774:
shootout between Nyuong and Dok militants erupted at Par's base in Nyal in early May 2001. Gadet launched another major raid against Bentiu, a center of the regional oil infrastructure, on 8 June 2001. The SPLA-Mainstream used the occasion to warn oil companies to withdraw from Sudan, threatening that they were regarded as military targets by the rebels. The War of the Peters continued until August 2001, when Par and Gadet agreed to a ceasefire. A few months later, Machar came to an understanding with the SPLA leadership and agreed to merge the SPDF with SPLA-Mainstream, whereupon Par and Gadet signed a final peace agreement in Koch in
February 2002. Par and his faction joined the SPLA, and he and Gadet formally merged their armies. In contrast, Tito Biel was opposed to joining SPLA-Mainstream, and defected to Matip's militia.
582:
677:
783:
model for other military operations. Fighting continued, and allegiances continued to shift in Unity State. In particular, Gadet would play out the SPLA and the government against each other to gain power, and eventually fully defected back to the pro-government forces. The Second
Sudanese Civil War ended in 2005, and South Sudan became independent in 2011. Many issues of the conflict remained unresolved, and most southern warlords such as Gadet continued to maintain their private armies. The warlords occasionally revolted, and South Sudan remained politically unstable. The country descended into
244:
197:
50:
754:
638:
554:. As the war escalated and spread, the SPLA grew increasingly powerful and overran much of southern Sudan. Despite these successes, the SPLA faced major internal and external opposition. Many southern Sudanese outright opposed the group for a variety of reasons, and instead sided with the government or set up rival insurgent movements. In addition, Garang's leadership style caused tensions within the SPLA. He was charismatic, and a capable military commander, but also brutal and autocratic, suppressing and even executing critics.
734:, and only Buoth remained under SPLA control. At the same time, Gadet was resupplied by the SPLA central command, and recruited new troops, including at least 400 child soldiers. He launched a counter-offensive in August 2000, and had retaken most of the lost ground by late September. When they captured Koch, Gadet's men killed two health workers and stole the local clinic's medical supplies. Meanwhile, tensions grew between Par and SPDF co-commander Tito Biel. To avoid war between them, Machar sent Biel to
715:
601:. It proved to be unstable and affected by internal rivalries, and gradually broke apart. Different SSDF factions already fought each other in 1997 and 1998, and the government allowed it to happen as it mistrusted most of the SSDF anyway. The combat between the pro-government militias was fuelled by a desire of the warlords to control the oil-rich areas and thereby increase their revenue. Matip managed to oust Machar's followers and other rivals from the valuable region around
256:
221:
658:(territory of the Dok, Jikany, Jagei, and Leek Nuer). The "Upper Nile Provisional United Military Command Council" alliance was quite successful, and the united forces of Gadet and Par defeated the SAF and Matip's militia in several battles. This adversely affected government control over Unity State, and reduced local oil production. The situation changed once again in February 2000, when Machar openly broke with the government, fully left the SSDF, and founded the
208:
99:
71:
57:
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85:
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reason" in Nimne on 26 June 2000. The SPLA argued that Par had executed 22 fighters loyal to Gadet in
December 1999 and June 2000, and forged an alliance with the Sudanese government. This had allegedly forced the SPLA to act. Tribal tensions between Dok and Bul Nuer may have contributed to the conflict. At least some locals framed the Par-Gadet fighting as Dok-Bul tribal war.
663:
Gadet and Par, broke out soon after. Despite the tensions and opposing political alignments, cooperation mostly continued until the
Sudanese government launched another major offensive in Unity State in April 2000. This offensive pushed the rebel alliance to the breaking point. Old rivalries came to the fore, fuelled by the government's divide and rule strategy.
750:
humanitarian aid, worsening the civilians' suffering. The
Sudanese government and the oil companies benefitted greatly from the War of the Peters, as the inter-rebel fighting allowed them to boost the oil extraction. In turn, the government was able to increase its defense expenditure and acquire new weaponry for the civil war.
