Macular degeneration

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several functions of the retinal pigment epithelium. One of the main functions of the retinal pigment epithelium is to minimize oxidative stress. It does so by absorbing light, and thus preventing it from getting to the underlying layers. The layers underlying the retinal pigment epithelium are very vascularlized so they have very high oxygen tension. Thus, if light was to get to those layers, many free radicals would form and cause damage to nearby tissues. The deepest layer that undergoes atrophy in geographic atrophy is called the choriocappilaris. It is a capillary network that provides nutrients to the retinal pigment epithelium.

1513:(RPE) (see diagram) has an essential role in the eye. It secretes a large variety of factors including at least 22 proteins important in maintaining the structure, function and micro-environments on the two sides of the RPE. (The two sides of the RPE include the choroid side, where blood vessels form and bring nourishment to the eye, and the photoreceptor side, with rods and cones that receive light signals.) In particular, the RPE secretes vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at its basement membrane, with the VEGF reaching the choriocapillaris to maintain proper blood vessel formation in the choroid region. 1429:

years of age. Smoking is the strongest modifiable risk factor. As of 2008, age-related macular degeneration accounts for more than 54% of all vision loss in the white population in the US. An estimated 8 million Americans are affected with early age-related macular degeneration, of whom over 1 million will develop advanced age-related macular degeneration within the next 5 years. In the UK, age-related macular degeneration is the cause of blindness in almost 42% of those who go blind aged 65–74 years, almost two-thirds of those aged 75–84 years, and almost three-quarters of those aged 85 years or older.

1043:, tiny accumulations of extracellular material that build up on the retina. While there is a tendency for drusen to be blamed for the progressive loss of vision, drusen deposits can be present in the retina without vision loss. Some patients with large deposits of drusen have normal visual acuity. If normal retinal reception and image transmission are sometimes possible in a retina when high concentrations of drusen are present, then, even if drusen can be implicated in the loss of visual function, there must be at least one other factor that accounts for the loss of vision. 931: 317: 3682: 49: 684: 1275: 1502: 1143:(Izervay) are approved for medical use in the United States. In 2023 it was reported that the aging pigment lipofuscin can be broken down with the help of melanin and drugs through a newly discovered mechanism. The pigment lipofuscin plays a central role in the development of dry AMD and Stargardt's disease. The clinical development of this mechanism, which has the potential to clear Bruch's membrane and to reduce formation of Drusen, is in preparation. 820:. Most people with these early changes (referred to as age-related maculopathy) still have good vision. People with drusen may or may not develop AMD. In fact, the majority of people over age 60 have drusen with no adverse effects. The risk of developing symptoms is higher when the drusen are large and numerous, and associated with the disturbance in the pigmented cell layer under the macula. Large and soft drusen are thought to be related to elevated 6555: 720:(CFH) is an important inhibitor of this inflammatory cascade, and a disease-associated polymorphism in the CFH gene strongly associates with AMD. Thus an AMD pathophysiological model of chronic low grade complement activation and inflammation in the macula has been advanced. Lending credibility to this has been the discovery of disease-associated genetic polymorphisms in other elements of the complement cascade including 1615: 883:(also called atrophic AMD) is an advanced form of AMD in which progressive and irreversible loss of retinal cells leads to a loss of visual function. There are multiple layers that make up the retina, and in geographic atrophy, there are three specific layers that undergo atrophy: the choriocapillaris, retinal pigment epithelium, and the overlying photoreceptors. 891:

Recent studies have begun to look at each layer individually. They found that decreased blood flow in the choriocapillaris precedes atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and the overlying photoreceptors. Since the choriocapillaris is a vascular layer, this may be used as an argument for why geographic atrophy could be a disease due to decreased blood flow.

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nucleotide polymorphisms which are common in the population have small effects on individual patients with AMD. Therefore, there is increasing interest in understanding the functional consequences of rare mutations, which often have more pronounced effects. Genetic testing to guide clinical management is not currently recommended.

922:(VEGF). Because these blood vessels are abnormal, these are also more fragile than typical blood vessels, which ultimately leads to blood and protein leakage below the macula. Bleeding, leaking, and scarring from these blood vessels eventually cause irreversible damage to the photoreceptors and rapid vision loss if left untreated. 308:. It most commonly occurs in people over the age of fifty and in the United States is the most common cause of vision loss in this age group. About 0.4% of people between 50 and 60 have the disease, while it occurs in 0.7% of people 60 to 70, 2.3% of those 70 to 80, and nearly 12% of people over 80 years old. 890:

The pathophysiology of geographic atrophy is still uncertain. Some studies questioned whether it was due to a deficient retinal pigment epithelium, leading to increased oxidative stress. Other studies have looked for inflammatory causes of damage. Thus far, the medical community is still not certain.

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The three layers that undergo atrophy in geographic atrophy are all adjacent to each other. The photoreceptors are the most superficial and they are the cells that are responsible for converting energy from the light from the outside world, into an electrical signal to be sent to the brain. There are

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The area of the macula constitutes only about 2.1% of the retina, and the remaining 97.9% (the peripheral field) remains unaffected by the disease. Even though the macula provides such a small fraction of the visual field, almost half of the visual cortex is devoted to processing macular information.

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Age-related macular degeneration is a main cause of central blindness among the working-aged population worldwide. As of 2022, it affects more than 200 million people globally with the prevalence expected to increase to 300 million people by 2040 as the proportion of elderly persons in the population

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The transition from dry to wet AMD can happen rapidly, and if it is left untreated can lead to legal blindness in as little as six months. To prevent this from occurring and to initiate preventive strategies earlier in the disease process, dark adaptation testing may be performed. A dark adaptometer

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Dry AMD (also called nonexudative AMD) is a broad designation, encompassing all forms of AMD that are not neovascular (wet AMD). This includes early and intermediate forms of AMD, as well as the advanced form of dry AMD known as geographic atrophy. Dry AMD patients tend to have minimal symptoms in

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As illustrated by the Figure in this section, derived from data presented by the National Eye Institute of the United States, among those over 80 years of age, White individuals are more than 6-fold more likely to develop AMD than Black or Hispanic individuals. Thus, white background is a major risk

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Early or intermediate AMD may be asymptomatic, or it may present with blurred or decreased vision in one or both eyes. This may manifest initially as difficulty with reading or driving (especially in poorly lit areas). Other symptoms of AMD include distortion of vision and blind spots (especially in

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or complement inhibitors. However, there remain several challenges to using predictive tools which incorporate genetic variation in clinical practice. As well as our limited understanding of the way that different genetic variants and environmental factors interact to influence AMD risk, the single

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Smoking: Smoking tobacco increases the risk of AMD by two to three times that of someone who has never smoked, and may be the most important modifiable factor in its prevention. A review of previous studies found "a strong association between current smoking and AMD. ... Cigarette smoking is likely

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Macular degeneration by itself will not lead to total blindness. For that matter, only a small number of people with visual impairment are totally blind. In almost all cases, some vision remains, mainly peripheral. Other complicating conditions may lead to such an acute condition (severe stroke or

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The prevalence of any age-related macular degeneration is higher in Europeans than in Asians and Africans. There is no difference in prevalence between Asians and Africans. The incidence of age-related macular degeneration and its associated features increases with age and is low in people <55

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due to the risk of lung cancer in smokers taking beta-carotene. There is some evidence to indicate that people with bilateral early or intermediate AMD, or intermediate AMD in one eye and advanced AMD in the other eye may benefit from vitamin and mineral supplementation. AREDS supplementation may

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Treatment of AMD varies depending on the category of the disease at the time of diagnosis. In general, treatment is aimed at slowing down the progression of AMD. As of 2018, there are no treatments to reverse the effects of AMD. Early-stage and intermediate-stage AMD is managed by modifying known

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In late AMD, enough retinal damage occurs that, in addition to drusen, people will also begin to experience symptomatic central vision loss. The damage can either be the development of atrophy or the onset of neovascular disease. Late AMD is further divided into two subtypes based on the types of

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can lead to the identification of genetic variation which can predispose to AMD, the complex pathogenesis of the condition prevents the use of these tests in routine practice. Nevertheless, they can be useful in selecting patients for clinical trials and analysing their response to treatment. The

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Because peripheral vision is not affected, persons with macular degeneration can learn to use their remaining vision to partially compensate. Assistance and resources are available in many countries and every state in the U.S. Classes for "independent living" are given and some technology can be

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It was recently discovered that the aging pigment lipofuscin can be broken down with the help of melanin and drugs through a newly discovered mechanism (chemical excitation). The pigment lipofuscin plays a central role in the development of dry AMD and geographic atrophy. This breakdown can be

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Cataract surgery could improve visual outcomes for people with AMD, though there have been concerns about surgery increasing the progression of AMD. A randomized controlled trial found that people who underwent immediate cataract surgery (within two weeks) had improved visual acuity and better

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are reviewed by Markiewicz and Idowu. Also, as reviewed by Sturm et al. "increasing intracellular concentrations of either tyrosine or L-DOPA both result in an increase in melanogenesis" or formation of the black pigment melanin. Thus there appears to be an association between reduced L-DOPA

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analysis has identified 5 sets of gene variants at three locations on different chromosomes (1, 6 and 10) as explaining at least 50% of the risk. These genes have roles regulating the immune response, inflammatory processes and homeostasis of the retina. Variants of these genes give rise to

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Many factors, including genetic factors, hypoxia, oxidative stress and inflammatory stressors, may cause pathologic over-production of VEGF by the RPE. This over-production causes excess blood vessel formation in the choroid region (the choriocapillaris), which is a major cause of wet AMD.

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Pigmentary changes in the retina – In addition to the pigmented cells in the iris (the colored part of the eye), there are pigmented cells beneath the retina. As these cells break down and release their pigment, dark clumps of released pigment and later, areas that are less pigmented may

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Blurred vision: Those with nonexudative (dry) macular degeneration may be asymptomatic or notice a gradual loss of central vision, whereas those with exudative (wet) macular degeneration often notice a rapid onset of vision loss (often caused by leakage and bleeding of abnormal blood

702:(RPE) thinning or depigmentation that precede geographic atrophy in the early stages of AMD. In advanced stages of AMD, atrophy of the RPE (geographic atrophy) and/or development of new blood vessels (neovascularization) result in the death of photoreceptors and central vision loss. 1194:

use of cheaper bevacizumab over the approved, but expensive, ranibizumab. Ranibizumab is a smaller fragment, Fab fragment, of the parent bevacizumab molecule specifically designed for eye injections. Other approved antiangiogenic drugs for the treatment of neo-vascular AMD include

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help slow the progression to more severe forms of AMD and there is some evidence of improved visual acuity at 5 years. There is no evidence that micronutrient supplementation prevents AMD progression in those with severe disease or prevents disease onset in those without AMD.

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brains, is one of the proteins that accumulate in AMD, which is a reason why AMD is sometimes called "Alzheimer's of the eye" or "Alzheimer's of the retina". AMD can be divided into 3 stages: early, intermediate, and late, based partially on the extent (size and number) of

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Genetic testing can help identify whether a patient with AMD is at a greater risk of developing the condition and can inform disease progression. Genetic testing can also allow researchers to identify whether patients are more or less likely to respond to treatments, such

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found that the systemic safety of bevacizumab and ranibizumab are similar when used to treat neovascular AMD, except for gastrointestinal disorders. Bevacizumab however is not FDA approved for treatment of macular degeneration. A controversy in the UK involved the

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and/or iRORA (incomplete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy). These 'high-risk' subgroups of intermediate AMD can be used to inform patients of theirs prognosis. In addition, these can be applied in clinical trials as endpoints.

