398:, Karume quietly sidelined him from the political scene, although he was allowed to retain his self-bestowed title of field marshal. However, Okello's revolutionaries soon began reprisals against the Arab and Asian population of Unguja, carrying out beatings, rapes, murders, and attacks on property. He claimed in radio speeches to have killed or imprisoned tens of thousands of his "enemies and stooges", but actual estimates of the number of deaths vary greatly, from "hundreds" to 20,000. Some Western newspapers give figures of 2,000–4,000; the higher numbers may be inflated by Okello's own broadcasts and exaggerated reports in some Western and Arab news media. The killing of Arab prisoners and their burial in
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announced that its political prisoners, numbering 500, would be tried by special courts. Okello formed the
Freedom Military Force (FMF), a paramilitary unit made up of his own supporters, which patrolled the streets and looted Arab property. The behaviour of Okello's supporters, his violent rhetoric, Ugandan accent, and Christian beliefs were alienating many in the largely moderate Zanzibari and Muslim ASP, and by March many members of his FMF had been disarmed by Karume's supporters and the
445:
instances of
British nationals being attacked and advised against intervention. As a result, the British troops in Kenya were reduced to four hours' standby later that evening. Crosthwait decided not to approve an immediate evacuation of British citizens, as many held key government positions and their sudden removal would further disrupt the country's economy and government. To avoid possible bloodshed, the British agreed a timetable with Karume for an organised evacuation.
530:), the police were the only armed force in Tanganyika, and on 20 January the police absence led the entire Rifles regiment to mutiny. Dissatisfied with their low pay rates and with the slow progress of the replacement of their British officers with Africans, the soldiers' mutiny sparked similar uprisings in both Uganda and Kenya. However, order on the African mainland was rapidly restored without serious incident by the British Army and Royal Marines.
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495:, which was taken as an indication of Cuban support for the revolution. However, this practice was started by those members who had staffed a ZNP branch office in Cuba and it became a common means of dress amongst opposition party members in the months leading up to the revolution. The new Zanzibar government's recognition of the
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431:
In April, the government formed the People's
Liberation Army (PLA) and completed the disarmament of Okello's remaining FMF militia. On 26 April, Karume announced that a union had been negotiated with Tanganyika to form the new country of Tanzania. The merger was seen by contemporary media as a means
419:
By 3 February, Zanzibar was finally returning to normality, and Karume had been widely accepted by the people as their president. A police presence was back on the streets, looted shops were re-opening, and unlicensed arms were being surrendered by the civilian populace. The revolutionary government
533:
The possible emergence of an
African communist state remained a source of disquiet in the West. In February, the British Defence and Overseas Policy Committee said that, while British commercial interests in Zanzibar were "minute" and the revolution by itself was "not important", the possibility of
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British military forces in Kenya were made aware of the revolution at 4:45 am on 12 January, and following a request from the Sultan were put on 15 minutes' standby to conduct an assault on
Zanzibar's airfield. However, the British High Commissioner in Zanzibar, Timothy Crosthwait, reported no
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stated that
Zanzibar was "on the verge of becoming the Cuba of Africa", but on 26 January denied that there was active communist involvement. Zanzibar continued to receive support from communist countries and by February was known to be receiving advisers from USSR, East Germany and China. At the
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docked at
Zanzibar Town harbour, but the US had not sought the Revolutionary Council's permission for the evacuation, and the ship was met by a group of armed men. Permission was eventually granted on 15 January, but the British considered this confrontation to be the cause of much subsequent
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The deposed Sultan made an unsuccessful appeal to Kenya and
Tanganyika for military assistance, although Tanganyika sent 100 paramilitary police officers to Zanzibar to contain rioting. Other than the Tanganyika Rifles (formerly the colonial
538:, and the United States withheld recognition of the new regime until 23 February, by which time it had already been recognised by much of the communist bloc. In Crosthwait's opinion, this contributed to Zanzibar aligning itself with the
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militia. On 11 March Okello was stripped of his rank of Field
Marshal, and was denied entry when trying to return to Zanzibar from a trip to the mainland. He was deported to Tanganyika and then to
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intervention must be maintained. The committee was concerned that
Zanzibar could become a centre for the promotion of communism in Africa, much like Cuba had in the Americas. Britain, most of the
436:, to limit the influence of the radically left-wing Umma Party. However, many of the Umma Party's socialist policies on health, education and social welfare were adopted by the government.
