Flemish Movement - Knowledge

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Wallonia and Brussels in 2007 at 5.7 billion euros. If the effect of interest payments on the national debt is taken into account the figure could be as high as 11.3 billion euros or more than 6% of Flemish GDP. Flemish criticism is not limited to the size of the transfers but also extends to the lack of transparency and the presumed inability or unwillingness of the recipients to use the money wisely and thus close the economic gap with Flanders. Although no longer relevant in the current economic context, the discussion is often exacerbated by the historic fact that even in the 19th century, when Flanders was much the poorer region, there was a net transfer from Flanders to Wallonia; this was mainly because of relatively heavier taxation of agriculture than of industrial activity. The tax system was never adjusted to reflect the industrial affluence of Wallonia, which led to an imbalance in tax revenue placing Flanders (average for 1832–1912 period: 44% of the population, 44% of total taxes) at a disadvantage compared with Wallonia (38% of population, 30% of taxes).

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by French speaking officers. Whether a disproportionate number of Flemish died in the war compared to Walloons remains a point of contention to this day. It is clear, however, that the Belgian army de facto had only French as the official language. The phrase "et pour les Flamands, la meme chose" originated in this environment also, allegedly being used by the French-speaking officers to "translate" their orders into Dutch. It literally means "and for the Flemish, the same thing", which adds insult to injury for Flemish soldiers not understanding French. Another source of further frustration was the Belgian royal family's poor knowledge of Dutch.

1298: 2691: 604:"Les premiers principes d'une bonne administration sont basés sur l'emploi exclusif d'une langue, et il est évident que la seule langue des Belges doit être le français. Pour arriver à ce résultat, il est nécessaire que toutes les fonctions civiles et militaires soient confiées à des Wallons et à des Luxembourgeois; de cette manière, les Flamands, privés temporairement des avantages attachés à ces emplois, seront contraints d'apprendre le français, et l'on détruira ainsi peu à peu l'élément germanique en Belgique." 634: 5727: 607:"The first principles of a good administration are based upon the exclusive use of one language, and it is evident that the only language of the Belgians should be French. In order to achieve this result, it is necessary that all civil and military functions are entrusted to Walloons and Luxemburgers; this way, the Flemish, temporarily deprived of the advantages of these offices, will be constrained to learn French, and we will hence destroy bit by bit the Germanic element in Belgium." 891:, France. They were forced to work as woodchoppers in hard living conditions until several months after the war ended. Most of the Flemish population disapproved of those who collaborated with the German occupiers. The language reforms implemented by the Germans during occupation did not remain in place after the defeat of Germany. The collaboration and subsequent prosecution of certain leaders of the Flemish Movement did not produce a climate congenial to compromise. 1062: 5691: 135: 2545: 5703: 895: 36: 5715: 582:

Even Brussels, the capital where more than 95% of the population spoke Dutch, lacked a formal, state-sanctioned Flemish school of higher education. The consequence was that every contact with the government and justice was conducted in French. This led to a number of erroneous legal judgements where innocent people received the death penalty because they were not able to verbally defend themselves at trials.

288: 625:, to a large extent, remained a rural, farming region. When Belgium became independent, the economy of Flanders was hard hit. Antwerp was now almost impossible to reach by ships (The Scheldt River was blocked by the Netherlands) and foreign trade was drastically affected. The prosperous textile industry of Ghent lost a major portion of its market to Amsterdam. 921:(Front Movement), an organization of Flemish soldiers who complained about the lack of consideration for their language in the army, and in Belgium in general, and harbored pacifistic feelings. The Frontbeweging became a political movement, dedicated to peace, tolerance and autonomy (Nooit Meer Oorlog, Godsvrede, Zelfbestuur). A 1176:

explained as caused by an influx of "moderate" Flemish voters who do not support the party's eventual aim of Flemish independence but do want consistent and far-reaching reforms with greater autonomy for the regions, something they no longer trust the traditional parties to be able to achieve. On the Walloon side, the

483:, provoking the anger of the Flemish (albeit close to their language, Flemish people did not master at the time standard Dutch and were not considering this language as theirs ) and of the French-speaking upper-class of today's Belgium. On 4 June 1830 (before the revolution) linguistic freedom was however restored. 1338:. The research ran from late March to 19 April. Correspondents could choose between a grade ranging from 0 to 10, with 0 tending towards 'more Flanders' and 10 referring to 'more Belgium'. The study found that 63% wanted 'more Belgium' and only 27% 'more Flanders', with 10% indicating the status quo is fine. 1159:. The cartel CD&V – N-VA emerged as the clear winner of the Belgian general election in June 2007 on a platform promising a far-reaching reform of the state. However, coalition negotiations with the French-speaking parties, who rejected any reform, proved extremely difficult. When the CD&V leader 1192:

on the Francophone side. The talks soon ran into serious difficulties, mainly because of the totally opposed objectives of the two victors: the N-VA economically conservative but with a radical constitutional agenda, the PS socialist and very reluctant to agree to any significant reform of the state.

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enjoyed some popularity in the early ages of the war because he was a proponent of the bilingual status of Flanders – even though Wallonia was monolingual French, because he declared his oath to be king in both French and Dutch, and because he gave a speech at the start of the war in Dutch, referring

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The French-speaking Belgian government succeeded in removing the Dutch language from all levels of government more quickly in Brussels than in any other part of Flanders. Because the administration was centered in Brussels, more and more French-speaking officials took up residency there. Education in

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The role of Spirit, which represented the more left-leaning part of the former Volksunie, gradually declined. After a series of defections, two unsuccessful attempts to broaden its appeal (each time accompanied by a name change) and ending far below the 5% threshold in the Flemish regional elections

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was eventually able to form a government, his reform plans had been greatly diluted and with the onset of the financial crisis in the autumn of 2008 they were shelved completely. This led N-VA to break up the cartel in September 2008, withdrawing its parliamentary support for the federal government