1170:, meaning they are injected directly into the eye. Bevacizumab is another VEGF inhibitor that has been shown to have similar efficacy and safety as the previous two drugs, however, is not currently indicated for AMD. AMD can also be treated with 1007:

changes (for wet AMD). Preferential hyperacuity perimetry is a test that detects drastic changes in vision and involves the macula being stimulated with distorted patterns of dots and the patient identification of where in the visual field this

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production and white skin. As suggested by the Figure and information in this section, reduced L-DOPA, resulting in white skin, appears to be associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration for white individuals over the age of 80.

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In addition, people with dry macular degeneration often do not experience any symptoms but can experience gradual onset of blurry vision in one or both eyes. People with wet macular degeneration may experience acute onset of visual symptoms.

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The imbalance between the production of damaged cellular components and degradation leads to the accumulation of harmful products, for example, intracellular lipofuscin and extracellular drusen. Incipient atrophy is demarcated by areas of

4885: 713:, causing atrophy and scarring to the retina. In the wet (exudative) form, which is more severe, blood vessels grow up from the choroid (neovascularization) behind the retina which can leak exudate and fluid and also cause hemorrhaging. 347:, in which a grid of straight lines appears wavy and parts of the grid may appear blank: Patients often first notice this when looking at things like miniblinds in their home or telephone poles while driving. There may also be central 3969:

Rohrer B, Long Q, Coughlin B, Renner B, Huang Y, Kunchithapautham K, et al. (2010). "A Targeted Inhibitor of the Complement Alternative Pathway Reduces RPE Injury and Angiogenesis in Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration".

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the earlier stages; visual function loss occurs more often if the condition advances to geographic atrophy. Dry AMD accounts for 80–90% of cases and tends to progress slowly. In 10–20% of people, dry AMD progresses to the wet type.

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Maller J, George S, Purcell S, Fagerness J, Altshuler D, Daly MJ, et al. (September 2006). "Common variation in three genes, including a noncoding variant in CFH, strongly influences risk of age-related macular degeneration".

2100:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1546:

There are a few other (rare) kinds of macular degeneration with similar symptoms but unrelated in etiology to Wet or Dry age-related macular degeneration. They are all genetic disorders that may occur in childhood or middle age.

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With regards to AREDS-1 compared with AREDS-2 formulations, there is only weak evidence comparing the effectiveness of each formulation and the effectiveness of lutein and zeaxanthin as a replacement in the AREDS-2 formulation.

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can help in predicting wet AMD early enough to make prevention possible. A study tested an AI model for predicting whether people with wet AMD in one eye would develop it in the other within six months. Compared to doctors and

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Radiotherapy has been proposed as a treatment for wet AMD but the evidence to support the use of modern stereotactic radiotherapy combined with anti-VEGF is currently uncertain and is awaiting the results of ongoing studies.

1565:(juvenile macular degeneration, STGD) is an autosomal recessive retinal disorder characterized by juvenile-onset macular dystrophy, alterations of the peripheral retina, and subretinal deposition of lipofuscin-like material. 5259:

Okada M, Kandasamy R, Chong EW, McGuiness M, Guymer RH (August 2018). "The Treat-and-Extend Injection Regimen Versus Alternate Dosing Strategies in Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".

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different kinds of dysfunction in these processes. Over time, this results in accumulation of intracellular and extracellular metabolic debris. This can cause scarring of the retina or breakdown of its vascularization.

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Hughes AE, Orr N, Esfandiary H, Diaz-Torres M, Goodship T, Chakravarthy U (October 2006). "A common CFH haplotype, with deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3, is associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration".

1214:, the patients always receive treatment, but the interval to the next visit is extended if the lesion was inactive. Recently, researchers have started to apply AI algorithms to predict the future need for treatment. 2487: 6629: 6614: 6545: 258:, cellular debris in their macula that gradually damages light-sensitive cells and leads to vision loss. In wet form AMD, blood vessels grow under the macula, causing blood and fluid to leak into the retina. 6359:

Lyu Y, Tschulakow AV, Wang K, Brash DE, Schraermeyer U. Chemiexcitation and melanin in photoreceptor disc turnover and prevention of macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(20):e2216935120.

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The pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration is not well known, although some theories have been put forward, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory processes.

6085:"Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease" 3697:"Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease" 1262:

Nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors like they are used in anti-HIV therapy was associated with a reduced risk of developing atrophic macular degeneration. This is because Alu elements undergo

607:(CFH), factor B (CFB) and factor 3 (C3), among others, are strongly associated with a person's risk for developing AMD. CFH is involved in inhibiting the inflammatory response. The mutation in CFH ( 475:): In the ALIENOR study 2013, early and late AMD were not significantly associated with systolic or diastolic blood pressure (BP), hypertension, or use of antihypertensive medications, but elevated 1315:

Video cameras can be fed into standard or special-purpose computer monitors, and the image can be zoomed in and magnified. These systems often include a movable table to move the written material.

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increases. It affects females more frequently than males, and it is more common in those of European or North American ancestry. In 2013, it was the fourth most common cause of blindness, after

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Recently, subgroups of intermediate AMD have been identified, which have a very high risk of progression toward late AMD. This subgroup (depending on the precise definitions) is termed nascent

2867:"Association between dietary fat intake and age-related macular degeneration in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative" 627:, is strongly associated with the occurrence of AMD. The authors of both papers consider their study to underscore the influence of the complement pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease. 6543: 4677:"Diagnostic accuracy of the Amsler grid and the preferential hyperacuity perimetry in the screening of patients with age-related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis" 4062:

Fritsche LG, Loenhardt T, Janssen A, Fisher SA, Rivera A, Keilhauer CN, et al. (July 2008). "Age-related macular degeneration is associated with an unstable ARMS2 (LOC387715) mRNA".

4013:"Sublytic membrane-attack-complex (MAC) activation alters regulated rather than constitutive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in retinal pigment epithelium monolayers" 1081:

Dietary supplements may be suggested for people with AMD, with the goal of reducing damage to the cells in the retina with antioxidants. The formulations commonly suggested are known as

228:. Early on there are often no symptoms. Over time, however, some people experience a gradual worsening of vision that may affect one or both eyes. While it does not result in complete 840:

Intermediate AMD is diagnosed by large drusen and/or any retinal pigment abnormalities. Intermediate AMD may cause some vision loss, but, like early AMD, it is usually asymptomatic.

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Chen LJ, Liu DT, Tam PO, Chan WM, Liu K, Chong KK, et al. (December 2006). "Association of complement factor H polymorphisms with exudative age-related macular degeneration".

1065:(CNV): dry AMD (no CNV present) or wet AMD (CNV present). No effective treatments exist for dry AMD. The CNV present in wet AMD is managed with vascular endothelial growth factor ( 3410:

Maller JB, Fagerness JA, Reynolds RC, Neale BM, Daly MJ, Seddon JM (October 2007). "Variation in complement factor 3 is associated with risk of age-related macular degeneration".

611:) results in reduced ability of the protein to localise to and protect tissues such as the retina from complement overactivation. Absence of the complement factor H-related genes 1053:

risk factors such as smoking cessation, management of hypertension and atherosclerosis and making dietary modifications. For intermediate-stage AMD, management also includes

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There is a loss of contrast sensitivity, so that contours, shadows, and color vision are less vivid. The loss in contrast sensitivity can be quickly and easily measured by a

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correlate with disease progression. The early stigmata of disease, drusen, are rich in cholesterol, offering face validity to the results of genome-wide association studies.

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Exercising, eating well, and not smoking may reduce the risk of macular degeneration. There is no cure or treatment that restores the vision already lost. In the wet form,

251:. Severity is divided into early, intermediate, and late types. The late type is additionally divided into "dry" and "wet" forms, with the dry form making up 90% of cases. 6544: 4911: 2200: 5438: 1251:

is administered intravenously; light of a certain wavelength is then applied to the abnormal blood vessels. This activates the verteporfin destroying the vessels.

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practice guidelines do not recommend laser coagulation therapy for macular degeneration, but state that it may be useful in people with new blood vessels in the

5395:"Machine Learning Can Predict Anti-VEGF Treatment Demand in a Treat-and-Extend Regimen for Patients with Neovascular AMD, DME, and RVO Associated Macular Edema" 1206:

These anti-VEGF agents may be administered monthly or adaptively. For adaptive anti-VEGF treatment, two approaches are conventionally applied. In the case of

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AMD is a highly heritable condition. Recurrence ratios for siblings of an affected individual are three- to six-fold higher than in the general population.

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Ferris FL, Wilkinson CP, Bird A, Chakravarthy U, Chew E, Csaky K, et al. (April 2013). "Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration".

4975:"Brolucizumab: Evolution through Preclinical and Clinical Studies and the Implications for the Management of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 6462: 3510:

Dewan A, Liu M, Hartman S, Zhang SS, Liu DT, Zhao C, et al. (November 2006). "HTRA1 promoter polymorphism in wet age-related macular degeneration".

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performed a screen on 402 AMD patients and revealed a statistically significant correlation between mutations in fibulin-5 and incidence of the disease.

6479: 5591:"Clinical effectiveness and cost–utility of photodynamic therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and economic evaluation" 1229:

who don't respond to drug treatment. There is strong evidence that laser coagulation will result in the disappearance of drusen but does not affect

7720: 6502: 6264:"Directional protein secretion by the retinal pigment epithelium: roles in retinal health and the development of age-related macular degeneration" 5237: 832:

Early AMD is diagnosed based on the presence of medium-sized drusen, about the width of an average human hair. Early AMD is usually asymptomatic.

2507:"Melanogenic Difference Consideration in Ethnic Skin Type: A Balance Approach Between Skin Brightening Applications and Beneficial Sun Exposure" 2385:"Revisiting the role of factor H in age-related macular degeneration: Insights from complement-mediated renal disease and rare genetic variants" 1210:, the patient comes at fixed intervals, but treatment is only administered if an activity is detected (i.e., presence of fluid). In the case of 7117: 2777:"Mendelian Randomization Implicates High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol–Associated Mechanisms in Etiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 2556:

Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF (October 2001). "Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation".

5908:"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1073:

or other home visual monitoring tools can be used to monitor for development of distorted vision, which may be a sign of disease progression.

5047:"Alternative treatments to inhibit VEGF in age-related choroidal neovascularisation: 2-year findings of the IVAN randomised controlled trial" 918:. It is usually, but not always, preceded by the dry form of AMD. The proliferation of abnormal blood vessels in the retina is stimulated by 7789: 7715: 3327:"An imbalance of human complement regulatory proteins CFHR1, CFHR3 and factor H influences risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)" 5748:"Cytoplasmic synthesis of endogenous Alu complementary DNA via reverse transcription and implications in age-related macular degeneration" 4886:"FDA Approves Syfovre (pegcetacoplan injection) as the First and Only Treatment for Geographic Atrophy (GA), a Leading Cause of Blindness" 4572:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Clinical Guidelines. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). 1266:-mediated reverse transcription in the cytoplasm resulting in DNA synthesis. First clinical trials are being prepared as of January 2021. 996:

is now used by most ophthalmologists in the diagnosis and the follow-up evaluation of the response to treatment with antiangiogenic drugs.

