128:
399:
105:
500:
In April 2017, Par led a major government offensive aimed at retaking
Baggari, an important town in Wau State held by SPLM-IO forces. Though his men defeated the rebels and captured Baggari, his convoy was ambushed as it returned to Wau town on 9 April 2017. Par, along with Colonel Abraham Bol Chut
380:, and Par yet again followed him. In March of that year, he was appointed the SPDF's overall commander for Unity State by Machar. In this position, he expanded his forces by recruiting Dok Nuer, who generally supported him. From March 2000 onwards, the allied forces of Par and the SPLA, under
435:
As their dispute was now settled, Par and Gadet concentrated on evicting the government from Upper Nile, though the government soon launched a counter-offensive in the area. While Par managed to repulse an attempt of pro-government forces to capture Leer in
September 2002, the Sudanese army
422:
The War of the Peters continued until August 2001, when Par and Gadet agreed to a ceasefire. A few months later, Machar also came to an understanding with the SPLA leadership and agreed to merge the SPDF with the SPLA, whereupon Par and Gadet signed a final peace agreement in
406:
The cooperation between Peter Par and Peter Gadet broke down in June–July 2000, as their militias began to fight each other. Who was responsible for the outbreak of hostilities is unknown, as both sides blamed each other. The resulting conflict became known as
496:
and Mapel who were suspected of sympathizing with Machar. Since the outbreak of a widespread rebellion in Wau State in 2016, Par was heavily involved in fighting the local insurgents and became the leading commander for all SPLA operations in Wau State.
346:. They regarded the assaults as betrayal by the Sudanese government. A military commission was sent to investigate, and claimed that Matip had acted on his own. This did little to reduce Par's suspicion that the attack had been part of the government
373:. Machar then ordered Par to participate in the Wunlit talks with the SPLA, where he was supposed to ask the SPLA for assistance against the government; the SPLA did send limited aid, and the SSDF consequently was able to regain some ground.
411:". As Par and Gadet battled for control over Unity State, the former was reportedly backed by the government, receiving ammunition from Matip's men. In return, Par's men guarded government installations, especially
384:'s command, gained some ground against the Sudanese army and Paulino Matip Nhial's militia, while continuing to weaken the government's grip on the area by ambushing military convoies and destroying oil pipelines.
419:, though Gadet was able to retake all lost territory in August and September 2000. This fighting was brutal and led to enormous destruction and the displacement of up to 60,000 people.
943:
361:
In May 1999, a major government offensive defeated the rebellious SSDF forces, recapturing Leer and driving the SSDF mostly from Unity State. While most of the SSDF retreated to
563:
1168:
314:, he joined the SPLA. In 1991, however, Par followed Riek Machar as he broke away from the SPLA, and afterwards served in Machar's various rebel groups, such as the
969:
334:
government against other rebel factions. This alliance gradually broke down, as its member groups resumed attacking each other. The pro-government force of
257:
377:
90:
476:. When the civil war between Kiir and Machar broke out in 2013, Par decided to side with Kiir, and quickly became one of the government's leading
1178:
1114:
Nyaba, Peter Adwok (2002). "The Impact of Oil and Gas
Development on the Local and National Economy, Environment and Society in the Sudan".
1018:
436:
eventually retook the town in
January 2003 in a fresh drive to clear the area for oil exploitation. The civil war eventually ended with the
501:
Dhuol and twelve of their bodyguards, were killed in the following shootout. In revenge for their deaths, SPLA soldiers and pro-government
1122:: The Sudan Peace-Building Programme African Renaissance Institute (ARI); Relationships Foundation International (RFI). pp. 101–131.
1040:
415:. Between July and August 2000, Par joined forces with Matip's pro-government militia and drove Gadet's men to the west of the
370:
1104:
445:
327:
176:
83:
1096:
Changing
Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan borderlands
232:. In that region, he established his own fiefdom and gained some notoriety for his rivalry with another rebel leader,
1138:
236:. Even though he had followed Machar during the whole Second Sudanese Civil War until 2005, Par sided with President
217:
132:
55:
687:
437:
564:"BREAKING NEWS: Another Senior Government General Feared Dead in an Ambush near Wau, Western Bhar el Ghazal"
990:
1072:
449:
311:
221:
191:
160:
228:
with several rebel and pro-government groups, and eventually became a powerful militia commander in
1044:
307:
241:
180:
1093:
Johnson, Douglas H. (2009). "The Nuer Civil Wars". In Günther Schlee; Elizabeth E. Watson (eds.).