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was drawn. In order to do so, a complicated compromise with the French-speakers was orchestrated: Brussels had to be recognised as an autonomous and bilingual region while Flanders and Wallonia remained monolingual regions. The French-speakers also demanded that in certain regions where there was a

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wrote many texts for this occasion. Many rumours arose regarding the treatment of Flemish soldiers in World War I, though Flemish historians debunked many of these. One such rumour is that many Dutch-speaking soldiers were slaughtered because they could not understand orders given to them in French

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As of 2010, the confederalist parties make up more than half of the Flemish Parliament, which combined with the separatist parties, would result in about 80% of the Flemish Parliament (and at least this much of the Flemish part of the Belgian Federal Parliament) occupied by parties who wish to see

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between richer and poorer regions are common in federal states, the amount, the visibility and the utilization of these financial transfers are a singularly important issue for the Flemish Movement. A study by the University of Leuven has estimated the size of the annual transfers from Flanders to

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as an acquired right, and a step for an eventual addition to the bilingual region of Brussels, even though that would be unconstitutional. As a result, the number of French-speaking people in these regions (mostly around Brussels) did not decline, and contain a growing majority of French-speaking

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city. Also, in 1967 an official Dutch version of the Belgian Constitution was adopted. For more than 130 years, the Dutch version of the Belgian constitution had been only a translation without legal value. The late 1960s saw all major Belgian political parties splitting up into either Flemish or

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and their language. In an attempt to remove Dutch from the new country, Belgian officials declared that the only official language in Belgium now was French. The Administration, Justice System, and higher education (apart from elementary schools in Flanders) all functioned in the French language.

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In the Belgian general election of June 2010, N-VA became the leading party in Flanders and even in Belgium as a whole, polling 28% of the Flemish vote, dwarfing the senior partner of their former cartel, CD&V, which ended at an all-time low of 17.5%. The enormous growth of N-VA is generally

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The militant wing of the Flemish Movement such as the Vlaams Belang advocates the foundation of an independent Flemish republic, separating from Wallonia. A part of this militant wing also advocates reunion with the Netherlands. This view is shared with several Dutch right-winged activists and

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on the Walloon side. This coalition however didn't contain a majority of the Flemish representatives, with only 43 of 88 Flemish seats supporting it. This situation had never happened since the split of the political parties into Flemish and Walloon wings. The following 2014 election saw large

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organisation. Such a scheme would make the Flemish government responsible for nearly all aspects of government, whereas some important aspects of government are currently the responsibility of the Belgian federal government. The Belgian capital of Brussels would remain a city where both

527:), which shows that Flemish speakers actively took part in the Belgian revolution. Rooney concludes that 60% of the workers who took part in the revolution were Flemish speakers. According to the same study, the upper class accounted for only 5% of revolutionaries. 1125:

Since the 1960s and continuing into the present time, Flanders is significantly richer than Wallonia. Based on population and GDP figures for 2007, GDP per capita in that year was €28,286 (US$ 38,186) in Flanders and €20,191 (US$ 27,258) in Wallonia. Although

621:. The Belgian establishment deemed it unnecessary to invest in Flanders and no less than 80% of the Belgian GNP between 1830 and 1918 went to Wallonia. This had as a consequence that Wallonia had a surplus of large coal mines and iron ore facilities, while 297:

In the Spanish and then Austrian Netherlands in the 18th century and until the Brabant Revolution, the language of the literate was Spanish and then gradually French, but accompanied by a vernacular language. Language problems did not arise at that time.

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Several representatives of the SP.A and, to a lesser extent, the CD&V and VLD parties, prefer an improved federal organisation of the Belgian state over a confederal one. This view is shared with several social and cultural organisations such as the

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had been founded in 1945, the Flemish Movement lay dormant for nearly 20 years following the Second World War. In the 1960s the Flemish movement once more gathered momentum and, in 1962, the linguistic borders within Belgium were finally drawn up with

245:(N-VA, Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie), and several extra-parliamentary organisations, many of which are represented in the Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen (OVV, Consultation Centre of Flemish Associations). The most important of these is the 514:

and were of modest origin. According to John W. Rooney Jr., between 73% and 88% of the dead and injured were from Brussels and 91% and 95% were from Brabant. Jean Stengers reaches the same conclusion (76% of the fighters from Brussels). Prof.

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Brussels was only in French which led to a surplus of young, unskilled and uneducated Flemish men. Dutch was hardly taught in the French schools. For example: Dutch was worth 10 points in French schools, but drawing earned 15 points. Today

2062: 875:(RVV) which declared Flemish autonomy in December 1917. During World War I several Flemish soldiers were punished for their active or passive involvement in the Flemish Movement. Ten of these soldiers were sent to a 2014: 688:

began to call for recognition of the Dutch language and Flemish culture in Belgium. This movement became known as the Flemish Movement, but was more intellectual than social, with contributors such as the poets

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The Flemish saw these facilities as a measure of integration to another language, as opposed to viewing it as a recognition of a permanent linguistic minority. The French-speaking people, however, saw these

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in Ghent. Such steps were dictated by the German tactics of taking advantage of the Flemish-Walloon animosity in order to further Germany's own aims and to boost the occupying power's position known as the

1184:, received an even stronger electoral mandate with 37% of the vote. After the election, coalition negotiations started with seven parties: N-VA, CD&V, SP.a and Groen! on the Flemish side, and PS, 942:

In the 1920s the first Flemish nationalist party was elected. In the 1930s the Flemish Movement grew ever larger and Dutch was recognized for the first time as the sole language of Flanders. In 1931,

2297: 939:. In the last years of the war, however, it became clear that his only wish was to keep his country peaceful, and not to give the Flemish the rights the French-speaking establishment denied them. 1681: 321:(Essay on the disregard of the native language in the Low Countries). It is considered to be the first movement in favour of the Flemish language, but also in favour of freedom and democracy. 2086: 1164:(which was thus left without a parliamentary majority in Flanders, a situation that is not unconstitutional but has been deemed undesirable by politicians and constitutional experts). 1089:). Every ten years the government counted the people who spoke Dutch and those who spoke French. These countings always favoured the French-speaking part of Belgium. In 1962 the 838:

to this end was accepted, though it would not be implemented until 1930. With the coming of the 20th century the Flemish Movement became more radical and during World War I some

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Belgians, even though they reside in the officially monolingual Flanders. Francization is considered frustrating by the Flemish Movement and a reason for a call to separate.

