 1982, 4.6 percent in 1983 and 8.2 percent in 1984), but
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strategy by the internal market of Benin caused an escalation of foreign debt. Between 1980 and 1985, the annual service of its external debt raised from 20 to 49 million dollars, while its
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Benin tried to implement extensive programs of economic and social development, but did not get results. Mismanagement and corruption undermined the country's economy. The
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936:, a traditional religion well established in the South, was prohibited, which did not prevent President Kérékou, a few years later, from having his personal
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1003:, with cases of torture of political prisoners, contributed to social tension: the church and the unions opposed more openly the regime. Plans for the
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defeated Kérékou, winning 67.7% of the vote. Kérékou accepted the result and left office. He became president again when he defeated Soglo in the
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834:(south-central). The National Day was set for 30 November referring to three days of 1972, 1974, and 1975, dubbed by the regime the
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802:. The territorial administration was reformed, mayors and deputies replacing traditional structures (village chiefs, convents,
822:, was created on the same day as the country's only legal party. The first year of the government was marked by purges in the
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dropped from 1.402 to 1.024 billion and the stock of debt exploded from 424 to 817 million. The three former presidents,
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814:. His government grew closer to the Soviet Union but sought to maintain good relations with Western countries. The
1470:
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616:
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3052:
2836:
1855:
1419:
4223:
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3197:
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2756:
2708:
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2469:
1527:
702:
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3901:
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795:
766:. It effectively lasted until 1 March 1990, with the adoption of a new constitution, and the abolition of
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570:
305:
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Devenu RĂ©publique
Populaire du BĂ©nin le 30 Novembre 1975, puis RĂ©publique du BĂ©nin le 1er mars 1990...
884:
failed and it helped to harden the regime, which was officially moving toward the way of a government-
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4048:
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940:, during the period in which he identified as Muslim). Benin received only modest support from other
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532:
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but in practice did little more than rubber-stamp decisions already made by Kérékou and the PRPB.
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1315:"World Development Indicators, GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$ ) for Benin, Sub-Saharan Africa"
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859:
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priests, etc.). On 30 November 1974, before an assembly of stunned notables in the city of
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pastor. His return to power involved no recovery of a
MarxistâLeninist regime in Benin.
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1292:
1059:, having meanwhile dropped all references to Marxism and atheism and having become an
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1541:
1517:
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969:
506:
489:
178:
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1011:, for a total of $ 199 million and Benin was granted a 14.1% reduction of its debt.
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in 1990. The People's
Republic was established on 30 November 1975, after the
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1043:. The official name of Benin was preserved for the country, which became the
888:. The constitution was adopted on 26 August of that year, Article 4 stating:
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61:
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2713:
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810:, he gave a speech proclaiming the formal accession of his government to
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The social and political turmoil, catastrophic economic situation and
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1707:
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847:
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908:): Monument commemorating the victims of the attempted coup of 1977.
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3426:
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2415:
1304:« Benin, analyse du pays de 1982 a 1987 », afriquepluriel
1242:
Political parties and democratic transition process in Black Africa
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1151:(in French). Government of Benin. 11 December 1990. Archived from
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996:
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881:
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518:
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A short history of the People's
Republic of Benin (1974â1990)
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A basic law established an all-powerful national assembly.
798:. On 30 November 1972, it released the keynote address of
3145:
Anti-communist insurgencies in
Central and Eastern Europe
3124:
1227:
Auzias
Dominique, Jean-Paul Labourdette, Sandra Fontaine,
1192:
Auzias
Dominique, Jean-Paul Labourdette, Sandra Fontaine,
973:
1293:
debt of Benin, a symbol of aborted democratic transition
1031:
was set up in 1990, paving the way for the return of a
892:
People's Republic of Benin, the road to development is
1357:
Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, pages 67â68
1082:
790:, suspended the constitution and dissolved both the
1366:Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 68
1348:Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 66
1205:Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 61
1183:Philippe David, The Benin, Karthala, 1998, page 60
4205:
1147:[Constitution of the Republic of Benin]
3183:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
1295:Committee for the Abolition of Third World debt
1021:fall of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe
3964:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
4244:States and territories disestablished in 1990
3053:
2239:
1891:
1400:
703:
1168:
988:(imprisoned in 1972) were released in 1981.
