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Perpetual motion

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3970: 662:, forces tending to turn the ratchet one way are able to do so while forces in the other direction are not. A diode in a heat bath allows through currents in one direction and not the other. These schemes typically fail in two ways: either maintaining the unidirectionality costs energy (requiring Maxwell's demon to perform more thermodynamic work to gauge the speed of the molecules than the amount of energy gained by the difference of temperature caused) or the unidirectionality is an illusion and occasional big violations make up for the frequent small non-violations (the Brownian ratchet will be subject to internal Brownian forces and therefore will sometimes turn the wrong way). 338: 616: 593: 52: 1113: 3982: 477: 63: 666: 572:
the top again. However, if the magnet is to be strong enough to pull the ball up the ramp, it cannot then be weak enough to allow gravity to pull it through the hole. Faced with this problem, more modern versions typically use a series of ramps and magnets, positioned so the ball is to be handed off from one magnet to another as it moves. The problem remains the same.
608:'s wheel in the 12th century, whose key idea is itself a recurring theme, often called the overbalanced wheel: moving weights are attached to a wheel in such a way that they fall to a position further from the wheel's center for one half of the wheel's rotation, and closer to the center for the other half. Since weights further from the center apply a greater 576: 612:, it was thought that the wheel would rotate forever. However, since the side with weights further from the center has fewer weights than the other side, at that moment, the torque is balanced and perpetual movement is not achieved. The moving weights may be hammers on pivoted arms, or rolling balls, or mercury in tubes; the principle is the same. 309:). The signature of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is that there is only one heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir. This conversion of heat into useful work, without any side effect, is impossible, according to the second law of thermodynamics. 776: 150:, were discovered in which, on a microscopic scale, the component atoms are in continual repetitive motion, thus satisfying the literal definition of "perpetual motion". However, these do not constitute perpetual motion machines in the traditional sense, or violate thermodynamic laws, because they are in their quantum 2331: 747:(ECLA) has classes including patent applications on perpetual motion systems: ECLA classes "F03B17/04: Alleged perpetua mobilia" and "F03B17/00B: (with closed loop circulation or similar : ... Installations wherein the liquid circulates in a closed loop; Alleged perpetua mobilia of this or similar kind". 716:
The filing of a patent application is a clerical task, and the USPTO will not refuse filings for perpetual motion machines; the application will be filed and then most probably rejected by the patent examiner, after he has done a formal examination. Even if a patent is granted, it does not mean that
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There is something lamentable, degrading, and almost insane in pursuing the visionary schemes of past ages with dogged determination, in paths of learning which have been investigated by superior minds, and with which such adventurous persons are totally unacquainted. The history of Perpetual Motion
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The law that entropy always increases – the second law of thermodynamics – holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If
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The principles of thermodynamics are so well established, both theoretically and experimentally, that proposals for perpetual motion machines are universally dismissed by physicists. Any proposed perpetual motion design offers a potentially instructive challenge to physicists: one is certain that it
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Thus, machines that extract energy from finite sources cannot operate indefinitely because they are driven by the energy stored in the source, which will eventually be exhausted. A common example is devices powered by ocean currents, whose energy is ultimately derived from the Sun, which itself will
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would cause surrounding gas molecules to strike the paddles, but the ratchet would only allow it to turn in one direction. A more thorough analysis showed that when a physical ratchet was considered at this molecular scale, Brownian motion would also affect the ratchet and cause it to randomly fail
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is another frequently misunderstood phenomenon. Some proposed perpetual-motion machines miss the fact that to push a volume of air down in a fluid takes the same work as to raise a corresponding volume of fluid up against gravity. These types of machines may involve two chambers with pistons, and a
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was proposed by Wilkins and has been widely copied since: it consists of a ramp with a magnet at the top, which pulled a metal ball up the ramp. Near the magnet was a small hole that was supposed to allow the ball to drop under the ramp and return to the bottom, where a flap allowed it to return to
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also acts at a distance, without an apparent energy source, but to get energy out of a gravitational field (for instance, by dropping a heavy object, producing kinetic energy as it falls) one has to put energy in (for instance, by lifting the object up), and some energy is always dissipated in the
