252:, with its stance on whether to secede Flanders from Belgium or redefine Belgium as a federal nation in which Flanders had devolved power changing with its leadership. The VU participated in three coalitions with the Belgian government during its existence and has been credited by historians with successfully bringing the issue of Flemish nationalism to mainstream Belgian politics and implementing its federalist objectives. However, the party later suffered from ideological schisms which resulted in a decline in support before it was dissolved in 2001.
1504:
1421:
1380:
1256:
1143:
1110:
1077:
1011:
978:
945:
912:
879:
846:
813:
780:
747:
36:
1462:
1044:
714:
303:, VNV) collaborated with the Nazis, who had promised them increased Flemish autonomy. That initially complicated the postwar re-emergence of Flemish nationalism although only a faction of the broader movement had actually pursued an agenda of collaboration. After the only outlets for organised Flemish nationalism were charitable groups dedicated to war veterans and the dominant
276:, which included different organisations seeking to promote Flanders and call for more political freedom for the Flemish community. The Flemish movement varied from wanting to secure more linguistic, cultural and political rights for Flanders within the Belgian state to wanting the total secession of Flanders from Belgium or even reunification with the
365:
party and bring the agenda of
Flemish autonomy on the mainstream political stage. In government, the VU was also able to ensure a Dutch language version of the Belgian constitution was adopted, gradually secured more regional powers for Flanders and worked to redefine Belgium as a federal rather than a unitary state.
364:
in 1961. The party continued to grow in stature and reached the 11.0% at the national level in 1978 elections, gaining 21 representatives and went on to participate in the
Belgian government as a coalition partner. This enabled the party to become the first electorally successful Flemish nationalist
477:. These cartels broke up in 2008 as the parties continued their decline, until the N-VA experienced a sudden resurgence in 2009, eventually becoming the largest party in Flanders and going on to participate as a coalition partner in the Belgian government, while Spirit ceased to exist, merging with
416:
became party president and led the party in an ever more leftist and progressive direction, combining the social-liberal ideas of his iD21-movement with the regionalist course of the People's Union. These experiments were opposed by the more conservative leaning and separatist party base. Tension
440:
The right wing won a large plurality at a party referendum, with 47 percent. However, while it inherited
Volksunie's structure, it did not take the Volksunie name due to falling short of a majority and not being allowed to use the party name under Belgian electoral law. Instead, it reconstituted
339:
The party contained members from the left, right and centre of the political spectrum from socialists to right-wing conservatives, and it differed from other
Belgian parties by putting Flemish nationalism at the forefront of its image and platform as opposed to basing its policies on a right or
328:, as opposed to nationalism based on ethnic and racial sentiments, to gain credibility and wider support. As a result, the party was initially able to bring together various strands of scattered Flemish nationalists into a coherent movement. The party was closely aligned to the
314:
As a result, the
Volksunie sought to build a strong alliance of Flemish nationalists under one movement but was careful to choose its leaders from nationalist circles that had not collaborated with the Nazis. Ideologically, the Volksunie preferred to position itself around the
336:, VMO) during the 1950s, with the VMO handling propaganda, recruitment and campaign work for the VU. However, the groups began to drift apart, as the VU moved to the centre while the VMO began to turn to the extreme right. The two movements formally broke ties in 1963.
506:
from the former
Brabant province and the St. Michael's Agreement of 1992 which re-established Belgium as a federal country. Behind its nationalist image, the party's underlying ideology shifted with the leadership. For example, under the leadership of
239:
that combined support from the left and right with the main goal of focusing on increased
Flemish autonomy and establishing more linguistic and political rights for the Flemish community. The party also based its platform on
497:
and autonomy as its core objective above all else. The VU promoted the use of the Dutch language and recognition of
Flemish cultural identity and heritage. It also successfully called for the establishment of a
323:
party with the objective of pursuing further autonomy and a sense of national identity for the
Flemish region. To distance itself from prewar nationalism, the VU sought to promote its brand of nationalism as
519:
the VU was steered in a centre-left direction. Although the party's focus on protecting
Flemish interests initially attracted support, the ideological difference between the VU's wings and the acceptance of
284:
concept. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Flemish nationalists operated within the established political partieshey chief and initially had close ties with the political left such as the
412:
against the 9.9% of the Vlaams Blok), with the internal divisions between the right-wing and left-wing members re-emerging in 2001. In the beginning of the 1990s,
539:(which adopted a position of supporting a confederal Belgian state as a means of paving the way for Flemish independence) and the centre-left faction becoming
1941:
1609:
The Changing Basis of Political Conflict in Advanced Western Democracies: The Politics of Identity in the United States, the Netherlands, and Belgium
2437:
535:
taking some of the VU's voters with it. By the early 2000s, the party's splits resulted in the more dominant conservative faction forming the
405:, becoming a much stronger political force and surpassing Volksunie at the beginning of the 1990s (6.6% against VU's 5.9% in 1991 elections).
