261:
175:
277:. Different visual areas contribute to the processing of visual information coming from different parts of the visual field, and a complex of visual areas located along the banks of the interhemispheric fissure (a deep groove that separates the two brain hemispheres) has been linked to peripheral vision. It has been suggested that these areas are important for fast reactions to visual stimuli in the periphery, and monitoring body position relative to gravity.
34:
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149:(bundles of nerves and neurons) and is sometimes taken as defining the boundaries of central vs. peripheral vision (but this is controversial). Estimates of the macula’s size differ, its diameter estimated at 6° – 10° (corresponding to 1.7 – 2.9 mm), up to 17° of the visual field (5.5 mm). The term is familiar in the general public through the widespread
131:(although often idealized as perfect circles, the central structures of the retina tend to be irregular ovals). Thus, foveal vision may also be defined as the central 1.5–2° of the visual field. Vision within the fovea is generally called central vision, while vision outside of the fovea, or even outside the foveola, is called peripheral, or indirect vision.
123:), only the central portion of the fovea may be visible. Anatomists refer to this as the clinical fovea, and say that it corresponds to the anatomical foveola, a structure with a diameter of 0.35 mm corresponding to 1 degree of the visual field. In clinical usage the central part of the fovea is typically referred to simply as the fovea.
87:
vision. It can be conceived as bounded at the center by a circle 60° in radius or 120° in diameter, centered around the fixation point, i.e., the point at which one's gaze is directed. However, in common usage, peripheral vision may also refer to the area outside a circle 30° in radius or 60° in diameter. In vision-related fields such as
153:(AMD) at older age, where central vision is lost. When viewed from the pupil, as in an eye exam, only the central portion of the macula may be visible. Known to anatomists as the clinical macula (and in clinical setting as simply the macula) this inner region is thought to correspond to the anatomical fovea.
256:
Central vision is relatively weak in the dark (scotopic vision) since cone cells lack sensitivity at low light levels. Rod cells, which are concentrated further away from the fovea, operate better than cone cells in low light. This makes peripheral vision useful for detecting faint light sources at
186:
as a whole. For a single eye, the extent of the visual field can be (roughly) defined in terms of four angles, each measured from the fixation point, i.e., the point at which one's gaze is directed. These angles, representing four cardinal directions, are 60° upwards, 60° nasally (towards the nose),
165:
2°, as said in some textbooks or in previous versions of this article.) Color perception is strong at 20° but weak at 40°. In dark-adapted vision, light sensitivity corresponds to rod density, which peaks just at 18°. From 18° towards the center, rod density declines rapidly. From 18° away from the
86:
The inner boundaries of peripheral vision can be defined in any of several ways depending on the context. In everyday language the term "peripheral vision" is often used to refer to what in technical usage would be called "far peripheral vision." This is vision outside of the range of stereoscopic
325:
The rim of the retina contains a large concentration of cone cells. The retina extends farthest in the superior-nasal 45° quadrant (in the direction from the pupil to the bridge of the nose) with the greatest extent of the visual field in the opposite direction, the inferior temporal 45° quadrant
114:
The fovea is a cone-shaped depression in the central retina measuring 1.5 mm in diameter, corresponding to 5° of the visual field. The outer boundaries of the fovea are visible under a microscope, or with microscopic imaging technology such as OCT or microscopic MRI. When viewed through the
130:
vision" may be defined as vision using the part of the retina in which a visual acuity of at least 20/20 (6/6 metric or 0.0 LogMAR; internationally 1.0) is attained. This corresponds to using the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) with a diameter of 0.5 mm representing 1.5° of the visual field
68:
is included in the notion of peripheral vision. "Far peripheral" vision refers to the area at the edges of the visual field, "mid-peripheral" vision refers to medium eccentricities, and "near-peripheral", sometimes referred to as "para-central" vision, exists adjacent to the center of
264:
Ovals A, B and C show which portions of the chess situation chess masters can reproduce correctly with their peripheral vision. Lines show path of foveal fixation during 5 seconds when the task is to memorize the situation as correctly as possible. Image from based on data
160:
declines systematically up to 30° eccentricity: At 2°, acuity is half the foveal value, at 4° one-third, at 6° one-fourth etc. At 30°, it is one-sixteenth the foveal value. From thereon the decline is steeper. (Note that it would be wrong to say, the value were halved
326:(from the pupil of either eye towards the bottom of the nearest ear). Vision at this extreme part of the visual field is thought to be possibly concerned with threat detection, measuring optical flow, color constancy, or circadian rhythm.