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as a means to more autonomy. Because of this collaboration by a few, after the war being part of the Flemish movement was associated with having collaborated with the enemy.

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The N-VA takes a gradualist approach looking to transfer powers to Flanders and the EU working towards the final goal of an independent Flanders as a European Member State.

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movement during the war. The Germans did indeed help out their "Germanic brothers" by setting Dutch as the sole administrative language and by creating the Dutch language

1968: 2072: 2007: 1289:, with labor unions, and with mutual health insurance organisations. The advocates of this view hope to improve the Belgian institutions so that they work correctly. 225:(1954–2002) and increasingly permeated into other parties in Flanders. The Flemish Movement's right wing is dominated by right-wing nationalist organizations such as 2987: 1323:

found that 37% percent of Flemish respondents would vote for Flemish independence, as opposed to only 14% percent of Walloons and 17% percent of Brussels residents.

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Jean Stengers, « La Révolution de 1830 », in Anne Morelli (dir.), Les Grands Mythes de l'histoire de Belgique, éditions Vie Ouvrière, Brussels, 1995

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was deeply hurt by the new political situation. Those events are however not to be misplaced in time, as they occurred months after the actual revolution.

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in 1795. France imposed its official language on the Belgian territory with the result of accelerating the conversion of the upper class from current

1006: 214: 694: 638: 2093: 1039:). In 1977 more radical far right-wing factions of the Volksunie became united and, together with earlier far right nationalist groups, formed 1969:"De Vlaamsche Strijd. Maandschrift van het Algemeen Nederlandsch Verbond, vereeniging tot handhaving en verbreiding van de Nederlandsche taal" 1043:. This party eventually overtook the Volksunie, only to be forced later, on the grounds of a discrimination conviction, to change its name to 2996: 2980: 1387: 1794: 1466:

Brzozowski, Alexandra; Matthews-Ferrero, Daniel; Papalamprou, Ery; An, Fengwei David; Steenland, Robert; Putte, Thomas van de (3 May 2019).

3808: 2793: 2423: 2361: 2227: 1327: 1309: 1911: 2044: 470:

The fact that the public debt of the Netherlands (higher than the one of the south) had to be supported by the today's Belgium as well;

237:(Nationalist Students Union), and several others. The most radical group on the left side is the socialist and Flemish independentist 2533: 1411: 2973: 2387: 1481: 1151:, New Flemish Alliance). Both parties tried their luck in cartel with a bigger party, N-VA allying with the Christian Democrats of 969:

enacted laws to protect and encourage the Dutch language in Belgium and, generally, to propagate ill-feelings between Flemings and

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John W. Rooney Jr., « Profil du combattant de 1830 », in Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine, T. 12, 1981, p. 489-490.

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comes to the same conclusion regarding the origin of the fighters. At the time, Brussels and the province of Brabant are mainly

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The French-speaking bourgeoisie showed very little respect for the Flemish portion of the population. Belgium's co-founder,

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however contradict those statements. These studies have shown that the vast majority of the revolutionaries originated from

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During the existence of Belgium more and more Dutch-speaking regions have become French-speaking regions; for example,

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for the bourgeoisie and noble elites among Europe (including the territories that would then become Belgium). With the

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As a result of escalating internal conflicts the Volksunie ceased to exist in 2000, splitting into two new parties:

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Upon Belgium becoming an independent state from the Netherlands, there was an (administrative) reaction against the

3801: 17: 2142: 401:) which were not standardized and unified languages. Those people often could not understand or speak any French. 86: 5559: 5414: 4663: 4470: 3478: 1924:

Van arrangeren tot renseigneren. Smaad en geweld Van militairen Tegen hun oversten tijdens de eerste wereldoorlog

1248: 1152: 1056: 265: 2185:"Vlaanderen en Wallonië zijn beter af zonder transfers" (Flanders and Wallonia are better off without transfers) 1247:, as well as several representatives of important Flemish parties belonging to the moderate wing, including the 617:

The economic heart of Belgium in those days was Flanders. However, Wallonia would soon take the lead due to the

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vCharles PLISNIER, Nationalisme wallon, p. 9, Bruxelles, Union wallonne des Écrivains et artistes, 1979 (1941)

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who seek the secession of Flanders from Belgium, either through outright independence or unification with the

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are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

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Jacques Logie, De la régionalisation à l'indépendance, 1830, Paris-Gembloux, éditions Duculot, 1980, 248 p. (

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The United Kingdom of the Netherlands survived for a short period of 15 years; that was put to an end by the

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party has been the biggest polled in Flanders, while Vlaams Belang has become the second largest in the 2019

68: 1185: 614:, even declared that the Flemish were "one of the more inferior races on the Earth, just like the negroes". 5752: 5519: 5464: 5434: 5343: 5318: 5303: 5228: 5208: 4306: 4218: 3994: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3503: 3488: 3191: 2890: 2877: 2835: 1256: 1156: 476: 5338: 3457: 4975: 4198: 4148: 3794: 3128: 2502:

The Flemish Movement: On the Intersection of Language and Politics in the Dutch-Speaking Part of Belgium

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Taalgebruik in Brussel — Taalverhoudingen, taalverschuivingen en taalidentiteit in een meertalige stad

460:). Other important factors also played a role in the independence. Among those factors, we can cite: 201:. Although gaining many of its initial objectives, it became increasingly radical in the aftermath of 5747: 4507: 4203: 3133: 2314: 2313:

Kapitsinis, Nikolaos; Karampini, Eleftheria; Bakratsa, Fani; Nikolakopoulou, Xristina (August 2010).