253:
165:
1158:
1085:
412:
351:
286:
1173:
1163:
995:
907:
634:
485:
186:
319:
69:
8:
335:
237:
330:
in 1997, an alliance of militias that had decided to side (for the time being) with the
477:
441:
245:
398:
1134:
1100:
473:
457:
424:
408:
393:
362:
339:
290:
213:
170:
150:
596:
493:
488:
all local government supporters. Afterwards, Par joined the SPLA's 5th
Division in
350:
strategy. In the next months, open warfare broke out between SSDF militias and the
323:
195:
76:
45:
1128:
1116:
Self-determination, The Oil and Gas Sector and
Religion and the State in the Sudan
1094:
506:
347:
1152:
1019:"Western Lake Governor Matur Chut Collapses, Surviving Death of his Brothers"
970:"Khartoum captures Leer in an accelerating offensive in Sudan's oil regions"
298:
Peter Par Jiek was born in the 1950s as a member of the Dok subgroup of the
502:
453:
902:
629:
492:, where he was accused of ordering the killings of Nuer SPLA soldiers in
469:
381:
355:
299:
280:"You can't fool us ! We were trained by your hand and know your methods"
233:
229:
225:
110:
358:. Par took part in the fighting, serving under Biel from 1998 to 1999.
315:
62:
509:
murdered and robbed non-Dinkas in Wau town and surrounding villages.
489:
416:
343:
249:
1074:
Human
Security in Sudan: The Report of a Canadian Assessment Mission
480:
commanders. He narrowly escaped death in 2014, when rebels captured
402:
Frontlines in June 2001; SPDF territory (including Par's) in green.
303:
1119:
1081:
481:
883:
597:"Two South Sudan army generals killed in clashes with rebels"
331:
923:
366:
342:
in late 1998 which was held by SSDF fighters under Par and
789:
787:
1099:. New York City; Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 31–48.
944:"SPLM Downs Helicopter Gunship As NIF Escalates Fighting"
823:
726:
724:
811:
784:
711:
709:
670:
668:
273:
721:
430:
903:"Focus on oil-related clashes in western Upper Nile"
871:
748:
706:
665:
655:
653:
427:
in
February 2002. As result, Par rejoined the SPLA.
859:
847:
835:
799:
772:
760:
224:. In the course of that conflict, Par fought under
736:
650:
376:In early 2000, Machar left the SSDF, forming the
1150:
1041:"South Sudan: Civilians killed in Wau fighting"
941:
1169:Sudan People's Liberation Movement politicians
452:. By 2006, he and his men were stationed in
268:
967:
472:'s independence in 2011, Par was appointed
463:
365:, Par and some of his men instead moved to
397:
326:. Eventually, Machar and Par joined the
1092:
715:
674:
591:
589:
587:
585:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
440:in 2005. Thereafter, Par was appointed
306:secondary school where he received his
1179:People of the South Sudanese Civil War
1151:
1070:
754:
688:"Machar rebels kill two SPLA Generals"
1113:
942:Samson L. Kwaje (26 September 2002).
877:
624:
622:
620:
618:
1126:
929:
889:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
778:
766:
742:
730:
659:
582:
547:
387:
274:Initial rebellion and rise in ranks
13:
615:
444:of the SPLA, and took part in the
431:Later civil war and LRA insurgency
14:
1190:
177:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
338:repeatedly attacked the town of
260:rebels loyal to Machar in 2017.
244:in 2013. Leading pro-government
126:
103:
1033:
1011:
983:
968:Eric Reeves (27 January 2003).