5354:"Analyzing and Predicting Visual Acuity Outcomes of Anti-VEGF Therapy by a Longitudinal Mixed Effects Model of Imaging and Clinical Data" 3562: 1446:

associated with AMD are similar in molecular composition to amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and deposits in other age-related diseases such as

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protein may localize to the mitochondria and participate in energy metabolism, though much remains to be discovered about its function.

8280: 4508:"Correlations between Choriocapillaris Flow Deficits around Geographic Atrophy and Enlargement Rates Based on Swept-Source OCT Imaging" 4107:"Genetic variants near TIMP3 and high-density lipoprotein-associated loci influence susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration" 1653: 4942:"Iveric Bio Receives U.S. FDA Approval for Izervay (avacincaptad pegol intravitreal solution), a New Treatment for Geographic Atrophy" 1559:

is an autosomal dominant, retinal disease characterized by sudden acuity loss resulting from untreatable submacular neovascularisation

6202:"Lentiviral delivery of co-packaged Cas9 mRNA and a Vegfa -targeting guide RNA prevents wet age-related macular degeneration in mice" 3746:"A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration" 4361:"OCT Signs of Early Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Interreader Agreement: Classification of Atrophy Meetings Report 6" 8270: 1337: 2149: 1885: 1450:

and atherosclerosis. This suggests that similar pathways may be involved in the etiologies of AMD and other age-related diseases.

6729: 3865:"CFH haplotypes without the Y402H coding variant show strong association with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration" 4859: 4166:"Genome-wide association study of advanced age-related macular degeneration identifies a role of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC)" 1745: 653:

mutation: Rare forms of the disease are caused by genetic defects in fibulin-5, in an autosomal dominant manner. In 2004, Stone

7737: 7732: 7557: 6587: 2077: 643:(Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor, Clade G (C1 Inhibitor), Member 1) are associated with AMD. Mutations in this gene can also cause 6370: 3987: 538:. There is no evidence to support the claim that exposure to digital screens contributes to the risk of macular degeneration. 2916:"The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 20" 7597: 3629:

Canter JA, Olson LM, Spencer K, Schnetz-Boutaud N, Anderson B, Hauser MA, et al. (May 2008). Nicholas Weedon M (ed.).

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Adaptive devices can help people read. These include magnifying glasses, special eyeglass lenses, computer screen readers,

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does not radiate harmful energy against human eyes, but staring at the screen for a long time without pauses does increase

5847: 5434: 942:, not necessarily vision. Early diagnosis of AMD can prevent further visual deterioration and potentially improve vision. 527:

from sunlight is maybe associated with an increased risk of developing AMD, although evidence is weaker than other causes.

7710: 4603:"Delayed Rod-Mediated Dark Adaptation Is a Functional Biomarker for Incident Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 377:

Formed visual hallucinations and flashing lights have also been associated with severe visual loss secondary to wet AMD

7705: 7592: 7159: 5873: 5170:"Intravitreal Ranibizumab for Choroidal Neovascularization in Best's Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy in a 6-Year-Old Boy" 4577: 1066: 1004: 945:

Diagnosis of dry (or early stage) AMD may include the following clinical examinations as well as procedures and tests:

919: 232:, loss of central vision can make it hard to recognize faces, drive, read, or perform other activities of daily life. 7460: 7320: 5088:

Moja L, Lucenteforte E, Kwag KH, Bertele V, Campomori A, Chakravarthy U, et al. (September 2014). Moja L (ed.).

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supported by medication. This discovery can be translated into the development of a therapy to treat dry AMD.

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Velilla S, García-Medina JJ, García-Layana A, Dolz-Marco R, Pons-Vázquez S, Pinazo-Durán MD, et al. (2013).

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HTRA serine peptidase 1/Age Related Maculopathy Susceptibility 2 (HTRA1/ARMS2) on chromosome 10 at location 10q26

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Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Fleckenstein M, Zouache MA, Pfau M, Pappas C, Hageman JL, et al. (3 February 2022).

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is effective and economical method, but that the benefits are limited for vessels next to or below the fovea.

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The difference between the two forms is categorized by the change in the macula. Those with dry form AMD have

7513: 7404: 7270: 6560: 4650: 1921:"Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration" 1551: 1341: 233: 5305:"Probabilistic Forecasting of Anti-VEGF Treatment Frequency in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 5146: 1312:

computers. Also, Apple devices provide a wide range of features (voice-over, screen readers, Braille etc.).

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and Maximum Color Contrast Sensitivity test (MCCS) for assessing color acuity and color contrast sensitivity

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Virgili G, Bini A (July 2007). "Laser photocoagulation for neovascular age-related macular degeneration".

5462:"Interventions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Are Practice Guidelines Based on Systematic Reviews?" 5014:

Virgili G, Bini A (July 2007). "Laser photocoagulation for neovascular age-related macular degeneration".

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Cougnard-Grégoire A, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, Rougier MB, Malet F, Le Goff M, et al. (March 2013).

6799: 6757: 6722: 3631:"Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism A4917G is independently associated with age-related macular degeneration" 3081: 1167: 6499: 5245: 7727: 7523: 7497: 7455: 7450: 7315: 7188: 7176: 7132: 5045:

Chakravarthy U, Harding SP, Rogers CA, Downes SM, Lotery AJ, Culliford LA, et al. (October 2013).

4312:"Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation of Nascent Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 3824:"Complement factor H polymorphism, complement activators, and risk of age-related macular degeneration" 1578: 1510: 1326: 1166:

are approved VEGF inhibitors for the treatment of CNV in wet AMD. All three drugs are administered via

813: 785: 699: 564: 414: 1485:

are injected into the affected anatomical regions for transient editing that could reduce the area of

1185:

had similar efficacy, and reported no significant increase in adverse events with bevacizumab. A 2014

7906: 7794: 7700: 7547: 7392: 7193: 7139: 6579: 1490: 974:

In dry macular degeneration, which occurs in 85–90 percent of AMD cases, drusen spots can be seen in

403: 5090:"Systemic safety of bevacizumab versus ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration" 3681: 3325:

Fritsche LG, Lauer N, Hartmann A, Stippa S, Keilhauer CN, Oppermann M, et al. (December 2010).

3139: 1482: 7445: 7416: 7040: 7005: 6644: 5169: 4757:"Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration" 2865:

Parekh N, Voland RP, Moeller SM, Blodi BA, Ritenbaugh C, Chappell RJ, et al. (November 2009).

2726:"Cholesterol-enriched diet causes age-related macular degeneration-like pathology in rabbit retina" 4105:

Chen W, Stambolian D, Edwards AO, Branham KE, Othman M, Jakobsdottir J, et al. (April 2010).

2673:

García-Layana A, Cabrera-López F, García-Arumí J, Arias-Barquet L, Ruiz-Moreno JM (October 2017).

7916: 7670: 7470: 6990: 6983: 4810:

Sarwar S, Clearfield E, Soliman MK, Sadiq MA, Baldwin AJ, Hanout M, et al. (February 2016).

4164:

Neale BM, Fagerness J, Reynolds R, Sobrin L, Parker M, Raychaudhuri S, et al. (April 2010).

1530: 1016: 101: 5746:

Fukuda S, Varshney A, Fowler BJ, Wang Sb, Narendran S, Ambati K, et al. (9 February 2021).

3744:

Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, Hancox LS, Taiber AJ, Hardisty LI, et al. (May 2005).

2313:

Lim LS, Mitchell P, Seddon JM, Holz FG, Wong TY (May 2012). "Age-related macular degeneration".

48: 8185: 8155: 8090: 8085: 7812: 7090: 6955: 6715: 5511:"Laser treatment of drusen to prevent progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration" 3822:

Despriet DD, Klaver CC, Witteman JC, Bergen AA, Kardys I, de Maat MP, et al. (July 2006).

3566: 2098:

Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (August 2015).

1562: 1505:

This is an enlarged diagram showing the retinal pigment epithelium and its position in the eye.

1447: 1000:

Diagnosis of wet (or late stage) AMD may include the following in addition to the above tests:

797: 721: 667: 368:

Trouble discerning colors, specifically dark ones from dark ones and light ones from light ones

6684: 4601:

Owsley C, McGwin G, Clark ME, Jackson GR, Callahan MA, Kline LB, et al. (February 2016).

3863:

Li M, Atmaca-Sonmez P, Othman M, Branham KE, Khanna R, Wade MS, et al. (September 2006).

2914:

SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Clemons TE, Davis MD, Ferris FL, Gensler GR, et al. (May 2007).

1344:

for macular degeneration and other (sense organ diseases) per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004

247:. Genetic factors and smoking may play a role. The condition is diagnosed through a complete 8128: 7804: 5393:

Gallardo M, Munk MR, Kurmann T, De Zanet S, Mosinska A, Karagoz IK, et al. (July 2021).

1318: 906:

AMD, the "wet" form of advanced AMD, causes vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growth (

644: 7772: 1281:, an Israeli composer who was affected by macular degeneration, checks a manuscript using a 7901: 7487: 7440: 7255: 7171: 6575: 6377:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 6 November 2020. 5759: 4177: 4118: 3925: 3642: 3519: 3466: 3237: 3082:"Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Homozygous Risk at Chromosome 1 or 10" 2824:

Adams MK, Simpson JA, Aung KZ, Makeyeva GA, Giles GG, English DR, et al. (June 2011).

2263:

Cunningham J (March 2017). "Recognizing age-related macular degeneration in primary care".

2019:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment" 1460: 1301: 1244: 1233:. A 2007 Cochrane review on found that laser photocoagulation of new blood vessels in the 984:, points in the macula with a weak or absent response compared to a normal eye may be found 954: 930: 753: 683: 454: 435: 270: 262: 185: 177: 106: 6695: 3912:

Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S, Scott WK, Olson LM, Gallins P, et al. (April 2005).

3455:"A variant of the HTRA1 gene increases susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration" 3369:

Yates JR, Sepp T, Matharu BK, Khan JC, Thurlby DA, Shahid H, et al. (9 August 2007).

8: 8275: 8206: 8080: 7880: 7763: 7755: 7543: 7507: 7492: 7347: 7127: 6907: 6633: 5352:

Vogl WD, Waldstein SM, Gerendas BS, Schlegl T, Langs G, Schmidt-Erfurth U (August 2017).