114:
91:
28:
864:In January 1977, an attempted coup, called
4239:States and territories established in 1975
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2232:
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1407:
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710:
696:
131:
1073:Cold War § Competition in the Third World
944:, hosting several teams from cooperating
2253:
1218:, The Sycamore Publishing, 1982, page 75
1145:"Constitution de la RĂ©publique du BĂ©nin"
899:
830:that had once flourished in neighboring
734:; sometimes translated literally as the
16:1975â1990 socialist state in West Africa
3588:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
3067:
4206:
3271:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3208:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
1377:The Benin, Karthala, 1998, pages 69â70
1335:Barnaby Georges Gbagbo, Benin and the
3618:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
3041:
2227:
1879:
1388:
816:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
800:New Politics of National Independence
754:continent, which became present-day
1231:Smart Little Country Guide, page 35
1196:Smart Little Country Guide, page 34
1049:presidential election in March 1991
13:
1414:
920:inspiration, in order to root out
14:
4270:
3115:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
3100:Criticism of communist party rule
853:
410:History of the Kingdom of Dahomey
4214:1990 disestablishments in Africa
4161:Human rights in the Soviet Union
3871:
3120:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
1907:
1099:
1085:
677:
400:
372:
347:
68:
54:
4069:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3999:Fall of the inner German border
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1329:
1307:
1298:
1285:
1272:
1260:
1247:
233:Revolutionary National Assembly
4059:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
3198:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
2752:Azerbaijan People's Government
1269:, Jeune Afrique, 25 March 2010
1234:
1221:
1208:
1199:
1186:
1177:
1137:
1126:
1115:
1014:
786:overthrew the government in a
93:"Fraternité, Justice, Travail"
1:
4079:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
3678:Inter-regional Deputies Group
3663:National League for Democracy
1339:, L'Harmattan, 2001, page 208
1282:, Karthala, 1998, pages 64â65
1078:
732:RĂ©publique populaire du BĂ©nin
536:
522:
510:
493:
479:
467:
454:
441:
428:
30:RĂ©publique populaire du BĂ©nin
4229:1975 establishments in Benin
3989:Alexanderplatz demonstration
3954:Polish Round Table Agreement
3628:People's Movement of Ukraine
7:
4034:January Events in Lithuania
3969:Hungarian Round Table Talks
3608:Democratic Party of Albania
2792:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
1694:Water supply and sanitation
1066:
1057:next election in March 1996
1041:referendum in December 1990
1005:International Monetary Fund
104:Fraternity, Justice, Labour
10:
4275:
4259:Former socialist republics
4219:Political history of Benin
3688:Hungarian Democratic Forum
3683:Alliance of Free Democrats
3673:Union of Democratic Forces
1476:People's Republic of Benin
1451:Second Franco-Dahomean War
1244:, Publibook, 2006, page 33
1214:Roger Faligot Pascal Krop,
963:
857:
773:
724:People's Republic of Benin
628:People's Republic of Benin
571:Second Franco-Dahomean War
25:People's Republic of Benin
4153:
4087:
4049:1991 protests in Belgrade
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1924:
1842:
1785:
1715:
1706:
1646:
1637:
1549:
1540:
1498:
1489:
1446:First Franco-Dahomean War
1426:
740:Popular Republic of Benin
563:First Franco-Dahomean War
326:
314:
304:
289:
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275:
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252:
248:
238:
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149:
139:
130:
109:
92:
84:
50:
45:
23:
4039:January Events in Latvia
4029:Reunification of Germany
4014:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
3944:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
3668:National Salvation Front
3653:Belarusian Popular Front
3643:Popular Front of Estonia
3412:Polish underground press
3173:List of socialist states
1267:Kerekou, the unavoidable
1216:Secret Service in Africa
778:On 26 October 1972, the
4115:Economic liberalization
4054:1991 Belarusian strikes
3994:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3648:Public Against Violence
3638:Popular Front of Latvia
3417:Political demonstration
3266:Chinese economic reform
3178:People Power Revolution
2802:North Korea (1947â1948)
2797:North Korea (1946â1947)
1029:transitional government
868:, led by the mercenary
860:1977 Benin coup attempt
770:in the nation in 1989.