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by the scientific community at large. Inventors have proposed various methods for extracting useful work from zero-point energy, but none have been found to be viable, no claims for extraction of zero-point energy have ever been validated by the scientific community, and there is no evidence that
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to eliminate air friction and friction from an axle. The levitated object is then free to rotate around its center of gravity without interference. However, this machine has no practical purpose because the rotated object cannot do any work as work requires the levitated object to cause motion in
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The history of perpetual motion machines dates back to the Middle Ages. For millennia, it was not clear whether perpetual motion devices were possible or not, until the development of modern theories of thermodynamics showed that they were impossible. Despite this, many attempts have been made to
759:), "perpetual motion" in the context of this article is better defined as a "perpetual motion machine" because a machine is a "A device that directs and controls energy, often in the form of movement or electricity, to produce a certain effect" whereas "motion" is simply movement (such as 67: 382:
Scientific investigations as to whether the laws of physics are invariant over time use telescopes to examine the universe in the distant past to discover, to the limits of our measurements, whether ancient stars were identical to stars today. Combining different measurements such as
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Machines that comply with both laws of thermodynamics by accessing energy from unconventional sources are sometimes referred to as perpetual motion machines, although they do not meet the standard criteria for the name. By way of example, clocks and other low-power machines, such as
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mechanism to squeeze the air out of the top chamber into the bottom one, which then becomes buoyant and floats to the top. The squeezing mechanism in these designs would not be able to do enough work to move the air down, or would leave no excess work available to be extracted.
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applied in the statistical sense only, by postulating a "demon" that could select energetic molecules and extract their energy. Subsequent analysis (and experiment) have shown there is no way to physically implement such a system that does not result in an overall increase in
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The output work power of heat engines is always smaller than the input heating power. The rest of the heat energy supplied is wasted as heat to the ambient surroundings. The thermal efficiency therefore has a maximum, given by the Carnot efficiency, which is always less than
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A rejection on the ground of lack of utility includes the more specific grounds of inoperativeness, involving perpetual motion. A rejection under 35 U.S.C. 101 for lack of utility should not be based on grounds that the invention is frivolous, fraudulent or against public
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it is found to be contradicted by observation – well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation.
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Even machines that extract energy from long-lived sources - such as ocean currents - will run down when their energy sources inevitably do. They are not perpetual motion machines because they are consuming energy from an external source and are not isolated systems.
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The "Float Belt". The yellow blocks indicate floaters. It was thought that the floaters would rise through the liquid and turn the belt. However, pushing the floaters into the water at the bottom takes as much energy as the floating generates, and some energy is
763:). Distinctions aside, on the macro scale, there are concepts and technical drafts that propose "perpetual motion", but on closer analysis it is revealed that they actually "consume" some sort of natural resource or latent energy, such as the phase changes of 66: 261:, have been designed to run on the differences in barometric pressure or temperature between night and day. These machines have a source of energy, albeit one which is not readily apparent, so that they only seem to violate the laws of thermodynamics. 698:
With the exception of cases involving perpetual motion, a model is not ordinarily required by the Office to demonstrate the operability of a device. If operability of a device is questioned, the applicant must establish it to the satisfaction of the
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The device shown is a "mass leverage" device, where the spherical weights on the right have more leverage than those on the left, supposedly creating a perpetual rotation. However, there are a greater number of weights on the left, balancing the
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of physical laws. Therefore, if the laws of physics do not change with time, then the conservation of energy follows. For energy conservation to be violated to allow perpetual motion would require that the foundations of physics would change.
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In short, law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. Denying its validity would undermine not just little bits of science – the whole edifice would be no more. All of the technology on which we built the modern world would lie in
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Statements 2 and 3 apply to heat engines. Other types of engines that convert e.g. mechanical into electromagnetic energy, cannot operate with 100% efficiency, because it is impossible to design any system that is free of energy dissipation.
