559:
activity increases local blood flow by inducing pericytes to dilate capillaries before upstream arteriole dilation occurs. This area is controversial, with a 2015 study claiming that pericytes do not express contractile proteins and are not capable of contraction in vivo, although the latter paper has been criticised for using a highly unconventional definition of pericyte which explicitly excludes contractile pericytes. It appears that different signaling pathways regulate the constriction of capillaries by pericytes and of arterioles by smooth muscle cells. Recent studies on rats have found such a signaling pathway in which after spinal cord injury and induced hypoxia below the injury, there is excess activity of monoamine receptors on pericytes which locally constricts capillaries and reduces blood flow to ischemic levels.
602:
747:. It has been proposed that a subtype of pericytes participates in this scarring in a glial-independent manner. Through lineage tracking studies, these subtype of pericytes were followed after stroke, revealing that they contribute to the glial scar by differentiating into myofibroblasts and depositing extracellular matrix. However, this remains controversial, as more recent studies suggest that the cell type followed in these scar studies is likely to be not pericytes, but fibroblasts.
223:
613:
individuals, though cases have been found in children. Hemangiopericytoma is caused by the excessive layering of sheets of pericytes around improperly formed blood vessels. Diagnosis of this tumor is difficult because of the inability to distinguish pericytes from other types of cells using light microscopy. Treatment may involve surgical removal and radiation therapy, depending on the level of bone penetration and stage in the tumor's development.
297:
40:
731:. Angiopoietin 2 can act as an antagonist to Tie-2, destabilizing the endothelial cells, which results in less endothelial cell and pericyte interaction. This occasionally leads to the formation of tumors. Similar to the inhibition of the PDGF pathway, angiopoietin 2 reduces levels of pericytes, leading to diabetic retinopathy.
625:. Studies have found that pericytes are essential in diabetic individuals to protect the endothelial cells of retinal capillaries. With the loss of pericytes, microaneurysms form in the capillaries. In response, the retina either increases its vascular permeability, leading to swelling of the eye through a
481:
endothelial cells as well as astrocytes, the pericytes grouped into structures that resembled capillaries. Furthermore, when the experimental group contained all of the following with the exception of pericytes, the endothelial cells would undergo apoptosis. It was thus concluded that pericytes must
662:
Immunohistochemical studies of human tissue from
Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis show pericyte loss and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Pericyte-deficient mouse models (which lack genes encoding steps in the PDGFB:PDGFRB signalling cascade) and have an Alzheimer's-causing
246:
molecules facilitate communication between pericytes and endothelial cells separated by the basement membrane. Pericytes can also form direct connections with neighboring cells by forming peg and socket arrangements in which parts of the cells interlock, similar to the gears of a clock. At these
654:
Studies have found that pericyte loss in the adult and aging brain leads to the disruption of proper cerebral perfusion and maintenance of the blood–brain barrier, which causes neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The apoptosis of pericytes in the aging brain may be the result of a failure in
558:
Increasing evidence suggests that pericytes can regulate blood flow at the capillary level. For the retina, movies have been published showing that pericytes constrict capillaries when their membrane potential is altered to cause calcium influx, and in the brain it has been reported that neuronal
592:
have physiological differences, correlated with immunophenotypic profiles by
Takahashi et al. During the early proliferative phase (0–12 months) the tumors express proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pericytesna), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and type IV collagenase, the former two
579:
Because of their crucial role in maintaining and regulating endothelial cell structure and blood flow, abnormalities in pericyte function are seen in many pathologies. They may either be present in excess, leading to diseases such as hypertension and tumor formation, or in deficiency, leading to
452:. However, whether these cells differentiate into each other is an outstanding question in the field. Pericytes' regenerative capacity is affected by aging. Such versatility is useful, as they actively remodel blood vessels throughout the body and can thereby blend homogeneously with the local
482:
be present to ensure the proper function of endothelial cells, and astrocytes must be present to ensure that both remain in contact. If not, then proper angiogenesis cannot occur. It has also been found that pericytes contribute to the survival of endothelial cells, as they secrete the protein
612:
is a rare vascular neoplasm, or abnormal growth, that may either be benign or malignant. In its malignant form, metastasis to the lungs, liver, brain, and extremities may occur. It most commonly manifests itself in the femur and proximal tibia as a bone sarcoma, and is usually found in older
537:
Aside from blood–brain barrier formation, pericytes also play an active role in its functionality. Animal models of developmental loss of pericytes show increased endothelial transcytosis, as well as skewed arterio-venous zonation, increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and
562:
Pericytes are important in maintaining circulation. In a study involving adult pericyte-deficient mice, cerebral blood flow was diminished with concurrent vascular regression due to loss of both endothelia and pericytes. Significantly greater hypoxia was reported in the hippocampus of
3251:
Vanlandewijck M, He L, Mäe MA, Andrae J, Ando K, Del Gaudio F, Nahar K, Lebouvier T, Laviña B, Gouveia L, Sun Y, Raschperger E, Räsänen M, Zarb Y, Mochizuki N, Keller A, Lendahl U, Betsholtz C (February 2018). "A molecular atlas of cell types and zonation in the brain vasculature".
593:
localized to both endothelium and pericytes, and the last to endothelium. The vascular markers CD31, von
Willebrand factor (vWF), and smooth muscle actin (pericyte marker) are present during the proliferating and involuting phases, but are lost after the lesion is fully involuted.
3043:
Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, Bartunkova S, Wiegand SJ, Radziejewski C, Compton D, McClain J, Aldrich TH, Papadopoulos N, Daly TJ, Davis S, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD (July 1997). "Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis".
755:
The emerging evidence (as of 2019) suggests that neural microvascular pericytes, under instruction from resident glial cells, are reprogrammed into interneurons and enrich local neuronal microcircuits. This response is amplified by concomitant angiogenesis.
