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651:, forces tending to turn the ratchet one way are able to do so while forces in the other direction are not. A diode in a heat bath allows through currents in one direction and not the other. These schemes typically fail in two ways: either maintaining the unidirectionality costs energy (requiring Maxwell's demon to perform more thermodynamic work to gauge the speed of the molecules than the amount of energy gained by the difference of temperature caused) or the unidirectionality is an illusion and occasional big violations make up for the frequent small non-violations (the Brownian ratchet will be subject to internal Brownian forces and therefore will sometimes turn the wrong way).
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the top again. However, if the magnet is to be strong enough to pull the ball up the ramp, it cannot then be weak enough to allow gravity to pull it through the hole. Faced with this problem, more modern versions typically use a series of ramps and magnets, positioned so the ball is to be handed off from one magnet to another as it moves. The problem remains the same.
597:'s wheel in the 12th century, whose key idea is itself a recurring theme, often called the overbalanced wheel: moving weights are attached to a wheel in such a way that they fall to a position further from the wheel's center for one half of the wheel's rotation, and closer to the center for the other half. Since weights further from the center apply a greater
565:
601:, it was thought that the wheel would rotate forever. However, since the side with weights further from the center has fewer weights than the other side, at that moment, the torque is balanced and perpetual movement is not achieved. The moving weights may be hammers on pivoted arms, or rolling balls, or mercury in tubes; the principle is the same.
298:). The signature of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is that there is only one heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir. This conversion of heat into useful work, without any side effect, is impossible, according to the second law of thermodynamics.
765:
139:, were discovered in which, on a microscopic scale, the component atoms are in continual repetitive motion, thus satisfying the literal definition of "perpetual motion". However, these do not constitute perpetual motion machines in the traditional sense, or violate thermodynamic laws, because they are in their quantum
2320:
736:(ECLA) has classes including patent applications on perpetual motion systems: ECLA classes "F03B17/04: Alleged perpetua mobilia" and "F03B17/00B: (with closed loop circulation or similar : ... Installations wherein the liquid circulates in a closed loop; Alleged perpetua mobilia of this or similar kind".
705:
The filing of a patent application is a clerical task, and the USPTO will not refuse filings for perpetual motion machines; the application will be filed and then most probably rejected by the patent examiner, after he has done a formal examination. Even if a patent is granted, it does not mean that
440:
There is something lamentable, degrading, and almost insane in pursuing the visionary schemes of past ages with dogged determination, in paths of learning which have been investigated by superior minds, and with which such adventurous persons are totally unacquainted. The history of
Perpetual Motion
413:
The law that entropy always increases – the second law of thermodynamics – holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with
Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If
387:
The principles of thermodynamics are so well established, both theoretically and experimentally, that proposals for perpetual motion machines are universally dismissed by physicists. Any proposed perpetual motion design offers a potentially instructive challenge to physicists: one is certain that it
127:
Thus, machines that extract energy from finite sources cannot operate indefinitely because they are driven by the energy stored in the source, which will eventually be exhausted. A common example is devices powered by ocean currents, whose energy is ultimately derived from the Sun, which itself will
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would cause surrounding gas molecules to strike the paddles, but the ratchet would only allow it to turn in one direction. A more thorough analysis showed that when a physical ratchet was considered at this molecular scale, Brownian motion would also affect the ratchet and cause it to randomly fail
666:
is another frequently misunderstood phenomenon. Some proposed perpetual-motion machines miss the fact that to push a volume of air down in a fluid takes the same work as to raise a corresponding volume of fluid up against gravity. These types of machines may involve two chambers with pistons, and a
560:
was proposed by
Wilkins and has been widely copied since: it consists of a ramp with a magnet at the top, which pulled a metal ball up the ramp. Near the magnet was a small hole that was supposed to allow the ball to drop under the ramp and return to the bottom, where a flap allowed it to return to
592:
also acts at a distance, without an apparent energy source, but to get energy out of a gravitational field (for instance, by dropping a heavy object, producing kinetic energy as it falls) one has to put energy in (for instance, by lifting the object up), and some energy is always dissipated in the
994:
by the scientific community at large. Inventors have proposed various methods for extracting useful work from zero-point energy, but none have been found to be viable, no claims for extraction of zero-point energy have ever been validated by the scientific community, and there is no evidence that
627:
to eliminate air friction and friction from an axle. The levitated object is then free to rotate around its center of gravity without interference. However, this machine has no practical purpose because the rotated object cannot do any work as work requires the levitated object to cause motion in
157:
The history of perpetual motion machines dates back to the Middle Ages. For millennia, it was not clear whether perpetual motion devices were possible or not, until the development of modern theories of thermodynamics showed that they were impossible. Despite this, many attempts have been made to
748:), "perpetual motion" in the context of this article is better defined as a "perpetual motion machine" because a machine is a "A device that directs and controls energy, often in the form of movement or electricity, to produce a certain effect" whereas "motion" is simply movement (such as
56:
371:
Scientific investigations as to whether the laws of physics are invariant over time use telescopes to examine the universe in the distant past to discover, to the limits of our measurements, whether ancient stars were identical to stars today. Combining different measurements such as
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Machines that comply with both laws of thermodynamics by accessing energy from unconventional sources are sometimes referred to as perpetual motion machines, although they do not meet the standard criteria for the name. By way of example, clocks and other low-power machines, such as
54:
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mechanism to squeeze the air out of the top chamber into the bottom one, which then becomes buoyant and floats to the top. The squeezing mechanism in these designs would not be able to do enough work to move the air down, or would leave no excess work available to be extracted.
