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Ludgate was one of just a few independent workers in the field of science and mathematics. His inventions were worked on outside a lab. He worked on them only part-time, often until the early hours of the morning. Many publications refer to him as an accountant, but that came only after his 1909
316:) types. The engine's precise mechanism is unknown, as the only written accounts which survive do not detail its workings, although he stated in 1914 that "omplete descriptive drawings of the machine exist, as well as a description in manuscript" – these have never been found.
272:
Working alone, Ludgate designed an analytical engine while unaware of
Babbage's designs, although he later went on to write about Babbage's machine. Ludgate's engine used multiplication as its base mechanism (unlike Babbage's which used addition). It incorporated the first
1118:
393:
359:. Had the patent been approved, Zuse would have controlled the primary intellectual property for crucial techniques that all computers now use; this would have changed his career and could well have altered the commercial trajectory of the computer industry.
1115:
320:
analytical engine paper. Little is known about his personal life, as his only known records are his scientific writings. Prior to 2016, the best source of information about
Ludgate and his significance was in the work of Professor
329:
292:), as well as a novel memory system utilizing concentric cylinders, storing numbers as displacements of rods in shuttles. His design featured several other novel features, including for program control (e.g.,
980:
994:
1047:
Coghlan, Brian; Randell, Brian; Hockie, Paul; Gonzalez, Trish; McQuillan, David; O’Regan, Reddy (2021). "Percy
Ludgate (1883-1922), Ireland's first computer designer".
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727:
46:
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249:, earning a gold medal based on the results of his final examinations in 1917. At some date before or after then, he joined Kevans & Son, accountants.
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277:, and was the first to exploit a multiplier-accumulator to perform division, using multiplication seeded by reciprocal, via the convergent series
1124:
691:
854:
Napier tercentenary celebration: Handbook of the exhibition of Napier relics and of books, instruments, and devices for facilitating calculation
614:
Napier tercentenary celebration: Handbook of the exhibition of Napier relics and of books, instruments, and devices for facilitating calculation
443:
956:
798:
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It seems that
Ludgate worked as a clerk for an unknown corn merchant, in Dublin, and pursued his interest in calculating machines at night.
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Ludgate's engine also used a mechanism similar to slide rules, but employing unique, discrete "Logarithmic
Indexes" (now known as
261:
in 1843 and
Ludgate in 1909 designed the only two mechanical analytical engines before the electromechanical analytical engine of
355:
successfully relied on
Ludgate’s 1909 paper to defeat an important 1941 patent application by the pioneering computer scientist
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304:, depending on one's viewpoint). The design is so dissimilar from Babbage's that it can be considered a second, unique type of
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245:. In the 1911 census, he is also in Dublin, as a Commercial Clerk (Corn Merchant). He studied accountancy at
1217:
1011:
1010:
Coghlan, Brian; Randell, Brian; Hockie, Paul; Gonzalez, Trish; McQuillan, David; O’Regan, Reddy (2020).
906:"From analytical engine to electronic digital computer: The contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush"
857:
617:
385:– was instituted in his honour, and in 2016 the Ludgate Hub e-business incubation centre was opened in
894:(A subscription to the journal or payment on a per-article basis is required to view this article) –
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1129:"How Percy Ludgate's 1909 Paper (and IBM) Helped Thwart Konrad Zuse's Computer Patent in 1960"
696:"How Percy Ludgate's 1909 Paper (and IBM) Helped Thwart Konrad Zuse's Computer Patent in 1960"
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404:. (As can be seen in the photo, the year of birth is listed incorrectly on the plaque.)
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Proceedings of the Royal Irish
Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature
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237:, to Michael Ludgate and Mary McMahon. In the 1901 census, he is listed as
975:. In: online catalog of The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection
401:
373:
In 1991, a prize for the best final-year project in the
Moderatorship in
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266:
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517:"Residents of a house 30 in Dargle Road, Drumcondra (Glasnevin, Dublin)"
1006:, presented at the West Cork History Festival 2019, Skibbereen, Ireland
570:
386:
297:
230:
103:
1102:. The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection. pp. 1–240.