2417:
2412:
408:
Although the party would continue to participate in two other coalition governments, the Volksunie continued its electoral decline (5.6% in
1472:
1431:
1390:
1349:
1314:
2207:
1666:
Challenging the State: Devolution and the Battle for Partisan Credibility: A Comparison of Belgium, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom
304:
2432:
2427:
1934:
2272:
2232:
426:
1914:
1847:
1821:
1716:
1674:
1617:
1580:
1543:
353:
421:
of the centre-right nationalist wing, was elected chairman by party members, in preference to the incumbent and progressive
2386:
2374:
1991:
1950:
182:
1634:
2227:
2113:
261:
225:
76:
1927:
1895:
1794:
425:. Factions subsequently clashed multiple times, over the future course of the party and possible support for current
2162:
1985:
470:
394:
2065:
543:. A majority of former VU leaders and members either joined the N-VA or Spirit, with a smaller number joining the
2020:
1236:
1209:
437:, and a centrist group opposing the imminent split. An internal referendum was held on the future of the party.
2300:
2177:
458:
489:
The Volksunie did not follow the traditional left-right pattern of politics and instead presented itself as a
2103:
1958:
1123:
1090:
1057:
1024:
991:
958:
925:
892:
859:
826:
793:
760:
727:
694:
667:
409:
269:
2140:
217:
127:
2242:
2093:
2088:
474:
466:
1769:
2311:
2202:
361:
329:
119:
2422:
2252:
2047:
1997:
244:
over radicalism in order to foster a more legitimate image. It also contained members sympathetic to
2335:
2268:
2098:
162:
2053:
2359:
2296:
2286:
2172:
2003:
1813:
Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism
478:
296:
90:
2319:
2182:
341:
167:
1811:
1570:
1533:
1837:
1784:
1664:
1607:
594:
525:
429:. On 13 October 2001 the party openly split into three factions: the progressive wing around
422:
398:
385:
and separatist wing, and a split became inevitable, particularly after the party entered the
1863:
2282:
1973:
442:
386:
187:
86:
493:
movement that encompassed policy ideas from all over the political spectrum, but regarded
8:
2391:
1890:(in Dutch) (4 ed.). Antwerpen: Standaard Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij. p. 556.
494:
382:
281:
177:
135:
499:
462:
150:
1888:
Politieke geschiedenis van België sinds 1830 (Political History of Belgium Since 1830)
1891:
1843:
1817:
1790:
1712:
1670:
1613:
1576:
1539:
325:
241:
540:
450:
292:
273:
214:
582:
508:
2381:
2247:
2157:
1706:
600:
564:
512:
503:
434:
418:
236:
340:
left-of-centre identity. At a European level, the Volksunie was a member of the
1919:
1642:
357:
285:
202:
1572:
The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies
2406:
2108:
1979:
1702:
606:
390:
502:, more devolved decision making powers, political reform, the separation of
2351:
2197:
588:
573:
516:
430:
413:
2327:
2187:
548:
530:
402:
277:
319:
and saw itself as a coalition of various shades of Flemish thought as a
2167:
521:
454:
378:
374:
249:
245:
140:
106:
311:, CVV), which was not avowedly nationalist but had a separatist wing.
352:
The party initially proved successful and had members elected to the
544:
490:
320:
316:
268:, CVV) electoral alliance, which had successfully run for election
232:
155:
1809:
1531:
552:
524:
over full Flemish independence alienated the VU's separatist and
260:
The party was officially founded in 1954 as the successor to the
221:
2071:
2192:
1605:
2237:
2059:
449:, or N-VA). The left wing under Anciaux broke off and became
344:, which contained other separatist and regionalist parties.
35:
536:
381:
by the VU in the 1970s did not sit well with the party's
1810:
Andrew C. Gould; Anthony M. Messina (17 February 2014).