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same time, Western influence was diminishing and by July 1964 just one Briton, a dentist, remained in the employ of the Zanzibari government. It has been alleged that
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of preventing communist subversion of Zanzibar; at least one historian states that it may have been an attempt by Karume, a moderate
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Within hours of the revolution, the American ambassador had authorised the withdrawal of US citizens on the island, and a
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Western intelligence agencies believed that the revolution had been organised by communists supplied with weapons by the
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and this sequence of film comprises the only known visual document of the killings. Many Arabs fled to safety in
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countries. This suspicion was strengthened by the appointment of Babu as Minister for External Affairs and
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had been made available to assist with the revolution. Some members of the Umma Party wore Cuban
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Residual Uncertainty: Trying to Avoid Intelligence and Policy Mistakes in the Modern World
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to create the "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar", which would be renamed the
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was a backer of the revolution with Kimche in Zanzibar on the day of the Revolution.
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was documented by an Italian film crew, filming from a helicopter, for
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Lofchie, Michaael F. (1967), "Was Okello's Revolution a Conspiracy?",
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1165:"An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964."
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350:. It existed for less than six months before it merged with
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The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa
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1060:"Our Mother is Afro-Shirazi, Our Father is the Revolution"
962:"Israeli spymaster found himself embroiled in Iran-Contra"
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A Reformer on the Throne: Sultan Qaboos Bin Said Al Said
428:, before returning destitute to his native Uganda.
27:Republic in the Indian Ocean (January–April, 1964)
464:ill-will against the Western powers in Zanzibar.
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1648:Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution
728:Dispatch of The Times London (4 February 1964).
499:(the first African government to do so), and of
394:. Seeking to distance himself from the volatile
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730:"Zanzibar Quiet, With New Regime Firmly Seated"
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632:"Nationalism Is Viewed as Camouflage for Reds"
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652:"Slaughter in Zanzibar of Asians, Arabs Told"
191:• 12 January 1964 – 27 April 1964
1169:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
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658:. 20 January 1964. p. 4. Archived from
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507:. Just six days after the revolution,
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1142:Sheriff, Abdul; Ferguson, Ed (1991),
912:Franck, Thomas M. (26 January 1964).
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1489:Zanzibar International Film Festival
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24:
991:2003 University Press of Kentucky.
630:Conley, Robert (19 January 1964).
608:Conley, Robert (14 January 1964).
163:• 23 Jan – 26 Apr 1964
25:
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798:Conley, Robert (March 12, 1964).
392:Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party
1701:1964 disestablishments in Africa
822:"Tanganyika gets new rule today"
820:Conley, Robert (27 April 1964).
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1203:East Germany–Zanzibar relations
1069:, New York: Columbia University
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800:"Zanzibar Regime Expels Okello"
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1106:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
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1696:1964 establishments in Africa
1579:People's Republic of Zanzibar
545:
459:, arrived on 13 January. The
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34:People's Republic of Zanzibar
1145:Zanzibar Under Colonial Rule
384:Minister of External Affairs
7:
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1148:, James Currey Publishers,
767:Sheriff & Ferguson 1991
701:Sheriff & Ferguson 1991
491:and beards in the style of
356:United Republic of Tanzania
344:Jamhuri ya watu wa Zanzibar
39:Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar
10:
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1726:Former socialist republics
1298:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty
1121:Plekhanov, Sergey (2004),
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497:German Democratic Republic
388:Zanzibar Nationalist Party
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358:in November of that year.
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1215:Zanzibar Official Website
1181:10.1080/03086530701337666
1100:Parsons, Timothy (2003),
967:The Sydney Morning Herald
380:Abdulrahman Mohammad Babu
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1612:Decolonisation of Africa
1283:Indian Ocean slave trade
610:"Regime Banishes Sultan"
374:heading the council as
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1575:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1278:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1163:Speller, Ian (2007),
1127:, Trident Press Ltd,
1058:Daly, Samuel (2009),
914:"Zanzibar Reassessed"
528:King's African Rifles
473:Abdullah Kassim Hanga
275:Sultanate of Zanzibar
241:East African shilling
196:Abdullah Kassim Hanga
97:Common languages
348:Zanzibar Archipelago
1553:Zanzibar Revolution
1318:Zanzibar Revolution
987:p.161 Pateman, Roy
662:on January 16, 2009
368:Zanzibar Revolution
366:In the wake of the
223:Zanzibar Revolution
1616:General elections
1303:Anglo-Zanzibar War
1015:, pp. 109–110
919:The New York Times
827:The New York Times
804:The New York Times
734:The New York Times
637:The New York Times
614:The New York Times
509:The New York Times
142:socialist republic
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960:(16 March 2010).