2960:"What do we know about the macular pigment in AMD: the past, the present, and the future" 1658: 1570: 1569:

Similar symptoms with a very different etiology and different treatment can be caused by

1472: 915: 748:

Other gene markers of progression risk includes tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (

731:

at LOC 387715. An insertion/deletion polymorphism at this site reduces expression of the

716:

Early work demonstrated a family of immune mediators was plentiful in drusen. Complement

517: 513: 472: 7836: 5763: 4532: 4507: 4181: 4122: 3929: 3646: 3523: 3470: 3241: 3075: 3073: 1945: 1920: 756:

metabolism in AMD progression. Variations in cholesterol metabolising genes such as the

316: 7817: 7567: 7475: 7399: 7352: 7164: 7100: 7085: 6945: 6894: 6638: 6511: 6441: 6386: 6337: 6312: 6288: 6263: 6237: 6114: 6060: 6027: 6000: 5973: 5803: 5790: 5747: 5728: 5715: 5658: 5633: 5535: 5510: 5486: 5461: 5329: 5304: 5285: 5122: 5089: 4836: 4811: 4784: 4701: 4676: 4627: 4602: 4545: 4483: 4458: 4434: 4409: 4341: 4249: 4224: 4200: 4165: 4141: 4106: 4087: 4039: 4012: 3951: 3889: 3864: 3772: 3745: 3726: 3665: 3630: 3543: 3492: 3435: 3307: 3263: 3201: 3166: 3106: 3059: 2984: 2959: 2891: 2866: 2801: 2776: 2752: 2725: 2701: 2674: 2533: 2506: 2464: 2439: 2420: 2340: 2288: 2276: 2153: 2126: 2099: 2053: 2018: 1994: 1969: 1827: 1814: 1789: 1294: 1255:

quality of life outcomes than those who underwent delayed cataract surgery (6 months).

1140: 1058: 975: 880: 875: 844: 761: 619:

protects against AMD. Two independent studies in 2007 showed a certain common mutation

509: 289: 281: 81: 20: 6043: 5924: 5907: 5065: 5046: 2569: 2400: 2328: 2117: 950:

can detect subclinical AMD at least three years earlier than it is clinically evident.

599:

Polymorphisms in genes for complement system proteins: Variation in the genes for the

239:

Macular degeneration typically occurs in older people, and is caused by damage to the

8160: 8057: 7822: 7682: 7465: 7122: 7028: 6655: 6445: 6433: 6425: 6390: 6371:"Artificial intelligence can predict the development of a leading cause of blindness" 6342: 6328: 6293: 6241: 6229: 6221: 6201: 6182: 6106: 6065: 6047: 6005: 5929: 5807: 5795: 5777: 5732: 5720: 5702: 5663: 5614: 5571: 5540: 5491: 5416: 5375: 5334: 5277: 5197: 5189: 5127: 5070: 5027: 4996: 4841: 4789: 4706: 4632: 4583: 4573: 4537: 4488: 4439: 4390: 4382: 4345: 4333: 4292: 4254: 4205: 4146: 4091: 4079: 4044: 3993: 3983: 3943: 3894: 3845: 3804: 3777: 3718: 3670: 3611: 3535: 3484: 3427: 3392: 3348: 3299: 3255: 3206: 3188: 3111: 3097: 3070: 3051: 2989: 2937: 2896: 2847: 2806: 2757: 2706: 2675:"Early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: update and clinical review" 2655: 2614: 2591:

Thornton J, Edwards R, Mitchell P, Harrison RA, Buchan I, Kelly SP (September 2005).

2573: 2538: 2469: 2424: 2412: 2404: 2332: 2292: 2280: 2175: 2131: 2058: 2040: 1999: 1981: 1950: 1867: 1831: 1819: 1737: 1638: 1309: 1171: 981: 776:

In AMD there is a progressive accumulation of characteristic yellow deposits, called

624: 600: 556: 427: 372: 266: 181: 154: 65: 6118: 5289: 4549: 4506:

Thulliez M, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Zhou H, Chu Z, de Sisternes L, et al. (June 2019).

4359:

Wu Z, Pfau M, Blodi BA, Holz FG, Jaffe GJ, Liakopoulos S, et al. (March 2021).

3955: 3914:"Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration" 3730: 3547: 3496: 3311: 3267: 3063: 2882: 2384: 2344: 7948: 7938: 7784: 7759: 7692: 7658: 7577: 7208: 7198: 7095: 6950: 6837: 6827: 6417: 6406:"Predicting conversion to wet age-related macular degeneration using deep learning" 6405: 6378: 6332: 6324: 6283: 6275: 6213: 6172: 6096: 6055: 6039: 5995: 5985: 5919: 5785: 5767: 5710: 5698: 5694: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5604: 5567: 5563: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5481: 5473: 5406: 5365: 5324: 5316: 5269: 5181: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5060: 5023: 5019: 4986: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4756: 4696: 4688: 4622: 4614: 4527: 4519: 4478: 4470: 4429: 4421: 4372: 4323: 4284: 4244: 4236: 4195: 4185: 4136: 4126: 4071: 4034: 4024: 3975: 3933: 3884: 3876: 3835: 3767: 3757: 3708: 3660: 3650: 3601: 3588:

Udar N, Atilano SR, Memarzadeh M, Boyer DS, Chwa M, Lu S, et al. (June 2009).

3527: 3474: 3439: 3419: 3382: 3338: 3291: 3245: 3196: 3178: 3101: 3093: 3043: 2979: 2971: 2927: 2886: 2878: 2837: 2796: 2788: 2747: 2737: 2696: 2686: 2672: 2645: 2604: 2565: 2528: 2518: 2459: 2451: 2440:"Genetics of age-related macular degeneration: current concepts, future directions" 2396: 2324: 2272: 2121: 2113: 2048: 2030: 1989: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1859: 1809: 1801: 1633: 939: 911: 560: 487: 355: 240: 133: 6404:

Yim J, Chopra R, Spitz T, Winkens J, Obika A, Kelly C, et al. (18 May 2020).

3453:

Yang Z, Camp NJ, Sun H, Tong Z, Gibbs D, Cameron DJ, et al. (November 2006).

2634:"Long-term blood pressure and age-related macular degeneration: the ALIENOR study" 2245:

Roberts DL (September 2006). "The First Year – Age Related Macular Degeneration".

2230:

Roberts DL (September 2006). "The First Year – Age Related Macular Degeneration".

1919:

Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (13 September 2023). Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group (ed.).

8015: 7979: 7943: 7562: 7387: 7374: 7308: 7265: 7183: 6995: 6927: 6847: 6832: 6649: 6506: 6486: 6466: 5682: 5477: 5437:. American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern. 29 January 2015. 5303:

Pfau M, Sahu S, Rupnow RA, Romond K, Millet D, Holz FG, et al. (June 2021).

5185: 4991: 4974: 4618: 4457:

Kauppinen A, Paterno JJ, Blasiak J, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K (6 February 2016).

4310:

Wu Z, Luu CD, Hodgson LA, Caruso E, Tindill N, Aung KZ, et al. (June 2020).

4288: 3979: 3974:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 703. pp. 137–49. 3655: 2792: 2455: 1620: 1238: 1226: 1186: 738: 575: 548: 482: 159: 6311:

Penn JS, Madan A, Caldwell RB, Bartoli M, Caldwell RW, Hartnett ME (July 2008).

5947: 5906:

Wong WL, Su X, Li X, Cheung CM, Klein R, Cheng CY, et al. (February 2014).

4567: 3590:"Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups associated with age-related macular degeneration" 1274: 630:

In two 2006 studies, another gene that has implications for the disease, called

8245: 8097: 8042: 7885: 7653: 7582: 7364: 7334: 7280: 7234: 7105: 6978: 6912: 6902: 6660: 6217: 6177: 6157: 5851: 5411: 5394: 4523: 4377: 4360: 4328: 4311: 4170:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4111:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3750:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3224:

Edwards AO, Ritter R, Abel KJ, Manning A, Panhuysen C, Farrer LA (April 2005).

2932: 2915: 1662: 1595: 1574: 757: 476: 361:

Visual acuity drastically decreasing (two levels or more), e.g.: 20/20 to 20/80

344: 340: 217: 86: 6623: 6421: 5273: 4474: 4425: 3370: 3183: 3167:"Not All Stressors Are Equal: Mechanism of Stressors on RPE Cell Degeneration" 2975: 2383:

Tzoumas N, Hallam D, Harris CL, Lako M, Kavanagh D, Steel DH (November 2020).

1863: 1019:

allows for the identification and localization of abnormal vascular processes.

934:

Super resolution microscopic investigation of human eye tissue affected by AMD

589:

Complement Factor B/Complement Component 2 (CFB/CC2) on chromosome 6 at 6p21.3

8264: 8165: 8020: 7960: 7677: 7625: 7572: 7502: 7411: 7298: 7275: 7203: 7112: 6917: 6822: 6429: 6225: 6051: 5781: 5706: 5193: 4386: 3192: 2408: 2044: 1985: 1628: 1501: 1136: 1114: 1102: 968: 501: 386:, etc.), but few macular degeneration patients experience total visual loss. 301: 70: 6707: 6101: 6084: 5772: 4190: 4131: 4029: 3938: 3913: 3762: 3713: 3696: 3531: 3479: 3454: 3250: 3225: 2742: 8030: 7858: 7239: 7154: 7062: 6940: 6935: 6880: 6875: 6437: 6346: 6297: 6233: 6186: 6110: 6069: 6009: 5971: 5933: 5799: 5724: 5667: 5618: 5575: 5544: 5495: 5420: 5379: 5338: 5281: 5201: 5131: 5074: 5031: 5000: 4845: 4793: 4710: 4636: 4587: 4541: 4492: 4443: 4394: 4337: 4296: 4258: 4209: 4150: 4083: 4048: 3997: 3947: 3898: 3849: 3840: 3823: 3808: 3781: 3722: 3674: 3615: 3539: 3488: 3431: 3396: 3352: 3303: 3259: 3210: 3115: 3055: 2993: 2941: 2900: 2851: 2810: 2761: 2710: 2659: 2618: 2609: 2592: 2577: 2542: 2473: 2416: 2336: 2284: 2135: 2062: 2003: 1968:

Ramin S, Soheilian M, Habibi G, Ghazavi R, Gharebaghi R, Heidary F (2015).

1954: 1871: 1823: 1600: 1321:

provides larger fonts for printed books, patterns to make tracking easier,

1263: 1159: 793: 660: 225: 94: 6606: 5990: 5509:

Virgili G, Michelessi M, Parodi MB, Bacherini D, Evans JR (October 2015).

5370: 5353: 3079: 2650: 2633: 1805: 8229: 8180: 8123: 8118: 8075: 8053: 7964: 7955: 7875: 7853: 7665: 7637: 7435: 7303: 7144: 6965: 6842: 6794: 6741: 6679: 6200:

Ling S, Yang S, Hu X, Yin D, Dai Y, Qian X, et al. (February 2021).

6083:

Mullins RF, Russell SR, Anderson DH, Hageman GS, et al. (May 2000).

5320: 4692: 4410:"Oxidative stress, innate immunity, and age-related macular degeneration" 4240: 3606: 3589: 3387: 3343: 3326: 2842: 2825: 2631: 2523: 2035: 1248: 1200: 1182: 1178: 1155: 1151: 1131: 1070: 1054: 1034: 1012: 961: 899: 821: 568: 274: 221: 144: 90: 6563:

was created from a revision of this article dated 19 July 2005

6382: 5825: 3371:"Complement C3 Variant and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 2691: 1061:

supplementation. Advanced-stage AMD is managed based on the presence of

957:

test like Pelli Robson performed either at home or by an eye specialist.

438:

responsible for the early steps (including the first step, formation of

406:. Advanced age is the strongest predictor of AMD, particularly over 50. 8150: 8113: 8037: 8025: 7969: 7930: 7751: 7641: 7000: 6865: 6279: 5634:"Surgery for cataracts in people with age-related macular degeneration" 5632:

Casparis H, Lindsley K, Kuo IC, Sikder S, Bressler NM (February 2017).