803:
Matip's militia, including Gadet and his defectors, were Bul Nuer. Their opponents were largely recruited from Dok and Riek Nuer. The degree to which these tribal identities were related to the conflict is unclear. At times, clashes appeared to be fuelled by rivalries between the Nuer subgroups, but
662:
rebel group. This development resulted in new tensions among the insurgents of Unity State. Machar loyalists like Par and Biel joined the SPDF, while Gadet had officially sided with SPLA-Mainstream – Machar's declared enemy. Limited clashes between Gadet and some Machar loyalists, though not between
692:
In any case, Gadet launched a surprise attack on Nimne on 26 June or 7 July, resulting in open war. The conflict subsequently became known as "War of the Peters". As Par and Gadet clashed with each other, the
Sudanese government eagerly exploited the situation. It provided ammunition to Par as long
782:
The restoration of a rebel alliance in Unity State resulted in growing insecurity in the Block 5A oilfield. Lundin
Petroleum suspended operations at Thar Jath, forcing the government to launch new costly offensives in Unity State in 2002. The offensives proved to be successful enough to serve as a
773:
militias that was still partially in effect. In addition, this raid caused tensions in Par's militia. Nyal was traditionally Nyuong Nuer territory, and the Nyuong fighters of Par's force believed that the Dok and Bul were spreading their destructive tribal conflict to Nyuong lands. As a result, a
633:
militias (like themselves) against other Nuer, while excluding them from the oil revenues. This was a major setback for the government. Gadet was a highly competent commander, and quickly captured the arms depot at Makien military base. He subsequently unified his force with the militias of other
749:
tactics, and completely destroyed many settlements, including
Nhialdiu. Schools were also targeted, and the militants killed, raped, and abducted many civilians. The war also increased lower-level tribal conflicts between the Bul and Dok Nuer. The region became too dangerous for the delivery of
701:
admitted that Par had received one arms shipment from the government "to survive". In fact, cooperation between Par and the government increased in intensity. Matip's SSDF militia began to openly fight alongside Par's men, and the latter also guarded government installations, especially the oil
688:
The cooperation between Peter Par and Peter Gadet broke down in June–July 2000, as their militias began to fight each other. Who was responsible for the outbreak of hostilities is unknown, as both sides blamed each other. The SPDF stated that its forces were attacked by Gadet loyalists "for no
569:
strategy. It occasionally supported Machar's group (SPLA-United) so that it could fight against and weaken Garang's faction (SPLA-Mainstream). In the next decade, alliances and militias formed and broke up again, while warlords carved out their own domains. The
Sudanese government increasingly
541:
Following its independence in 1956, the Sudan had suffered from numerous internal conflicts over political, ethnic, economic, and religious issues. In 1983, revolutionaries and separatists from the country's marginalized south launched an uprising against the government which was traditionally
649:
The insurgents consequently agreed to split Unity State. Gadet and Par were assigned territories mostly in accordance to the ethnic groups which supported them: Gadet, an ethnic Bul Nuer, got Mayom and
Wangkei (inhabited by Bul Nuer), while Par, a Dok Nuer, was granted Bentiu, Thar Jath,
693:
as he fought against the SPLA and left pro-government troops alone. Most of the SPDF officially denied the reports of government support: Machar publicly claimed that the ammunition had come from secret stockpiles, and another SPDF commander stated that they had bought it from
609:
oilfields in Unity State. These were held by Machar's forces, and he protested that the oil fields should remain under his control. The government responded by launching a campaign to drive away civilians and Machar's troops from drilling locations in Block 5A such as
570:
focused on clearing areas in the south for oil extraction instead of winning the war, as it was in desperate need of cash. As time went on, oil money became crucial for the Sudanese war effort. One of the centers of oil production was
634:
regional warlords such as Biel and Par to form the "Upper Nile Provisional United Military Command Council". The rebel alliance proceeded to capture several important oil wells, and the towns of Buoth, Rier, and Tan near Bentiu.
574:, also known as Western Upper Nile. To secure the oil wells and pipelines and open land for oil extraction, the government often employed southern militias. These paramilitaries knew the terrain, were more expendable than
518:
strategy, aimed at weakening the rebellion at large and allowing for the extraction of valuable oil in Unity State. In the end, Gadet and Par reconciled when their respective superiors agreed to merge the SPDF and SPLA.