126:"The Dawn of a New Day"
3249:New political thinking
2524:Current and historical
1481:Mercenary coup attempt
1169:
909:
898:
736:Benin Popular Republic
731:
637:Mercenary coup attempt
294:West African CFA franc
277:âą Disestablished
115:
29:
4224:20th century in Benin
4120:Post-Soviet conflicts
4074:Tajikistani Civil War
4024:Revolution on Granite
3984:Monday Demonstrations
3510:SanjaasĂŒrengiin Zorig
3344:Mengistu Haile Mariam
3110:Eastern Bloc politics
903:
890:
150:Common languages
3530:Vytautas Landsbergis
3525:Viacheslav Chornovil
3354:Denis Sassou Nguesso
3029:History of socialism
1466:Presidential Council
796:Presidential Council
476:Atlantic slave trade
4186: /
3974:Pan-European Picnic
3949:1988 Polish strikes
3329:Wojciech Jaruzelski
3069:Revolutions of 1989
2965:Estonia (1918â1919)
2859:Hungary (1949â1989)
1456:Republic of Dahomey
1325:– via Google.
1255:The Benin, Karthala
982:Sourou Migan Apithy
942:communist countries
904:Place des Martyrs (
764:Republic of Dahomey
600:Republic of Dahomey
355:Republic of Dahomey
267:âą Established
4249:Communism in Benin
3334:Slobodan MiloĆĄeviÄ
3203:Vatican Opposition
2930:Byelorussia (1919)
1033:multi-party system
934:West African Vodun
930:retrograde beliefs
910:
846:forces" including
587:French West Africa
519:Kingdom of Dahomey
4169:
4168:
4095:Colour revolution
3925:
3924:
3892:Congo-Brazzaville
3613:Democratic Russia
3570:Pope John Paul II
3565:George H. W. Bush
3515:Vladimir Bukovsky
3304:Mikhail Gorbachev
3299:Nicolae CeauÈescu
3085:Era of Stagnation
3035:
3034:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
2815:
2814:
2557:Congo-Brazzaville
2453:Regional variants
2221:
2220:
1873:
1872:
1838:
1837:
1702:
1701:
1633:
1632:
1608:Political parties
1564:Foreign relations
1536:
1535:
1291:Arnaud Zacharie,
1158:on 15 August 2011
1051:, Prime Minister
1045:Republic of Benin
986:Justin Ahomadegbe
970:industrialization
872:and supported by
792:National Assembly
782:led by Commander
720:
719:
684:Africa portal
649:Republic of Benin
507:Kingdom of Whydah
490:Dutch Slave Coast
464:Kingdom of Akwamu
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
360:
359:
214:âą 1975â1990
4266:
4254:Communist states
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4044:Transnistria War
3703:
3702:
3545:Aung San Suu Kyi
3460:Alexander DubÄek
3397:Civil resistance
3254:Sinatra Doctrine
3234:Demokratizatsiya
3135:Shortage economy
3062:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3038:
2885:
2884:
2742:
2741:
2532:
2531:
2527:socialist states
2406:African-American
2248:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2224:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1858:
1851:
1713:
1712:
1669:
1644:
1643:
1547:
1546:
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1402:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1375:Philippe David,'
1373:
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1109:
1107:Communism portal
1104:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1037:new constitution
866:Operation Shrimp
818:, designed as a
812:MarxismâLeninism
768:MarxismâLeninism
760:1972 coup d'Ă©tat
712:
705:
698:
682:
681:
680:
541:
540: 1730â1904
538:
527:
526: 1600â1904
524:
515:
514: 1580â1728
512:
498:
497: 1660â1760
495:
484:
483: 1500â1800
481:
472:
471: 1480â1734
469:
459:
458: 1464â1591
456:
446:
445: 1300â1836
443:
433:
432: 1100â1724
430:
404:
394:History of Benin
390:
389:
376:
375:
364:
363:
351:
350:
344:
343:
328:
327:
271:30 November 1975
187:MarxistâLeninist
135:
124:
120:
99:
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94:
72:
58:
40:
32:
21:
20:
4274:
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4203:
4194:
4192:
4190:6.500°N 2.600°E
4188:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4149:
4110:Democratization
4100:Decommunization
4083:
4019:Helsinki Summit
3959:April 9 tragedy
3931:
3921:
3850:
3759:
3707:
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3389:
3383:
3339:Mathieu Kérékou
3286:
3280:
3212:
3188:Reagan Doctrine
3163:Active measures
3155:
3149:
3140:Totalitarianism
3077:
3071:
3066:
3036:
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3014:
2995:Slovakia (1919)