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applied in the statistical sense only, by postulating a "demon" that could select energetic molecules and extract their energy. Subsequent analysis (and experiment) have shown there is no way to physically implement such a system that does not result in an overall increase in
229:
The output work power of heat engines is always smaller than the input heating power. The rest of the heat energy supplied is wasted as heat to the ambient surroundings. The thermal efficiency therefore has a maximum, given by the Carnot efficiency, which is always less than
700:
A rejection on the ground of lack of utility includes the more specific grounds of inoperativeness, involving perpetual motion. A rejection under 35 U.S.C. 101 for lack of utility should not be based on grounds that the invention is frivolous, fraudulent or against public
414:
it is found to be contradicted by observation – well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation.
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Even machines that extract energy from long-lived sources - such as ocean currents - will run down when their energy sources inevitably do. They are not perpetual motion machines because they are consuming energy from an external source and are not isolated systems.
58:
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The "Float Belt". The yellow blocks indicate floaters. It was thought that the floaters would rise through the liquid and turn the belt. However, pushing the floaters into the water at the bottom takes as much energy as the floating generates, and some energy is
752:). Distinctions aside, on the macro scale, there are concepts and technical drafts that propose "perpetual motion", but on closer analysis it is revealed that they actually "consume" some sort of natural resource or latent energy, such as the phase changes of
55:
250:, have been designed to run on the differences in barometric pressure or temperature between night and day. These machines have a source of energy, albeit one which is not readily apparent, so that they only seem to violate the laws of thermodynamics.
687:
With the exception of cases involving perpetual motion, a model is not ordinarily required by the Office to demonstrate the operability of a device. If operability of a device is questioned, the applicant must establish it to the satisfaction of the
1250:
The device shown is a "mass leverage" device, where the spherical weights on the right have more leverage than those on the left, supposedly creating a perpetual rotation. However, there are a greater number of weights on the left, balancing the
367:
of physical laws. Therefore, if the laws of physics do not change with time, then the conservation of energy follows. For energy conservation to be violated to allow perpetual motion would require that the foundations of physics would change.
1948:
In short, law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Denying its validity would undermine not just little bits of science – the whole edifice would be no more. All of the technology on which we built the modern world would lie in
241:
Statements 2 and 3 apply to heat engines. Other types of engines that convert e.g. mechanical into electromagnetic energy, cannot operate with 100% efficiency, because it is impossible to design any system that is free of energy dissipation.
107:
apply regardless of the size of the system. For example, the motions and rotations of celestial bodies such as planets may appear perpetual, but are actually subject to many processes that slowly dissipate their kinetic energy, such as
408:
gave an adequate explanation for why it cannot work. However, during that twelve-year period scientists did not believe that the machine was possible. They were merely unaware of the exact mechanism by which it would inevitably fail.
289:
is a machine that spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. When the thermal energy is equivalent to the work done, this does not violate the law of conservation of energy. However, it does violate the more subtle
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appears to suggest that perpetual motion may be possible through accepted and understood physical processes. However, in all cases, a flaw has been found when all of the relevant physics is considered. Examples include:
1241:(bottom-center to top-right) to pump water to refill the tank. The rotary motion of the water wheel also drives two grinding wheels (bottom-right) and is shown as providing sufficient excess water to lubricate them.
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Processes or articles alleged to operate in a manner which is clearly contrary to well-established physical laws, such as perpetual motion machines, are regarded as not having industrial application.
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flows spontaneously from hotter to colder places; relevant here is that the law observes that in every macroscopic process, there is friction or something close to it; another statement is that no
519:
One day man will connect his apparatus to the very wheelwork of the universe and the very forces that motivate the planets in their orbits and cause them to rotate will rotate his own machinery.
53:
1180:, alleging that they are being hidden from the public by corporations or governments, who would lose economic control if a power source capable of producing energy cheaply was made available.
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magazine, on perpetual motion. Although scientists have established them to be impossible under the laws of physics, perpetual motion continues to capture the imagination of inventors.
313:). It is impossible to make such a machine, as dissipation can never be completely eliminated in a mechanical system, no matter how close a system gets to this ideal (see examples at
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As a perpetual motion machine can only be defined in a finite isolated system with discrete parameters, and since true isolated systems do not exist (among other things, due to
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formulation of the physical laws. This interpretation of the word "impossible" is what is intended in discussions of the impossibility of perpetual motion in a closed system.
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include a background energy which pervades empty space, known as vacuum or zero-point energy. The ability to harness zero-point energy for useful work is considered
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or other fluids or small natural temperature gradients, or simply cannot sustain indefinite operation. In general, extracting work from these devices is impossible.
392:
it fails to work. The difficulty (and the value) of such an exercise depends on the subtlety of the proposal; the best ones tend to arise from physicists' own
158:
create such machines, continuing into modern times. Modern designers and proponents often use other terms, such as "over unity", to describe their inventions.
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investigated the history of perpetual motion experiments, writing a vitriolic attack on those who continued to attempt what he believed to be impossible:
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Forays into 'free energy' inventions and perpetual-motion machines using ZPE are considered by the broader scientific community to be pseudoscience.
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arrives at the same level). Similarly, seemingly entropy-reversing effects like superfluids climbing the walls of containers operate by ordinary
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Some common ideas recur repeatedly in perpetual motion machine designs. Many ideas that continue to appear today were stated as early as 1670 by
585:
The "Overbalanced Wheel", annotated with distances of the weights from the centreline showing that the torques on both sides even out on average
47:'s 1618 "water screw" perpetual motion machine from a 1660 wood engraving. It is widely credited as the first attempt to describe such a device.
2539:"FOLLOW-UP: What is the 'zero-point energy' (or 'vacuum energy') in quantum physics? Is it really possible that we could harness this energy?"