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656:Los Angeles Times
489:military fatigues
485:Tanganyika Rifles
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16:(Redirected from
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1706:Former republics
1691:1964 in Zanzibar
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922:. pp. E10.
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1113:0-325-07068-7
1109:
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1104:
1098:
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1079:(33): 36–42,
1078:
1073:
1068:
1067:Senior Thesis
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1056:
1055:
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1037:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
990:
984:
969:
968:
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946:
941:
935:, p. 18.
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896:
894:
886:
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874:
869:
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852:
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843:, p. 19.
842:
837:
830:. p. 11.
829:
828:
823:
816:
814:
806:. p. 11.
805:
801:
794:
788:, p. 17.
787:
782:
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776:
769:, p. 242
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686:, p. 91.
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481:Oscar Kambona
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1620:January 1961
1578:
1577: /
1415:Central bank
1322:
1172:
1168:
1144:
1123:
1102:
1076:
1066:
1045:, p. 13
1043:Speller 2007
1030:, p. 12
1028:Speller 2007
1013:Parsons 2003
1008:
1003:, p. 10
1001:Speller 2007
996:
988:
983:
971:. Retrieved
965:
958:David Kimche
952:
945:Speller 2007
940:
933:Speller 2007
928:
917:
907:
902:, p. 37
900:Lofchie 1967
887:, p. 9.
885:Speller 2007
880:
873:Speller 2007
860:, p. 8.
858:Speller 2007
841:Speller 2007
836:
825:
803:
793:
786:Speller 2007
752:, p. 15
750:Speller 2007
736:. p. 9.
733:
715:, p. 42
708:
664:. Retrieved
660:the original
655:
646:
640:. p. 1.
635:
616:. p. 4.
613:
603:
596:Parsons 2003
567:, p. 7.
565:Speller 2007
540:Soviet Union
536:Commonwealth
532:
524:
520:David Kimche
508:
493:Fidel Castro
466:
460:
455:
447:
443:
430:
418:
405:Africa Addio
403:
372:Abeid Karume
365:
335:
333:
257:Succeeded by
256:
251:
168:Abeid Karume
1494:Zenji flava
1379:Legislature
1343:Archipelago
1175:(2): 1–35,
501:North Korea
469:Warsaw Pact
400:mass graves
396:John Okello
252:Preceded by
1685:Categories
1600:Background
1589:Umma Party
1288:Stone Town
1077:Transition
546:References
422:Umma Party
352:Tanganyika
134:Government
1661:Responses
1625:June 1961
1384:President
1374:Elections
1332:Geography
1292:Landmarks
1189:159656717
973:8 October
713:Daly 2009
517:spymaster
434:socialist
376:President
149:President
123:Religion
1607:Cold War
1561:Overview
1511:Category
1474:Religion
1362:Politics
1348:Wildlife
1268:Timeline
1251:Zanzibar
1197:See also
666:16 April
327:Tanzania
302:Tanzania
288:Zanzibar
237:Currency
210:Cold War
1449:Cuisine
1438:Society
1425:Tourism
1398:Economy
1260:History
1093:2934114
1052:Sources
514:Israeli
450:US Navy
362:History
340:Swahili
221:•
139:Unitary
114:English
104:Swahili
87:Capital
46:Swahili
1641:Events
1568:States
1555:(1964)
1484:Taarab
1187:
1152:
1131:
1110:
1091:
461:Manley
456:Manley
181:
153:
109:Arabic
42:
1464:Music
1185:S2CID
1089:JSTOR
1063:(PDF)
426:Kenya
414:Pemba
127:Islam
1630:1963
1454:Flag
1273:Zanj
1150:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1108:ISBN
975:2022
668:2009
454:USS
410:Oman
390:and
378:and
334:The
71:Flag
55:1964
1584:ASP
1177:doi
1081:doi
475:as
1687::
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1173:35
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