2895:Alsace-Lorraine
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1698:
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1257:, 1998, page 63
1253:Philippe David,
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1084:
1081:
1069:
1053:Nicéphore Soglo
1039:was adopted by
1017:
966:
886:political party
862:
856:
824:state apparatus
784:Mathieu Kérékou
776:
746:located in the
744:socialist state
716:
678:
676:
659:
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645:
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632:
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281:2 December 1990
278:
268:
261:26 October 1972
258:
219:Mathieu Kérékou
215:
193:socialist state
125:
122:
117:L'Aube nouvelle
105:
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4135:Post-communism
4132:
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3732:
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3725:Czechoslovakia
3722:
3717:
3711:
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3708:Eastern Europe
3700:
3694:
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3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Isaias Afwerki
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Zianon Pazniak
3532:
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3314:Erich Honecker
3311:
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3127:
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3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:Anti-communism
3092:
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2975:Hungary (1919)
2972:
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2842:Czech Republic
2837:Czechoslovakia
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Inner Mongolia
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:East Turkestan
2754:
2748:
2746:
2739:
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2439:United Kingdom
2435:
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2396:United Kingdom
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2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
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1656:Communications
1653:
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1625:Prime Minister
1622:
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1533:
1531:
1530:
1528:Extreme points
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
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1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
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1448:
1443:
1441:French Dahomey
1438:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1389:
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1380:
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1125:
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1111:
1110:
1096:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1016:
1013:
965:
962:
926:forces of evil
918:anti-religious
858:Main article:
855:
854:Attempted coup
852:
842:to eradicate "
836:Three Glorious
820:vanguard party
775:
772:
748:Gulf of Guinea
718:
717:
715:
714:
707:
700:
692:
689:
688:
687:
686:
674:
669:
661:
660:
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657:
651:
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633:
630:
626:
623:
622:
619:
614:
611:
605:
602:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
583:
580:
578:French Dahomey
576:
573:
568:
565:
559:
556:
555:
551:
550:
548:
547:
544:
543:
535:
533:Annual Customs
529:
521:
517:
509:
504:
501:
500:
492:
486:
478:
474:
466:
461:
453:
451:Songhai Empire
448:
440:
435:
427:
421:
418:
417:
413:
412:
406:
405:
397:
396:
386:
385:
382:
381:
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318:
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279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
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262:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
239:Historical era
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
181:
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151:
147:
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141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