1568:
1842:. Oxford University Press. September 2013. p. 26.
441:
itself as a new party, and re-registered itself as the
1527:
1525:
515:, the VU took on a right-wing identity whereas under
397:, Christian-Democrat). The right-wing separatist and
1522:
1606:Alan T. Arwine; Lawrence C. Mayer (10 June 2013).
1564:
1562:
295:, previous Flemish nationalist groups such as the
1782:
1601:
1599:
368:
2404:
1949:
1803:
1701:
1885:
1559:
401:faction broke away and organized itself in the
1992:Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld)
1864:"Belgium - Local government | Britannica"
1596:
1935:
1816:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–.
1776:
1662:
1532:Ari-Veikko Anttiroiko; Matti Mälkiä (2007).
1986:Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V)
1569:Thomas Poguntke; Paul Webb (21 June 2007).
433:, the conservative nationalist wing around
1942:
1928:
1751:
1749:
1575:. Oxford University Press. pp. 158–.
34:
1669:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–.
1656:
1632:
2301:Party for Freedom and Progress (PVV/PLP)
461:. The two parties proceeded to form new
1746:
1538:. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 397–.
1157:
224:, formed in 1954 as a successor to the
2405:
1730:
1728:
1697:
1695:
1270:
484:
2438:Political parties established in 1954
2021:Libertarian, Direct, Democratic (LDD)
1923:
1915:List of political parties in Flanders
1870:
1162:
621:
101:Barricadenplein 12, Brussels, Belgium
2418:Flemish political parties in Belgium
2413:Defunct political parties in Belgium
2233:Party for Freedom and Progress (PFF)
1886:Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan (1985).
1612:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 83–.
616:
1879:
1725:
1711:. Lynne Rienner. pp. 109–112.
1692:
13:
1535:Encyclopedia of Digital Government
417:rose at the end of the 1990s when
347:
231:The Volksunie defined itself as a
14:
2449:
2360:Social Liberal Party (SLP/Spirit)
1770:"Ons Erfdeel. Jaargang 23 · DBNL"
558:
2273:Christian Social Party (CVP/PSC)
1839:New Parties in Old Party Systems
1503:
1502:
1460:
1420:
1419:
1379:
1378:
1255:
1254:
1142:
1141:
1109:
1108:
1076:
1075:
1042:
1010:
1009:
977:
976:
944:
943:
911:
910:
878:
877:
845:
844:
812:
811:
779:
778:
746:
745:
712:
471:Christian Democratic and Flemish
262:Christian Flemish People's Union
255:
226:Christian Flemish People's Union
77:Christian Flemish People's Union
1856:
1830:
1762:
1708:Ethnopolitics in the New Europe
1639:Parties and Elections in Europe
272:. It originated from the loose
2433:1954 establishments in Belgium
2428:Nationalist parties in Belgium
2178:Left Socialist Party (LSP/PSL)
2066:Les Engagés (The Engaged Ones)
1737:
1683:
1663:Sonia Alonso (26 April 2012).
1626:
1461:
1043:
713:
459:Flemish Liberals and Democrats
369:Ideological splits and decline
266:Christelijke Vlaamse Volksunie
16:Political party in Belgium
1:
2373:The numbers are seats in the
1757:Ideology of the Extreme Right
1515:
570:Frans Van der Elst: 1955-1975
469:, with the N-VA allying with
2320:Flemish National Union (VNV)
2228:Christian Social Party (CSP)
1951:Political parties in Belgium
1705:; Breuning, Marijke (1998).
7:
2089:Liberal Democrats (Belgium)
1974:New Flemish Alliance (N-VA)
1908:
1633:Nordsieck, Wolfram (n.d.).
475:Socialist Party - Different
111:VUJO (Young People's Union)
46:December 15, 1954
10:
2454:
2375:Chamber of Representatives
1783:Lucas F. Bruyning (1990).
627:Chamber of Representatives
362:Belgian Federal Parliament
354:Chamber of Representatives
330:Order of Flemish Militants
301:Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond
120:Order of Flemish Militants
61:October 13, 2001
2387:List of political parties
2370:
2261:
2220:
2150:
2141:Workers' Party (PVDA/PTB)
2133:
2126:
2081:
2040:
2033:
2013:
1966:
1957:
1734:De Winter, 2004, pp. 4-5.