248:
decline towards the periphery, but do that at a lower rate than other visual functions; so the periphery has a relative advantage at noticing flicker. Peripheral vision is also relatively good at detecting motion (a feature of
166:
center, rod density declines more gradually, in a curve with distinct inflection points resulting in two humps. The outer edge of the second hump is at about 30°, and corresponds to the outer edge of good night vision.
1740:
DE GROOT, A. : Perception and memory in chess; an experimental study of the heuristics of the professional eye. Mimeograph; Psychologisch
Laboratorium Universiteit van Amsterdam, Seminarium September
316:
When viewed at large angles, the iris and pupil appear to be rotated toward the viewer due to the optical refraction in the cornea. As a result, the pupil may still be visible at angles greater than 90°.
312:
Side-view of the human eye, viewed approximately 90° temporal, illustrating how the iris and pupil appear rotated towards the viewer due to the optical properties of the cornea and the aqueous humor.
138:, is sometimes taken to represent an intermediate form of vision called paracentral vision. The parafovea has an outer diameter of 2.5 mm representing 8° of the visual field.
187:
70–75° downwards, and 100–110° temporally (away from the nose and towards the temple). For both eyes the combined visual field is 130–135° vertically and 200–220° horizontally.
773:
Swanson, William H.; Fish, Gary E. (1995). "Color matches in diseased eyes with good acuity: detection of deficits in cone optical density and in chromatic discrimination".
238:. Rod cells are unable to distinguish color and peak in density in the near periphery (at 18° eccentricity), while cone cell density is highest in the very center, the
103:
in general, the inner boundaries of peripheral vision are defined more narrowly in terms of one of several anatomical regions of the central retina, in particular the
1613:
Szinte, Martin; Cavanagh, Patrick (15 October 2012), "Apparent Motion from
Outside the Visual Field, Retinotopic Cortices May Register Extra-Retinal Positions",
1724:
Hans-Werner
Hunziker, (2006) Im Auge des Lesers: foveale und periphere Wahrnehmung – vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude Transmedia Stäubli Verlag Zürich 2006
64:, i.e. away from the center of gaze or, when viewed at large angles, in (or out of) the "corner of one's eye". The vast majority of the area in the
242:. Note that this does not mean that there is a lack of cones representing in the periphery; colors can be distinguished in peripheral vision.
2624:
230:
for an explanation of these concepts). The distribution of receptor cells across the retina is different between the two main types,
2591:
1751:
Palmer SM, Rosa MG (2006). "A distinct anatomical network of cortical areas for analysis of motion in far peripheral vision".
273:(sometimes also called central) and peripheral vision are reflected in subtle physiological and anatomical differences in the
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With our head and eyes steady, our normal binocular vision covers a visual field of about 200 to 220 degrees of visual angle.
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A dividing line between near and mid peripheral vision at 30° radius can be based on several features of visual performance.
1191:
Abramov, Israel; Gordon, James; Chan, Hoover (1991). "Color appearance in the peripheral retina: effects of stimulus size".
2882:
257:
night (like faint stars). Because of this, pilots are taught to use peripheral vision to scan for aircraft at night.
999:
2455:
1500:"Erratum. Corrections to: Strasburger, Rentschler & Jüttner (2011), Peripheral Vision and Pattern Recognition"
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value of 2° results from Anstis’s (1974) Figure 1, with the foveal value assumed to be standard 20/20 acuity.
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Ryan, Stephen J.; Schachat, Andrew P.; Wilkinson, Charles P.; David R. Hinton; SriniVas R. Sadda;
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Color Atlas and
Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology -- Wills Eye Institute -- Neuro-Ophthalmology
289:
recognition of well-known structures and forms with no need to focus by the foveal line of sight
2877:
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1853:"The entrance pupil of the human eye: a three-dimensional model as a function of viewing angle"
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Rönne, Henning (1915). "Zur
Theorie und Technik der Bjerrrumschen Gesichtsfelduntersuchung".
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Anstis, S. M. (1974). "A chart demonstrating variations in acuity with retinal position".
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Effects of Field of View and Stereo
Graphics on Memory in Immersive Command and Control
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145:, the next larger region of the retina, is defined as having at least two layers of
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218:, and shape. This is because the density of receptor and ganglion cells in the
199:, and the loss of central vision while retaining peripheral vision is known as
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100:
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delivery of sensations which form the background of detailed visual perception
182:
The outer boundaries of peripheral vision correspond to the boundaries of the
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Sardegna, Jill; Shelly, Susan; Rutzen, Allan
Richard; Scott M Steidl (2002).
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Trattler, William B.; Kaiser, Peter K.; Friedman, Neil J. (5 January 2012).