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apply regardless of the size of the system. For example, the motions and rotations of celestial bodies such as planets may appear perpetual, but are actually subject to many processes that slowly dissipate their kinetic energy, such as
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gave an adequate explanation for why it cannot work. However, during that twelve-year period scientists did not believe that the machine was possible. They were merely unaware of the exact mechanism by which it would inevitably fail.
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is a machine that spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. When the thermal energy is equivalent to the work done, this does not violate the law of conservation of energy. However, it does violate the more subtle
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appears to suggest that perpetual motion may be possible through accepted and understood physical processes. However, in all cases, a flaw has been found when all of the relevant physics is considered. Examples include:
1252:(bottom-center to top-right) to pump water to refill the tank. The rotary motion of the water wheel also drives two grinding wheels (bottom-right) and is shown as providing sufficient excess water to lubricate them. 3873: 728:
Processes or articles alleged to operate in a manner which is clearly contrary to well-established physical laws, such as perpetual motion machines, are regarded as not having industrial application.
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flows spontaneously from hotter to colder places; relevant here is that the law observes that in every macroscopic process, there is friction or something close to it; another statement is that no
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One day man will connect his apparatus to the very wheelwork of the universe and the very forces that motivate the planets in their orbits and cause them to rotate will rotate his own machinery.
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magazine, on perpetual motion. Although scientists have established them to be impossible under the laws of physics, perpetual motion continues to capture the imagination of inventors.
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As a perpetual motion machine can only be defined in a finite isolated system with discrete parameters, and since true isolated systems do not exist (among other things, due to
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formulation of the physical laws. This interpretation of the word "impossible" is what is intended in discussions of the impossibility of perpetual motion in a closed system.
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include a background energy which pervades empty space, known as vacuum or zero-point energy. The ability to harness zero-point energy for useful work is considered
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or other fluids or small natural temperature gradients, or simply cannot sustain indefinite operation. In general, extracting work from these devices is impossible.
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it fails to work. The difficulty (and the value) of such an exercise depends on the subtlety of the proposal; the best ones tend to arise from physicists' own
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create such machines, continuing into modern times. Modern designers and proponents often use other terms, such as "over unity", to describe their inventions.
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investigated the history of perpetual motion experiments, writing a vitriolic attack on those who continued to attempt what he believed to be impossible:
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Forays into 'free energy' inventions and perpetual-motion machines using ZPE are considered by the broader scientific community to be pseudoscience.
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arrives at the same level). Similarly, seemingly entropy-reversing effects like superfluids climbing the walls of containers operate by ordinary
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Some common ideas recur repeatedly in perpetual motion machine designs. Many ideas that continue to appear today were stated as early as 1670 by
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The "Overbalanced Wheel", annotated with distances of the weights from the centreline showing that the torques on both sides even out on average
58:'s 1618 "water screw" perpetual motion machine from a 1660 wood engraving. It is widely credited as the first attempt to describe such a device. 2550:"FOLLOW-UP: What is the 'zero-point energy' (or 'vacuum energy') in quantum physics? Is it really possible that we could harness this energy?" 391:
and similar measurements demonstrates that physics has remained substantially the same, if not identical, for all of observable time spanning
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To extract work from heat, thus producing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, the most common approach (dating back at least to
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differences. With the "capillary bowl", it was thought that the capillary action would keep the water flowing in the tube, but since the
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the invention actually works, it just means that the examiner believes that it works, or was unable to figure out why it would not work.
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is defined as one that completely eliminates friction and other dissipative forces, to maintain motion forever due to its mass inertia (
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Ray, R. D.; Eanes, R. J.; Chao, B. F. (1996). "Detection of tidal dissipation in the solid Earth by satellite tracking and altimetry".
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to influence motion at a distance without any apparent energy source has long appealed to inventors. One of the earliest examples of a
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Taylor, J. H.; Weisberg, J. M. (1989). "Further experimental tests of relativistic gravity using the binary pulsar PSR 1913 + 16".
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One classification of perpetual motion machines refers to the particular law of thermodynamics the machines purport to violate:
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that draws the liquid up the tube in the first place holds the droplet from releasing into the bowl, the flow is not perpetual.