1246:
1243:
1219:
1216:
1133:
1130:
1100:
1097:
1067:
1064:
1034:
1031:
1001:
998:
968:
965:
935:
932:
902:
899:
869:
866:
836:
833:
803:
800:
770:
767:
737:
734:
704:
701:
677:
674:
427:state reform negotiations
173:
161:
149:
126:
115:
105:
97:
89:(right-wing faction) and
82:
72:
57:
42:
33:
21:
1789:. Rodopi. pp. 18–.
309:Christelijke Volkspartij
2287:Socialist Party (SP/PS)
2054:Reformist Movement (MR)
648:# of overall seats won
528:flank who left to form
447:Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie
334:Vlaamse Militanten Orde
297:Flemish National League
151:Political position
2283:Labour Party (BWP/POB)
1743:De Winter, 2004, p. 5.
579:Vic Anciaux: 1979-1986
465:, known in Belgium as
342:European Free Alliance
305:Christian Social Party
206:
168:European Free Alliance
2104:Rally Wallonia France
1980:Flemish Interest (VB)
595:Patrik Vankrunkelsven
526:national conservative
423:Patrik Vankrunkelsven
399:national conservative
93:(centre-left faction)
2253:Socialist Party (SP)
2048:Socialist Party (PS)
1158:Regional parliaments
473:and Spirit with the
443:New Flemish Alliance
387:coalition government
163:European affiliation
87:New Flemish Alliance
2392:Politics of Belgium
2163:Belgian Union (BUB)
2034:Francophone parties
1876:Mudde, 2003, p. 85.
1689:Mudde, 2003, p. 83.
1271:European Parliament
637:# of overall votes
495:Flemish nationalism
485:Ideology and legacy
463:electoral alliances
457:members joined the
282:Greater Netherlands
215:Flemish nationalist
178:Politics of Belgium
136:Flemish nationalism
2109:Walloon Rally (RW)
1303:college seats won
1298:overall seats won
1190:overall seats won
1163:Flemish Parliament
640:% of overall vote
622:Federal Parliament
500:Flemish Parliament
373:The acceptance of
2400:
2399:
2378:
2305:
2291:
2277:
2243:Libertarian Party
2216:
2215:
2122:
2121:
2094:Libertarian Party
2029:
2028:
1998:Vooruit (Forward)
1849:978-0-19-964606-7
1823:978-1-107-03633-8
1718:978-1-55587-610-4
1703:Ishiyama, John T.
1676:978-0-19-969157-9
1619:978-1-137-30665-4
1582:978-0-19-921849-3
1545:978-1-59140-790-4
1513:
1512:
1499:
1457:
1416:
1375:
1340:
1268:
1267:
1155:
1154:
617:Electoral results
326:civic nationalism
242:civic nationalism
196:
195:
183:Political parties
83:Succeeded by
2445:
2423:Flemish Movement
2372:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2314:(1921/1989–2009)
2303:
2289:
2275:
2131:
2130:
2038:
2037:
1964:
1963:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1699:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1641:. Archived from
1630:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1529:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1275:
1274:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1223:
1195:group seats won
1167:
1166:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1013:
1012:
1005:
980:
979:
972:
947:
946:
939:
914:
913:
906:
881:
880:
873:
848:
847:
840:
815:
814:
807:
782:
781:
774:
749:
748:
741:
716:
715:
708:
681:
653:group seats won
631:
630:
293:Second World War
274:Flemish movement
73:Preceded by
68:
66:
53:
51:
38:
19:
18:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2382:Portal:Politics
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2312:Communist Party
2310:
2257:
2221:German-speaking
2212:
2203:Communist Party
2146:
2118:
2077:
2025:
2009:
1959:Flemish parties
1953:
1948:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1604:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1567:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1273:
1251:
1248:
1224:
1221:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1138:
1135:
1105:
1102:
1072:
1069:
1039:
1036:
1006:
1003:
973:
970:
940:
937:
907:
904:
874:
871:
841:
838:
808:
805:
775:
772:
742:
739:
709:
706:
682:
679:
652:
644:
624:
619:
613:
601:Geert Bourgeois
565:Walter Couvreur
561:
513:Geert Bourgeois
504:Flemish Brabant
487:
435:Geert Bourgeois
419:Geert Bourgeois
371:
356:(five) and the
350:
348:Initial success
258:
237:catch-all party
218:political party
192:
145:
64:
62:
49:
47:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2344:People's Union
2340:
2336:National Front
2332:
2324:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2293:
2279:
2269:Catholic Party
2265:
2263:
2262:Former notable
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1878:
1869:
1855:
1848:
1829:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1786:Italy - Europe
1775:
1761:
1745:
1736:
1724:
1717:
1691:
1682:
1675:
1655:
1625:
1618:
1595:
1581:
1558:
1544:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:# of electoral
1299:
1294:
1291:% of electoral
1289:
1284:
1283:overall votes
1279:
1278:Election year
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:in opposition
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1175:overall votes
1171:
1170:Election year