722:
Communication between endothelial cells and pericytes is vital. Inhibiting the PDGF pathway leads to pericyte deficiency. This causes endothelial hyperplasia, abnormal junctions, and diabetic retinopathy. A lack of pericytes also causes an upregulation of
522:. This barrier is composed of endothelial cells and ensures the protection and functionality of the brain and central nervous system. It has been found that pericytes are crucial to the postnatal formation of this barrier. Pericytes are responsible for
2403:
Li, Yaqing; Lucas-Osma, Ana M.; Black, Sophie; Bandet, Mischa V.; Stephens, Marilee J.; Vavrek, Romana; Sanelli, Leo; Fenrich, Keith K.; Di Narzo, Antonio F.; Dracheva, Stella; Winship, Ian R.; Fouad, Karim; Bennett, David J. (June 2017).
645:
increases its flux, and intracellular sorbitol and fructose accumulate. This leads to osmotic imbalance, which results in cellular damage. The presence of high glucose levels also leads to the buildup of AGE's, which also damage cells.
1842:
Gupta K, Kshirsagar S, Li W, Gui L, Ramakrishnan S, Gupta P, Law PY, Hebbel RP (March 1999). "VEGF prevents apoptosis of human microvascular endothelial cells via opposing effects on MAPK/ERK and SAPK/JNK signaling".
238:
of the pericyte compared to the flat elongated nucleus of the endothelial cells. Pericytes also project finger-like extensions that wrap around the capillary wall, allowing the cells to regulate capillary blood flow.
400:
signals and travel. Certain pericytes, known as microvascular pericytes, develop around the walls of capillaries and help to serve this function. Microvascular pericytes may not be contractile cells, as they lack
234:(CNS), pericytes wrap around the endothelial cells that line the inside of the capillary. These two types of cells can be easily distinguished from one another based on the presence of the prominent round
972:
Muhl, Lars; Genové, Guillem; Leptidis, Stefanos; Liu, Jianping; He, Liqun; Mocci, Giuseppe; Sun, Ying; Gustafsson, Sonja; Buyandelger, Byambajav; Chivukula, Indira V.; Segerstolpe, Åsa (December 2020).
1939:
Armulik A, Genové G, Mäe M, Nisancioglu MH, Wallgard E, Niaudet C, He L, Norlin J, Lindblom P, Strittmatter K, Johansson BR, Betsholtz C (November 2010). "Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier".
210:
Pericytes stabilize and monitor the maturation of endothelial cells by means of direct communication between the cell membrane as well as through paracrine signaling. A deficiency of pericytes in the
2018:
Mäe, Maarja A.; He, Liqun; Nordling, Sofia; Vazquez-Liebanas, Elisa; Nahar, Khayrun; Jung, Bongnam; Li, Xidan; Tan, Bryan C.; Chin Foo, Juat; Cazenave-Gassiot, Amaury; Wenk, Markus R. (2021-02-19).
2144:"Differing associations between Aβ accumulation, hypoperfusion, blood–brain barrier dysfunction and loss of PDGFRB pericyte marker in the precuneus and parietal white matter in Alzheimer's disease"
1185:
Hartmann, David A.; Berthiaume, Andrée-Anne; Grant, Roger I.; Harrill, Sarah A.; Koski, Tegan; Tieu, Taryn; McDowell, Konnor P.; Faino, Anna V.; Kelly, Abigail L.; Shih, Andy Y. (May 2021).
1530:
675:, pericytes constrict brain capillaries and then die, which may lead to a long-lasting decrease of blood flow and loss of blood–brain barrier function, increasing the death of nerve cells.
707:(PDGF) pathway signaling from endothelial cells recruits pericytes, so that pericytes can migrate to developing blood vessels. If this pathway is blocked, it leads to pericyte deficiency.
605:
Image of a solitary fibrous tumour that is most likely a hemangiopericytoma. It surrounds a staghorn-shaped blood vessel, which results from the arrangement of pericytes around the vessel
2869:
Thurston G, Suri C, Smith K, McClain J, Sato TN, Yancopoulos GD, McDonald DM (December 1999). "Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1".
3081:"Tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulates angiopoietin-2 in host endothelium and destabilizes host vasculature, supporting angiogenesis in ovarian cancer"
659:) is released from endothelial cells in brain vasculature and binds to the receptor PDGFRB on pericytes, initiating their proliferation and investment in the vasculature.
251:
can be formed, which allow the pericytes and neighboring cells to exchange ions and other small molecules. Important molecules in these intercellular connections include
3313:
Farahani, Ramin M.; Rezaei-Lotfi, Saba; Simonian, Mary; Xaymardan, Munira; Hunter, Neil (2019). "Neural microvascular pericytes contribute to human adult neurogenesis".
510:(ERK-1, also known as MAPK3), which sustains cell survival over time, and inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun-NH2 kinase, which also promotes apoptosis.
2822:"PDGF, TGF-beta, and heterotypic cell-cell interactions mediate endothelial cell-induced recruitment of 10T1/2 cells and their differentiation to a smooth muscle fate"
380:-induced injury, type-1 pericytes give rise to adipogenic cells only in response to glycerol injection and type-2 become myogenic in response to both types of
119:
781:
369:(PDGFRβ+CD146+Nes-) and type-2 characterized by positive expression for nestin (PDGFRβ+CD146+Nes+). While both types are able to proliferate in response to
688:
Endothelial cells and pericytes are interdependent and failure of proper communication between the two cell types can lead to numerous human pathologies.
633:
of the eye. The end result is reduction or loss of vision. While it is unclear why pericytes are lost in diabetic patients, one hypothesis is that toxic
2781:"Defective paracrine signalling by TGFbeta in yolk sac vasculature of endoglin mutant mice: a paradigm for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia"
1534:
1247:"Regional Blood Flow in the Normal and Ischemic Brain Is Controlled by Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Cell Contractility and Not by Capillary Pericytes"
174:. The morphology, distribution, density and molecular fingerprints of pericytes vary between organs and vascular beds. Pericytes help to maintain
2904:
Bjarnegård M, Enge M, Norlin J, Gustafsdottir S, Fredriksson S, Abramsson A, Takemoto M, Gustafsson E, Fässler R, Betsholtz C (April 2004).