107:
106:
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101:
100:
88:
82:
81:
74:
67:
66:
60:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
42:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4271:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:1990 in Benin
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:Yugoslav Wars
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:Neo-Stalinism
4128:
4126:
4125:Neo-Sovietism
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Black January
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
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3950:
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3928:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Ronald Reagan
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Zhelyu Zhelev
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Boris Yeltsin
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Joachim Gauck
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3432:Strike action
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Todor Zhivkov
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Deng Xiaoping
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3277:
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63:
57:
49:
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38:
31:
22:
19:
4195:6.500; 2.600
4171:
4088:Later events
4004:Malta Summit
3836:Turkmenistan
3764:Soviet Union
3750:Soviet Union
3730:East Germany
3550:Meles Zenawi
3505:Sali Berisha
3455:VĂĄclav Havel
3402:Human chains
3309:KĂĄroly GrĂłsz
3239:Khozraschyot
3130:Nomenklatura
3105:Eastern Bloc
2905:BaranyaâBaja
2874:Soviet Union
2854:East Germany
2552:Burkina Faso
2546:
1825:Prostitution
1787:Demographics
1684:Trade unions
1574:Human rights
1554:Constitution
1475:
1471:Kérékou coup
1376:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1337:human rights
1336:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1317:. World Bank
1309:
1300:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1167:
1160:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1139:
1128:
1117:
1026:
1018:
1001:human rights
994:
990:
967:
950:East Germany
929:
925:
914:
911:
891:
865:
863:
840:
835:
828:Benin Empire
799:
780:Armed Forces
777:
739:
735:
723:
721:
653:
627:
617:Kérékou coup
337:Succeeded by
336:
331:
306:Calling code
110:
86:Motto:
85:
76:Coat of arms
18:
4193: /
4064:August Coup
3917:South Yemen
3862:Afghanistan
3706:Central and
3699:by location
3603:Civic Forum
3490:Feng Congde
3465:Ion Iliescu
3450:Lech WaĆÄsa
3407:Magnitizdat
3369:Zhao Ziyang
3359:Heng Samrin
3319:MiloĆĄ JakeĆĄ
3229:Perestroika
2888:Short-lived
2745:Short-lived
2714:South Yemen
2699:North Korea
2659:Afghanistan
2376:New Zealand
2371:Netherlands
1770:Paralympics
1651:Agriculture
1584:LGBT rights
1523:Departments
1061:evangelical
1015:Dissolution
978:Hubert Maga
958:North Korea
788:coup d'Ă©tat
425:Great Ardra
332:Preceded by
229:Legislature
4208:Categories
4105:Lustration
3979:Baltic Way
3930:Individual
3907:Mozambique
3846:Uzbekistan
3831:Tajikistan
3816:Kyrgyzstan
3811:Kazakhstan
3776:Azerbaijan
3755:Yugoslavia
3633:Solidarity
3593:Charter 77
3579:Opposition
3475:Wu'erkaixi
3441:Opposition
3388:Opposition
3379:Siad Barre
3324:Egon Krenz
3294:Ramiz Alia
3285:Government
3224:Uskoreniye
3156:background
3078:background
3000:Tarnobrzeg
2925:Bessarabia
2879:Yugoslavia
2602:Seychelles
2597:Mozambique
2592:Madagascar
2515:Vietnamese
2510:Venezuelan
2500:Nicaraguan
2495:Melanesian
2412:Venezuela
2324:Kuomintang
2317:since 1978
2287:Bangladesh
2263:By country
2257:by country
1740:Literature
1668:(currency)
1666:CFA franc
1569:Government
1461:Soglo coup
1321:31 January
1240:Omar Diop,
1079:References
1009:Paris Club
922:witchcraft
870:Bob Denard
609:Soglo coup
438:Oyo Empire
179:Government
144:Porto-Novo
4145:Pink tide
3939:Jeltoqsan
3855:Elsewhere
3806:Lithuania
3658:Rastokhez
3598:New Forum
3581:movements
3480:Chai Ling
3090:Communism
2958:1939â1940
2913:1918â1919
2682:1982â1992
2677:1979â1992
2672:1975â1979
2668:Cambodia
2643:Nicaragua
2575:1987â1991
2570:1974â1987
2566:Ethiopia
2505:Tanzanian
2386:Sri Lanka
2329:Hong Kong