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Oh ye seekers after perpetual motion, how many vain chimeras have you pursued? Go and take your place with the alchemists.
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Weisberg, J. M.; Nice, D. J.; Taylor, J. H. (2010). "Timing Measurements of the Relativistic Binary Pulsar PSR B1913+16".
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consists of a partial vacuum glass container with a lightweight propeller moved by (light-induced) temperature gradients.
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Maruyama, Koji; Nori, Franco; Vedral, Vlatko (2009). "Colloquium: The physics of Maxwell's demon and information".
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Examples of decisions by the UK Patent Office to refuse patent applications for perpetual motion machines include:
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toy functions using small ambient temperature gradients and evaporation. It runs until all water is evaporated.
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for perpetual motion machines without a working model. The USPTO Manual of Patent Examining Practice states:
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in 1915, states that any conservation law can be derived from a corresponding continuous symmetry of the
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Yoder, Theodore J.; Adkins, Gregory S. (2011). "Resolution of the ellipsoid paradox in thermodynamics".
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has a specific practice on perpetual motion; Section 4.05 of the UKPO Manual of Patent Practice states:
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In any isolated system, one cannot create new energy (law of conservation of energy). As a result, the
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Another theoretical machine involves a frictionless environment for motion. This involves the use of
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and often shed light upon certain aspects of physics. So, for example, the thought experiment of a
1996: 1716: 554:. He outlined three potential sources of power for a perpetual motion machine, "Chymical [ 3911: 3829: 3581: 3263: 3202: 2973: 2647: 2427: 1878: 893: 831:). The motion leeches energy from moving air which in turn gained its energy from being acted on. 487: 128: 3228: 2549: 2537: 2524: 2198:
See also, for more examples of refused patent applications at the United Kingdom Patent Office (
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uses changes in the vapor pressure of ethyl chloride with temperature to wind the clock spring.
214:. The second law can be phrased in several different ways, the most intuitive of which is that 211: 115: 3748: 3738: 3733: 3626: 3258: 3197: 3192: 3085: 2329:, Kwok, James, "An energy storage device and method of use", published 2008-04-03 1769: 756: 585: 352: 282: 2018: 1910: 3698: 3369: 3280: 3175: 2968: 2897: 2741: 2578: 2485: 2389: 2354: 2064: 1995:. School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Adelaide. Archived from 1628: 1478: 1425: 1351: 1291: 1249: 1220: 864: 803: 643:
vacuum is an unattainable goal since both the container and the object itself would slowly
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of a physical system. The symmetry which is equivalent to conservation of energy is the
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Munk, W.; Wunsch, C (1998). "Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing".
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Although the machine would not work, the idea was that water from the top tank turns a
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is a history of the fool-hardiness of either half-learned, or totally ignorant persons.
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in this case refers solely to the position in the above classification scheme, not the
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The efficiency of real heat engines is even lower than the Carnot efficiency due to
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source. This kind of machine is impossible, since its existence would violate the
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on Earth are dissipating the gravitational energy of the Moon/Earth system at an
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Once spun up, objects in the vacuum of space—stars, black holes, planets, moons,
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above 1: the energy it consumes as work is less than the energy it moves as heat.
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The conservation laws are particularly robust from a mathematical perspective.
178: 154:, so no energy can be extracted from them; they exhibit motion without energy. 140: 1585: 44:"Free energy device" redirects here. For other meanings of "free energy", see 3996: 3986: 3887: 3683: 3514: 3458: 3337: 3285: 3233: 3080: 3018: 3013: 2875: 2860: 2822: 2598: 1648: 1593: 1184: 1002: 982: 919: 903:, etc.—dissipate energy very slowly, allowing them to spin for long periods. 828: 788: 551: 77: 3874:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
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is a hypothetical machine that can do work indefinitely without an external
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process. A typical application of gravity in a perpetual motion machine is
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is the motion of bodies that continues forever in an unperturbed system. A
84:'s policy regarding perpetual motion machines (and the power efficiency of 55: 2672:"Governments suppressing technology? Former MoD boss dismisses conspiracy" 1719:, quoting Former US Patent Office Chief of Staff Don Kelly in relation to 798:-based water pump functions using small ambient temperature gradients and 3658: 3419: 3145: 3135: 3003: 2953: 1245: 1225: 927: 868: 846: 627: 605: 219: 1734:"Perpetual Futility: A short history of the search for perpetual motion" 3898: 3728: 3708: 3703: 3591: 3586: 3561: 3556: 3446: 3381: 3312: 3187: 3155: 3095: 2892: 1762:
quote originally from Leonardo's notebooks, South Kensington Museum MS
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Decision BL O/044/06, John Frederick Willmott's application no. 0502841
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Proposals for such inoperable machines have become so common that the
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zero-point energy can be used in violation of conservation of energy.