5113: 5051: 4225:"Dementia of the eye: the role of amyloid beta in retinal degeneration" 3226:"Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration" 2593:"Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: a review of association" 2315: 2104: 1590: 1196: 1110: 535: 443: 285: 5948:"Age-related macular degeneration - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment" 5216:"FDA Approves New Drug Treatment for Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 5168:

Heidary F, Hitam WH, Ngah NF, George TM, Hashim H, Shatriah I (2011).

4408:

X Shaw P, Stiles T, Douglas C, Ho D, Fan W, Du H, et al. (2016).

2724:

Dasari B, Prasanthi JR, Marwarha G, Singh BB, Ghribi O (August 2011).

938:

Diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration depends on signs in the

857:

damage: Geographic atrophy and Wet AMD (also called Neovascular AMD).

8201: 8175: 8049: 7995: 7983: 7868: 7863: 7848: 7844: 7382: 7080: 7057: 6870: 6817: 6812: 6789: 6690: 1535: 1496: 1322: 1278: 1191: 1163: 1094: 1086: 903: 687: 505: 297: 229: 74: 5609: 5590: 1475:

may be used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration caused by

579:

three loci where identified gene variants are found are designated:

8240: 8005: 7539: 7342: 6973: 5460:

Lindsley K, Li T, Ssemanda E, Virgili G, Dickersin K (April 2016).

4075: 3880: 3423: 3295: 3047: 717: 639: 604: 524: 446: 383: 305: 248: 3972:

Inflammation and Retinal Disease: Complement Biology and Pathology

8067: 8010: 7552: 7359: 7290: 7260: 7250: 6857: 6509:", Macular Society. (notable for doing the voice of Wallace from 5974:"Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: review and update" 4675:

Faes L, Bodmer NS, Bachmann LM, Thiel MA, Schmid MK (July 2014).

3628: 1234: 1222: 817: 789: 710: 706: 494: 450: 354:

Slow recovery of visual function after exposure to bright light (

348: 277: 5508: 4565: 1037:

in the eye, hard exudates, subretinal/sub-RPE/intraretinal fluid

792:. This accumulation is believed to damage the retina over time. 737:

gene though destabilization of its mRNA through deletion of the

479:

was significantly associated with an increased risk of late AMD.

292:

may slow the progression in those who already have the disease.

8170: 7072: 7049: 6769: 6618: 6591: 5683:"Radiotherapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration" 5044: 4459:"Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration" 4456: 4274: 2590: 1974:

Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology

1443: 1106: 1098: 1040: 964:, some straight lines appear wavy and some patches appear blank 809: 802: 781: 777: 671: 439: 431: 255: 244: 137: 57: 4812:"Aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration" 4061: 3280: 2957: 1850:

Mehta S (September 2015). "Age-Related Macular Degeneration".

1437: 500:

Fat intake: Consuming high amounts of certain fats, including

8142: 6082: 3694: 1082: 765: 749: 742: 733: 650: 5351: 5258: 4888:(Press release). Apellis Pharmaceuticals. 17 February 2023. 4809: 4163: 4104: 3862: 3821: 3743: 3695:

Mullins RF, Russell SR, Anderson DH, Hageman GS (May 2000).

3409: 3032: 2958:

Arunkumar R, Calvo CM, Conrady CD, Bernstein PS (May 2018).

2723: 1970:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Scientometric Analysis" 1015:

can visualize the leakage of bloodstream behind the macula.

583:

Complement Factor H (CFH) on chromosome 1 at location 1q31.3

555:

The list of genetic variations association with AMD include

7222: 6784: 5392: 5087: 3324: 2913: 2097: 1967: 1090: 664: 4569:

Age-related macular degeneration: diagnosis and management

3587: 336:

Other signs and symptoms of macular degeneration include:

6132: 6026:

Coleman HR, Chan CC, Ferris FL, Chew EY (November 2008).

5631: 5459: 1524: 1130:

Further information on the investigational new drug:

6310: 5745: 5681:

Evans JR, Igwe C, Jackson TL, Chong V (26 August 2020).

4600: 3968: 3911: 3223: 2864: 2826:"Abdominal obesity and age-related macular degeneration" 2823: 2437: 1538:

the AI model predicted the development more accurately.

426:

In Caucasian (White) skin, there is a specific group of

6460:

Judi Dench 'can't read any more due to failing eyesight

4674: 2438:

Deangelis MM, Silveira AC, Carr EA, Kim IK (May 2011).

2382: 780:(buildup of extracellular proteins and lipids), in the 402:

Key risk factors are age, race/ethnicity, smoking, and

5167: 4407: 4222: 4010: 808:

AMD-like pathology begins with small yellow deposits (

709:) form, drusen accumulates between the retina and the 634:(encoding a secreted serine protease), was identified. 6403: 6025: 5680: 5435:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration PPP – Updated 2015" 2312: 2201:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration PPP – Updated 2015" 1577:

or any other condition affecting the macula, such as

430:(with single nucleotide alterations) that encode for 60:

showing intermediate age-related macular degeneration

6596: 5302: 4594: 4505: 3509: 3368: 1610: 1297:, and TV systems that enlarge the reading material. 1290:

obtained from a state department of rehabilitation.

1085:. The specific vitamins and minerals in AREDS-1 are 418:

AMD by race and age from National Eye Institute data

7771: 6313:"Vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease" 5848:"Agencies, Centers, Organizations, & Societies" 5174:

Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus

5147:"Novartis challenges UK Avastin use in eye disease" 4944:(Press release). Astellas Pharma Inc. 4 August 2023 4223:Ratnayaka JA, Serpell LC, Lotery AJ (August 2015). 727:A powerful predictor of AMD is found on chromosome 490:: Elevated cholesterol may increase the risk of AMD 328:

The same view with age-related macular degeneration

4309: 2774: 2258: 2256: 1497:RPE, L-DOPA and Melanin in amelioration of wet AMD 623:in the C3 gene, which is a central protein of the 16:Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye 7716:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION) 5850:. Mdsupport.org. 1 September 2005. Archived from 5138: 4852: 3563:"Gene discovery may help hunt for blindness cure" 8262: 3594:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2638:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2555: 5752:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5144: 4358: 3452: 2504: 2488:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Tables" 2253: 2016: 567:, DNA excision repair protein, and age-related 6261: 5905: 4754: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 3794: 3318: 2078:"Risk Factors for Macular Degeneration - AMDF" 1918: 1738:"Facts About Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 1247:has also been used to treat wet AMD. The drug 453:synthesis pathway. Many of these enzymes and 216:), is a medical condition which may result in 6737: 6723: 6304: 6255: 6199: 5238:"FDA Approves Eylea for Macular Degeneration" 4270: 4268: 7790:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia 4860:"Syfovre- pegcetacoplan injection, solution" 4736:Bishop P. Age-related macular degeneration. 3274: 2549: 2498: 2431: 1481:. Scientists described an approach in which 461: 288:do not appear to affect the onset; however, 7118:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy 6777: 5638:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5560:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5557: 5515:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5094:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5016:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5013: 4816:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4764:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4717: 3171:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2584: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 1438:Association with other age-related diseases 516:are potentially protective. In particular, 6730: 6716: 5874:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 5822:"Low Vision Rehabilitation Delivery Model" 4265: 4157: 4098: 4011:Kunchithapautham K, Rohrer B (July 2011). 2262: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1654:Stem cell therapy for macular degeneration 1105:(15 mg). In the AREDS-2 formulation, 47: 6336: 6287: 6176: 6100: 6059: 5999: 5989: 5923: 5789: 5771: 5714: 5657: 5608: 5534: 5485: 5410: 5369: 5328: 5121: 5064: 4990: 4835: 4783: 4700: 4626: 4566:National Guideline Alliance (UK) (2018). 4531: 4482: 4433: 4376: 4327: 4248: 4199: 4189: 4140: 4130: 4038: 4028: 3937: 3888: 3839: 3771: 3761: 3712: 3664: 3654: 3605: 3560: 3478: 3386: 3342: 3249: 3200: 3182: 3105: 2983: 2931: 2890: 2841: 2800: 2751: 2741: 2700: 2690: 2649: 2608: 2532: 2522: 2463: 2125: 2052: 2034: 1993: 1944: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1813: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 265:injected into the eye or, less commonly, 6571:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 6554: 5625: 3364: 3362: 3164: 2775:Burgess S, Davey Smith G (August 2017). 2299: 1500: 1336: 1273: 929: 682: 413: 323: 315: 6262:Kay P, Yang YC, Paraoan L (July 2013). 5687:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5588: 5502: 5145:Copley C, Hirschler B (24 April 2012). 3000: 2907: 2244: 2229: 1925:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1783: 8263: 6021: 6019: 5226:from the original on 20 November 2015. 4972: 4805: 4803: 4750: 4748: 4746: 2378: 2376: 2374: 1838: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1675: 1525:Artificial intelligence for prediction 1177:A randomized control trial found that 1076: 497:is a risk factor, especially among men 333:and around the central visual field). 8227: 7623: 7026: 6755: 6711: 5901: 5899: 5884:from the original on 11 November 2009 5222:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 4892:from the original on 17 February 2023 4755:Lawrenson JG, Evans JR (April 2015). 4561: 4559: 3359: 3134: 3132: 2953: 2951: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 1849: 1748:from the original on 22 December 2015 869: 468:to have toxic effects on the retina." 409: 311: 7598:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy 5739: 5441:from the original on 21 October 2016 4463:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2075: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1787: 784:(a part of the retina), between the 351:, shadows or missing areas of vision 169:Exercising, eating well, not smoking 7721:non-arteritic anterior (NAION) 7558:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 6480:Joan bows out to a standing ovation 6158:"Transient editing catches the eye" 6016: 4800: 4743: 4017:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1760: 1269: 835: 512:, likely contributes to AMD, while 13: 7593:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis 6541: 6028:"Age-related macular degeneration" 5896: 5244:. 19 November 2011. Archived from 4556: 3129: 2948: 2351: 2277:10.1097/01.jaa.0000512227.85313.05 2150:"Age-related Macular Degeneration" 1886:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 1790:"Age-Related Macular Degeneration" 1489:by 63% without inducing undesired 1453: 1005:Preferential hyperacuity perimetry 920:vascular endothelial growth factor 678: 14: 8292: 8281:Visual disturbances and blindness 7321:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy 6522: 6469:", The Guardian, 23 February 2014 5157:from the original on 22 May 2013. 3012:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2401:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.10.008 2207:. 29 January 2015. Archived from 2205:American Academy of Ophthalmology 2152:. 22 October 2013. Archived from 1903: 1467: 1219:American Academy of Ophthalmology 760:, cholesterol ester transferase, 593: 7426:Central retinal artery occlusion 6553: 6492: 6472: 6452: 6397: 6363: 6353: 6329:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.05.001 6193: 6150: 6125: 6076: 5965: 5940: 3680: 3098:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.6072 3008:"Are Computer Glasses Worth It?" 2830:American Journal of Epidemiology 1649:Gene therapy of the human retina 1644:Gene therapy for color blindness 1613: 1584: 1329:books with both text and audio. 1300:Computer screen readers such as 206:age-related macular degeneration 42:Age-related macular degeneration 8271:Disorders of choroid and retina 7431:Branch retinal artery occlusion 7160:Terrien's marginal degeneration 5866: 5840: 5824:. Mdsupport.org. Archived from 5814: 5674: 5582: 5551: 5453: 5427: 5386: 5345: 5296: 5252: 5230: 5208: 5161: 5081: 5038: 5007: 4966: 4956: 4934: 4912:"Novel Drug Approvals for 2023" 4904: 4878: 4668: 4643: 4499: 4450: 4401: 4352: 4303: 4216: 4055: 4004: 3962: 3905: 3856: 3815: 3788: 3737: 3688: 3622: 3581: 3554: 3503: 3446: 3403: 3375:New England Journal of Medicine 3217: 3158: 3026: 2883:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.130 2858: 2817: 2768: 2717: 2679:Clinical Interventions in Aging 2666: 2625: 2505:Markiewicz E, Idowu OC (2020). 2480: 2238: 2223: 2193: 2168: 2142: 1794:New England Journal of Medicine 1493:or anti-Cas9 immune responses. 1332: 988:Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test 397: 8228: 7461:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy 7421:Central retinal vein occlusion 7150:Pellucid marginal degeneration 6500:Patrons of the Macular Society 5699:10.1002/14651858.cd004004.pub4 5650:10.1002/14651858.CD006757.pub4 5568:10.1002/14651858.CD004763.pub2 5527:10.1002/14651858.CD006537.pub3 5106:10.1002/14651858.CD011230.pub2 5024:10.1002/14651858.cd004763.pub2 4828:10.1002/14651858.cd011346.pub2 4776:10.1002/14651858.cd010015.pub3 3561:Hirschler B (7 October 2008). 2091: 2069: 2017:Vyawahare H, Shinde P (2022). 2010: 1961: 1937:10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub5 1878: 1541: 1069:) inhibitors. Daily use of an 195:8.7% global prevalence in 2020 1: 7514:Vitelliform macular dystrophy 7405:Posterior vitreous detachment 7271:Persistent pupillary membrane 6206:Nature Biomedical Engineering 6165:Nature Biomedical Engineering 6044:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61759-6 5925:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1 5066:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61501-9 2570:10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00694-1 2511:Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2329:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60282-7 2118:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4 1668: 1552:Vitelliform macular dystrophy 1342:Disability-adjusted life year 1047: 1011:In wet macular degeneration, 812:) in the macula, between the 520:may decrease the risk of AMD. 8001:Leber's congenital amaurosis 7912:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia 7624: 7603:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease 7588:Persistent fetal vasculature 7519:Leber's congenital amaurosis 6489:", The Guardian, 13 May 2014 5596:Health Technology Assessment 5478:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.004 5186:10.3928/01913913-20110308-02 4992:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.12.031 4918:Food and Drug Administration 4619:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.09.041 4289:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.036 3980:10.1007/978-1-4419-5635-4_10 3656:10.1371/journal.pone.0002091 2793:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.03.042 2456:10.3109/08820538.2011.577129 1487:choroidal neovascularization 1231:choroidal neovascularisation 1146: 1125: 1063:choroidal neovascularization 1023: 994:Optical coherence tomography 925: 908:choroidal neovascularization 827: 273:may slow worsening. Dietary 7: 6800:Meibomian gland dysfunction 1606: 1432: 851: 674:molecule, predicts wet AMD. 542: 19:For the advanced form, see 10: 8297: 7524:Birdshot chorioretinopathy 7498:Central serous retinopathy 7316:Focal choroidal excavation 7189:Corneal neovascularization 7006:Subconjunctival hemorrhage 6756: 6218:10.1038/s41551-020-00656-y 6178:10.1038/s41551-021-00695-z 5412:10.1016/j.oret.2021.05.002 4900:– via GlobeNewswire. 4524:10.1016/j.oret.2019.01.024 4378:10.1016/j.oret.2021.03.008 4329:10.1016/j.oret.2019.12.011 2933:10.1001/archopht.125.5.671 1579:central serous retinopathy 1511:retinal pigment epithelium 1473:CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing 1129: 971:, at least 2 lines decline 894: 873: 860: 814:retinal pigment epithelium 786:retinal pigment epithelium 700:retinal pigment epithelium 637:Six mutations of the gene 571:susceptibility protein 2. 565:fibroblast growth factor 2 18: 8236: 8223: 8194: 8141: 8106: 8066: 7991: 7978: 7929: 7907:Convergence insufficiency 7894: 7835: 7803: 7780: 7750: 7691: 7649: 7636: 7632: 7619: 7548:Primary juvenile glaucoma 7532: 7393:Cytomegalovirus retinitis 7373: 7333: 7289: 7230: 7221: 7071: 7048: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7022: 6964: 6926: 6893: 6856: 6808: 6768: 6764: 6751: 6742:Diseases of the human eye 6670: 6600: 6422:10.1038/s41591-020-0867-7 6171:(2): 127. February 2021. 5912:The Lancet. Global Health 5878:World Health Organization 5358:Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 5274:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.05.026 4475:10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8 4426:10.3934/molsci.2016.2.196 3565:. Reuters. Archived from 3184:10.3389/fcell.2020.591067 2976:10.1038/s41433-018-0044-0 2920:Archives of Ophthalmology 2871:Archives of Ophthalmology 2444:Seminars in Ophthalmology 1864:10.1016/j.pop.2015.05.009 1788:Apte RS (5 August 2021). 1557:Sorsby's fundus dystrophy 1529:Research is exploring if 771: 752:), suggesting a role for 462:Environment and lifestyle 191: 173: 165: 153: 143: 128: 124:Early, intermediate, late 120: 112: 100: 80: 64: 55: 46: 38: 33: 7417:Ocular ischemic syndrome 5978:Journal of Ophthalmology 4952:– via PR Newswire. 3331:Human Molecular Genetics 7917:One and a half syndrome 7671:Foster Kennedy syndrome 6102:10.1096/fasebj.14.7.835 5773:10.1073/pnas.2022751118 4191:10.1073/pnas.0912019107 4132:10.1073/pnas.0912702107 4030:10.1074/jbc.M110.214593 3939:10.1126/science.1110359 3763:10.1073/pnas.0501536102 3714:10.1096/fasebj.14.7.835 3532:10.1126/science.1133807 3480:10.1126/science.1133811 3251:10.1126/science.1110189 3165:Tong Y, Wang S (2020). 3140:"Understanding Wet AMD" 2743:10.1186/1471-2415-11-22 2389:Survey of Ophthalmology 2180:nandhanaeyehospital.com 2176:"Nandhana Eye Hospital" 1531:artificial intelligence 1483:engineered lentiviruses 1017:Fluorescein angiography 766:ATP-binding cassette A1 180:injected into the eye, 8156:Argyll Robertson pupil 6956:Periorbital cellulitis 6549: 6529:Listen to this article 5309:Transl Vis Sci Technol 4414:AIMS Molecular Science 3841:10.1001/jama.296.3.301 2610:10.1038/sj.eye.6701978 2492:National Eye Institute 1742:National Eye Institute 1506: 1425: 1286: 1168:intravitreal injection 935: 722:complement component 3 691: 419: 329: 321: 8129:Scintillating scotoma 7795:Kearns–Sayre syndrome 7738:Toxic and nutritional 7711:posterior (PION) 7194:Kayser–Fleischer ring 6548: 6133:"EYE-RISK - EYE-RISK" 5371:10.1167/iovs.17-21878 2651:10.1167/iovs.12-10192 2247:Marlowe & Company 2232:Marlowe & Company 1806:10.1056/NEJMcp2102061 1504: 1340: 1319:Accessible publishing 1277: 1113:(2 mg) replaced 933: 796:, which builds up in 686: 645:hereditary angioedema 455:transcription factors 436:transcription factors 417: 327: 319: 234:Visual hallucinations 224:in the center of the 107:Visual hallucinations 93:in the center of the 7902:Conjugate gaze palsy 7773:Paralytic strabismus 7706:anterior (AION) 7488:Retinitis pigmentosa 7483:Macular degeneration 7256:Intermediate uveitis 7172:Keratoconjunctivitis 6588:Macular degeneration 6580:More spoken articles 5321:10.1167/tvst.10.7.30 5242:www.medpagetoday.com 4693:10.1038/eye.2014.104 4512:Ophthalmology Retina 4241:10.1038/eye.2015.100 3607:10.1167/iovs.08-2646 3388:10.1056/NEJMoa072618 2524:10.2147/CCID.S245043 2076:AMDF (18 May 2016). 