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The situation is intensified due to a lack of Dutch language classes in the French-speaking schools.

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The over-representation of Dutch people in the administration and important positions (4 times more);

444:. The revolution was due to a combination of factors, the main one being the difference of religion ( 178:

as well as those seeking greater political autonomy for Flanders within Belgium. It also encompasses

5293: 5015: 2346: 2315:""Regional inequalities and localist movements: relational complexities beyond linear determination" 464:

The under-representation of Belgians in the parliament (62% of the population for 50% of the seats);

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nationalists, as well as some mainstream politicians both in the Netherlands and Flanders (such as

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Cultural organizations promoting the Dutch language and Flemish culture were founded, such as the

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which celebrated Flemish traditions and history and sought equal status for Dutch in the Belgian

179: 46: 5630: 4585: 2233: 1412:"Belgian Political Crisis and Talk of Linguistic Divisions Continue | DW | 02.10.2007" 981:). The Nazis had no intentions of allowing the creation of an independent Flemish state or of a 538:, considering that their interests would be better served there. This led to a movement called " 5000: 4890: 4668: 4632: 4514: 4359: 4208: 3580: 3523: 3498: 3431: 3000: 2597: 1347: 1031:

Francophone wings. It also saw the emergence of the first major nationalist Flemish party, the

1002: 859: 378: 93: 5323: 5288: 5273: 5152: 4980: 4970: 4935: 4930: 4915: 4895: 4859: 4642: 4612: 4602: 4592: 4487: 4266: 4223: 4193: 4171: 4118: 4041: 3952: 3635: 3630: 3605: 3585: 3315: 2949: 2939: 2700: 2431: 2333: 1127: 789: 618: 246: 2995: 2388:"Is de Vlaming een flamingant? Of willen we toch liever meer België? Dit zegt "De Stemming"" 2041: 1100:. This means that these people can communicate with the government in their birth language. 174:. Ideologically, it encompasses groups which have sought to promote Flemish culture and the 5529: 5328: 5177: 5137: 5112: 4955: 4925: 4910: 4900: 4869: 4864: 4854: 4828: 4789: 4683: 4560: 4555: 4534: 4497: 4465: 4433: 4423: 4402: 4329: 4213: 4128: 4088: 3915: 3862: 3754: 3672: 3615: 3600: 3590: 3538: 3330: 3320: 3310: 3263: 3206: 2812: 1372: 1367: 816: 314: 242: 190: 1760:

Language Use in Brussels - language-relation, movement and identity in a multilingual city

8: 5579: 5459: 5253: 5192: 5157: 5062: 4965: 4920: 4885: 4849: 4844: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4753: 4699: 4647: 4637: 4570: 4539: 4492: 4397: 4313: 4286: 4249: 4176: 4143: 4123: 4093: 3979: 3879: 3734: 3729: 3682: 3625: 3620: 3610: 3493: 3399: 3305: 3216: 3211: 3042: 2858: 2541: 1377: 982: 926: 876: 611: 520: 511: 496: 374: 370: 302: 491:

was a will of the French-speaking Belgians. They invoke that the volunteers were mainly

5731: 5665: 5615: 5368: 5248: 5122: 5097: 4905: 4823: 4794: 4743: 4733: 4678: 4673: 4607: 4597: 4575: 4529: 4407: 4375: 4291: 4276: 4271: 4138: 4046: 4004: 3910: 3900: 3895: 3874: 3857: 3817: 3749: 3595: 3518: 3508: 3201: 3196: 3052: 2924: 2830: 2825: 2612: 2602: 2455:, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.1946; 247: 128-130 1357: 994: 780: 705: 685: 657: 598: 558: 539: 488: 441: 414: 362: 277: 5258: 3170: 2301: 534:

Belgian elites were in fact opposed to the revolution and wanted to remain within the

5640: 5625: 5419: 5107: 4799: 4748: 4704: 4565: 4502: 4334: 4301: 4106: 4098: 3999: 3936: 3759: 3739: 3543: 2765: 2668: 2577: 2484: 2463: 2170:"Geldstroom naar Wallonië bereikt recordhoogte" (Money transfers reach record height) 1771: 1712: 1662: 1605: 1516: 1499: 1090: 1078: 943: 851: 681: 661: 382: 339: 291: 869:. With German support, Flemish activists formed a regional government, known as the 5554: 5363: 4758: 4354: 4349: 4281: 4261: 4155: 4083: 4051: 3931: 3847: 3078: 3008: 2929: 2919: 2898: 2867: 2741: 2633: 2617: 1948: 1753: 1382: 1229: 1094:

minority of more than 30% French-speaking or Dutch-speaking people; there would be

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and from the French-speaking bourgeoisie. This argument has also been invoked by

390: 329: 198: 171: 5584: 1188:(nominally Christian Democrat but very much left of centre) and the green party 5707: 5489: 5469: 5037: 4186: 3687: 2934: 2572: 2320:. Jönköping, Sweden: 50th Congress of the European Regional Science Association 1900: 1604:

De constructie van België : 1828-1847, LannooCampus, Leuven, 2006, 214 p.