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Any device powered by changes in air pressure, such as some clocks (
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Mechanical Sciences: Engineering Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics
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other objects, bringing friction into the problem. Furthermore, a
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resulting in no net gain. Thus, the device would not violate the
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Any device picking up minimal amounts of energy from the natural
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Work being continuously done without an external input of energy
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Akshoy, Ranjan Paul; Sanchayan, Mukherjee; Pijush, Roy (2005).
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https://www.inventorsdigest.com/articles/spinning-their-wheels/
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Impossibility: The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits
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Angrist, Stanley (January 1968). "Perpetual Motion Machines".
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Perpetuum Mobile: Or, A History of the Search for Self-motive
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Perpetuum Mobile: Or, A History of the Search for Self-motive
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Decision BL O/150/06, Ezra Shimshi's application no. 0417271
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Gibney, Elizabeth (2017). "The quest to crystallize time".
1058:. This configuration is such that apparently black body at 904: 215: 703:, but he or she may choose his or her own way of so doing. 665: 2464: 2174:. United Kingdom Patent Office. Section 4. Archived from 690:(USPTO) has made an official policy of refusing to grant 556: 1917:(3rd ed.). San Francisco: Addison Wesley. pp.  1791:. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press (India) Private. 1347:
Fundamentals of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics
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arising from the speed of processes, including friction.
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Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
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are located at the joint foci of the two ellipses and
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as a perpetual motion machine was first discussed by
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A device powered by induced nuclear reactions or by
1901: 1505: 1116:Ellipsoid paradox surface and rays emitted by body 2721: 1458: 1066:: the radiation originating from the blackbody at 1070:will land on and be absorbed by the blackbody at 3994: 2035: 955:: This was originally proposed to show that the 1290:. Vol. 218, no. 1. pp. 115–122. 918:In certain quantum-mechanical systems (such as 2787:What is known about perpetual motion in detail 2463:. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. 1513:"Physicists Create World's First Time Crystal" 1415: 2832:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 2807: 1519: 226:operating between the same two temperatures. 2379: 2109: 1986: 1574:"Can matter cycle through shapes eternally?" 1401:"Free energy: when the web is freewheeling". 2669: 2568: 2455:"Perpetual motion, on season 8 , episode 2" 2325: 2132: 2130: 2091: 1612: 1565: 1323:. Princeton University Press. p. 167. 579: 298:perpetual motion machine of the second kind 2814: 2800: 2614:"How to Design a Perpetual Energy Machine" 2344: 1774:. US: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 64. 1542: 619:Perpetual motion wheels from a drawing by 314:perpetual motion machine of the third kind 279:perpetual motion machine of the first kind 3940:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 3881:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 2735: 2204:"UK-IPO gets tougher on perpetual motion" 2058: 1895: 1472: 1179:Free energy suppression conspiracy theory 1074:. Similarly, rays originating from point 820:around it, such as a solar-powered motor. 