3399:
2201:"Deficiency in Mural Vascular Cells Coincides with Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Alzheimer's Disease: Pericytes in Alzheimer's Disease"
1994:
663:
mutation have exacerbated
Alzheimer's-like pathology compared to mice with normal pericyte coverage and an Alzheimer's-causing mutation.
2248:
Winkler, Ethan A.; Sengillo, Jesse D.; Sullivan, John S.; Henkel, Jenny S.; Appel, Stanley H.; Zlokovic, Berislav V. (January 2013).
2085:
Halliday, Matthew R; Rege, Sanket V; Ma, Qingyi; Zhao, Zhen; Miller, Carol A; Winkler, Ethan A; Zlokovic, Berislav V (January 2016).
975:"Single-cell analysis uncovers fibroblast heterogeneity and criteria for fibroblast and mural cell identification and discrimination"
621:
The retina of diabetic individuals often exhibits loss of pericytes, and this loss is a characteristic factor of the early stages of
459:
Aside from creating and remodeling blood vessels, pericytes have been found to protect endothelial cells from death via apoptosis or
1299:
Hall CN, Reynell C, Gesslein B, Hamilton NB, Mishra A, Sutherland BA, O'Farrell FM, Buchan AM, Lauritzen M, Attwell D (April 2014).
242:
Both pericytes and endothelial cells share a basement membrane where a variety of intercellular connections are made. Many types of
3202:
Soderblom C, Luo X, Blumenthal E, Bray E, Lyapichev K, Ramos J, Krishnan V, Lai-Hsu C, Park KK, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK (August 2013).
534:(which can damage the formation of the barrier) and by reducing the expression of molecules that increase vascular permeability.
719:
that promote N-cadherin trafficking to endothelial membranes. This trafficking strengthens endothelial contacts with pericytes.
2641:
Sagare, Abhay; Bell, Robert; Zhao, Zhen; Ma, Qingyi; Winkler, Ethan; Ramanathan, Anita; Zlokovic, Berislav (13 December 2013).
2199:
Sengillo, Jesse D.; Winkler, Ethan A.; Walker, Corey T.; Sullivan, John S.; Johnson, Mahlon; Zlokovic, Berislav V. (May 2013).
3151:
Göritz C, Dias DO, Tomilin N, Barbacid M, Shupliakov O, Frisén J (July 2011). "A pericyte origin of spinal cord scar tissue".
1120:
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amongst endothelial cells. Furthermore, they allow the formation of the blood–brain barrier by inhibiting the effects of CNS
2087:"Accelerated pericyte degeneration and blood–brain barrier breakdown in apolipoprotein E4 carriers with Alzheimer's disease"
487:
3079:
Zhang L, Yang N, Park JW, Katsaros D, Fracchioli S, Cao G, O'Brien-Jenkins A, Randall TC, Rubin SC, Coukos G (June 2003).
405:
isoforms, structures that are common amongst other contractile cells. These cells communicate with endothelial cells via
724:
538:
microaneurysms. Loss or dysfunction of pericytes is also theorized to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as
491:
2779:
Carvalho RL, Jonker L, Goumans MJ, Larsson J, Bouwman P, Karlsson S, Dijke PT, Arthur HM, Mummery CL (December 2004).
344:
3110:
Hammes HP, Lin J, Wagner P, Feng Y, Vom Hagen F, Krzizok T, Renner O, Breier G, Brownlee M, Deutsch U (April 2004).
361:
are of two distinct populations, each with its own role. The first pericyte subtype (Type-1) can differentiate into
326:
3392:
2906:"Endothelium-specific ablation of PDGFB leads to pericyte loss and glomerular, cardiac and placental abnormalities"
126:
44:
1795:"Pericytes promote endothelial cell survival through induction of autocrine VEGF-A signaling and Bcl-w expression"
1422:"Modelling physiological and pathological conditions to study pericyte biology in brain function and dysfunction"
527:
409:, and in turn cause endothelial cells to proliferate or be selectively inhibited. If this process did not occur,
170:
of blood capillaries, where they communicate with endothelial cells by means of both direct physical contact and
2463:"Pericytes control key neurovascular functions and neuronal phenotype in the adult brain and during brain aging"
3112:"Angiopoietin-2 causes pericyte dropout in the normal retina: evidence for involvement in diabetic retinopathy"
3080:
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638:
322:
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composed of fibronectin can be found. These plaques facilitate the connection of the basement membrane to the
547:
114:
3594:
494:
is directly responsible for preventing apoptosis, it is believed to be responsible for modulating apoptotic
3366:
3385:
695:(TGF) signaling, which is mediated by endothelial cells. This is important for pericyte differentiation.
775:
495:
3762:
712:
692:
691:
There are several pathways of communication between the endothelial cells and pericytes. The first is
107:
3372:
2559:
Hammes HP, Lin J, Renner O, Shani M, Lundqvist A, Betsholtz C, Brownlee M, Deutsch U (October 2002).
318:
17:
655:
communication between growth factors and receptors on pericytes. Platelet-derived growth factor B (
358:
307:
102:
90:
2602:"Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies"
365:
cells while the other (Type-2) into muscle cells. Type-1 characterized by negative expression for
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3495:
3483:
708:
519:
311:
187:
934:
3490:
2002:
740:
543:
539:
231:
211:
2250:"Blood–spinal cord barrier breakdown and pericyte reductions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
3767:
3641:
1701:
Gerhardt H, Betsholtz C (October 2003). "Endothelial-pericyte interactions in angiogenesis".
1416:
Rustenhoven, Justin; Smyth, Leon C.; Jansson, Deidre; Schweder, Patrick; Aalderink, Miranda;
700:
449:
1420:; Mee, Edward W.; Faull, Richard L. M.; Park, Thomas I.-H.; Dragunow, Mike (December 2018).
3772:
3261:
3160:
2947:"Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor regulation of N-cadherin mediates vascular stabilization"
2654:
2406:"Pericytes impair capillary blood flow and motor function after chronic spinal cord injury"
1948:
1895:
1372:
1312:
986:
622:
429:
171:
2511:
1600:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (January 2013).
1551:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (January 2013).