549:. The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection. pp. 1–240.
444:"The legend of Percy Ludgate, Skibbereen's early answer to Bill Gates"
394:
National
Committee for Commemorative Plaques in Science and Technology
1155:"Cork's extraordinary genius who influenced the history of computing"
728:"Cork's extraordinary genius who influenced the history of computing"
593:
574:
336:
301:
978:
Brian Coghlan (2019) "An exploration of the life of Percy Ludgate":
831:
Ludgate, Percy E. (April 1909). "On a proposed analytical machine".
421:
Ludgate, Percy E. (April 1909). "On a proposed analytical machine".
670:"The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection online catalog"
941:
210:
79:
24:
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of 1920 and its few successors, and the six first-generation
1100:
Percy Ludgate (1883-1922): Ireland's First Computer Designer
1046:
1009:
547:
Percy Ludgate (1883-1922): Ireland's First Computer Designer
495:"Residents of a house 30 in Dargle Road (Glasnevin, Dublin)"
773:"Science plaque unveiled to honor inventor Percy Ludgate"
352:
1090:"Investigating Percy Ludgate and his Analytical Machine"
799:"Unveiling of a Science Plaque to Percy Edwin Ludgate"
351:
In 1960, a German patent lawyer working on behalf of
1123:
1081:"The John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection"
690:
1094:
Mobile-friendly Ludgate folder of the above catalog
324:. Since then, further investigation is underway at
1012:"Investigating the Work and Life of Percy Ludgate"
964:(extensive background and research document), and
833:Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society
423:Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society
942:"The Feasibility of Ludgate's Analytical Machine"
1228:Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium
1223:Deaths from pneumonia in the Republic of Ireland
1169:
1097:
544:
330:John Gabriel Byrne Computer Science Collection
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538:
536:
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748:"Percy E. Ludgate Prize in Computer Science"
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213:amateur scientist who designed the second
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209:(2 August 1883 – 16 October 1922) was an
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49:of all important aspects of the article.
1133:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
1127:; Randell, Brian; Buelow, Ralf (2024).
1098:Coghlan, Brian; Randell, Brian (2022).
1016:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
913:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
900:
864:
847:
830:
700:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
694:; Randell, Brian; Buelow, Ralf (2024).
630:
607:
545:Coghlan, Brian; Randell, Brian (2022).
467:
420:
1170:
870:"Ludgate's analytical machine of 1909"
636:"Ludgate's analytical machine of 1909"
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
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339:on 19 October 1922, and is buried in
229:Ludgate was born on 2 August 1883 in
852:. In Ellice Martin Horsburgh (ed.).
612:. In Ellice Martin Horsburgh (ed.).
569:
463:
461:
459:
241:National Education (Boy Copyist) in
84:Portrait photograph of Percy Ludgate
18:
400:by the Provost of Trinity College,
392:In October 2022, a plaque from the
13:
396:was unveiled at Ludgate's home in
196:Kevans & Son (Dublin, Ireland)
14:
1239:
1208:Businesspeople from Dublin (city)
1193:20th-century Irish businesspeople
456:
366:Plaque to Ludgate at his home in
308:, which thus preceded the third (
850:"Automatic calculating machines"
610:"Automatic calculating machines"
525:The National Archives of Ireland
503:The National Archives of Ireland
78:
23:
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765:
37:may be too short to adequately
563:
509:
487:
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1213:Scientists from Dublin (city)
1198:20th-century Irish scientists
474:Dictionary of Irish Biography
407:
247:Rathmines College of Commerce
16:Irish accountant and inventor
269:analytical engines of 1949.
7:
10:
1244:
858:Royal Society of Edinburgh
618:Royal Society of Edinburgh
328:under the auspices of the
1146:10.1109/MAHC.2024.3369024
1061:10.3318/priac.2021.121.09
1028:10.1109/MAHC.2020.3038431
713:10.1109/MAHC.2024.3369024
575:"A new analytical engine"
346:
253:Work on analytical engine
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115:
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925:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10042
889:10.1093/comjnl/14.3.317
848:Ludgate, P. E. (1914).