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and similar measurements demonstrates that physics has remained substantially the same, if not identical, for all of observable time spanning
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1977:
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To extract work from heat, thus producing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, the most common approach (dating back at least to
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differences. With the "capillary bowl", it was thought that the capillary action would keep the water flowing in the tube, but since the
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the invention actually works, it just means that the examiner believes that it works, or was unable to figure out why it would not work.
305:
is defined as one that completely eliminates friction and other dissipative forces, to maintain motion forever due to its mass inertia (
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Ray, R. D.; Eanes, R. J.; Chao, B. F. (1996). "Detection of tidal dissipation in the solid Earth by satellite tracking and altimetry".
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to influence motion at a distance without any apparent energy source has long appealed to inventors. One of the earliest examples of a
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2506:"What is the 'zero-point energy' (or 'vacuum energy') in quantum physics? Is it really possible that we could harness this energy?"
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Taylor, J. H.; Weisberg, J. M. (1989). "Further experimental tests of relativistic gravity using the binary pulsar PSR 1913 + 16".
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1501:
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915:), very low friction movement is possible. However, the motion stops when the system reaches an equilibrium state (e.g. all the
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One classification of perpetual motion machines refers to the particular law of thermodynamics the machines purport to violate:
2769:, BBC discussion with Ruth Gregory, Frank Close and Steven Bramwell, hosted by Melvyn Bragg, first broadcast 24 September 2015.
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that draws the liquid up the tube in the first place holds the droplet from releasing into the bowl, the flow is not perpetual.
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211:(an engine which produces work while moving heat from a high temperature to a low temperature) can be more efficient than a
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Oh ye seekers after perpetual motion, how many vain chimeras have you pursued? Go and take your place with the alchemists.
152:
1448:
Weisberg, J. M.; Nice, D. J.; Taylor, J. H. (2010). "Timing
Measurements of the Relativistic Binary Pulsar PSR B1913+16".
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consists of a partial vacuum glass container with a lightweight propeller moved by (light-induced) temperature gradients.
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Maruyama, Koji; Nori, Franco; Vedral, Vlatko (2009). "Colloquium: The physics of
Maxwell's demon and information".
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Examples of decisions by the UK Patent Office to refuse patent applications for perpetual motion machines include:
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toy functions using small ambient temperature gradients and evaporation. It runs until all water is evaporated.
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647:. Only molecules moving fast enough and in the right direction are allowed through the demon's trap door. In a
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1097:. This paradox is solved when the black bodies' finite sizes are considered instead of punctual black bodies.
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for perpetual motion machines without a working model. The USPTO Manual of Patent
Examining Practice states:
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in 1915, states that any conservation law can be derived from a corresponding continuous symmetry of the
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192:
93:
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Yoder, Theodore J.; Adkins, Gregory S. (2011). "Resolution of the ellipsoid paradox in thermodynamics".
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has a specific practice on perpetual motion; Section 4.05 of the UKPO Manual of Patent
Practice states:
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In any isolated system, one cannot create new energy (law of conservation of energy). As a result, the
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Another theoretical machine involves a frictionless environment for motion. This involves the use of
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and often shed light upon certain aspects of physics. So, for example, the thought experiment of a
1985:
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543:. He outlined three potential sources of power for a perpetual motion machine, "Chymical [
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882:
820:). The motion leeches energy from moving air which in turn gained its energy from being acted on.
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See also, for more examples of refused patent applications at the United
Kingdom Patent Office (
1237:(bottom-left), which drives a complicated series of gears and shafts that ultimately rotate the
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uses changes in the vapor pressure of ethyl chloride with temperature to wind the clock spring.
203:. The second law can be phrased in several different ways, the most intuitive of which is that
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2318:, Kwok, James, "An energy storage device and method of use", published 2008-04-03
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2007:
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1984:. School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide. Archived from
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vacuum is an unattainable goal since both the container and the object itself would slowly
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2106:"700 Examination of Applications II. UTILITY – 706.03(a) Rejections Under 35 U.S.C. 101"
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of a physical system. The symmetry which is equivalent to conservation of energy is the
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Munk, W.; Wunsch, C (1998). "Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing".
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Although the machine would not work, the idea was that water from the top tank turns a
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is a history of the fool-hardiness of either half-learned, or totally ignorant persons.
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in this case refers solely to the position in the above classification scheme, not the
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226:—the produced work power divided by the input heating power—cannot be greater than one.
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1669:(April 1960). "Tibet, India, and Malaya as Sources of Western Medieval Technology",
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The efficiency of real heat engines is even lower than the Carnot efficiency due to
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2088:"600 Parts, Form, and Content of Application - 608.03 Models, Exhibits, Specimens"
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959:: In this thought experiment, one imagines a paddle wheel connected to a ratchet.
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source. This kind of machine is impossible, since its existence would violate the
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on Earth are dissipating the gravitational energy of the Moon/Earth system at an
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Once spun up, objects in the vacuum of space—stars, black holes, planets, moons,
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above 1: the energy it consumes as work is less than the energy it moves as heat.
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549:] Extractions", "Magnetical Virtues" and "the Natural Affection of Gravity".
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The conservation laws are particularly robust from a mathematical perspective.
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143:, so no energy can be extracted from them; they exhibit motion without energy.
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33:"Free energy device" redirects here. For other meanings of "free energy", see
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892:, etc.—dissipate energy very slowly, allowing them to spin for long periods.
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An
Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
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is a hypothetical machine that can do work indefinitely without an external
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885:, "modern flywheels can have a zero-load rundown time measurable in years".
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849:; such a device could plausibly operate for hundreds or thousands of years.