961:
935:
895:
630:"Special Report IV: Who is who"
252:since 2014, Par was eventually
1063:
680:
519:
218:Sudan People's Liberation Army
133:Sudan People's Liberation Army
1:
1021:. Nyamilepedia. 12 April 2017
540:
525:Alternatively transliterated
438:Comprehensive Peace Agreement
212:(1950s – 9 April 2017) was a
1130:Sudan, oil, and human rights
991:"Waiting in vain for rebels"
310:. After the outbreak of the
263:
16:South Sudanese revolutionary
7:
220:(SPLA), and veteran of the
10:
1195:
391:
312:Second Sudanese Civil War
269:Second Sudanese Civil War
240:upon the outbreak of the
222:Second Sudanese Civil War
161:Second Sudanese Civil War
156:
146:
138:
119:
51:
38:
30:
23:
892:, p. 364, 372, 373.
512:
505:militiamen belonging to
464:South Sudanese Civil War
242:South Sudanese Civil War
181:South Sudanese Civil War
932:, pp. 77, 78, 413.
1133:. Human Rights Watch.
450:Lord's Resistance Army
403:
282:
1127:Rone, Jemera (2003).
1086:Global Affairs Canada
1071:Harker, John (2000).
401:
352:Sudanese Armed Forces
308:high school education
287:Sudanese Armed Forces
285:—Peter Par Jiek to a
278:
192:2016–2019 Wau clashes
139:Years of service
832:, pp. 342, 343.
187:2014 Bentiu massacre
820:, pp. 77, 346.
796:, pp. 358–360.
336:Paulino Matip Nhial
254:ambushed and killed
238:Salva Kiir Mayardit
911:. 28 February 2002
733:, pp. 17, 18.
478:counter-insurgency
442:lieutenant colonel
404:
302:. He attended the
289:officer about the
246:counter-insurgency
1106:978-1-84545-604-7
474:brigadier general
458:Eastern Equatoria
409:War of the Peters
394:War of the Peters
388:War of the Peters
214:brigadier general
207:
206:
171:War of the Peters
151:Brigadier general
115:
100:
95:
88:
81:
74:
67:
60:
1186:
1144:
1123:
1110:
1089:
1079:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:. 5 October 2006
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
933:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
719:
713:
704:
703:
701:
699:
684:
678:
672:
663:
657:
648:
647:
645:
643:
626:
613:
612:
610:
608:
593:
580:
579:
577:
575:
560:
534:
523:
294:
200:
131:
130:
129:
121:
113:
109:
107:
106:
98:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:
46:Wau, South Sudan
21:
20:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1107:
1077:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1047:. 10 April 2017
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
966:
962:
952:
950:
940:
936:
928:
924:
914:
912:
901:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
852:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
729:
722:
714:
707:
697:
695:
694:. 11 April 2017
686:
685:
681:
673:
666:
658:
651:
641:
639:
638:. 11 March 2004
628:
627:
616:
606:
604:
603:. 10 April 2017
595:
594:
583:
573:
571:
562:
561:
548:
543:
538:
537:
527:Peter Paar Jiek
524:
520:
515:
507:Mathiang Anyoor
466:
433:
396:
390:
348:divide and rule
296:
284:
276:
271:
266:
196:
179:
127:
125:
104:
102:
101:
96:
89:
82:
75:
68:
61:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1192:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1124:
1111:
1105:
1090:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1032:
1010:
982:
960:
934:
922:
894:
882:
880:, p. 116.
870:
868:, p. 386.
858:
856:, p. 352.
846:
844:, p. 351.
834:
822:
810:
808:, p. 338.
798:
783:
781:, p. 306.
771:
769:, p. 273.
759:
747:
735:
720:
705:
679:
664:
649:
614:
581:
570:. 9 April 2017
545:
544:
542:
539:
536:
535:
531:Peter Paar Yak
517:
516:
514:
511:
465:
462:
432:
429:
392:Main article:
389:
386:
371:Bahr el Ghazal
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
210:Peter Par Jiek
205:
204:
203:
202:
189:
174:
173:
168:
166:Battle of Leer
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
123:
117:
116:
59:(c. 1985–1991)
53:
49:
48:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
27:
25:Peter Par Jiek
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1142:
1140:1-56432-291-2
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1020:
1014:
998:
997:
992:
986:
971:
964:
949:
945:
938:
931:
926:
910:
909:
904:
898:
891:
886:
879:
874:
867:
862:
855:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
788:
780:
775:
768:
763:
757:, p. 13.