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Colloqium Neerlandicum:The Historical Power of the Flemish Movement in Belgium

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Colloqium Neerlandicum:De historische kracht van de Vlaamse beweging in België

5741: 5719: 5132: 5127: 5082: 5077: 5057: 4380: 4056: 3483: 2729: 2717: 2008:"Ethnic Structure, Inequality And Governance of the Public Sector in Belgium" 1221: 1044: 998: 978: 917: 865: 847: 690: 633: 503: 334: 241:. The militant wing also still comprises several moderate groups such as the 226: 159: 1953: 1936: 5661: 5549: 5399: 5162: 5147: 5117: 5087: 5047: 3656: 3383: 2658: 2643: 2427: 1286: 1181: 1160: 784:, to support the Flemish Movement in Brussels. In 1893, the Flemish priest 716: 578: 418: 218: 194: 1831:

Alexander Gendebien and the organisation of the Belgian revolution in 1830

221:. However, it re-emerged in the post-war period under the auspices of the 5620: 5589: 5569: 5449: 5404: 5358: 5187: 5172: 5167: 5102: 5042: 4519: 4392: 3677: 3011: 2663: 2312: 2262: 1827:

Alexander Gendebien en de organisatie van de Belgische revolutie van 1830

1061: 1040: 970: 966: 785: 720: 542:" which spread among a substantial part of the French-speaking elites of 531: 457: 426: 202: 183: 5690: 2279: 1069:. The French words have been painted over, leaving the Dutch words only. 252:

In recent history, the Flemish Movement has increasingly grown amid the

5635: 5479: 5409: 3905: 3867: 3112: 3004: 1465: 1264: 1260: 1047:. It has become an important right-wing party of the Flemish Movement. 986: 767: 740: 453: 430: 394: 310: 213:, it was widely discredited for its association with collaboration in 5539: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5454: 5439: 4728: 3852: 3786: 2435: 1638:

Gita Deneckere, De plundering van de orangistische adel in April 1834

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During World War II, Belgium was once again occupied by Germany. The

950: 820: 649: 516: 222: 2042:"Vlaanderen en de taalwetgeving" (Flanders and language legislation) 1312:

found that 40% percent of respondents support Flemish independence.

894: 134: 35: 5499: 5424: 5298: 5182: 3378: 3289: 3273: 3232: 2788: 2673: 2648: 2550: 1741:] (in Dutch), Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren 1082: 1074: 1023: 888: 839: 774:, J. De Laet and E. Coremans), and it existed until 1914. In 1888, 622: 547: 507: 492: 473:

The diminution in the freedom of the press and freedom of assembly.

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In the 19th century, the Flemish Movement emerged around a form of

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History of the Flemish Movement in Belgium: A study in nationalism

5574: 5544: 5494: 5484: 5389: 5142: 5092: 4111: 4020: 3528: 3513: 3362: 3247: 3237: 2770: 2746: 2653: 2638: 2462:, Continuum International Publishing Group – Athlone (Feb 1992), 1316: 954: 449: 434: 325: 210: 163: 1268:

Dutch-speaking and French-speaking citizens share equal rights.

792:, which would cause a radicalization and democratization of the 590:

of Brussels is Dutch-speaking, whereas in 1830 it was over 95%.

5444: 5429: 5394: 5384: 3564: 2758: 2722: 1996:. W.W. Norton & Company Inc., New York, pp. 179–80, 195–96. 1796:

Petite histoire de la Belgique et ses conséquences linguistices

1688:(in Dutch), Commission of the Flemish Community, archived from 1225: 1169: 915:

The Flemish Movement became more socially oriented through the

347: 319:

Verhandeling op d'Onacht der moederlycke tael in de Nederlanden

306: 5594: 3268: 2734: 1189: 796:. The first Flemish political success was the passing of the 562: 2013:. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. 1941:

WT. Tijdschrift over de Geschiedenis van de Vlaamse Beweging

1272:

Flanders obtaining greater autonomy than is the case today.

502:

Two studies conducted by prof. John W. Rooney Jr. and prof.

287: 1301:

Visual representation of a May 2021 poll commissioned from

884: 766:

was founded in Antwerp, by radical liberals, Catholics and

257: 1801:

Small history of Belgium and their linguistic consequences

1198: 1922:

Tom Simoens, CHTP-BEG - n° 23 / 2011, article in Dutch,

1197:. In the end, a coalition was formed by CD&V, SP.a, 561:, protests occurred in large Flemish cities, notably in 2064:

De maatschappelijke identiteiten Vlaanderen en Wallonië

2051:, vlaanderen.be (ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap) 1901:

Geert Herman, Nieuwsblad, 7 juli 2014, article in Dutch

1702: 1206:

electoral gains for N-VA, mostly at the expense of VB.

487:

A common grievance of the Flemish movement is that the

2460:

The Flemish Movement: A Documentary History, 1780–1990

2069:

The cultural differences between Flanders and Wallonia

5679: 1994:

Hitler's War Aims: the Establishment of the New Order

1703:

Vande Lanotte, Johan & Goedertier, Geert (2007),

747:. On 26 September 1866, Julius de Geyter founded the 1228:

and former minister of defence and Eurocommissioner

2362:"Nearly 40% of Flemish would vote for independence" 1803:] (in French), Université Laval, archived from 1263:organisation of the Belgian state over the current 830:) worked together for the introduction of Dutch at 361:At that time, most of the population however spoke 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2497:, (J. Deleu) Ons Erfdeel – 1965, nr 1, p. 145 2229:Flemish Questions – Flows of money out of Flanders 2060: 759:, appeared for the first time on 12 January 1867. 162:which encompasses various political groups in the 2274: 2272: 1711:] (in Dutch), Brugge: die Keure, p. 23, 142:as adopted by large parts of the Flemish Movement 5739: 2225: 1168:of 2009, what was left of the party merged with 762:In 1861, the first Flemish political party, the 2508:, vol. 13, issue 1 (Winter/Spring 2012): 23–33. 1430:"An artificial kingdom moves closer to its end" 993:during the war through the establishment of a " 906:. Good example of the propaganda that was held. 778:founded the moderate liberal Flemish newspaper 2269: 1788: 1786: 1334:gauging preferences in how the country is run 1172:(the Flemish green party) at the end of 2009. 346:'s conquests, today's Belgium was attached to 256:and its aftermath. Since 2010, the separatist 3802: 2981: 2527: 1684:[about Dutch education in Brussels], 1682:"Over het Brussels Nederlandstalig onderwijs" 1388:List of active separatist movements in Europe 479:imposed the standard Dutch everywhere in the 1449:"Flemish separatism gains ground in Belgium" 1155:, and Spirit with the Flemish socialists of 385:and dialects in the south of the territory ( 2506:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 2481:Nieuwe Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging 1783: 1730: 1652: 1498:(in Dutch), Utrecht, Het Spectrum, p. 379, 1134: 5660:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 5304:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 3809: 3795: 2988: 2974: 2534: 2520: 2005: 1905: 1255:(VLD) party, and, to a lesser extent, the 2219: 1952: 1890:] (in Dutch), Lannoo, pp. 142–44 1881: 1862: 1843: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1595:Jean Stengers, op. cit., p. 140 and No 1. 1586:John W. Rooney Jr., op. cit., p. 486-487. 1209: 948:Verbond van Dietse Nationaal-Solidaristen 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Regionalist movement in Flanders, Belgium 2385: 2196: 1296: 1060: 893: 751:in Antwerp. The Flemish weekly magazine 632: 286: 133: 2359: 2296:Louis Tobback's opinion can be read in 2202: 1916: 1792: 1001:as "racially Germanic" components of a 404: 14: 5740: 5264:Galician independence movement (Spain) 3816: 3776:First-level NUTS of the European Union 2360:Galindo, Gabriela (17 December 2019). 1934: 1928: 1894: 1641: 1005:. Most Flemish nationalists embraced 842:welcomed the occupiers as "liberating 708:(all of whom were associated with the 5314:Patani United Liberation Organisation 5284:Inner Mongolian independence movement 3790: 2969: 2515: 1871:] (in Dutch), Lannoo, p. 143 1629:John W. Rooney Jr., op. cit., p. 486. 1620:John W. Rooney Jr., op. cit., p. 488. 1446: 1315:In December 2019 a poll published by 1201:on the Flemish side, and PS, CDH and 989:of not only Flanders (which they did 735:was founded in 1867. Writers such as 610:In 1838, another co-founder, senator 365:and dialects in the north and south ( 5309:National Liberation Front of Corsica 5234:East Turkestan independence movement 2206:De mythe van de omgekeerde transfers 1824: 1751: 1659:Encyclopedia of the Flemish Movement 1655:Encyclopedie van de Vlaamse Beweging 1482:"Vlaams Belang surges, N-VA biggest" 1195:18-month government formation crisis 973:, e.g. by setting free only Flemish 925:is still held to this day. The poet 628: 235:Nationalistische Studentenvereniging 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 1912:Peter Verplancke, VRT, 15 juli 2018 1852:] (in Dutch), Uitgeverij Lannoo 985:, and instead desired the complete 923:yearly pilgrimage to the IJzertoren 910: 660:that Flemish intellectuals such as 24: 1661:] (in Dutch), Leuven: Lannoo, 1292: 1050: 727:(Constant Leirens, Ghent) and the 572: 254:2007-2011 Belgian political crisis 249:(VVB, Flemish People's Movement). 197:, often under the auspices of the 25: 5764: 2020:from the original on 14 June 2007 2006:Deschouwer, Kris (January 2004). 1308:In June 2006 a poll published by 1238: 536:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 423:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 332:had already been for centuries a 5725: 5713: 5701: 5689: 2689: 2543: 2386:Lefevere, Fabian (23 May 2021). 2226:Filip van Laenen (20 May 2002), 1249:Christian Democratic and Flemish 997:" in late 1944), but all of the 481:Flemish-speaking part of Belgium 303:Jan Baptist Chrysostomus Verlooy 34: 5415:Basque Country (greater region) 5274:Guangdong Independence Movement 2836:Community Commission (Brussels) 2495:The Flemish movement in Belgium 2416: 2379: 2353: 2306: 2290: 2247: 2175: 2160: 2128: 2111: 2079: 2054: 2032: 1999: 1986: 1961: 1935:Didden, Kris (1 January 1997). 1875: 1856: 1846:Een geschiedenis van Vlaanderen 1837: 1818: 1745: 1724: 1696: 1674: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1541:Jacques Logie, op. cit., p. 12. 1496:Geschiedenis van het Nederlands 1447:Voice, European (26 May 2014). 