2312:Communist
2275:Australia
2270:Argentina
2255:Socialism
1925:By decade
1815:Languages
1800:Education
1689:Transport
1613:President
1601:Air Force
1559:Elections
1491:Geography
1280:The Benin
1047:. In the
894:socialism
848:tribalism
631:1975â1990
603:1958â1975
590:1895â1958
581:1894â1958
574:1892â1894
200:President
190:one-party
168:Religion
46:1975â1990
3902:Mongolia
3897:Ethiopia
3882:Cambodia
3786:Chechnya
3720:Bulgaria
3495:Tank Man
3485:Wang Dan
3470:Liu Gang
3427:Samizdat
3422:Protests
3261:Glasnost
3244:500 Days
3168:Cold War
3076:Internal
3010:WĂŒrzburg
2985:Naissaar
2949:Finland
2909:Bavaria
2847:Slovakia
2832:Bulgaria
2762:Far East
2709:Mongolia
2621:Americas
2485:European
2416:Chavismo
2381:Pakistan
1865:Category
1830:Religion
1775:Football
1765:Olympics
1596:Military
1579:Abortion
1542:Politics
1518:Communes
1420:articles
1067:See also
938:marabout
794:and the
742:) was a
667:Category
290:Currency
243:Cold War
123:(French)
98:(French)
4154:Related
3912:Somalia
3841:Ukraine
3821:Moldova
3796:Georgia
3791:Estonia
3781:Belarus
3771:Armenia
3745:Romania
3735:Hungary
3715:Albania
3623:SÄ
jƫdis
3443:leaders
3390:methods
3287:leaders
3276:Äá»i Má»i
3217:Reforms
2980:Ireland
2970:Galicia
2869:Romania
2827:Albania
2782:Jiangxi
2729:Vietnam
2633:Grenada
2607:Somalia
2490:Israeli
2480:Chinese
2475:Burmese
2470:British
2460:African
2432:History
2423:Vietnam
2391:Tunisia
2341:Finland
2336:Estonia
2086:By year
1849:Outline
1725:Cuisine
1708:Culture
1679:Tourism
1674:Fishing
1639:Economy
1513:Climate
1503:Borders
1428:History
1162:23 June
997:Nigeria
964:Decline
906:Cotonou
882:Morocco
832:Nigeria
804:animist
774:History
762:in the
752:African
750:on the
672:Commons
654:present
254:âą
184:Unitary
140:Capital
111:Anthem:
4181:2°36âČE
4178:6°30âČN
3932:events
3867:Angola
3826:Russia
3801:Latvia
3740:Poland
3697:Events
3349:Ne Win
2990:Saxony
2935:Bremen
2864:Poland
2820:Europe
2787:Kuwait
2767:Fujian
2582:Guinea
2542:Angola
2535:Africa
2351:Greece
2346:France
2308:China
2304:Canada
2297:Lulism
2292:Brazil
1820:People
1810:Health
1720:Cinema
1661:Energy
1508:Cities
1418:
1035:. The
984:, and
956:, and
952:, the
928:, and
880:, and
874:France
844:feudal
808:Abomey
728:French
204:
158:Yoruba
154:French
121:
113:
96:
37:French
33:
3887:China
3877:Burma
3872:Benin
3005:UĆŸice
2940:BihaÄ
2900:Banat
2772:Gilan
2719:Syria
2689:China
2664:Burma
2638:Chile
2612:Sudan
2587:Libya
2562:Egypt
2547:Benin
2366:Italy
2356:India
2077:1990s
2072:1980s
2067:1970s
2062:1960s
2057:1950s
2052:1940s
2047:1930s
2042:1920s
2037:1910s
2032:1900s
2027:1890s
2022:1880s
2017:1870s
2012:1860s
2007:1850s
2002:1840s
1997:1830s
1992:1820s
1987:1810s
1982:1800s
1977:1790s
1972:1780s
1967:1770s
1962:1760s
1957:1750s
1952:1740s
1947:1730s
1942:1720s
1937:1710s
1932:1700s
1918:Benin
1914:Years
1856:Index
1795:Crime
1760:Sport
1750:Music
1745:Media
1416:Benin
1229:Benin
1194:Benin
1156:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
1122:Benin
878:Gabon
756:Benin
652:1990â
368:Benin
2953:1918
2918:1919
2724:Tuva
2704:Laos
2694:Iraq
2652:Asia
2628:Cuba
2465:Arab
2361:Iran
2213:2024
2208:2023
2203:2022
2198:2021
2193:2020
2188:2019
2183:2018
2178:2017
2173:2016
2168:2015
2163:2014
2158:2013
2153:2012
2148:2011
2143:2010
2138:2009
2133:2008
2128:2007
2123:2006
2118:2005
2113:2004
2108:2003
2103:2002
2098:2001
2093:2000
1735:Flag
1618:list
1436:Ketu
1323:2020
1164:2012
954:USSR
946:Cuba
722:The
640:1977
620:1972
612:1963
566:1890
62:Flag
3125:KGB
1916:in
974:GNP
738:or
310:229
298:XOF
162:Fon
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537:c.
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511:c.
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480:c.
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429:c.
321:BJ
160:,
156:,
3061:e
3054:t
3047:v
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2240:t
2233:v
1899:e
1892:t
1885:v
1408:e
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1394:v
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711:e
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697:v
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296:(
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