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process. A typical application of gravity in a perpetual motion machine is
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is the motion of bodies that continues forever in an unperturbed system. A
73:'s policy regarding perpetual motion machines (and the power efficiency of
44:
2661:"Governments suppressing technology? Former MoD boss dismisses conspiracy"
1708:, quoting Former US Patent Office Chief of Staff Don Kelly in relation to
787:-based water pump functions using small ambient temperature gradients and
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1723:"Perpetual Futility: A short history of the search for perpetual motion"
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quote originally from
Leonardo's notebooks, South Kensington Museum MS
1002:
725:
Decision BL O/044/06, John Frederick Willmott's application no. 0502841
490: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
109:
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Proposals for such inoperable machines have become so common that the
199:, or both. The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of
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zero-point energy can be used in violation of conservation of energy.
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Any device powered by changes in air pressure, such as some clocks (
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Mechanical Sciences: Engineering Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics
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other objects, bringing friction into the problem. Furthermore, a
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1729:. Donald Simanek's website, Lock Haven University. Archived from
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resulting in no net gain. Thus, the device would not violate the
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Any device picking up minimal amounts of energy from the natural
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1540:""Time Crystals" Could Be a Legitimate Form of Perpetual Motion"
1013:. The reflecting surface is composed of two elliptical sections
1001:: This paradox considers a perfectly reflecting cavity with two
16:
Work being continuously done without an external input of energy
3585:
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1835:
Akshoy, Ranjan Paul; Sanchayan, Mukherjee; Pijush, Roy (2005).
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https://www.inventorsdigest.com/articles/spinning-their-wheels/
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26:"Perpetual Motion Machine" redirects here. For other uses, see
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Impossibility: The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits
1275:
Angrist, Stanley (January 1968). "Perpetual Motion Machines".
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2197:
2009:
Perpetuum Mobile: Or, A History of the Search for Self-motive
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448:
Perpetuum Mobile: Or, A History of the Search for Self-motive
1085:. However, a significant proportion of rays that start from
728:
Decision BL O/150/06, Ezra Shimshi's application no. 0417271
344:" describes things which absolutely cannot occur within our
1608:
Gibney, Elizabeth (2017). "The quest to crystallize time".
1047:. This configuration is such that apparently black body at
893:
204:
692:, but he or she may choose his or her own way of so doing.
654:
2453:
2163:. United Kingdom Patent Office. Section 4. Archived from
679:(USPTO) has made an official policy of refusing to grant
545:
1906:(3rd ed.). San Francisco: Addison Wesley. pp.
1780:. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press (India) Private.
1336:
Fundamentals of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics
278:. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the
237:
arising from the speed of processes, including friction.
2417:"Zero-Point Energy: Can We Get Something From Nothing?"
2336:
Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2136:(13, illustrated, revised ed.). Nolo. p. 99.
1517:"Death-defying time crystal could outlast the universe"
1039:
are located at the joint foci of the two ellipses and
3947:
1834:
1176:, perpetual motion machines have become the focus of
739:
400:
as a perpetual motion machine was first discussed by
841:
A device powered by induced nuclear reactions or by
1890:
1494:
1105:Ellipsoid paradox surface and rays emitted by body
2710:
1447:
1055:: the radiation originating from the blackbody at
1059:will land on and be absorbed by the blackbody at
3983:
2024:
944:: This was originally proposed to show that the
1279:. Vol. 218, no. 1. pp. 115–122.
907:In certain quantum-mechanical systems (such as
2776:What is known about perpetual motion in detail
2452:. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998.
1502:"Physicists Create World's First Time Crystal"
1404:
2821:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
2796:
1508:
215:operating between the same two temperatures.
2368:
2098:
1975:
1563:"Can matter cycle through shapes eternally?"
1390:"Free energy: when the web is freewheeling".
2658:
2557:
2444:"Perpetual motion, on season 8 , episode 2"
2314:
2121:
2119:
2080:
1601:
1554:
1312:. Princeton University Press. p. 167.
568:
287:perpetual motion machine of the second kind
2803:
2789:
2603:"How to Design a Perpetual Energy Machine"
2333:
1763:. US: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 64.
1531:
608:Perpetual motion wheels from a drawing by
303:perpetual motion machine of the third kind
268:perpetual motion machine of the first kind
3929:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
3870:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
2724:
2193:"UK-IPO gets tougher on perpetual motion"
2047:
1884:
1461:
1168:Free energy suppression conspiracy theory
1063:. Similarly, rays originating from point
809:around it, such as a solar-powered motor.
677:United States Patent and Trademark Office
506:Learn how and when to remove this message
28:Perpetual Motion Machine (disambiguation)
2327:
2125:
2116:
1514:
1100:
763:
653:
603:
580:
563:
325:
124:, so they will not keep moving forever.
50:
39:
3834:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
2600:
2464:
2410:
2408:
2362:
2201:, 12 June 2008. Accessed June 12, 2008.
2030:
1756:
1745:
1720:
1714:
1274:
1270:
1268:
845:from an isotope with a relatively long
772:Some examples of such devices include:
404:in 1900 but it was not until 1912 that
3984:
2503:
2212:"Patents Ex parte decision (O/044/06)"
2005:
1969:
1861:
1855:
1607:
1560:
1441:
1161:
978:: In order to explain effects such as
927:
623:to float an object. This is done in a
2784:
2659:Brassington, Jamie (April 21, 2020).
1537:
1339:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58.
1305:
759:
2625:
2405:
2150:
2110:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure
2092:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure
1976:Harmor, Greg; Abbott, Derek (2005).
1807:
1801:
1371:. Oxforddictionaries.com. 2012-11-22
1299:
1265:
552:The seemingly mysterious ability of
488:adding citations to reliable sources
459:
153:History of perpetual motion machines
2436:
2427:National Ground Intelligence Center
1932:"The perpetual myth of free energy"
1841:. Prentice-Hall India. p. 51.