202:. Pericytes have been postulated to regulate capillary blood flow and the clearance and
8:
2994:
Hellström M, Gerhardt H, Kalén M, Li X, Eriksson U, Wolburg H, Betsholtz C (April 2001).
2534:
2356:"Astrocytes mediate neurovascular signaling to capillary pericytes but not to arterioles"
1746:"Angiogenesis of the blood-brain barrier in vitro and the function of cerebral pericytes"
486:
during cellular crosstalk. Bcl-w is an instrumental protein in the pathway that enforces
3265:
3164:
2996:"Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis"
2658:
2461:
Bell RD, Winkler EA, Sagare AP, Singh I, LaRue B, Deane R, Zlokovic BV (November 2010).
2054:
2019:
1952:
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990:
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Pericytes are also associated with endothelial cell differentiation and multiplication,
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1531:"Pericyte, Astrocyte and Basal Lamina Association with the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)"
1512:
1461:
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1206:
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1116:
1080:
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1002:
954:
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915:
866:
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630:
384:. The extent to which type-1 pericytes participate in fat accumulation is not known.
167:
3350:
3204:"Perivascular fibroblasts form the fibrotic scar after contusive spinal cord injury"
1779:
1730:
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3651:
3561:
3518:
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2155:
2114:
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2031:
1986:
1964:
1956:
1911:
1903:
1852:
1814:
1806:
1757:
1710:
1673:
1665:
1654:"Type-1 pericytes participate in fibrous tissue deposition in aged skeletal muscle"
1621:
1613:
1572:
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1502:
1492:
1451:
1433:
1388:
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1328:
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994:
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expression and discourages apoptosis. Although there is some speculation as to why
453:
366:
155:
2882:
2354:
Mishra A, Reynolds JP, Chen Y, Gourine AV, Rusakov DA, Attwell D (December 2016).
2036:
800:
Dore-Duffy, P. (2008). "Pericytes: Pluripotent cells of the blood brain barrier".
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exogenous proteins. This suggests that the cell type might have been derived from
3731:
3571:
3528:
3435:
2478:
1810:
1262:
503:
374:
95:
3057:
2577:
2560:
1617:
1187:"Brain capillary pericytes exert a substantial but slow influence on blood flow"
1112:
3716:
3659:
3533:
3452:
3128:
3111:
2697:
1884:"Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis"
1669:
1202:
998:
813:
770:
696:
642:
523:
477:
N/pAPN that may help to promote angiogenesis. When this hormone was mixed with
474:
267:
59:
2945:
Paik JH, Skoura A, Chae SS, Cowan AE, Han DK, Proia RL, Hla T (October 2004).
2618:
2601:
2265:
1714:
1568:
1438:
901:
703:
signaling is essential for maturation and stabilization of endothelial cells.
3756:
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3726:
3694:
3538:
3513:
3334:
2429:
2322:
2273:
2167:
2159:
2110:
2045:
1553:"Skeletal muscle pericyte subtypes differ in their differentiation potential"
1447:
1210:
1006:
626:
414:
3172:
1652:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O (December 2013).
3721:
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3478:
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1516:
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1417:
1402:
1342:
1280:
1245:
Hill RA, Tong L, Yuan P, Murikinati S, Gupta S, Grutzendler J (July 2015).
1228:
1171:
1130:
1084:
1024:
919:
870:
835:
Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Mintz A, Delbono O (January 2015).
821:
711:(S1P) signaling also aids in pericyte recruitment by communication through
641:(AGE) accumulate in the pericytes. Because of the build-up of glucose, the
460:
418:
406:
393:
271:
248:
235:
203:
3065:
3011:
2855:
2837:
2709:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
2102:
1995:"Key to blood-brain barrier opens way for treating Alzheimer's and stroke"
1762:
1745:
1497:
1162:
1145:
958:
502:. Two biochemical mechanisms utilized by VEGF to accomplish this would be
3699:
3684:
3647:
3632:
3628:
1103:
Dore-Duffy P, Cleary K (2011). "Morphology and properties of pericytes".
837:"Pericytes at the intersection between tissue regeneration and pathology"
410:
256:
175:
159:
55:
51:
3663:
3600:
3282:
3273:
2962:
1960:
1907:
1602:"Skeletal muscle neural progenitor cells exhibit properties of NG2-glia"
1384:
1324:
1301:"Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease"
518:
Pericytes play a crucial role in the formation and functionality of the
428:
A lineage relationship to other cell types has been proposed, including
186:, one of the organs with higher pericyte coverage, and also sustain the
2667:
2305:
Attwell D, Mishra A, Hall CN, O'Farrell FM, Dalkara T (February 2016).
2020:"Single-Cell Analysis of Blood-Brain Barrier Response to Pericyte Loss"
1969:
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222:
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151:
47:
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2922:
2905:
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2780:
2216:
1793:
Franco M, Roswall P, Cortez E, Hanahan D, Pietras K (September 2011).
132:
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2421:
2371:
1481:"Tumor angiogenesis: pericytes and maturation are not to be ignored"
1066:
739:
Usually, astrocytes are associated with the scarring process in the
296:
226:
Gap cell junction created between two neighboring cells by connexin.
2643:"Pericyte loss influences Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in mice"
728:
634:
564:
478:
433:
370:
260:
243:
278:, and the plasma membrane of the pericytes and endothelial cells.
2903:
886:"The role of pericytes in blood-vessel formation and maintenance"
470:
465:
437:
286:
3620:
3608:
3543:
3427:
3408:
3042:
1415:
1107:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 686. pp. 49–68.
716:
672:
568:
499:
483:
381:
199:
2304:
1361:"Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes"
1184:
39:
3604:
3566:
3553:
2247:
2198:
2017:
656:
507:
402:
275:
214:
can cause increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier.
183:
78:
2778:
2142:
Miners, J Scott; Schulz, Isabel; Love, Seth (January 2018).
3655:
3624:
3505:
3412:
1938:
1359:
Peppiatt CM, Howarth C, Mobbs P, Attwell D (October 2006).