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The loss of peripheral vision while retaining central vision is known as
2902:
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1516:
880:
671:; Meffert, Stephen A.; Chou, Famin; Mandi D. Conway (27 November 2000).
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is greater at the center and lowest at the edges, and, moreover, the
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Area of one's field of vision outside of the point of fixation
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1016:
Gupta, AK.; Mazumdar, Shahana; Choudhry, Saurabh (2010).
178:
Classical image of the shape and size of the visual field
134:
A ring-shaped region surrounding the fovea, known as the
1006:; sizes based on data of Polyak, Oesterberg, and Curcio.
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1796:"Apparent Shape and Size of the Pupil Viewed Obliquely"
1389:
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1958:
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292:identification of similar forms and movements (
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1279:Understanding Vision: Theory, Models, and Data
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1105:is eccentricity in degrees visual angle, and
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900:
606:. Elsevier Health Sciences UK. p. 250.
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226:is much smaller than that of the fovea (see
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2085:
1985:
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637:The Clinical Handbook of Ophthalmology
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980:since there are no precise borders
938:Strasburger, Hans (May 19, 2020).
190:
37:Peripheral vision of the human eye
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674:Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques
600:Millodot, Michel (30 July 2014).
1800:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1765:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05113.x
1053:Age-Related Macular Degeneration
2232:Vergence-accommodation conflict
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210:, especially at distinguishing
879:(1879). Swan M.Burnett (ed.).
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357:Eye movement in music reading
206:Peripheral vision is weak in
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2787:Perception as interpretation
2408:Stereoscopic depth rendition
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1636:10.1371/journal.pone.0047386
1167:The Retina and Its Disorders
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2423:Stereoscopic video coding
2418:Stereoscopic spectroscopy
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2240:
2182:Convergence insufficiency
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304:Extreme peripheral vision
269:The distinctions between
246:Flicker fusion thresholds
60:as it occurs outside the
21:Peripheral Vision (album)
2519:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
2456:3D-enabled mobile phones
2413:Stereoscopic rangefinder
2250:Active shutter 3D system
1690:10.1177/2041669515613671
957:10.1177/2041669520913052
885:. D.G. Brinton. p.
2908:Relational frame theory
2883:Higher nervous activity
2491:Virtual reality headset
2486:Stereoscopic video game
2335:Virtual retinal display
1673:"Peripheral Color Demo"
795:10.1364/JOSAA.12.002230
2878:Experiential avoidance
2383:Multiview Video Coding
2378:Computer stereo vision
2187:Correspondence problem
1213:10.1364/JOSAA.8.000404
827:Polyak, S. L. (1941).
523:Primary Care Optometry
342:Bitemporal hemianopsia
313:
266:
179:
46:
38:
30:
2893:Ironic process theory
2658:Cognitive flexibility
311:
263:
177:
44:
36:
29:
2275:Head-mounted display
2207:Kinetic depth effect
1987:10.1038/eye.1998.144
1877:10.1364/OE.18.022364
1812:10.1136/bjo.32.6.347
1579:Dohse, K.C. (2007).
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392:Macular degeneration
151:macular degeneration
2923:Thought suppression
2363:2D to 3D conversion
2315:Specular holography
2310:Polarized 3D system
2227:Stereoscopic acuity
2222:Stereopsis recovery
2019:Visual Neuroscience
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1427:(1 November 2012).
1205:1991JOSAA...8..404A
787:1995JOSAA..12.2230S
121:retinal photography
2345:Wiggle stereoscopy
2340:Volumetric display
2305:Parallax scrolling
314:
294:Gestalt psychology
267:
180:
47:
39:
31:
2959:Visual perception
2936:
2935:
2695:Critical thinking
2663:Cognitive liberty
2600:
2599:
2561:Sharp Actius RD3D
2481:Stereo microscope
2388:Parallax scanning
2202:Epipolar geometry
2192:Peripheral vision
2167:Binocular rivalry
1922:Journal of Vision
1730:978-3-7266-0068-6
1592:978-0-549-33503-0
1558:978-1-4419-0754-7
1504:Journal of Vision
1474:978-1-4557-3773-4
1440:978-1-4557-3780-2
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1289:978-0-19-100830-6
1255:978-1-4939-1086-1
1177:978-0-12-382198-0
1063:978-1-4698-8964-1
1029:978-81-8448-877-7
855:978-0-12-200400-1
781:(10): 2230–2236.