688:United States Patent and Trademark Office 517:Learn how and when to remove this message 39:Perpetual Motion Machine (disambiguation) 2338: 2136: 2127: 1525: 1111: 774: 664: 614: 591: 574: 336: 135:, so they will not keep moving forever. 61: 50: 3845:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 2611: 2475: 2421: 2419: 2373: 2212:, 12 June 2008. Accessed June 12, 2008. 2041: 1767: 1756: 1731: 1725: 1285: 1281: 1279: 856:from an isotope with a relatively long 783:Some examples of such devices include: 415:in 1900 but it was not until 1912 that 14: 3995: 2514: 2223:"Patents Ex parte decision (O/044/06)" 2016: 1980: 1872: 1866: 1618: 1571: 1452: 1172: 989:: In order to explain effects such as 938: 634:to float an object. This is done in a 2795: 2670:Brassington, Jamie (April 21, 2020). 1548: 1350:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 58. 1316: 770: 2636: 2416: 2161: 2121:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure 2103:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure 1987:Harmor, Greg; Abbott, Derek (2005). 1818: 1812: 1382:. Oxforddictionaries.com. 2012-11-22 1310: 1276: 563:The seemingly mysterious ability of 499:adding citations to reliable sources 470: 164:History of perpetual motion machines 2447: 2438:National Ground Intelligence Center 1943:"The perpetual myth of free energy" 1852:. Prentice-Hall India. p. 51. 1839: 1784: 1343: 172: 24: 3894:James Randi Educational Foundation 2789:, Published on USIIC May 21, 2023 1989:"The Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchet" 1526:Grossman, Lisa (18 January 2012). 1337: 1304:10.1038/scientificamerican0168-114 751:Apparent perpetual motion machines 25: 4019: 2821: 2774:, January 1954, pp. 108–111. 2694: 2425: 1993:Parrondo's Paradox Research Group 1788:An Introduction to Thermodynamics 399:cannot work, so one must explain 325: 268: 32:Perpetual motion (disambiguation) 3980: 3968: 3291:Strauss–Howe generational theory 3269:Moon landing conspiracy theories 3066:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 2769:"Perpetual Motion - Just Isn't." 2710:The Museum of Unworkable Devices 2521:Phlogistin / Scientific American 2471:from the original on 2006-01-01. 2259:. patent.gov.uk/. Archived from 1972:"CE410: Are constants constant?" 1738:The Museum of Unworkable Devices 1380:"Definition of perpetual motion" 1320:What Science Is and How It Works 1317:Derry, Gregory N. (2002-03-04). 647:, thereby degrading the vacuum. 475: 436:The Nature of the Physical World 332: 3919:The Natural History of Quackery 3861:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 2663: 2630: 2612:Mutalik, Pradeep (April 2020). 2605: 2562: 2542: 2515:Visser, Matt (3 October 1996). 2508: 2319: 2294: 2277: 2246: 2215: 2192: 2010: 1965: 1935: 1778: 1710: 1690: 1549:Cowen, Ron (27 February 2012). 1344:Roy, Bimalendu Narayan (2002). 1255: 886: 486:needs additional citations for 146:In 2016, new states of matter, 76:(1940), a short film featuring 18:Perpetual motion classification 1819:Wong, Kau-Fui Vincent (2000). 1771:Leonardo da Vinci's note-books 1682:The American Historical Review 1409: 1393: 1372: 1238: 1136:are point like, all rays from 745:European Patent Classification 305:in a cyclic process (see also 13: 1: 2778:In Our Time: Perpetual Motion 2489:'Dr' Bearden's Vacuum Energy" 2460:Scientific American Frontiers 2367:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00070-3 2327:WO application 2008037004 2077:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.10.007 1269: 1164:and may eventually return to 1156:are extended, some rays from 466: 291:law of conservation of energy 3926:The Psychology of the Occult 3181:Traditional Chinese medicine 3056:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 2913:Superseded scientific theory 2045:(2013). "Self-oscillation". 