1828:
1773:
1332:
161:
13:
3883:James Randi Educational Foundation
2778:, Published on USIIC May 21, 2023
1978:"The Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchet"
1515:Grossman, Lisa (18 January 2012).
1326:
1293:10.1038/scientificamerican0168-114
740:Apparent perpetual motion machines
14:
4008:
2810:
2763:, January 1954, pp. 108–111.
2683:
2414:
1982:Parrondo's Paradox Research Group
1777:An Introduction to Thermodynamics
388:cannot work, so one must explain
314:
257:
21:Perpetual motion (disambiguation)
3969:
3957:
3280:Strauss–Howe generational theory
3258:Moon landing conspiracy theories
3055:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
2758:"Perpetual Motion - Just Isn't."
2699:The Museum of Unworkable Devices
2510:Phlogistin / Scientific American
2460:from the original on 2006-01-01.
2248:. patent.gov.uk/. Archived from
1961:"CE410: Are constants constant?"
1727:The Museum of Unworkable Devices
1369:"Definition of perpetual motion"
1309:What Science Is and How It Works
1306:Derry, Gregory N. (2002-03-04).
636:, thereby degrading the vacuum.
464:
425:The Nature of the Physical World
321:
3908:The Natural History of Quackery
3850:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
2652:
2619:
2601:Mutalik, Pradeep (April 2020).
2594:
2551:
2531:
2504:Visser, Matt (3 October 1996).
2497:
2308:
2283:
2266:
2235:
2204:
2181:
1999:
1954:
1924:
1767:
1699:
1679:
1538:Cowen, Ron (27 February 2012).
1333:Roy, Bimalendu Narayan (2002).
1244:
875:
475:needs additional citations for
135:In 2016, new states of matter,
65:(1940), a short film featuring
1808:Wong, Kau-Fui Vincent (2000).
1760:Leonardo da Vinci's note-books
1671:The American Historical Review
1398:
1382:
1361:
1227:
1125:are point like, all rays from
734:European Patent Classification
294:in a cyclic process (see also
1:
2767:In Our Time: Perpetual Motion
2478:'Dr' Bearden's Vacuum Energy"
2449:Scientific American Frontiers
2356:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00070-3
2316:WO application 2008037004
2066:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.10.007
1258:
1153:and may eventually return to
1145:are extended, some rays from
455:
280:law of conservation of energy
3915:The Psychology of the Occult
3170:Traditional Chinese medicine
3045:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
2902:Superseded scientific theory
2034:(2013). "Self-oscillation".
1811:Thermodynamics for Engineers
1687:Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri
1480:10.1088/0004-637X/722/2/1030
946:second law of thermodynamics
711:United Kingdom Patent Office
376:, direct measurement of the
292:second law of thermodynamics
197:second law of thermodynamics
187:that perpetual motion in an
7:
3526:Electronic voice phenomenon
3383:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
3243:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
2560:American Journal of Physics
2158:"Manual of Patent Practice"
1721:Simanek, Donald E. (2012).
1183:
1172:Despite being dismissed as
311:third law of thermodynamics
193:first law of thermodynamics
10:
4013:
3922:The Ragged Edge of Science
3653:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
3596:Pseudoscientific metrology
3120:Miracle Mineral Supplement
2112:(8 ed.). August 2001.
2094:(8 ed.). August 2001.
1814:. CRC Press. p. 154.
1165:
1093:will be reflected back to
890:spin-stabilized satellites
670:
621:electromagnetic levitation
378:speed of light in the past
165:
150:
146:
32:
25:
18:
3842:
3806:
3633:
3536:Facilitated communication
3466:
3396:
3200:
2935:
2922:
2827:
2818:
2713:Reviews of Modern Physics
2486:. January/February 2007.
2280:. Accessed June 12, 2008.
1575:10.1038/nature.2013.13657
1109:in the direction of body
807:electromagnetic radiation
3936:The Skeptic's Dictionary
3494:Biological transmutation
3414:Faster-than-light travel
3388:Enneagram of Personality
3354:Recovered-memory therapy
3238:9/11 conspiracy theories
2126:Pressman, David (2008).
1862:Barrow, John D. (1998).
1757:McCurdy, Edward (1906).
1667:Lynn Townsend White, Jr.
1395:, January–February 2018.
1220:
1149:will not be incident on
1027:and a spherical section
432:In the mid-19th-century
421:Arthur Stanley Eddington
100:laws of thermodynamics.
86:perpetual motion machine
3901:The Demon-Haunted World
3819:Bourgeois pseudoscience
3253:COVID-19 misinformation
3192:Young blood transfusion
2963:Anthroposophic medicine
2743:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1
2637:Oxford University Press
1964:The TalkOrigins Archive
1868:Oxford University Press
1710:Newman's energy machine
986:, many formulations of
883:flywheel energy storage
539:and an official of the
342:Epistemic impossibility
178:Leonardo da Vinci, 1494
118:gravitational radiation
3733:Corentin Louis Kervran
3601:Rapid prompting method
3489:Biodynamic agriculture
3479:Aquatic ape hypothesis
3337:Historical negationism
3040:Doctrine of signatures
2907:True-believer syndrome
2006:Dircks, Henry (1861).
1898:; Safko, John (2002).
1774:Rao, Y. V. C. (2004).
1561:Powell, Devin (2013).