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:in opposition
1147:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:in opposition
1114:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:in opposition
1081:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:in opposition
1015:
1007:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:in opposition
982:
974:
969:
967:
964:
961:
955:
954:
952:
949:
941:
936:
934:
931:
928:
922:
921:
919:
916:
908:
903:
901:
898:
895:
889:
888:
886:
885:in opposition
883:
875:
870:
868:
865:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:in opposition
850:
842:
837:
835:
832:
829:
823:
822:
820:
819:in opposition
817:
809:
804:
802:
799:
796:
790:
789:
787:
786:in opposition
784:
776:
771:
769:
766:
763:
757:
756:
754:
753:in opposition
751:
743:
738:
736:
733:
730:
724:
723:
721:
720:in opposition
718:
710:
705:
703:
700:
697:
691:
690:
688:
687:in opposition
685:
683:
678:
676:
673:
670:
664:
663:
660:
657:
654:
649:
646:
641:
638:
635:
634:Election year
623:
620:
618:
615:
611:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
577:
571:
568:
560:
559:Party chairman
557:
486:
483:
410:1999 elections
370:
367:
349:
346:
286:Vermeylenfonds
257:
254:
199:People's Union
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
180:
174:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
132:
130:
124:
123:
117:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
59:
55:
54:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
26:
24:People's Union
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2297:Liberal Party
2294:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2004:Green (Groen)
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1899:
1897:90-02-15260-4
1893:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1796:90-5183-195-1
1792:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1645:on 2001-11-03
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1377:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1293:college vote
1290:
1288:overall vote
1285:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1262:in coalition
1261:
1253:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:# of language
1192:
1187:
1183:% of language
1182:
1180:overall vote
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1151:
1148:
1140:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1107:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1074:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:in coalition
1049:
1041:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1008:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
983:
975:
962:
960:
957:
956:
953:
951:in coalition
950:
942:
929:
927:
924:
923:
920:
918:in coalition
917:
909:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
884:
876:
863:
861:
858:
857:
854:
851:
843:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
818:
810:
797:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
777:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
752:
744:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
719:
711:
698:
696:
693:
692:
689:
686:
684:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
651:# of language
650:
647:
643:% of language
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
614:
608:
607:Fons Borginon
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
583:Jaak Gabriëls
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
532:
527:
523:
518:
514:
510:
509:Jaak Gabriëls
505:
501:
496:
492:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Leo Tindemans
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
363:
360:(two) of the
359:
355:
345:
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
256:Early history
253:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
118:
116:Activist wing
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
60:
56:
45:
41:
37:
32:
20:
2352:Rexist Party
2343:
2198:Volt Belgium
2183:Pirate Party
1887:
1881:
1872:
1858:
1838:
1832:
1812:
1805:
1785:
1778:
1764:
1756:
1739:
1707:
1685:
1665:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1638:
1628:
1608:
1586:. Retrieved
1571:
1549:. Retrieved
1534:
626:
625:
612:
589:Bert Anciaux
574:Hugo Schiltz
529:
517:Bert Anciaux
488:
453:, while the
446:
439:
431:Bert Anciaux
414:Bert Anciaux
407:
377:in place of
372:
351:
338:
333:
313:
308:
300:
290:
265:
259:
230:
210:
198:
197:
122:(until 1963)
98:Headquarters
2362:(2001–2009)
2354:(1930–1945)
2346:(1954–2001)
2338:(1985–2012)
2330:(1919–1933)
2328:Front Party
2322:(1933–1944)
2304:(1846–1992)
2290:(1885–1978)
2276:(1869–1968)
2188:Pro Bruxsel
1201:Government
1185:group vote
659:Government
645:group vote
603:: 2000-2001
597:: 1998-2000
591:: 1992-1998
585:: 1986-1992
576:: 1975-1979
567:: 1954-1955
549:Vlaams Blok
531:Vlaams Blok
403:Vlaams Blok
291:During the
288:movement.