2036:10.7759/cureus.29583 1461:anti-VEGF medication 1245:Photodynamic therapy 955:contrast sensitivity 754:extracellular matrix 690:cross-sectional view 670:such as that in the 514:monounsaturated fats 373:contrast sensitivity 271:photodynamic therapy 263:anti-VEGF medication 202:Macular degeneration 186:photodynamic therapy 178:Anti-VEGF medication 34:Macular degeneration 8207:Childhood blindness 8186:Parinaud's syndrome 7756:Extraocular muscles 7544:Ocular hypertension 7508:Epiretinal membrane 7493:Retinal haemorrhage 7348:Congenital cataract 6383:10.3310/alert_42401 5991:10.1155/2013/895147 5764:2021PNAS..11822751F 4655:myhealth.alberta.ca 4182:2010PNAS..107.7395N 4123:2010PNAS..107.7401C 3930:2005Sci...308..419H 3647:2008PLoSO...3.2091C 3524:2006Sci...314..989D 3471:2006Sci...314..992Y 3242:2005Sci...308..421E 2692:10.2147/cia.s142685 2211:on 13 November 2018 1659:epiretinal membrane 1571:epiretinal membrane 1563:Stargardt's disease 1448:Alzheimer's disease 1422: more than 240 1356: less than 100 1308:work with standard 1077:Dietary supplements 1033:Exudative changes: 816:and the underlying 798:Alzheimer's disease 788:and the underlying 518:omega-3 fatty acids 510:omega-6 fatty acids 493:Obesity: Abdominal 473:high blood pressure 290:dietary supplements 7733:Leber's hereditary 7400:Retinal detachment 7353:Childhood cataract 7165:Post-LASIK ectasia 6946:Orbital cellulitis 6895:Lacrimal apparatus 6671:External resources 6550: 6512:Wallace and Gromit 6505:2013-02-08 at the 6485:2016-04-20 at the 6465:2016-10-19 at the 6317:Prog Retin Eye Res 6280:10.1111/jcmm.12070 5828:on 7 November 2010 5758:(6): e2022751118. 4973:Nguyen QD (2020). 4866:. 23 February 2023 4738:BMJ Best Practice. 3569:on 11 October 2008 3344:10.1093/hmg/ddq399 3144:EverydayHealth.com 3086:JAMA Ophthalmology 2843:10.1093/aje/kwr005 2156:on 22 October 2013 1507: 1426: 1295:electronic glasses 1287: 1141:avacincaptad pegol 976:Fundus photography 936: 881:Geographic atrophy 876:Geographic atrophy 870:Geographic atrophy 762:lipoprotein lipase 692: 557:complement factors 420: 410:Race and ethnicity 382:trauma, untreated 330: 322: 312:Signs and symptoms 21:Geographic atrophy 8258: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8161:Marcus Gunn pupil 8137: 8136: 8058:Visual impairment 7925: 7924: 7831: 7830: 7818:Fourth-nerve (IV) 7746: 7745: 7683:Optic disc drusen 7615: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7329: 7328: 7217: 7216: 7123:Corneal dystrophy 7018: 7017: 7014: 7013: 6889: 6888: 6705: 6704: 6546: 6038:(9652): 1835–45. 5952:BMJ Best Practice 5603:(9): v–vi, 1–98. 5399:Ophthalmol Retina 5364:(10): 4173–4181. 5059:(9900): 1258–67. 4365:Ophthalmol Retina 4316:Ophthalmol Retina 3989:978-1-4419-5634-7 2730:BMC Ophthalmology 2323:(9827): 1728–38. 2112:(9995): 743–800. 1639:Visual impairment 1442:Studies indicate 1172:laser coagulation 1109:(10 mg) and 982:electroretinogram 625:complement system 601:complement system 428:polymorphic genes 267:laser coagulation 199: 198: 182:laser coagulation 155:Diagnostic method 149:Genetics, smoking 28:Medical condition 8288: 8225: 8224: 7989: 7988: 7980:Vision disorders 7939:Refractive error 7881:Brown's syndrome 7837:Other strabismus 7823:Sixth-nerve (VI) 7813:Oculomotor (III) 7785:Ophthalmoparesis 7778: 7777: 7769: 7768: 7760:Binocular vision 7693:Optic neuropathy 7659:optic papillitis 7647: 7646: 7634: 7633: 7621: 7620: 7510:(Macular pucker) 7228: 7227: 7209:Band keratopathy 7046: 7045: 7037: 7036: 7024: 7023: 6951:Orbital lymphoma 6838:Blepharophimosis 6828:Blepharochalasis 6775: 6774: 6766: 6765: 6753: 6752: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6598: 6597: 6570: 6568: 6557: 6556: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6530: 6516: 6496: 6490: 6476: 6470: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6340: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6291: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6180: 6162: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6104: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6063: 6023: 6014: 6013: 6003: 5993: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5927: 5903: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5793: 5775: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5718: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5661: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5612: 5589:Meads C (2003). 5586: 5580: 5579: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5521:(10): CD006537. 5506: 5500: 5499: 5489: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5373: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5332: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5068: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4922:. 18 August 2023 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4839: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4761: 4752: 4741: 4734: 4715: 4714: 4704: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4630: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4535: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4486: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4437: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4380: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4331: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4193: 4176:(16): 7395–400. 4161: 4155: 4154: 4144: 4134: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4042: 4032: 4023:(27): 23717–24. 4008: 4002: 4001: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3941: 3924:(5720): 419–21. 3909: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3843: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3797:Molecular Vision 3792: 3786: 3785: 3775: 3765: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3716: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3668: 3658: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3518:(5801): 989–92. 3507: 3501: 3500: 3482: 3465:(5801): 992–93. 3450: 3444: 3443: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3346: 3337:(23): 4694–704. 3322: 3316: 3315: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3253: 3236:(5720): 421–24. 3221: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3186: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3136: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3109: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2804: 2787:(8): 1165–1174. 2772: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2745: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2704: 2694: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2653: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2526: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2467: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2380: 2349: 2348: 2310: 2297: 2296: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2056: 2038: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1997: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1948: 1916: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1847: 1836: 1835: 1817: 1785: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1734: 1634:Macula of retina 1623: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1491:off-target edits 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1270:Adaptive devices 1212:treat-and-extend 1101:(2 mg) and 960:When viewing an 916:Bruch's membrane 912:choriocapillaris 836:Intermediate AMD 561:apolipoprotein E 488:High cholesterol 423:factor for AMD. 356:photostress test 341:Distorted vision 236:may also occur. 204:, also known as 51: 31: 30: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8250: 8232: 8211: 8190: 8133: 8102: 8062: 8016:Color blindness 7982: 7974: 7921: 7895:Other binocular 7890: 7827: 7799: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7742: 7687: 7640: 7628: 7607: 7563:Ocular hypotony 7528: 7388:Chorioretinitis 7369: 7325: 7309:Chorioretinitis 7285: 7266:Rubeosis iridis 7244: 7213: 7184:Corneal opacity 7140:Corneal ectasia 7067: 7031: 7010: 6996:Pseudopterygium 6960: 6922: 6885: 6852: 6848:Ankyloblepharon 6804: 6760: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6696:article/1223154 6666: 6665: 6609: 6584: 6583: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6561:This audio file 6558: 6551: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6520: 6519: 6507:Wayback Machine 6497: 6493: 6487:Wayback Machine 6477: 6473: 6467:Wayback Machine 6457: 6453: 6410:Nature Medicine 6402: 6398: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6309: 6305: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6198: 6194: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6081: 6077: 6024: 6017: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5904: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5854:on 11 June 2011 5846: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5744: 5740: 5693:(8): CD004004. 5679: 5675: 5644:(2): CD006757. 5630: 5626: 5610:10.3310/hta7090 5587: 5583: 5562:(3): CD004763. 5556: 5552: 5507: 5503: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5391: 5387: 5350: 5346: 5301: 5297: 5262:Am J Ophthalmol 5257: 5253: 5248:on 28 May 2013. 5236: 5235: 5231: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5166: 5162: 5143: 5139: 5100:(9): CD011230. 5086: 5082: 5043: 5039: 5018:(3): CD004763. 5012: 5008: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4822:(2): CD011346. 4808: 4801: 4770:(4): CD010015. 4759: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4718: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4599: 4595: 4580: 4564: 4557: 4504: 4500: 4455: 4451: 4406: 4402: 4357: 4353: 4308: 4304: 4273: 4266: 4221: 4217: 4162: 4158: 4117:(16): 7401–06. 4103: 4099: 4064:Nature Genetics 4060: 4056: 4009: 4005: 3990: 3967: 3963: 3910: 3906: 3869:Nature Genetics 3861: 3857: 3820: 3816: 3793: 3789: 3756:(20): 7227–32. 3742: 3738: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3627: 3623: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3559: 3555: 3508: 3504: 3451: 3447: 3418:(10): 1200–01. 3412:Nature Genetics 3408: 3404: 3367: 3360: 3323: 3319: 3290:(10): 1173–77. 3284:Nature Genetics 3279: 3275: 3222: 3218: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3078: 3071: 3036:Nature Genetics 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3014:. 27 April 2017 3006: 3005: 3001: 2970:(5): 992–1004. 2956: 2949: 2912: 2908: 2877:(11): 1483–93. 2863: 2859: 2836:(11): 1246–55. 2822: 2818: 2773: 2769: 2722: 2718: 2671: 2667: 2630: 2626: 2589: 2585: 2554: 2550: 2503: 2499: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2436: 2432: 2381: 2352: 2311: 2300: 2261: 2254: 2243: 2239: 2228: 2224: 2214: 2212: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2015: 2011: 1966: 1962: 1931:(9): CD000254. 1917: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1848: 1839: 1786: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1736: 1735: 1676: 1671: 1621:Medicine portal 1619: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1587: 1544: 1527: 1499: 1470: 1456: 1454:Genetic testing 1440: 1435: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1335: 1272: 1237:outside of the 1225:outside of the 1187:Cochrane review 1149: 1134: 1128: 1089:(500 mg), 1079: 1050: 1026: 967:When viewing a 928: 897: 878: 872: 863: 854: 838: 830: 774: 739:polyadenylation 681: 679:Pathophysiology 596: 576:genetic testing 549:Genetic linkage 545: 483:Atherosclerosis 464: 412: 400: 343:in the form of 314: 160:Eye examination 58:back of the eye 56:Picture of the 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8294: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8246:Onchocerciasis 8243: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8098:Quadrantanopia 8095: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8072: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8047: 8046: 8045: 8043:Oguchi disease 8035: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7935: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7886:Duane syndrome 7883: 7878: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7856: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7766: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7697: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7654:Optic neuritis 7650: 7644: 7630: 7629: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7583:Phthisis bulbi 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:Coats' disease 7463: 7458: 7456:of prematurity 7453: 7448: 7443: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7379: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7365:Ectopia lentis 7362: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7339: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7301: 7295: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7223:Vascular tunic 7219: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7106:Photokeratitis 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7077: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7043: 7033: 7032: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6979:Conjunctivitis 6976: 6970: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6913:Dacryocystitis 6910: 6905: 6903:Dacryoadenitis 6899: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6762: 6761: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6687: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6652: 6641: 6626: 6610: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601:Classification 6595: 6594: 6573: 6559: 6552: 6540: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523:External links 6521: 6518: 6517: 6491: 6471: 6451: 6416:(6): 892–899. 6396: 6362: 6352: 6303: 6268:J Cell Mol Med 6254: 6192: 6149: 6137:www.eyerisk.eu 6124: 6075: 6015: 5964: 5939: 5918:(2): e106–16. 5895: 5865: 5839: 5813: 5738: 5673: 5624: 5581: 5550: 5501: 5452: 5426: 5405:(7): 604–624. 5385: 5344: 5295: 5251: 5229: 5207: 5160: 5137: 5080: 5037: 5006: 4965: 4955: 4933: 4903: 4877: 4851: 4799: 4742: 4716: 4667: 4642: 4593: 4579:978-1473127876 4578: 4555: 4498: 4469:(9): 1765–86. 