1158:
966:laws of thermodynamics
769:
719:
703:
694:
660:
612:
586:
578:
569:
529:
453:
430:
337:
330:October 1920 issue of
201:conservation of energy
181:
105:laws of thermodynamics
78:
48:
3738:The Light (newspaper)
3728:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
3723:William Donald Kelley
3616:Voice stress analysis
3248:Climate change denial
3187:Wind turbine syndrome
3182:Vertebral subluxation
3075:Germ theory denialism
1689:(1979), pp. 234-236,
1450:Astrophysical Journal
1407:Astrophysical Journal
1104:
1081:will be reflected to
827:, due to it having a
767:
715:
698:
685:
657:
607:
584:
575:Villard de Honnecourt
567:
517:
438:
411:
357:proven mathematically
329:
274:without the input of
171:
63:Something for Nothing
61:
43:
3688:Ignatius L. Donnelly
3359:Past life regression
3218:Arabian Judah theory
3165:Traditional medicine
2958:Alternative medicine
2887:Pathological science
2243:"Challenge decision"
1210:Pathological science
1129:must be incident on
1051:heat up relative to
1043:is at the center of
1031:, and the bodies at
854:Oxford Electric Bell
768:The "capillary bowl"
696:And, further, that:
484:improve this article
191:violates either the
185:scientific consensus
19:For other uses, see
3824:Demarcation problem
3658:Brigitte Boisselier
3287:Hollow Earth theory
3270:Generational theory
2968:Applied kinesiology
2735:2009RvMP...81....1M
2572:2011AmJPh..79..811Y
2544:Scientific American
2383:1996Natur.381..595R
2348:1998DSRI...45.1977M
2058:2013PhR...525..167J
1902:Classical Mechanics
1622:2017Natur.543..164G
1544:Scientific American
1472:2010ApJ...722.1030W
1419:1989ApJ...345..434T
1345:2002fcst.book.....N
1285:1968SciAm.218a.114A
1277:Scientific American
1178:conspiracy theories
1162:Conspiracy theories
928:Thought experiments
900:rate of about 3.75
746:quantum uncertainty
406:Marian Smoluchowski
394:thought experiments
315:§ Low friction
114:interstellar medium
3894:Skeptical Inquirer
3793:Paul Joseph Watson
3768:Hans Alfred Nieper
3606:Statement analysis
3556:Intelligent design
3431:Reactionless drive
3265:Conversion therapy
3213:Ancient astronauts
3100:Leaky gut syndrome
3080:HIV/AIDS denialism
2835:Cargo cult science
2704:2018-09-14 at the
2666:Express & Star
2490:2019-04-03 at the
2483:Skeptical Inquirer
2133:Patent It Yourself
2032:Jenkins, Alejandro
1892:Goldstein, Herbert
1393:Skeptikal Inquirer
1388:Point, Sébastien.
1200:Incredible utility
1159:
934:thought experiment
800:Crookes radiometer
770:
760:Resource consuming
661:
613:
587:
579:
338:
224:thermal efficiency
213:Carnot heat engine
79:
71:U.S. Patent Office
49:
3945:
3944:
3856:Cults of Unreason
3829:Scientific method
3758:Ministry of Ayush
3703:Nicholas Gonzalez
3629:
3628:
3566:Law of attraction
3546:Flat Earth theory
3426:Quantum mysticism
3366:Scientific racism
3322:Pseudoarchaeology
3228:Conspiracy theory
2926:characterized as
2870:Pseudomathematics
2860:Pseudoarchaeology
2761:Popular Mechanics
2580:10.1119/1.3596430
2547:. 18 August 1997.
2143:978-1-4133-0854-9
1917:978-0-201-65702-9
1877:978-0-19-851890-7
1848:978-8-12-032727-6
1821:978-0-84-930232-9
1787:978-81-7371-461-0
1616:(7644): 164–166.
1239:Archimedes' screw
1195:Faster-than-light
999:Ellipsoid paradox
980:virtual particles
976:zero-point energy
913:superconductivity
843:radioactive decay
645:unidirectionality
610:Leonardo da Vinci
537:Bishop of Chester
516:
515:
508:
353:Noether's theorem
122:thermal radiation
69:illustrating the
59:
4004:
3992:Perpetual motion
3974:
3973:
3962:
3961:
3953:
3798:Andrew Wakefield
3499:Creation science
3458:Water-fueled car
3420:Perpetual motion
3342:Holocaust denial
3312:Nibiru cataclysm
3307:Nazi archaeology
3110:Macrobiotic diet
2933:
2932:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2754:
2728:
2690:Perpetual motion
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2629:(May 25, 2000),
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2535:
2529:
2527:Alternative link
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:on July 14, 2008
2512:. Archived from
2501:
2495:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2415:Aiken, Amber M.
2412:
2403:
2402:
2391:10.1038/381595a0
2366:
2360:
2359:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2312:
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2305:
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2281:
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2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2217:. Archived from
2216:
2208:
2202:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2051:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1945:
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1852:
1832:
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1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1733:on 23 April 2012
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1683:
1677:
1676:(3), p. 522-526.
1664:
1658:
1657:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1593:. Archived from
1558:
1552:
1551:
1546:. Archived from
1535:
1529:
1528:
1523:. Archived from
1512:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1465:
1456:(2): 1030–1034.
1445:
1439:
1438:
1402:
1396:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1272:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1231:
1174:pseudoscientific
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
957:Brownian ratchet
932:In some cases a
921:capillary action
866:
785:capillary action
649:Brownian ratchet
572:
570:Perpetuum mobile
527:
511:
504:
500:
497:
491:
468:
460:
451:
428:
402:Gabriel Lippmann
398:Brownian ratchet
218:In other words:
179:
162:Basic principles
82:Perpetual motion
60:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3838:
3814:Bogdanov affair
3802:
3782:Claude Vorilhon
3668:Robert Charroux
3643:Sucharit Bhakdi
3635:
3625:
3462:
3392:
3332:Genocide denial
3297:Japhetic theory
3292:Indigo children
3208:2012 phenomenon
3196:
3140:Patent medicine
3060:Energy medicine
3033:Colon cleansing
3018:Crystal healing
2953:Adrenal fatigue
2927:
2925:
2918:
2823:
2814:
2809:
2706:Wayback Machine
2686:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2627:Park, Robert L.