1358:
1298:
252:
3201:
2819:
1792:
54:
displaying pericytes that are lining the outer surface of
3150:
2737:
2353:
362:
3250:
2993:
2868:
2561:"Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy"
1743:
1051:"Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease"
683:
2402:
1877:
1533:. University of Arizona Health Sciences. Archived from
2738:
Armulik A, Abramsson A, Betsholtz C (September 2005).
2460:
1651:
1599:
1550:
1244:
1143:
834:
3369: — Pericytes can be used for muscle regeneration
3078:
1146:"Current concepts of blood-brain barrier development"
971:
782:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
750:
563:
pericyte-deficient mice as well as inflammation, and
2558:
1841:
3109:
2944:
1048:
166:throughout the body. Pericytes are embedded in the
2599:
2084:
1932:
1744:Ramsauer M, Krause D, Dermietzel R (August 2002).
1150:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
388:Angiogenesis and the survival of endothelial cells
3036:
2600:Ciulla TA, Amador AG, Zinman B (September 2003).
1700:
1472:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1049:Winkler EA, Bell RD, Zlokovic BV (October 2011).
3754:
2820:Hirschi KK, Rohovsky SA, D'Amore PA (May 1998).
2640:
2141:
1354:
1352:
1102:
498:and inhibiting activation of apoptosis-inducing
2897:
2148:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
2091:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
1658:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
1478:
417:could result. These types of pericyte can also
2987:
2554:
2552:
1091:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
629:, or forms new vessels that permeate into the
550:through breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
287:Skeletal muscle regeneration and fat formation
190:. These cells are also a key component of the
3393:
2862:
2772:
2311:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
1647:
1645:
1546:
1544:
1349:
649:
2813:
2731:
2298:
1294:
1292:
1290:
3103:
2593:
2549:
2347:
1031:
883:
325:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3400:
3386:
3072:
2723:|...|intentional=yes}}
1642:
1541:
1144:Liebner S, Czupalla CJ, Wolburg H (2011).
799:
266:In some regions of the basement membrane,
38:
3281:
3227:
3127:
3019:
2970:
2938:
2921:
2845:
2796:
2755:
2676:
2666:
2617:
2576:
2486:
2454:
2437:
2379:
2330:
2281:
2224:
2175:
2118:
2053:
2035:
1968:
1915:
1818:
1761:
1677:
1625:
1576:
1506:
1496:
1455:
1437:
1392:
1332:
1287:
1270:
1218:
1161:
1105:The Blood-Brain and Other Neural Barriers
1074:
1014:
909:
860:
345:Learn how and when to remove this message
727:(VEGF), leading to vascular leakage and
600:
574:
221:
616:
27:Cells associated with capillary linings
14:
3755:
3407:
513:
3381:
1240:
1238:
684:Endothelial and pericyte interactions
596:
932:
793:
323:adding citations to reliable sources
290:
194:, which includes endothelial cells,
2740:"Endothelial/pericyte interactions"
2532:
24:
2757:10.1161/01.RES.0000182903.16652.d7
2001:. October 14, 2010. Archived from
1235:
884:Bergers G, Song S (October 2005).
751:Contribution to adult neurogenesis
725:vascular endothelial growth factor
25:
3784:
3360:
2512:"Pericytes in Health and Disease"
2509:
508:extracellular regulatory kinase 1
3315:Journal of Comparative Neurology
295:
127:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
3306:
3244:
3195:
3144:
2634:
2526:
2503:
2396:
2241:
2192:
2135:
2078:
2011:
1871:
1835:
1786:
1737:
1694:
1593:
1523:
1409:
933:Sims, David E. (January 1986).
639:advanced glycation end-products
3220:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2524-13.2013
1878:Daneman R, Zhou L, Kebede AA,
1479:Fakhrejahani E, Toi M (2012).
1178:
1137:
965:
926:
877:
828:
705:Platelet-derived growth factor
13:
1:
2883:10.1126/science.286.5449.2511
2037:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317473
802:Current Pharmaceutical Design
787:
583:
553:
2479:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.043
1811:10.1182/blood-2011-01-331694
1263:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.001
951:10.1016/0040-8166(86)90026-1
778:caused by death of pericytes
715:. S1P sends signals through
580:neurodegenerative diseases.
496:signal transduction pathways
463:elements. It has been shown
217:
7:
3208:The Journal of Neuroscience
3058:10.1126/science.277.5322.55
3000:The Journal of Cell Biology
2826:The Journal of Cell Biology
2578:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3107
1618:10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.09.008
1113:10.1007/978-1-60761-938-3_2
759:
734:
713:G protein-coupled receptors
678:
281:
10:
3789:
3129:10.2337/diabetes.53.4.1104
2698:10.1038/s41467-024-47285-6
2514:. Celesta Software Pvt Ltd
1845:Experimental Cell Research
1670:10.1152/ajpcell.00171.2013
1606:Experimental Cell Research
1203:10.1038/s41593-020-00793-2
999:10.1038/s41467-020-17740-1
814:10.2174/138161208784705469
693:transforming growth factor
650:Neurodegenerative diseases
3675:
3640:
3593:
3584:
3552:
3504:
3461:
3426:
3419:
2619:10.2337/diacare.26.9.2653
2266:10.1007/s00401-012-1039-8
1715:10.1007/s00441-003-0745-x
1569:10.1016/j.scr.2012.09.003
1439:10.1186/s12868-018-0405-4
902:10.1215/S1152851705000232
666:
469:that pericytes release a
125:
113:
101:
89:
77:
72:
67:
37:
32:
2535:"Solitary Fibrous Tumor"
2323:10.1177/0271678x15610340
2160:10.1177/0271678X17690761
1703:Cell and Tissue Research
359:skeletal striated muscle
3742:Circulatory anastomosis
3705:Internal elastic lamina
3496:Precapillary resistance
3173:10.1126/science.1203165
2951:Genes & Development
935:"The pericyte—A review"
709:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
588:The clinical phases of
263:and various integrins.