756:
755:Harker (2000)
751:
745:, p. 12.
744:
739:
732:
727:
725:
718:, p. 65.
717:
712:
710:
693:
689:
683:
677:, p. 44.
676:
671:
669:
662:, p. 77.
661:
656:
654:
637:
636:
631:
625:
623:
621:
619:
602:
598:
592:
590:
588:
586:
569:
565:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
546:
532:
528:
522:
518:
510:
508:
504:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
428:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
400:
395:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
295:
292:
288:
281:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
193:
190:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
178:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
124:
118:
112:
92:
85:
78:
71:
64:
57:
54:
50:
47:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
19:
1159:1950s births
1129:
1115:
1095:
1073:
1049:. Retrieved
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
994:
985:
973:. Retrieved
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:
937:
925:
913:. Retrieved
906:
897:
885:
878:Nyaba (2002)
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
801:
774:
762:
750:
738:
716:Johnson 2009
696:. Retrieved
691:
682:
675:Johnson 2009
640:. Retrieved
633:
605:. Retrieved
600:
572:. Retrieved
567:
530:
526:
521:
499:
467:
454:Owiny Ki-Bul
448:against the
434:
421:
405:
375:
360:
297:
283:
279:
209:
208:
197:
175:
157:Battles/wars
142:c. 1985–2017
42:9 April 2017
18:
1174:Nuer people
1164:2017 deaths
1064:Works cited
692:The Insider
470:South Sudan
382:Peter Gadet
356:Unity State
320:SPLA-United
300:Nuer people
234:Peter Gadet
230:Unity State
226:Riek Machar
114:(2011–2017)
111:South Sudan
99:(2002–2017)
94:(2000–2002)
87:(1997–2000)
80:(1994–1997)
73:(1993–1994)
70:SPLA-United
66:(1991–1993)
1153:Categories
1045:Al Jazeera
541:References
316:SPLA-Nasir
248:forces in
63:SPLA-Nasir
52:Allegiance
930:Rone 2003
890:Rone 2003
866:Rone 2003
854:Rone 2003
842:Rone 2003
830:Rone 2003
818:Rone 2003
806:Rone 2003
794:Rone 2003
779:Rone 2003
767:Rone 2003
743:Rone 2003
731:Rone 2003
660:Rone 2003
490:Wau State
486:massacred
417:Jur River
344:Tito Biel
264:Biography
250:Wau State
1051:19 April
1025:19 April
1003:21 April
975:21 April
953:20 April
915:21 April
642:20 April
607:20 April
574:20 April
494:Wau town
446:campaign
413:Block 5A
332:Sudanese
120:Service/
948:gurtong
601:gurtong
568:Nyamile
304:Malakal
293:clashes
258:SPLM-IO
216:of the
198:†
1137:
1120:Ottawa
1103:
1082:Ottawa
482:Bentiu
468:After
324:SSIM/A
322:, and
194:
122:branch
108:
77:SSIM/A
1078:(PDF)
698:3 May
513:Notes
503:Dinka
97:SPLA
44:Near
34:1950s
1135:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1053:2017
1027:2017
1005:2017
996:IRIN
977:2017
955:2017
917:2017
908:IRIN
700:2017
644:2017
635:IRIN
609:2017
576:2017
484:and
425:Koch
378:SPDF
367:Tonj
363:Nyal
340:Leer
328:SSDF
291:Leer
147:Rank
91:SPDF
84:SSDF
56:SPLA
39:Died
31:Born
529:or
456:in
369:in
354:in
256:by
1155::
1118:.
1084::
1080:.
1043:.
993:.
946:.
905:.
786:^
723:^
708:^
690:.
667:^
652:^
632:.
617:^
599:.
584:^
566:.
549:^
533:.
460:.
318:,
1143:.
1109:.
1088:.
1055:.
1029:.
1007:.
979:.
957:.
919:.
702:.
646:.
611:.
578:.
407:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.