1193:The ensuing deadlock led to an 1057:Language legislation in Belgium 960: 826:(together they were called the 45:needs additional citations for 5219:Assyrian independence movement 1653:De Schryver, Reginald (1973), 1550:Jacques Logie, op. cit., p. 21 1535: 1532:Jacques Logie, op. cit., p. 12 1526: 1509: 1488: 1474: 1468:"EU country briefing: Belgium" 1459: 1440: 1422: 1404: 1275: 1253:Flemish Liberals and Democrats 1214: 1103: 803: 282: 13: 1: 5354:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 5349:Tibetan independence movement 5279:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 5239:Faroese independence movement 5224:Catalan independence movement 2280:"N-VA moet flanken verzoenen" 1393: 674:Ferdinand Augustijn Snellaert 5435:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 5344:Taiwan independence movement 5319:Ryukyu independence movement 5229:Champa independence movement 5209:Alsace independence movement 2878:Day of the Flemish Community 2445: 1937:"De Houthakkers van de Orne" 1494:Van der Wal, Marijke (1992) 1398: 1120: 731:, were founded in 1861. The 477:William I of the Netherlands 7: 5299:Mapuche separatist movement 3740:Irish (in Northern Ireland) 2422:A research commissioned by 2259:verkiezingen2010.belgium.be 2061:Prof. W. Dewachter (2006), 1884:Een geschiedenis van België 1865:Een geschiedenis van België 1833:] (in Dutch and French) 1341: 1326:In May 2021, an article by 1012: 902:of 1899. Preserverd in the 898:Excerpt from the newspaper 601:, the minister of justice: 324:Before the creation of the 10: 5769: 5334:Silesian Autonomy Movement 5214:Assam separatist movements 4369:Northern & Middle Asia 1768:Vrije Universiteit Brussel 1285:(Vermeylen Foundation) or 1081:(Komen), and particularly 1054: 937:Battle of the Golden Spurs 834:. In 1911 the proposal by 772:Jan Theodoor van Rijswijck 415:Congress of Vienna of 1815 275: 271: 239:Flemish-Socialist Movement 5651: 5603: 5377: 5339:Székely autonomy movement 5201: 5028: 4993: 4948: 4878: 4837: 4819: 4812: 4767: 4724: 4717: 4692: 4656: 4628: 4621: 4548: 4458: 4451: 4416: 4368: 4322: 4237: 4164: 4076: 4069: 4034: 4013: 3972: 3965: 3945: 3924: 3888: 3840: 3833: 3824: 3768: 3722: 3696: 3665: 3644: 3573: 3552: 3471: 3450: 3424: 3408: 3392: 3371: 3355: 3339: 3298: 3282: 3256: 3225: 3184: 3163: 3142: 3121: 3105: 3087: 3066: 3035: 3019: 2907: 2854: 2811: 2781: 2713: 2698: 2687: 2626: 2586: 2565: 2558: 2476:, New York, 1930, 316 pp. 1844:Van Daele, Henri (2005), 1793:Leclerc, Jacques (2008), 1257:Different Socialist Party 710:Minor Seminary, Roeselare 656:It was decades after the 510:and from the province of 417:led to the creation of a 5269:Greenlandic independence 2409: 2300:, Frits Bolkestein's in 1882:Reynebeau, Marc (2006), 1863:Reynebeau, Marc (2006), 1731:Fleerackers, J. (1973), 1149:Nieuwe Vlaamse Alliantie 1135:Current Belgian politics 1087:Francization of Brussels 904:Ghent University Library 881:Special Forestry Platoon 670:Karel Lodewijk Ledeganck 358:to the French language. 317:, wrote an essay titled 2891:De Leeuw van Vlaanderen 1954:10.21825/wt.v56i4.13075 1752:Rudi, Janssens (2001), 1330:showed a poll taken by 1065:Bilingual road sign in 808:The liberal politician 733:Liberale Vlaemsche Bond 215:German-occupied Belgium 170:and, less commonly, in 5294:Māori protest movement 2945:Science and technology 2794:List of municipalities 2341:Cite journal requires 1766:(in Dutch), VUBPress ( 1705:Overzicht publiekrecht 1348:Burgundian Netherlands 1305: 1251:(CD&V) party, the 1224:, the former mayor of 1210:Modern internal trends 1070: 1026:being designated as a 1003:Greater Germanic Reich 957:movement in Flanders. 907: 860:Von Bissing University 854:were involved in this 653: 294: 155: 143: 5324:Scottish independence 5289:Kashubian Association 5011:Indigenous Australian 2432:University of Antwerp 2255:"Verkiezingen 2010 -" 2071:], archived from 1992:Rich, Norman (1974). 1850:A history of Flanders 1300: 1128:equalization payments 1064: 897: 790:Christene Volkspartij 636: 619:Industrial Revolution 290: 247:Vlaamse Volksbeweging 137: 5530:Marathi Abhimaangeet 5329:Siberian regionalism 2493:M. Van Haegendoren, 2453:The Flemish Movement 1888:A history of Belgium 1869:A history of Belgium 1373:Politics of Flanders 1368:Partition of Belgium 817:Frans Van Cauwelaert 530:A large part of the 523:-speaking (close to 497:Walloon nationalists 425:composed of today's 405:Belgian Independence 315:Southern Netherlands 243:New Flemish Alliance 54:improve this article 5753:History of Flanders 5621:American Indigenous 5254:Free Papua Movement 4664:Balkar and Karachay 4459:Southeastern Europe 3990:Indigenous Canadian 3479:Balkar and Karachay 3442:Free City of Danzig 2479:Ludo Simons (ed.), 2472:Clough Shepard B., 2430:, conducted by the 2302:fritsbolkestein.com 1692:on 20 November 2012 1378:Seventeen Provinces 1111:language facilities 1097:language facilities 983:Greater Netherlands 927:Anton van Wilderode 900:De Vlaamsche Strijd 879:in 1918 called the 877:penal military unit 872:Raad van Vlaanderen 828:three crowing cocks 743:were active in the 723:in 1875. The first 612:Alexandre Gendebien 597:, wrote in 1832 to 191:cultural patriotism 5666:ethnic nationalism 5369:Welsh independence 5249:Free Aceh Movement 4481:in North Macedonia 4323:South-eastern Asia 3818:Ethnic nationalism 3463:Transylvania–Banat 2846:Minister-President 2831:Flemish Government 2826:Flemish Parliament 2613:Zeelandic Flanders 2590:historical regions 2366:The Brussels Times 2190:2010-05-10 at the 2136:"Econ.kuleuven.be" 2047:2013-11-01 at the 1807:on 18 January 2009 1709:Outline public law 1358:Flemish literature 1306: 1071: 995:Reichsgau Flandern 908: 781:Het Laatste Nieuws 706:Albrecht Rodenbach 686:Hendrik Conscience 658:Belgian revolution 654: 599:Jean-Joseph Raikem 559:Belgian revolution 489:Belgian revolution 442:Belgian revolution 409:After the fall of 363:Germanic languages 295: 278:History of Belgium 144: 69:"Flemish Movement" 5677: 5676: 5420:Catalan Countries 5024: 5023: 4989: 4988: 4944: 4943: 4808: 4807: 4713: 4712: 4447: 4446: 4065: 4064: 3961: 3960: 3784: 3783: 2963: 2962: 2841:Political parties 2807: 2806: 2685: 2684: 2578:Flemish Community 2489:978-90-209-3042-9 2451:Van geyt et al., 2087:"Statbel.fgov.be" 2075:on 12 August 2011 1825:Gaus, H. (2007), 1718:978-90-8661-397-7 1259:(SP.A), prefer a 1091:Linguistic Border 944:Joris Van Severen 852:Paul van Ostaijen 844:Germanic brothers 719:in 1851, and the 682:Prudens van Duyse 662:Jan Frans Willems 629:A call for change 383:Romance languages 340:French Revolution 292:Jan Frans Willems 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 5760: 5748:Flemish Movement 5730: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5693: 5685: 5670: 5555:Republika Srpska 5364:Walloon Movement 5244:Flemish Movement 4817: 4816: 4722: 4721: 4626: 4625: 4456: 4455: 4074: 4073: 3970: 3969: 3838: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3745:Northern English 3688:Western Armenian 3347:North Kazakhstan 3097:Republika Srpska 2990: 2983: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2915:Flemish Movement 2884:Guldensporenslag 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2693: 2634:Flemish Ardennes 2618:Romance Flanders 2588:Neighbouring and 2563: 2562: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2513: 2512: 2483:, Lannoo, 1998, 2439: 2420: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2319: 2310: 2304: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2261:. 