1822:Thermodynamics for Engineers 1698:Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri 1491:10.1088/0004-637X/722/2/1030 957:second law of thermodynamics 722:United Kingdom Patent Office 387:, direct measurement of the 303:second law of thermodynamics 208:second law of thermodynamics 198:that perpetual motion in an 7: 3537:Electronic voice phenomenon 3394:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 3254:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 2571:American Journal of Physics 2169:"Manual of Patent Practice" 1732:Simanek, Donald E. (2012). 1194: 1183:Despite being dismissed as 322:third law of thermodynamics 204:first law of thermodynamics 10: 4024: 3933:The Ragged Edge of Science 3664:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 3607:Pseudoscientific metrology 3131:Miracle Mineral Supplement 2123:(8 ed.). August 2001. 2105:(8 ed.). August 2001. 1825:. CRC Press. p. 154. 1176: 1104:will be reflected back to 901:spin-stabilized satellites 681: 632:electromagnetic levitation 389:speed of light in the past 176: 161: 157: 43: 36: 29: 3853: 3817: 3644: 3547:Facilitated communication 3477: 3407: 3211: 2946: 2933: 2838: 2829: 2724:Reviews of Modern Physics 2497:. January/February 2007. 2291:. Accessed June 12, 2008. 1586:10.1038/nature.2013.13657 1120:in the direction of body 818:electromagnetic radiation 3947:The Skeptic's Dictionary 3505:Biological transmutation 3425:Faster-than-light travel 3399:Enneagram of Personality 3365:Recovered-memory therapy 3249:9/11 conspiracy theories 2137:Pressman, David (2008). 1873:Barrow, John D. (1998). 1768:McCurdy, Edward (1906). 1678:Lynn Townsend White, Jr. 1406:, January–February 2018. 1231: 1160:will not be incident on 1038:and a spherical section 443:In the mid-19th-century 432:Arthur Stanley Eddington 111:laws of thermodynamics. 97:perpetual motion machine 3912:The Demon-Haunted World 3830:Bourgeois pseudoscience 3264:COVID-19 misinformation 3203:Young blood transfusion 2974:Anthroposophic medicine 2754:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1 2648:Oxford University Press 1975:The TalkOrigins Archive 1879:Oxford University Press 1721:Newman's energy machine 997:, many formulations of 894:flywheel energy storage 550:and an official of the 353:Epistemic impossibility 189:Leonardo da Vinci, 1494 129:gravitational radiation 3744:Corentin Louis Kervran 3612:Rapid prompting method 3500:Biodynamic agriculture 3490:Aquatic ape hypothesis 3348:Historical negationism 3051:Doctrine of signatures 2918:True-believer syndrome 2017:Dircks, Henry (1861). 1909:; Safko, John (2002). 1785:Rao, Y. V. C. (2004). 1572:Powell, Devin (2013). 1169: 977:laws of thermodynamics 780: 730: 714: 705: 671: 623: 597: 589: 580: 540: 464: 441: 348: 341:October 1920 issue of 212:conservation of energy 192: 116:laws of thermodynamics 89: 59: 3749:The Light (newspaper) 3739:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 3734:William Donald Kelley 3627:Voice stress analysis 3259:Climate change denial 3198:Wind turbine syndrome 3193:Vertebral subluxation 3086:Germ theory denialism 1700:(1979), pp. 234-236, 1461:Astrophysical Journal 1418:Astrophysical Journal 1115: 1092:will be reflected to 838:, due to it having a 778: 726: 709: 696: 668: 618: 595: 586:Villard de Honnecourt 578: 528: 449: 422: 368:proven mathematically 340: 285:without the input of 182: 74:Something for Nothing 72: 54: 3699:Ignatius L. Donnelly 3370:Past life regression 3229:Arabian Judah theory 3176:Traditional medicine 2969:Alternative medicine 2898:Pathological science 2254:"Challenge decision" 1221:Pathological science 1140:must be incident on 1062:heat up relative to 1054:is at the center of 1042:, and the bodies at 865:Oxford Electric Bell 779:The "capillary bowl" 707:And, further, that: 495:improve this article 202:violates either the 196:scientific consensus 30:For other uses, see 3835:Demarcation problem 3669:Brigitte Boisselier 3298:Hollow Earth theory 3281:Generational theory 2979:Applied kinesiology 2746:2009RvMP...81....1M 2583:2011AmJPh..79..811Y 