4449: 4420:(2): 196–221. 4400: 4351: 4322:(6): 568–575. 4302: 4264: 4235:(8): 1013–26. 4215: 4156: 4097: 4076:10.1038/ng.170 4054: 4003: 3988: 3961: 3904: 3881:10.1038/ng1871 3875:(9): 1049–54. 3855: 3814: 3787: 3736: 3687: 3621: 3600:(6): 2966–74. 3580: 3553: 3502: 3445: 3424:10.1038/ng2131 3402: 3358: 3317: 3296:10.1038/ng1890 3273: 3216: 3157: 3146:. 10 June 2022 3128: 3092:(3): 252–260. 3069: 3048:10.1038/ng1873 3042:(9): 1055–59. 3025: 2999: 2947: 2906: 2857: 2816: 2767: 2716: 2665: 2644:(3): 1905–12. 2624: 2583: 2564:(1–2): 49–62. 2548: 2497: 2479: 2430: 2395:(2): 378–401. 2350: 2298: 2252: 2237: 2222: 2192: 2167: 2141: 2090: 2068: 2009: 1960: 1902: 1877: 1837: 1800:(6): 539–547. 1759: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1663:macular pucker 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1596:Joan Plowright 1593: 1586: 1583: 1575:macular pucker 1567: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1543: 1540: 1526: 1523: 1498: 1495: 1469: 1468:Genome editing 1466: 1455: 1452: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1334: 1331: 1271: 1268: 1148: 1145: 1139:(Syfovre) and 1127: 1124: 1093:(80 mg), 1078: 1075: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1009: 998: 997: 991: 985: 978: 972: 965: 958: 951: 927: 924: 896: 893: 874:Main article: 871: 868: 862: 859: 853: 850: 837: 834: 829: 826: 773: 770: 758:hepatic lipase 680: 677: 676: 675: 658: 648: 635: 628: 595: 594:Specific genes 592: 591: 590: 587: 584: 544: 541: 540: 539: 532:digital screen 528: 521: 502:saturated fats 498: 491: 485: 480: 477:pulse pressure 471:Hypertension ( 469: 463: 460: 411: 408: 404:family history 399: 396: 379: 378: 375: 369: 366: 362: 359: 352: 345:metamorphopsia 313: 310: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 175: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 157: 151: 150: 147: 141: 140: 132:Damage to the 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 104: 98: 97: 84: 78: 77: 68: 62: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 40: 36: 35: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8293: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8166:Adie syndrome 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8021:Achromatopsia 8019: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7961:Anisometropia 7959: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7764:Accommodation 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7678:Optic atrophy 7676: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7578:Keratomycosis 7576: 7574: 7573:Globe rupture 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7503:Macular edema 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7412:Retinoschisis 7410: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7299:Choroideremia 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7276:Iridodialysis 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204:Arcus senilis 7202: 7200: 7199:Haab's striae 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113:Corneal ulcer 7111: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091:acanthamoebic 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7041:Fibrous tunic 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6918:Xerophthalmia 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6823:Lagophthalmos 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6562: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6475: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6375:NIHR Evidence 6372: 6366: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6323:(4): 331–71. 6322: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6274:(7): 833–43. 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6212:(2): 144–56. 6211: 6207: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6153: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6095:(7): 835–46. 6094: 6090: 6089:FASEB Journal 6086: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6020: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472:(4): 884–97. 5471: 5467: 5466:Ophthalmology 5463: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5180:(6): e19-22. 5179: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4985:(7): 963–76. 4984: 4980: 4979:Ophthalmology 4976: 4969: 4959: 4943: 4937: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4804: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4739: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4687:(7): 788–96. 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4656: 4652: 4651:"Amsler grid" 4646: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4613:(2): 344–51. 4612: 4608: 4607:Ophthalmology 4604: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4562: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4518:(6): 478–88. 4517: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283:(4): 844–51. 4282: 4278: 4277:Ophthalmology 4271: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070:(7): 892–96. 4069: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3834:(3): 301–09. 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3707:(7): 835–46. 3706: 3702: 3701:FASEB Journal 3698: 3691: 3683: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3584: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3381:(6): 553–61. 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2926:(5): 671–79. 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781:Ophthalmology 2778: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2603:(9): 935–44. 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2226: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2094: 2079: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2029:(9): e29583. 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858:(3): 377–91. 1857: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1747: 1744:. June 2015. 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:Ophthalmology 1627: 1626: 1622: 1611: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585:Notable cases 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1503: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1465: 1462: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1430: 1416: 226–240 1410: 212–226 1404: 198–212 1398: 184–198 1392: 170–184 1386: 156–170 1380: 142–156 1374: 128–142 1368: 114–128 1362: 100–114 1350: no data 1343: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1285:desktop unit. 1284: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137:Pegcetacoplan 1133: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1115:beta-carotene 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103:beta-carotene 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 979: 977: 973: 970: 969:Snellen chart 966: 963: 959: 956: 952: 948: 947: 946: 943: 941: 932: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 892: 888: 884: 882: 877: 867: 858: 849: 846: 841: 833: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 735: 730: 725: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 703: 701: 695: 689: 685: 673: 669: 668:polymorphisms 666: 662: 661:Mitochondrial 659: 656: 652: 649: 646: 642: 641: 636: 633: 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 597: 588: 585: 582: 581: 580: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 550: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 496: 492: 489: 486: 484: 481: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465: 459: 456: 452: 448: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 416: 407: 405: 395: 391: 387: 385: 376: 374: 370: 367: 363: 360: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 339: 338: 337: 334: 326: 320:Normal vision 318: 309: 307: 303: 302:preterm birth 299: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 257: 252: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 194: 190: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 158: 156: 152: 148: 146: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108: 105: 103: 102:Complications 99: 96: 92: 88: 85: 83: 79: 76: 72: 71:Ophthalmology 69: 67: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 8056: / 8052: / 8031:Monochromacy 7963: / 7859:Heterophoria 7847: / 7546: / 7542: / 7482: 7446:hypertensive 7419: / 7240:Ciliary body 7155:Keratoglobus 7063:Episcleritis 6941:Enophthalmos 6936:Exophthalmos 6881:Trichomegaly 6876:Distichiasis 6778:Inflammation 6689: 6678: 6654: 6643: 6628: 6613: 6510: 6494: 6474: 6454: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6374: 6365: 6355: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6245:. 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Retrieved 3011: 3002: 2967: 2963: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2450:(3): 77–93. 2447: 2443: 2433: 2392: 2388: 2320: 2314: 2271:(3): 18–22. 2268: 2264: 2246: 2240: 2231: 2225: 2213:. Retrieved 2209:the original 2204: 2195: 2183:. Retrieved 2179: 2170: 2158:. Retrieved 2154:the original 2144: 2109: 2103: 2093: 2081:. Retrieved 2071: 2026: 2022: 2012: 1980:(2): 39–49. 1977: 1973: 1963: 1928: 1924: 1893:. Retrieved 1889: 1880: 1855: 1852:Primary Care 1851: 1797: 1793: 1750:. Retrieved 1741: 1601:Peter Sallis 1568: 1545: 1536:optometrists 1528: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1477: 1471: 1457: 1441: 1427: 1333:Epidemiology 1317: 1314: 1299: 1292: 1288: 1264:L1 (protein) 1261: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1176: 1160:brolucizumab 1150: 1135: 1120: 1080: 1051: 999: 944: 937: 898: 889: 885: 879: 864: 855: 842: 839: 831: 807: 794:Amyloid beta 775: 747: 732: 728: 726: 715: 707:nonexudative 705:In the dry ( 704: 696: 693: 654: 638: 631: 620: 616: 612: 608: 573: 554: 546: 523:Exposure to 425: 421: 401: 398:Risk factors 392: 388: 380: 335: 331: 294: 260: 253: 238: 226:visual field 213: 209: 205: 201: 200: 145:Risk factors 116:Older people 95:visual field 25: 8181:Cycloplegia 8124:Photophobia 8119:Hemeralopia 8076:Hemianopsia 8054:Vision loss 7965:Aniseikonia 7956:Astigmatism 7876:Cyclotropia 7854:Hypertropia 7666:Papilledema 7638:Optic nerve 7471:Sickle cell 7451:Purtscher's 7436:Retinopathy 7304:Choroiditis 7145:Keratoconus 6966:Conjunctiva 6843:Xanthelasma 6795:Blepharitis 6680:MedlinePlus 6515:until 2012) 6161:(Editorial) 5957:13 November 5888:11 November 5268:: 184–197. 5114:2434/273140 4896:18 February 4371:(1): 4–14. 3803:: 1536–42. 2685:: 1579–87. 2517:: 215–232. 2215:13 November 1752:21 December 1542:Other types 1249:verteporfin 1208:pro re nata 1201:aflibercept 1183:ranibizumab 1179:bevacizumab 1156:aflibercept 1152:Ranibizumab 1132:Tinlarebant 1071:Amsler grid 1055:antioxidant 1035:hemorrhages 1013:angiography 962:Amsler grid 900:Neovascular 822:cholesterol 569:maculopathy 286:carotenoids 275:antioxidant 113:Usual onset 39:Other names 8276:Senescence 8265:Categories 8230:Infections 8151:Anisocoria 8114:Asthenopia 8107:subjective 8091:homonymous 8086:bitemporal 8038:Nyctalopia 8026:Dichromacy 7970:Presbyopia 7931:Refraction 7752:Strabismus 7642:Optic disc 7001:Pinguecula 6866:Trichiasis 6656:DiseasesDB 6576:Audio help 6567:2005-07-19 6032:The Lancet 5984:: 895147. 5858:11 January 5832:11 January 5445:22 October 5052:The Lancet 3177:: 591067. 3121:3 February 3018:2 February 2316:The Lancet 2160:5 November 2105:The Lancet 1669:References 1591:Judi Dench 1323:audiobooks 1197:pegaptanib 1111:zeaxanthin 1097:(400 IU), 1048:Management 914:, through 824:deposits. 536:eye strain 506:trans fats 444:amino acid 371:A loss in 166:Prevention 8202:Nystagmus 8176:Mydriasis 8050:Blindness 7996:Amblyopia 7984:Blindness 7944:Hyperopia 7869:Exophoria 7864:Esophoria 7849:Exotropia 7845:Esotropia 7383:Retinitis 7081:Keratitis 7058:Scleritis 6991:Pterygium 6871:Madarosis 6818:Ectropion 6813:Entropion 6790:Chalazion 6691:eMedicine 6446:218682821 6430:1078-8956 6391:243121774 6242:230508724 6226:2157-846X 6052:0140-6736 5808:231761522 5782:0027-8424 5733:221326233 5707:1465-1858 5315:(7): 30. 5194:0191-3913 4948:25 August 4926:25 August 4387:2468-6530 4346:211263484 4092:205344383 3573:7 October 3193:2296-634X 2425:226274874 2409:0039-6257 2293:205396269 2045:2168-8184 1986:2322-4436 1832:236926930 1279:Josef Tal 1192:off-label 1174:therapy. 1164:faricimab 1095:vitamin E 1087:vitamin C 1024:Histology 980:Using an 926:Diagnosis 910:) in the 904:exudative 828:Early AMD 688:Human eye 663:-related 651:Fibulin-5 603:proteins 574:Although 449:) of the 442:from the 365:vessels). 298:cataracts 230:blindness 222:no vision 192:Frequency 174:Treatment 91:no vision 75:optometry 66:Specialty 8241:Trachoma 8006:Diplopia 7701:Ischemic 7626:Pathways 7540:Glaucoma 7441:diabetic 7343:Cataract 7281:Synechia 7133:Meesmann 7101:Exposure 7086:herpetic 6984:allergic 6974:Chemosis 6908:Epiphora 6578: · 6503:Archived 6483:Archived 6463:Archived 6438:32424211 6347:18653375 6298:23663427 6234:33398131 6187:33580230 6119:24601453 6111:10783137 6070:19027484 6010:24368940 5934:25104651 5882:Archived 5880:. 2009. 5800:33526699 5725:32844399 5668:28206671 5619:12709292 5576:17636773 5545:26493180 5496:26804762 5439:Archived 5421:33971352 5380:28837729 5339:34185055 5290:47012435 5282:29885297 5224:Archived 5202:21417187 5155:Archived 5132:25220133 5075:23870813 5032:17636773 5001:32107066 4890:Archived 4864:DailyMed 4846:26857947 4794:25856365 4711:24788016 4637:26522707 4588:29400919 4550:86851083 4542:31174669 4533:11402513 4493:26852158 4444:27239555 4395:33766801 4338:32088159 4297:23332590 4259:26088679 4210:20385826 4151:20385819 4084:18511946 4049:21566137 3998:20711712 3956:32716116 3948:15761120 3899:16936733 3850:16849663 3809:17167412 3782:15870199 3731:24601453 3723:10783137 3675:18461138 3635:PLOS ONE 3616:19151382 3548:85725181 3540:17053108 3497:19577378 3489:17053109 3432:17767156 3397:17634448 3353:20843825 3312:21178921 3304:16998489 3268:31337096 3260:15761121 3211:33330470 3116:35113155 3064:15830119 3056:16936732 2994:29576617 2942:17502507 2901:19901214 2852:21422060 2811:28456421 2762:21851605 2711:29042759 2660:23404120 2619:16151432 2578:11602344 2543:32210602 2474:21609220 2417:33157112 2345:25049931 2337:22559899 2285:28151737 2136:26063472 2063:36312607 2004:26060829 1955:37702300 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