150:) are multi-functional
58:that are encircling an
3491:Precapillary sphincter
3367:www.stemcellsfreak.com
1857:10.1006/excr.1998.4359
741:central nervous system
606:
450:mesenchymal stem cells
413:and abnormal vascular
274:structure composed of
232:central nervous system
227:
212:central nervous system
3012:10.1083/jcb.153.3.543
2838:10.1083/jcb.141.3.805
2715:|...}}
2692:(Retracted, see
2647:Nature Communications
2307:"What is a pericyte?"
2254:Acta Neuropathologica
2103:10.1038/jcbfm.2015.44
1999:Karolinska Institutet
1763:10.1096/fj.01-0814fje
1163:10.1387/ijdb.103224sl
979:Nature Communications
604:
575:Clinical significance
225:
158:that wrap around the
2744:Circulation Research
2024:Circulation Research
1537:on 16 February 2017.
776:Diabetic retinopathy
623:diabetic retinopathy
617:Diabetic retinopathy
319:improve this section
247:interlocking sites,
3373:Diagram at udel.edu
3274:10.1038/nature25739
3266:2018Natur.554..475V
3165:2011Sci...333..238G
2963:10.1101/gad.1227804
2659:2013NatCo...4.2932S
2360:Nature Neuroscience
1961:10.1038/nature09522
1953:2010Natur.468..557A
1908:10.1038/nature09513
1900:2010Natur.468..562D
1498:10.1155/2012/261750
1485:Journal of Oncology
1385:10.1038/nature05193
1377:2006Natur.443..700P
1325:10.1038/nature13165
1317:2014Natur.508...55H
1191:Nature Neuroscience
1055:Nature Neuroscience
991:2020NatCo..11.3953M
528:vesicle trafficking
520:blood–brain barrier
514:Blood–brain barrier
473:known as pericytic
430:smooth muscle cells
206:of cellular debris
188:blood–brain barrier
172:paracrine signaling
48:electron micrograph
3652:Pulmonary arteries
3586:Circulatory system
2668:10.1038/ncomms3932
1557:Stem Cell Research
853:10.1042/CS20140278
766:Hemangiopericytoma
610:Hemangiopericytoma
607:
597:Hemangiopericytoma
228:
192:neurovascular unit
108:H3.09.02.0.02006
3763:Contractile cells
3750:
3749:
3671:
3670:
3580:
3579:
3327:10.1002/cne.24565
3260:(7693): 475–480.
2923:10.1242/dev.01080
2798:10.1242/dev.01529
2366:(12): 1619–1627.
2217:10.1111/bpa.12004
1882:(November 2010).
1664:(11): C1098–113.
1122:978-1-60761-937-6
1061:(11): 1398–1405.
671:In conditions of
631:vitreous membrane
357:Pericytes in the
355:
354:
347:
182:functions in the
168:basement membrane
160:endothelial cells
146:(formerly called
141:
140:
136:
56:endothelial cells
16:(Redirected from
3780:
3690:Microcirculation
3591:
3590:
3562:Lymphatic vessel
3519:Superficial vein
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3423:
3402:
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3379:
3378:
3355:
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3310:
3304:
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3193:
3192:
3159:(6039): 238–42.
3148:
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3101:
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3076:
3070:
3069:
3040:
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2957:(19): 2392–403.
2942:
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2877:(5449): 2511–4.
2866:
2860:
2859:
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2800:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2735:
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2132:
2122:
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2009:
2006:
1990:
1972:
1947:(7323): 557–61.
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
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1833:
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1822:
1790:
1784:
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1698:
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1527:
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1520:
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1500:
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1470:
1469:
1459:
1441:
1426:BMC Neuroscience
1418:Scotter, Emma L.
1413:
1407:
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1396:
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1347:
1346:
1336:
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1285:
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841:Clinical Science
832:
826:
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797:
432:, neural cells,
350:
343:
339:
336:
330:
299:
291:
268:adhesion plaques
156:microcirculation
133:edit on Wikidata
130:
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3788:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
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3746:
3732:Vascular nerves
3667:
3636:
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3572:Lymph capillary
3548:
3529:Perforator vein
3500:
3457:
3436:Nutrient artery
3415:
3406:
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3311:
3307:
3249:
3245:
3214:(34): 13882–7.
3200:
3196:
3149:
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3091:(12): 3403–12.
3085:Cancer Research
3077:
3073:
3052:(5322): 55–60.
3041:
3037:
2992:
2988:
2943:
2939:
2902:
2898:
2867:
2863:
2818:
2814:
2791:(24): 6237–47.
2777:
2773:
2736:
2732:
2718:
2710:
2708:
2691:
2639:
2635:
2598:
2594:
2571:(10): 3107–12.
2557:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2459:
2455:
2422:10.1038/nm.4331
2410:Nature Medicine
2401:
2397:
2372:10.1038/nn.4428
2352:
2348:
2303:
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2246:
2242:
2205:Brain Pathology
2197:
2193:
2140:
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2016:
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1993:
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1371:(7112): 700–4.
1357:
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1311:(7494): 55–60.
1297:
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1183:
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1156:(4–5): 467–76.
1142:
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1123:
1101:
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1067:10.1038/nn.2946
1047:
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966:
939:Tissue and Cell
931:
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808:(16): 1581–93.
798:
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790:
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681:
669:
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599:
586:
577:
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504:phosphorylation
390:
378:
351:
340:
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331:
316:
300:
289:
284:
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3770:
3765:
3748:
3747:
3745:
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3739:
3734:
3729:
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3719:
3717:Tunica externa
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3660:Pulmonary vein
3646:
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3638:
3637:
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3582:
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3578:
3577:
3575:
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3534:Emissary veins
3531:
3526:
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3508:
3502:
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3453:Elastic artery
3450:
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3430:
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3417:
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3405:
3404:
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3390:
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3370:
3362:
3361:External links
3359:
3357:
3356:
3321:(4): 780–796.
3305:
3243:
3194:
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3122:(4): 1104–10.
3102:
3071:
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2937:
2916:(8): 1847–57.
2896:
2861:
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2730:
2633:
2612:(9): 2653–64.
2592:
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2525:
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2416:(6): 733–741.
2395:
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2260:(1): 111–120.
2240:
2211:(3): 303–310.
2191:
2154:(1): 103–115.