2555:Scientific American 2394:1996Natur.381..595R 2359:1998DSRI...45.1977M 2069:2013PhR...525..167J 1913:Classical Mechanics 1633:2017Natur.543..164G 1555:Scientific American 1483:2010ApJ...722.1030W 1430:1989ApJ...345..434T 1356:2002fcst.book.....N 1296:1968SciAm.218a.114A 1288:Scientific American 1189:conspiracy theories 1173:Conspiracy theories 939:Thought experiments 911:rate of about 3.75 757:quantum uncertainty 417:Marian Smoluchowski 405:thought experiments 326:§ Low friction 125:interstellar medium 3905:Skeptical Inquirer 3804:Paul Joseph Watson 3779:Hans Alfred Nieper 3617:Statement analysis 3567:Intelligent design 3442:Reactionless drive 3276:Conversion therapy 3224:Ancient astronauts 3111:Leaky gut syndrome 3091:HIV/AIDS denialism 2846:Cargo cult science 2715:2018-09-14 at the 2677:Express & Star 2501:2019-04-03 at the 2494:Skeptical Inquirer 2144:Patent It Yourself 2043:Jenkins, Alejandro 1903:Goldstein, Herbert 1404:Skeptikal Inquirer 1399:Point, Sébastien. 1211:Incredible utility 1170: 945:thought experiment 811:Crookes radiometer 781: 771:Resource consuming 672: 624: 598: 590: 349: 235:thermal efficiency 224:Carnot heat engine 90: 82:U.S. Patent Office 60: 3956: 3955: 3867:Cults of Unreason 3840:Scientific method 3769:Ministry of Ayush 3714:Nicholas Gonzalez 3640: 3639: 3577:Law of attraction 3557:Flat Earth theory 3437:Quantum mysticism 3377:Scientific racism 3333:Pseudoarchaeology 3239:Conspiracy theory 2937:characterized as 2881:Pseudomathematics 2871:Pseudoarchaeology 2772:Popular Mechanics 2591:10.1119/1.3596430 2558:. 18 August 1997. 2154:978-1-4133-0854-9 1928:978-0-201-65702-9 1888:978-0-19-851890-7 1859:978-8-12-032727-6 1832:978-0-84-930232-9 1798:978-81-7371-461-0 1627:(7644): 164–166. 1250:Archimedes' screw 1206:Faster-than-light 1010:Ellipsoid paradox 991:virtual particles 987:zero-point energy 924:superconductivity 854:radioactive decay 656:unidirectionality 621:Leonardo da Vinci 548:Bishop of Chester 527: 526: 519: 364:Noether's theorem 133:thermal radiation 80:illustrating the 70: 16:(Redirected from 4015: 4003:Perpetual motion 3985: 3984: 3973: 3972: 3964: 3809:Andrew Wakefield 3510:Creation science 3469:Water-fueled car 3431:Perpetual motion 3353:Holocaust denial 3323:Nibiru cataclysm 3318:Nazi archaeology 3121:Macrobiotic diet 2944: 2943: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2765: 2739: 2701:Perpetual motion 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2640:(May 25, 2000), 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2546: 2540: 2538:Alternative link 2536: 2534: 2532: 2527:on July 14, 2008 2523:. Archived from 2512: 2506: 2488: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2432: 2426:Aiken, Amber M. 2423: 2414: 2413: 2402:10.1038/381595a0 2377: 2371: 2370: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2298: 2292: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2228:. Archived from 2227: 2219: 2213: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2062: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1954: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1916: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1744:on 23 April 2012 1729: 1723: 1714: 1708: 1694: 1688: 1687:(3), p. 522-526. 1675: 1669: 1668: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1604:. Archived from 1569: 1563: 1562: 1557:. Archived from 1546: 1540: 1539: 1534:. 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Index

Perpetual motion classification
Perpetual motion (disambiguation)
Perpetual Motion Machine (disambiguation)
Free energy

Robert Fludd
Rube Goldberg
U.S. Patent Office
gasoline
energy
first
second
laws of thermodynamics
solar wind
interstellar medium
gravitational radiation
thermal radiation
burn out
time crystals
ground state
History of perpetual motion machines
Thermodynamics
scientific consensus
isolated system
first law of thermodynamics
second law of thermodynamics
conservation of energy
heat
heat engine
Carnot heat engine

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