841:Available on-line at:
655:10.1093/comjnl/14.3.317
608:Ludgate, P. E. (1914).
468:Randell, Brian (2009).
379:Trinity College, Dublin
326:Trinity College, Dublin
263:Leonardo Torres Quevedo
224:
1188:People from Skibbereen
1117:, also see BookFinder
759:Trinity College Dublin
678:Trinity College Dublin
370:
275:multiplier-accumulator
221:computer) in history.
1114:(see Book Depository
389:, where he was born.
365:
341:Mount Jerome Cemetery
157:Design of the second
139:Mount Jerome Cemetery
875:The Computer Journal
641:The Computer Journal
860:. pp. 124–127.
620:. pp. 124–127.
207:Percy Edwin Ludgate
182:discrete logarithms
72:Percy Edwin Ludgate
1218:Computer designers
957:"Percy E. Ludgate"
940:McQuillan, David.
452:. 6 February 2003.
371:
1109:978-1-911566-29-8
983:without animation
808:. 15 October 2022
779:. 21 October 2022
556:978-1-911566-29-8
521:Census Years 1911
499:Census Years 1901
310:electromechanical
306:analytical engine
217:(general-purpose
215:analytical engine
204:
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167:Scientific career
159:analytical engine
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470:"Ludgate, Percy"
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290:Irish logarithms
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279:(1 +
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259:Charles Babbage
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219:Turing-complete
178:computer design
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119:16 October 1922
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32:This article's
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1163:. 6 June 2024.
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1125:Coghlan, Brian
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1085:online catalog
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1007:
997:with animation
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969:related folder
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919:(4): 327–341.
902:Randell, Brian
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882:(3): 317–326.
866:Randell, Brian
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736:. 6 June 2024.
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692:Coghlan, Brian
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648:(3): 317–326.
632:Randell, Brian
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123:(aged 39)
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41:the key points
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810:. Retrieved
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193:Institutions
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121:(1922-10-16)
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52:
36:
34:lead section
1183:1922 deaths
1178:1883 births
1139:(4): 1–17.
947:12 December
839:(9): 77–91.
757:. Ireland:
706:(4): 1–17.
676:. Ireland:
571:Boys, C. V.
429:(9): 77–91.
402:Linda Doyle
357:Konrad Zuse
343:in Dublin.
298:subroutines
235:County Cork
186:Accountancy
176:mechanical
146:Nationality
108:County Cork
1172:Categories
1073:(see also
1040:(see also
843:Fano.co.UK
812:15 October
783:22 October
777:www.tcd.ie
479:13 October
408:References
398:Drumcondra
387:Skibbereen
377:course at
368:Drumcondra
314:electronic
294:preemption
267:electronic
231:Skibbereen
161:in history
104:Skibbereen
96:1883-08-02
1069:240508861
1036:229263309
1022:: 19–37.
337:pneumonia
302:microcode
129:, Ireland
110:, Ireland
39:summarize
904:(1982).
868:(1971).
634:(1971).
184:(1909);
141:, Dublin
1055:: 303.
933:1737953
527:. 1911.
505:. 1901.
1106:
1067:
1034:
931:
580:Nature
553:
381:– the
347:Legacy
243:Dublin
188:(1917)
180:&
173:Fields
127:Dublin
1065:S2CID
1032:S2CID
1002:(PDF)
988:(PDF)
960:(PDF)
929:S2CID
909:(PDF)
802:(PDF)
751:(PDF)
300:– or
211:Irish
149:Irish
1104:ISBN
1053:121C
992:and
949:2022
814:2022
785:2022
551:ISBN
481:2021
296:and
225:Life
116:Died
90:Born
1141:doi
1057:doi
1024:doi
921:doi
884:doi
708:doi
650:doi
589:doi
353:IBM
1174::
1157:.
1135:.
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43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