2134:
2097:(1): 216–227.
2077:
2030:(4): e46–e62.
2010:
2008:
2007:
2005:on 2014-02-01.
1931:
1870:
1851:(2): 495–504.
1834:
1785:
1756:(10): 1274–6.
1736:
1693:
1641:
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1540:
1522:
1471:
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1348:
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1234:
1197:(5): 633–645.
1177:
1136:
1121:
1090:
1030:
964:
945:(2): 153–174.
925:
890:Neuro-Oncology
876:
827:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
779:
773:
771:Mesoangioblast
768:
761:
758:
752:
749:
736:
733:
697:Angiopoietin 1
685:
682:
680:
677:
668:
665:
651:
648:
643:polyol pathway
618:
615:
598:
595:
585:
582:
576:
573:
555:
552:
526:formation and
524:tight junction
515:
512:
475:aminopeptidase
396:, survival of
389:
386:
376:
353:
352:
303:
301:
294:
288:
285:
283:
280:
219:
216:
162:that line the
139:
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129:
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122:
117:
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99:
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93:
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81:
75:
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35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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3785:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:Rete mirabile
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Vasa nervorum
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:Tunica intima
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3657:
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3565:
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3557:
3555:
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3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Venous plexus
3537:
3535:
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3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Vena comitans
3512:
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3509:
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3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
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3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3006:(3): 543–53.
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:(3): 805–14.
2831:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2750:(6): 512–23.
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2722:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:Diabetes Care
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2553:
2536:
2529:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:(3): 409–27.
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:FASEB Journal
1747:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:(1): 95–110.
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
968:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
921:
917:
912:
907:
903:
899:
896:(4): 452–64.
895:
891:
887:
880:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
792:
783:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
757:
748:
746:
742:
732:
730:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
676:
674:
664:
660:
658:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:macular edema
624:
614:
611:
603:
594:
591:
581:
572:
570:
566:
560:
551:
549:
545:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:
462:
457:
456:environment.
455:
451:
447:
444:, as well as
443:
439:
438:muscle fibers
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:morphogenesis
412:
408:
407:gap junctions
404:
399:
395:
385:
383:
379:
372:
368:
364:
360:
349:
346:
338:
328:
324:
320:
314:
313:
309:
304:This section
302:
298:
293:
292:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:gap junctions
245:
240:
237:
233:
224:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
134:
128:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3768:Animal cells
3722:Vasa vasorum
3712:Tunica media
3677:Microanatomy
3446:Metarteriole
3318:
3314:
3308:
3283:10138/301079
3257:
3253:
3246:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2719:{{
2711:{{
2650:
2646:
2636:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2568:
2564:
2539:. Retrieved
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2505:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2317:(2): 451–5.
2314:
2310:
2300:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2003:the original
1998:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1891:
1887:
1873:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1709:(1): 15–23.
1706:
1702:
1696:
1661:
1657:
1612:(1): 45–63.
1609:
1605:
1595:
1563:(1): 67–84.
1560:
1556:
1535:the original
1525:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1429:
1425:
1411:
1368:
1364:
1308:
1304:
1254:
1250:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1104:
1058:
1054:
982:
978:
967:
942:
938:
928:
893:
889:
879:
847:(2): 81–93.
844:
840:
830:
805:
801:
795:
754:
738:
721:
690:
687:
670:
661:
653:
620:
608:
587:
578:
571:impairment.
561:
557:
536:
532:immune cells
517:
464:
458:
427:
394:angiogenesis
391:
356:
341:
332:
317:Please help
305:
272:cytoskeletal
265:
241:
229:
207:
204:phagocytosis
148:Rouget cells
147:
143:
142:
83:
45:Transmission
3773:Human cells
3700:Endothelium
3685:Microvessel
3648:Right heart
3633:Right heart
3617:Capillaries
3479:Fenestrated
3463:Capillaries
2910:Development
2785:Development
2533:Gellman H.
2518:22 November
1970:10616/40288
985:(1): 3953.
745:glial scars
544:Parkinson's
540:Alzheimer's
446:fibroblasts
419:phagocytose
411:hyperplasia
257:fibronectin
176:homeostatic
164:capillaries
152:mural cells
73:Identifiers
60:erythrocyte
52:microvessel
3757:Categories
3664:Left heart
3613:Arterioles
3601:Left heart
3484:Sinusoidal
3474:Continuous
2541:2 November
2537:. Medscape
788:References
743:, forming
729:hemorrhage
590:hemangioma
584:Hemangioma
554:Blood flow
448:and other
442:adipocytes
253:N-cadherin
196:astrocytes
180:hemostatic
3642:Pulmonary
3629:Vena cava
3524:Deep vein
3441:Arteriole
3335:1096-9861
3300:205264161
3189:206532774
2721:retracted
2713:retracted
2510:Munde P.
2430:1546-170X
2274:0001-6322
2168:0271-678X
2111:0271-678X
2072:229721934
2046:0009-7330
1880:Barres BA
1448:1471-2202
1211:1097-6256
1007:2041-1723
461:cytotoxic
423:microglia
398:apoptotic
306:does not
218:Structure
208:in vitro.
144:Pericytes
84:pericytus
18:Pericytes
3609:Arteries
3595:Systemic
3428:Arteries
3409:Arteries
3351:53711787
3343:30471080
3292:29443965
3238:23966707
3181:21737741
3138:15047628
3116:Diabetes
3097:12810677
3030:11331305
2981:15371328
2932:15084468
2891:10617467
2807:15548578
2766:16166562
2706:38570509
2687:24336108
2653:: 2932.
2628:12941734
2587:12351455
2565:Diabetes
2497:21040844
2448:28459438
2390:27775719
2341:26661200
2292:22941226
2235:23126372
2186:28151041
2129:25757756
2064:33375813
2055:10858745
1979:20944627
1926:20944625
1865:10066377
1829:21778339
1780:37606009
1772:12153997
1731:24258796
1723:12883993
1688:24067916
1636:22999866
1587:23128780
1517:22007214
1491:: 1–10.
1466:29471788
1432:(1): 6.