752:978-0-19-953406-7
718:978-0-7817-3899-6
684:978-1-85317-585-5
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613:978-0-7020-5188-3
567:978-1-4398-4210-2
533:978-0-7506-7575-8
499:978-0-8160-6623-0
433:Journal of Vision
377:Visual perception
62:point of fixation
50:Peripheral vision
2966:
2633:Mental processes
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2546:Nvidia 3D Vision
2300:Parallax barrier
2285:Integral imaging
2197:Depth perception
2177:Chromostereopsis
2172:Binocular vision
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2089:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1989:
1971:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1937:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1863:(21): 22364–76.
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1648:
1638:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1317:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1126:
1120:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1013:
1007:
1005:
987:
981:
978:
972:
971:
969:
959:
935:
926:
925:
923:
921:
904:
898:
897:
895:
893:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
839:
833:
832:
824:
815:
814:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
736:
730:
729:
727:
725:
702:
696:
695:
693:
691:
665:
659:
658:
656:
654:
631:
625:
624:
622:
620:
597:
591:
588:
579:
578:
576:
574:
551:
545:
544:
542:
540:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
483:
477:
476:
466:
448:
424:
387:Binocular vision
347:Depth perception
170:Outer boundaries
82:Inner boundaries
2974:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2861:
2828:
2736:
2715:Problem solving
2700:Decision-making
2634:
2631:
2601:
2596:
2575:
2501:
2495:
2433:
2427:
2403:Stereoautograph
2355:
2349:
2290:Lenticular lens
2265:Autostereoscopy
2242:
2236:
2212:Stereoblindness
2150:
2141:
2111:
2074:Vision Research
2066:
2062:
2015:
2011:
1980:(3b): 548–552.
1969:
1963:
1959:
1914:
1910:
1849:
1845:
1792:
1788:
1759:(8): 2389–405.
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1723:
1716:
1669:
1665:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1539:
1535:
1496:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1425:Peter Wiedemann
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1383:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1240:
1236:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1131:Vision Research
1127:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1014:
1010:
1002:
988:
984:
979:
975:
936:
929:
919:
917:
905:
901:
891:
889:
877:Landolt, Edmund
874:
870:
860:
858:
856:
840:
836:
825:
818:
771:
767:
757:
755:
753:
737:
733:
723:
721:
719:
703:
699:
689:
687:
685:
666:
662:
652:
650:
648:
632:
628:
618:
616:
614:
598:
594:
589:
582:
572:
570:
568:
552:
548:
538:
536:
534:
518:
514:
504:
502:
500:
484:
480:
446:10.1167/11.5.13
425:
410:
406:
401:
332:
323:
306:
283:
201:central scotoma
193:
191:Characteristics
172:
84:
79:
54:indirect vision
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Mental fatigue
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2529:MasterImage 3D
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:Stereo display
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:Autostereogram
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:3D stereo view
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2080:(1): 203–214.
2060:
2009:
1957:
1935:10.1167/13.6.3
1908:
1857:Optics Express
1843:
1806:(6): 347–354.
1786:
1753:Eur J Neurosci
1743:
1733:
1714:
1663:
1621:(10): e47386,
1605:
1591:
1571:
1557:
1533:
1487:
1473:
1453:
1439:
1415:
1401:
1381:
1362:
1342:
1328:
1302:
1288:
1268:
1254:
1234:
1199:(2): 404–414.
1183:
1176:
1156:
1137:(7): 589–592.
1121:
1116:
1109:
1094:
1087:
1076:
1062:
1042:
1028:
1008:
1000:
982:
973:
927:
899:
868:
854:
834:
816:
765:
751:
731:
717:
697:
683:
660:
646:
626:
612:
592:
580:
566:
546:
532:
512:
498:
478:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Averted vision
333:
331:
328:
322:
319:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
290:
282:
279:
192:
189:
171:
168:
117:ophthalmoscope
101:vision science
83:
80:
78:
75:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2971:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Consolidation
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Consciousness
2688:
2686:
2685:Comprehension
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Stereographer
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Panavision 3D
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Stereo camera
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:3D television
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:2D-plus-depth
2371:
2369:
2368:2D plus Delta
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1585:. p. 6.
1584:
1583:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1378:(4): 284–301.
1377:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1003:
1001:0-87893-645-9
997:
993:
986:
977:
968:
963:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
916:
912:
911:
903:
888:
884:
883:
878:
872:
857:
851:
847:
846:
838:
830:
823:
821:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
754:
748:
744:
743:
735:
720:
714:
710:
709:
701:
686:
680:
676:
675:
670:
664:
649:
643:
639:
638:
630:
615:
609:
605:
604:
596:
590:1 mm = 3.436°
587:
585:
569:
563:
559:
558:
550:
535:
529:
525:
524:
516:
501:
495:
491:
490:
482:
474:
470:
465:
460:
456:
452:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
413:
408:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Tunnel vision
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
327:
318:
310:
298:
295:
291:
288:
287:
286:
278:
276:
275:visual cortex
272:
262:
258:
254:
252:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:visual system
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
197:tunnel vision
188:
185:
176:
167:
164:
159:
158:Visual acuity
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
132:
129:
124:
122:
118:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:ophthalmology
90:
74:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
35:
28:
22:
2791:
2534:Nintendo 3DS
2441:3D camcorder
2356:technologies
2243:technologies
2191:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2025:(4): 403–6.