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2607:Quanta Magazine
2599:
2595:
2556:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2519:
2517:
2502:
2498:
2492:Wayback Machine
2475:
2469:
2465:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2367:
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2332:
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2144:
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2117:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2036:Physics Reports
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
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1788:
1772:
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1736:
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1719:
1715:
1704:
1700:
1685:Graham Jenkin,
1684:
1680:
1665:
1661:
1630:10.1038/543164a
1606:
1602:
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1080:
1073:
1026:
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988:quantum physics
961:Brownian motion
942:Maxwell's demon
930:
878:
860:
814:Cox's timepiece
789:vapour pressure
762:
750:Brownian motion
742:
673:
641:Maxwell's demon
528:
523:
512:
501:
495:
492:
481:
469:
458:
452:
445:
429:
418:
365:time invariance
333:Popular Science
324:
260:
248:Cox's timepiece
235:irreversibility
189:isolated system
180:
177:
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149:
51:
38:
31:
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3810:
3808:
3807:Related topics
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Randolph Stone
3785:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:Theodor Morell
3760:
3755:
3753:Joseph Mercola
3750:
3748:Jenny McCarthy
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Graham Hancock
3710:
3708:Goop (company)
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
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3683:Vernon Coleman
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3675:
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3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3448:Teleportation
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3376:Melanin theory
3373:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3317:Parapsychology
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3201:Social science
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Primal therapy
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Magnet therapy
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3028:Detoxification
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2913:Voodoo Science
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Fringe science
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2755:
2708:
2696:
2685:
2684:External links
2682:
2679:
2678:
2651:
2646:978-0195147100
2645:
2632:Voodoo Science
2618:
2593:
2566:(8): 811–818.
2550:
2530:
2496:
2471:Martin Gardner
2463:
2435:
2404:
2361:
2326:
2307:
2282:
2265:
2234:
2203:
2180:
2149:
2142:
2115:
2097:
2079:
2042:(2): 167–222.
2023:
1998:
1968:
1953:
1923:
1916:
1896:Poole, Charles
1883:
1876:
1854:
1847:
1827:
1820:
1800:
1786:
1766:
1744:
1713:
1698:
1678:
1659:
1600:
1597:on 2017-02-03.
1553:
1550:on 2017-02-02.
1530:
1527:on 2017-02-02.
1507:
1493:
1440:
1427:10.1086/167917
1397:
1381:
1360:
1354:978-0470843130
1353:
1325:
1319:978-1400823116
1318:
1298:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Johann Bessler
1202:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1137:) When bodies
1117:) When bodies
1099:
1098:
1078:
1071:
1024:
1017:
996:
984:Casimir effect
969:
954:
929:
926:
925:
924:
905:
886:
877:
874:
873:
872:
867:are driven by
850:
839:
832:
821:
810:
803:
796:
793:cohesion force
781:
761:
758:
741:
738:
730:
729:
726:
672:
669:
558:magnetic motor
521:
514:
513:
472:
470:
463:
457:
454:
446:Henry Dircks,
443:
416:
323:
320:
319:
318:
299:
283:
259:
258:Classification
256:
239:
238:
231:
227:
175:
168:Thermodynamics
166:Main article:
163:
160:
151:Main article:
148:
145:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4009:
3998:
3997:Pseudoscience
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3877:Fortean Times
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Deepak Chopra
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:pseudoscience
3632:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Cryptozoology
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Anti-gravity
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3327:Pseudohistory
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Generationism
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:5G conspiracy
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Catastrophism
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:FasciaBlaster
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Correactology
3006:
3004:
3003:Chromotherapy
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:pseudoscience
2921:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2865:Pseudohistory
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:Fringe theory
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2812:Pseudoscience
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:(6583): 595.
2376:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2317:
2311:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2272:ECLA classes
2269:
2255:on 2007-09-29
2251:
2244:
2238:
2224:on 2007-09-27
2220:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2170:on 2007-09-29
2166:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2012:. p. 354
2011:
2010:
2002:
1988:on 2009-10-11
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1938:. 9 July 2007
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1695:0-7270-1112-X
1692:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1521:New Scientist
1518:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1089:will land on
1088:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1067:that land on
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
992:pseudoscience
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:Vacuum energy
970:
967:
962:
958:
955:
952:
947:
943:
940:
939:
938:
935:
922:
918:
917:liquid helium
914:
910:
909:superfluidity
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
879:
870:
864:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
819:
818:Beverly Clock
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
778:drinking bird
775:
774:
773:
766:
757:
755:
751:
747:
737:
735:
727:
724:
723:
722:
718:
714:
712:
707:
702:
697:
693:
691:
684:
682:
678:
668:
665:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
626:
622:
618:
611:
606:
602:
600:
596:
591:
583:
577:(about 1230).
576:
571:
566:
562:
559:
555:
550:
548:
547:
542:
541:Royal Society
538:
534:
526:
520:
510:
507:
499:
489:
485:
479:
478:
473:This section
471:
467:
462:
461:
449:
442:
437:
435:
426:
422:
415:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
385:
383:
379:
375:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
335:
334:
328:
322:Impossibility
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:
263:
255:
251:
249:
243:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
220:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
174:
169:
159:
154:
144:
142:
138:
137:time crystals
133:
131:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
76:
72:
68:
67:Rube Goldberg
64:
46:
42:
36:
29:
22:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3743:Mike Lindell
3663:Rhonda Byrne
3634:Promoters of
3621:Water memory
3561:Laundry ball
3453:Tractor beam
3419:
3409:Cold fusion
3105:Lunar effect
3050:Ear candling
2998:Chiropractic
2988:Bloodletting
2978:Bates method
2948:Aromatherapy
2911:
2877:Junk science
2774:
2760:
2716:
2712:
2670:. Retrieved
2664:
2654:
2630:
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:
2596:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2533:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:the original
2509:
2499:
2481:
2466:
2447:
2438:
2430:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2342:(12): 1977.