1403:17036005
1343:24670647
1281:26119027
1229:33603231
1172:21769778
1131:21082366
1085:22030551
1025:32769974
920:16212810
871:25236972
822:18673199
760:See also
735:Scarring
679:Research
635:sorbitol
565:learning
479:cerebral
434:NG2 glia
371:glycerol
335:May 2022
282:Function
261:connexin
244:integrin
33:Pericyte
3621:Venules
3420:Vessels
3262:Bibcode
3229:3755723
3161:Bibcode
3153:Science
3066:9204896
3046:Science
3021:2190573
2871:Science
2856:9566978
2847:2132737
2678:3945879
2655:Bibcode
2488:3056408
2439:5716958
2381:5131849
2332:4759679
2283:3535352
2226:3628957
2177:5757436
2120:4758554
1987:4429989
1949:Bibcode
1917:3241506
1896:Bibcode
1820:3172806
1679:3882385
1627:3597239
1578:3781014
1508:3191787
1457:5824614
1394:1761848
1373:Bibcode
1334:3976267
1313:Bibcode
1272:4487786
1220:8102366
1076:4020628
1016:7414220
987:Bibcode
959:3085281
911:1871727
862:4200531
717:GTPases
500:enzymes
471:hormone
466:in vivo
327:removed
312:sources
236:nucleus
230:In the
200:neurons
154:of the
96:D020286
68:Details
3544:Venule
3470:Types
3349:
3341:
3333:
3298:
3290:
3254:Nature
3236:
3226:
3187:
3179:
3136:
3095:
3064:
3028:
3018:
2979:
2972:522989
2969:
2930:
2889:
2854:
2844:
2805:
2764:
2704:
2700:,
2685:
2675:
2626:
2585:
2495:
2485:
2467:Neuron
2446:
2436:
2428:
2388:
2378:
2339:
2329:
2290:
2280:
2272:
2233:
2223:
2184:
2174:
2166:
2127:
2117:
2109:
2070:
2062:
2052:
2044:
1985:
1977:
1941:Nature
1924:
1914:
1888:Nature
1863:
1827:
1817:
1778:
1770:
1729:
1721:
1686:
1676:
1634:
1624:
1585:
1575:
1515:
1505:
1464:
1454:
1446:
1401:
1391:
1365:Nature
1341:
1331:
1305:Nature
1279:
1269:
1251:Neuron
1227:
1217:
1209:
1170:
1129:
1119:
1083:
1073:
1023:
1013:
1005:
957:
918:
908:
869:
859:
820:
673:stroke
667:Stroke
569:memory
488:VEGF-A
454:tissue
401:alpha-
382:injury
367:nestin
198:, and
3656:Lungs
3625:Veins
3605:Aorta
3567:Lymph
3554:Lymph
3506:Veins
3413:veins
3347:S2CID
3296:S2CID
3185:S2CID
2717:with
2068:S2CID
1983:S2CID
1799:Blood
1776:S2CID
1727:S2CID
701:Tie-2
657:PDGFB
484:Bcl-w
403:actin
276:actin
184:brain
131:[
120:63174
79:Latin
50:of a
3411:and
3339:PMID
3331:ISSN
3288:PMID
3234:PMID
3177:PMID
3134:PMID
3093:PMID
3062:PMID
3026:PMID
2977:PMID
2928:PMID
2887:PMID
2852:PMID
2803:PMID
2762:PMID
2702:PMID
2683:PMID
2624:PMID
2583:PMID
2543:2011
2520:2014
2493:PMID
2444:PMID
2426:ISSN
2386:PMID
2337:PMID
2288:PMID
2270:ISSN
2231:PMID
2182:PMID
2164:ISSN
2125:PMID
2107:ISSN
2060:PMID
2042:ISSN
1975:PMID
1922:PMID
1861:PMID
1825:PMID
1768:PMID
1719:PMID
1684:PMID
1632:PMID
1583:PMID
1513:PMID
1489:2012
1462:PMID
1444:ISSN
1399:PMID
1339:PMID
1277:PMID
1225:PMID
1207:ISSN
1168:PMID
1127:PMID
1117:ISBN
1081:PMID
1021:PMID
1003:ISSN
955:PMID
916:PMID
867:PMID
818:PMID
699:and
637:and
567:and
546:and
492:VEGF
375:BaCl
310:any
308:cite
178:and
91:MeSH
62:(E).
3662:→ (
3631:→ (
3323:doi
3319:527
3278:hdl
3270:doi
3258:554
3224:PMC
3216:doi
3169:doi
3157:333
3124:doi
3054:doi
3050:277
3016:PMC
3008:doi
3004:153
2967:PMC
2959:doi
2918:doi
2914:131
2879:doi
2875:286
2842:PMC
2834:doi
2830:141
2793:doi
2789:131
2752:doi
2694:doi
2673:PMC
2663:doi
2614:doi
2573:doi
2483:PMC
2475:doi
2434:PMC
2418:doi
2376:PMC
2368:doi
2327:PMC
2319:doi
2278:PMC
2262:doi
2258:125
2221:PMC
2213:doi
2172:PMC
2156:doi
2115:PMC
2099:doi
2050:PMC
2032:doi
2028:128
1965:hdl
1957:doi
1945:468
1912:PMC
1904:doi
1892:468
1853:doi
1849:247
1815:PMC
1807:doi
1803:118
1758:doi
1711:doi
1707:314
1674:PMC
1666:doi
1662:305
1622:PMC
1614:doi
1610:319
1573:PMC
1565:doi
1503:PMC
1493:doi
1452:PMC
1434:doi
1389:PMC
1381:doi
1369:443
1329:PMC
1321:doi
1309:508
1267:PMC
1259:doi
1215:PMC
1199:doi
1158:doi
1109:doi
1071:PMC
1063:doi
1011:PMC
995:doi
947:doi
906:PMC
898:doi
857:PMC
849:doi
845:128
810:doi
548:ALS
506:of
373:or
363:fat
321:by
115:FMA
3759::
3658:→
3654:→
3650:→
3627:→
3623:→
3619:→
3615:→
3611:→
3607:→
3603:→
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