2022:
2018:
2012:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1680:
1677:i-Perception
1676:
1666:
1658:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1581:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1543:
1536:
1507:
1503:
1478:. Retrieved
1463:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1429:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1391:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1333:. Retrieved
1313:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1278:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1244:
1237:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1166:
1159:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1052:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1018:
1011:
991:
985:
976:
947:
944:i-Perception
943:
918:. Retrieved
909:
902:
890:. Retrieved
881:
871:
859:. Retrieved
844:
837:
828:
778:
774:
768:
756:. Retrieved
741:
734:
722:. Retrieved
707:
700:
688:. Retrieved
673:
663:
651:. Retrieved
636:
629:
617:. Retrieved
602:
595:
571:. Retrieved
556:
549:
537:. Retrieved
522:
515:
503:. Retrieved
488:
481:
436:
432:
372:Visual field
352:Eye movement
324:
315:
284:
268:
255:
244:
205:
194:
184:visual field
181:
162:
155:
140:
133:
125:
113:
85:
66:visual field
53:
49:
48:
2954:Stereoscopy
2732:Prospection
2705:Imagination
2668:Forecasting
2648:Association
2566:View-Master
2393:Pseudoscope
2325:Stereoscope
2255:Anaglyph 3D
2144:Stereoscopy
1069:30 November
1035:30 November
920:29 November
892:29 November
861:29 November
758:30 November
724:29 November
690:29 November
653:29 November
619:30 November
573:30 November
539:29 November
505:30 November
251:Magno cells
2943:Categories
2913:Mental set
2792:Peripheral
2742:Perception
2725:strategies
2580:Miscellany
2471:Digital 3D
2466:Blu-ray 3D
2330:Vectograph
2295:Multiscopy
2280:Holography
2270:Bubblegram
2217:Stereopsis
2155:Perception
2148:3D display
1598:9 November
1564:9 November
1480:9 November
1446:9 November
1408:9 November
1335:2 December
1295:2 December
1261:2 December
829:The Retina
404:References
236:cone cells
89:physiology
77:Boundaries
2888:Intention
2873:Attention
2807:Harmonics
2760:RGB model
2710:Intuition
2680:Foresight
2673:affective
2653:Awareness
2640:Cognition
2096:0042-6989
2039:0952-5238
1996:0950-222X
1944:1534-7362
1885:1094-4087
1820:0007-1161
1221:1084-7529
1101:), where
803:1084-7529
455:1534-7362
439:(5): 13.
367:Perimetry
281:Functions
232:rod cells
136:parafovea
97:optometry
2928:Volition
2918:Thinking
2898:Learning
2847:Encoding
2571:XpanD 3D
2556:RealD 3D
2514:Dolby 3D
2509:AMD HD3D
2502:products
2104:21093472
2055:10369867
1952:23648308
1928:(6): 3.
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1838:18170457
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1527:11033599
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473:22207654
464:11073400
397:Glaucoma
330:See also
107:and the
2852:Storage
2720:methods
2539:New 3DS
2524:Infitec
2500:Notable
2461:4D film
2446:3D film
2432:Product
2241:Display
2047:1829378
2004:9775216
1894:3408927
1865:Bibcode
1700:4975120
1646:3471811
1623:Bibcode
1229:2007915
1201:Bibcode
1151:4419807
967:7238452
811:7500203
783:Bibcode
147:ganglia
2949:Vision
2857:Recall
2834:Memory
2824:Visual
2817:Speech
2797:Social
2777:Haptic
2750:Amodal
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271:foveal
220:retina
212:detail
208:humans
143:macula
128:foveal
109:macula
58:vision
2866:Other
2812:Pitch
2802:Sound
2781:Touch
2767:Depth
2755:Color
2434:types
2354:Other
2051:S2CID
1970:(PDF)
1777:S2CID
950:(3).
362:Fovea
296:laws)
240:fovea
216:color
163:every
105:fovea
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2772:Form
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1769:PMID
1741:1969
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1651:PMID
1600:2014
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655:2014
642:ISBN
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608:ISBN
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