2339:
2335:
2329:
2310:
2299:. Retrieved
2297:. 2023-03-28
2294:
2285:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2250:the original
2237:
2226:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2206:
2196:
2183:
2172:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2152:
2132:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2008:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1981:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1940:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1901:
1886:
1863:
1857:
1837:
1830:
1810:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1776:
1769:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1726:
1716:
1701:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1595:the original
1566:
1556:
1548:the original
1543:
1533:
1525:the original
1520:
1510:
1496:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1363:
1335:
1328:
1308:
1301:
1276:
1246:
1229:
1190:Anti-gravity
1171:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:black bodies
931:
876:Low friction
771:
743:
731:
720:
716:
708:
704:
699:
695:
686:
674:
662:
644:
638:
629:
614:
588:
551:
544:
533:John Wilkins
530:
525:Nikola Tesla
518:
502:
493:
482:Please help
477:verification
474:
447:
439:
434:Henry Dircks
431:
424:
412:
389:
386:
374:spectroscopy
370:
355:, which was
350:
345:
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141:ground state
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116:resistance,
102:
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81:
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45:Robert Fludd
3648:Del Bigtree
3135:Panchagavya
3125:Naturopathy
2993:Body memory
2943:Acupuncture
2828:Terminology
2719:(1): 1–23.
1413:: 434–450.
1235:water wheel
1215:Time travel
861: [
858:Karpen Pile
836:Atmos clock
659:dissipated.
617:diamagnetic
496:August 2010
209:heat engine
183:There is a
128:eventually
35:Free energy
3986:Categories
3888:Quackwatch
3718:David Icke
3698:Max Gerson
3693:Gaia, Inc.
3581:Numerology
3576:Lysenkoism
3571:Levitation
3551:Graphology
3436:Dean drive
3371:Aryan race
3302:Mediumship
3177:Trepanning
3145:Phrenology
3085:Homeopathy
2983:Biorhythms
2882:Paranormal
2672:2021-02-15
2612:2020-06-08
2301:2023-03-29
2295:Wiktionary
2278:F03B17/00B
2259:2019-11-14
2228:2013-03-04
2174:2007-02-13
1992:2010-01-15
1375:2012-11-27
1259:References
1005:at points
871:batteries.
456:Techniques
384:of years.
110:solar wind
3843:Resources
3773:Mehmet Oz
3591:Polygraph
3541:Feng shui
3509:Dianetics
3484:Astrology
3349:Pseudolaw
3155:Radionics
3130:Palmistry
3095:Iridology
2897:Snake oil
2840:Charlatan
2726:0707.3400
2588:0002-9505
2424:U.S. Army
2291:"machine"
2274:F03B17/04
2074:227438422
2049:1109.6640
2016:17 August
1942:16 August
1737:3 October
1638:0028-0836
1591:181223762
1583:1476-4687
1488:118573183
1463:1011.0718
1435:120688730
902:terawatts
847:half-life
825:heat pump
270:produces
3531:Eugenics
3514:Auditing
3090:Humorism
3065:Fad diet
3013:Cryonics
2973:Ayurveda
2936:Medicine
2892:Quackery
2751:18436180
2702:Archived
2488:Archived
2458:Archived
1936:BBC News
1793:1 August
1646:28277535
1184:See also
982:and the
869:dry pile
856:and the
690:examiner
664:Buoyancy
634:vaporize
595:Bhaskara
522:—
444:—
417:—
382:billions
176:—
130:burn out
75:gasoline
3964:Physics
3950:Portals
3678:Clonaid
3611:Ufology
3521:Dowsing
3474:Alchemy
3441:EMDrive
3397:Physics
3023:Cupping
2924:Topics
2731:Bibcode
2568:Bibcode
2399:4367240
2379:Bibcode
2344:Bibcode
2130:(ed.).
2054:Bibcode
1654:4460265
1618:Bibcode
1468:Bibcode
1415:Bibcode
1341:Bibcode
1281:Bibcode
1251:device.
951:entropy
898:average
701:policy.
681:patents
671:Patents
630:perfect
590:Gravity
554:magnets
346:current
317:below).
296:entropy
147:History
96:and/or
3976:Energy
3586:Orgone
2749:
2694:Curlie
2643:
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2520:31 May
2397:
2371:Nature
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2189:UK-IPO
2140:
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1949:ruins.
1914:
1910:–598.
1874:
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1755:p. 92
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1636:
1610:Nature
1589:
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1567:Nature
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1316:
625:vacuum
599:torque
450:(1861)
427:(1927)
361:action
276:energy
195:, the
103:These
98:second
90:energy
3467:Other
3160:Reiki
2845:Crank
2747:S2CID
2721:arXiv
2420:(PDF)
2395:S2CID
2253:(PDF)
2246:(PDF)
2222:(PDF)
2215:(PDF)
2198:IPKat
2168:(PDF)
2161:(PDF)
2070:S2CID
2044:arXiv
1650:S2CID
1587:S2CID
1484:S2CID
1458:arXiv
1431:S2CID
1221:Notes
894:Tides
865:]
754:water
643:) is
307:third
94:first
3778:Raël
2641:ISBN
2584:ISSN
2522:2013
2276:and
2138:ISBN
2128:Nolo
2018:2012
1944:2010
1912:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1795:2010
1782:ISBN
1739:2013
1691:ISBN
1642:PMID
1634:ISSN
1579:ISSN
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2739:doi
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2576:doi
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2387:doi
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