278:Netherlands
2407:Categories
2168:DierAnimal
1649:2018-05-15
1516:References
867:10.0 (#4)
834:11.1 (#3)
522:Federalism
383:right-wing
379:separatism
375:federalism
280:under the
250:separatism
246:federalism
141:Liberalism
107:Youth wing
65:2001-10-13
50:1954-12-15
2114:Chez nous
1635:"Belgium"
1588:24 August
801:9.8 (#4)
768:6.7 (#4)
735:3.1 (#4)
702:2.0 (#5)
675:2.2 (#6)
270:that year
248:and full
207:Volksunie
188:Elections
58:Dissolved
27:Volksunie
1909:See also
1477:471,238
1436:262,043
1395:318,153
1354:484,494
1319:324,540
1249:11 / 124
1241:359,226
1214:338,173
1128:345,576
1095:283,516
1070:10 / 212
1062:363,124
1037:16 / 212
1029:495,120
1004:16 / 212
996:477,755
971:20 / 212
963:588,436
938:14 / 212
930:388,762
905:20 / 212
897:559,567
872:22 / 212
864:536,287
839:21 / 212
831:586,917
806:20 / 212
798:506,697
773:12 / 212
765:346,860
732:182,407
699:104,823
672:113,632
553:CD&V
545:Open VLD
491:big tent
321:big tent
233:big tent
213:) was a
156:Big tent
128:Ideology
2295:
2281:
2127:Unitary
1759:, p. 83
1755:Mudde,
1551:18 July
1222:9 / 124
1136:8 / 150
1103:5 / 150
740:5 / 212
707:1 / 212
680:1 / 212
551:or the
467:cartels
455:liberal
222:Belgium
63: (
48: (
43:Founded
2292:
2278:
2208:L'Unie
2193:Vivant
2099:Nation
1894:
1846:
1820:
1793:
1715:
1673:
1616:
1579:
1542:
1496:2 / 14
1488:2 / 25
1454:1 / 14
1446:1 / 25
1413:1 / 13
1405:1 / 24
1372:2 / 13
1364:2 / 24
1337:1 / 13
1329:1 / 24
1309:Notes
1204:Notes
662:Notes
609:: 2001
541:Spirit
451:Spirit
358:Senate
317:centre
91:Spirit
2377:(150)
2248:ProDG
2238:Ecolo
2173:ISLAM
2158:Agora
2151:Minor
2134:Major
2082:Minor
2060:Ecolo
2041:Major
2014:Minor
1967:Major
1483:12.2
1359:13.9
900:10.0
479:Groen
203:Dutch
2143:(12)
2072:DĂ©FI
2062:(13)
2056:(14)
2050:(20)
1994:(12)
1988:(12)
1982:(18)
1976:(25)
1892:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1590:2012
1577:ISBN
1553:2013
1540:ISBN
1480:7.6
1473:1999
1441:7.1
1432:1994
1400:8.7
1391:1989
1350:1984
1324:9.7
1315:1979
1306:+/–
1296:# of
1286:% of
1281:# of
1244:9.3
1237:1999
1217:9.0
1210:1995
1198:+/–
1188:# of
1178:% of
1173:# of
1131:5.6
1124:1999
1098:4.7
1091:1995
1065:5.9
1058:1991
1032:8.1
1025:1987
999:7.9
992:1985
966:9.8
959:1981
933:7.0
926:1978
893:1977
860:1974
827:1971
794:1968
761:1965
728:1961
695:1958
668:1954
656:+/-
537:N-VA
511:and
235:and
2074:(2)
2068:(5)
2006:(8)
2000:(9)
395:CVP
389:of
228:.
220:in
2409::
2299:→
2285:→
2271:→
1748:^
1727:^
1694:^
1637:.
1598:^
1561:^
1524:^
1507:1
1465:0
1424:1
1383:1
1259:2
1146:3
1113:5
1080:6
1047:0
1014:4
981:6
948:6
915:2
882:1
849:1
816:8
783:7
750:4
717:0
555:.
547:,
481:.
211:VU
209:,
205::
1943:e
1936:t
1929:v
1900:.
1866:.
1852:.
1826:.
1799:.
1772:.
1721:.
1679:.
1652:.
1622:.
1592:.
1555:.
533:,
445:(
393:(
332:(
307:(
299:(
264:(
201:(
67:)
52:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