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2298:knack.rnews.be 2289: 2268: 2246: 2236:on 7 June 2008 2218: 2195: 2174: 2159: 2127: 2110: 2078: 2053: 2031: 1998: 1985: 1960: 1947:(4): 195–219. 1927: 1915: 1904: 1893: 1874: 1855: 1836: 1817: 1782: 1776: 1744: 1723: 1717: 1695: 1673: 1667: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1508: 1487: 1484:. 26 May 2019. 1473: 1458: 1439: 1421: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1363:French Flemish 1360: 1355: 1350: 1343: 1340: 1294: 1291: 1283:Vermeylenfonds 1277: 1274: 1240: 1239:Confederalists 1237: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1136: 1133: 1122: 1119: 1105: 1102: 1055:Main article: 1052: 1049: 1019:Vermeylenfonds 1014: 1011: 962: 959: 912: 909: 814:Roman Catholic 805: 802: 798:Gelijkheidswet 794:Catholic party 788:, founded the 749:Vlaamsche Bond 630: 627: 595:Charles Rogier 574: 571: 485: 484: 474: 471: 468: 465: 406: 403: 284: 281: 273: 270: 205:. Inspired by 176:Dutch language 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5765: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5662:ethnic groups 5659: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5611:Local (China) 5609: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Herzeg-Bosnia 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 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3092: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2730:East Flanders 2728: 2724: 2719: 2718:West Flanders 2716: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627:Local regions 2625: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 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1668:90-209-0455-8 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1611: 1610:90-209-6678-2 1607: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1522: 1521:2-8011-0332-2 1518: 1512: 1505: 1504:90 274 1839 X 1501: 1497: 1491: 1483: 1477: 1469: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1435: 1434:The Economist 1431: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:List Dedecker 1236: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:Louis Tobback 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180:(PS), led by 1179: 1173: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1129: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077:(Moeskroen), 1076: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1045:Vlaams Belang 1042: 1038: 1037:Popular Union 1034: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1007:collaboration 1004: 1000: 999:Low Countries 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979:Flamenpolitik 976: 972: 968: 958: 956: 952: 949: 945: 940: 938: 933: 932:King Albert I 928: 924: 920: 919: 918:Frontbeweging 905: 901: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873: 868: 867: 866:Flamenpolitik 861: 857: 853: 850:and the poet 849: 848:Marnix Gijsen 846:". The young 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 822: 818: 815: 811: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764:Meetingpartij 760: 758: 755:, founded by 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 701: 696: 695:Hugo Verriest 692: 691:Guido Gezelle 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 651: 645: 640: 639:Hugo Verriest 635: 626: 624: 620: 615: 613: 608: 605: 602: 600: 596: 591: 589: 583: 580: 570: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 518: 513: 509: 505: 504:Jean Stengers 500: 499:in the past. 498: 494: 490: 482: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 462: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 381:) as well as 380: 379:Luxembourgish 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336: 335:lingua franca 331: 327: 326:Belgian state 322: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 293: 289: 279: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 227:Vlaams Belang 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207:authoritarian 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 160:umbrella term 157: 153: 149: 141: 136: 132: 124: 121: 113: 110:December 2010 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 5657: 5656: 5585:Székely Land 5550:Pashtunistan 5400:Balawaristan 5243: 5173:South Slavic 5163:Scandinavian 4738: 4693:Volga Region 4307:in Sri Lanka 4165:Eastern Asia 4026:Puerto Rican 3841:North Africa 3825:Nationalisms 3384:Transnistria 3073: 2914: 2908:Other topics 2889: 2882: 2873:Coat of arms 2705:(and cities) 2659:Pajottenland 2644:Denderstreek 2505: 2501: 2494: 2480: 2473: 2459: 2452: 2428:De Standaard 2418: 2396:. 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Dewulf, 2240:4 September 1332:De Stemming 1303:De Stemming 1276:Federalists 1215:Separatists 1104:Present day 1041:Vlaams Blok 967:Third Reich 804:World War I 786:Adolf Daens 768:Flamingants 721:Davidsfonds 698: [ 642: [ 532:Francophone 458:Netherlands 456:in today's 448:in today's 427:Netherlands 283:Early roots 268:elections. 203:World War I 184:Netherlands 5742:Categories 5636:Indigenous 5580:Sindhudesh 5560:Santa Cruz 5480:Hutu Power 5410:Bangsamoro 5001:Australian 4976:Lithuanian 4891:Andalusian 4669:Circassian 4633:Belarusian 4581:in Austria 4515:Macedonian 4471:in Albania 4360:Vietnamese 4194:Hongkonger 4187:chauvinist 3868:Pharaonism 3581:Andalusian 3499:Circassian 3340:Kazakhstan 3088:Bosnia and 3036:Azerbaijan 3005:separatism 2925:Literature 2654:Haspengouw 2598:Margravate 2394:(in Dutch) 2212:21 October 2182:(in Dutch) 2167:(in Dutch) 2152:22 January 2103:22 January 2039:(in Dutch) 1811:28 January 1394:References 1336:(depicted) 1261:confederal 1017:While the 987:annexation 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