303:
565:, attempted to overthrow Garang in an unsuccessful coup in 1991. The SPLA consequently split into warring factions, and the Sudanese government exploited this by employing a
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inside SPDF territory in February 2001. This almost resulted in a further escalation, as the attack was regarded as breach of an earlier peace agreement between Nuer and
787:
in late 2013. Par and Gadet died during this conflict: The former was killed fighting against his former superior, Machar, while the latter died after a heart attack.
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aligned with the SPLA and counterattacked. A chaotic and brutal campaign ensued, as the military and numerous militias fought over control of the oil fields.
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296:
659:
499:
409:
190:
745:, and although hunger and disease spread among the refugees, most subsequently chose to stay as their old homes had been destroyed. Both sides used
614:. Spearheaded by the SAF, northern militias, and Matip's force, entire tracts of land were depopulated. In response, Machar's local loyalists under
341:
289:
1812:
Nyaba, Peter Adwok (2002). "The Impact of Oil and Gas Development on the Local and National Economy, Environment and Society in the Sudan".
1820:: The Sudan Peace-Building Programme African Renaissance Institute (ARI); Relationships Foundation International (RFI). pp. 101–131.
578:(SAF) units, and allowed the government to frame the civil war as anarchic tribal infighting to deflect criticism of its own governance.
593:. The SSDF was an umbrella organization for several armed factions, including Machar's loyalists and the troops of warlords like ex-
49:
1826:
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Between July and August 2000, Par joined forces with Matip's militia and attacked Gadet's forces in the area between Nimne and
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1760:
1698:
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451:
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had begun, and fighting spread across southern, eastern and western Sudan. The most prominent southern rebel group was the "
590:
397:
201:
1669:
Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan borderlands
741:
The War of the Peters was brutal, led to enormous destruction, and displaced up to 60,000 people. Many civilians fled to
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to access a new drilling site in Block 5A. Regardless, Par officially remained in opposition to the government.
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605:, drawing the latter's ire. At the same time, the regime intensified efforts to take full control of the
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extraction facilities of Thar Jath in Block 5A. The SPDF even protected the road to Thar Jath, allowing
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37:
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Frontlines in June 2001: government control in red, SPDF territory in green, SPLA territory in blue.
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424:
326:
1666:
Johnson, Douglas H. (2009). "The Nuer Civil Wars". In Günther Schlee; Elizabeth E. Watson (eds.).
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494:. Though both were leaders of local branches of larger rebel groups that were involved in the
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20:
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The Upper Nile Provisional United Military Command Council broke apart after the return of
8:
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in November 1999, but switched to the SPLA when Machar returned to the south in 2000.
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there was also much inter-Nuer cooperation as well as ethnically mixed Nuer militias.
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1814:
Self-determination, The Oil and Gas Sector and Religion and the State in the Sudan
637:
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1709:
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566:
515:
506:, respectively), the confrontation between the two commanders was essentially a
762:
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698:
619:
589:
The most prominent pro-government paramilitary group of southern Sudan was the
479:
237:
167:
714:
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726:. They gradually pushed the SPLA westward, attacking Wicok, Buoth, Boaw, and
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331:
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in succession. Most of Gadet's troops were forced to flee across the
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1647:
Human Security in Sudan: The Report of a Canadian Assessment Mission
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where he was supposed to rally Jikany Nuer to the SPDF's cause.
1817:
1731:"Fighting for spoils. Armed insurgencies in Greater Upper Nile"
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602:
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1164:
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511:
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government exploited the inter-rebel conflict as part of a
507:
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1371:
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In September 1999, most of Matip's militia revolted under
1672:. New York City; Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 31–48.
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Oil fields and infrastructure in Sudan and South Sudan
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was a conflict primarily fought between the forces of
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1497:"Focus on oil-related clashes in western Upper Nile"
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1006:
1426:
1356:
1288:
1252:
1152:
1123:
1407:
1188:
989:
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410:Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
1856:
1748:
1614:"South Sudan's Peter Gatdet dies in Khartoum"
1117:
983:
297:
1752:South Sudan: From Revolution to Independence
709:
510:. As Par and Gadet battled each other, the
1749:LeRiche, Matthew; Arnold, Matthew (2013).
304:
290:
174:unite their forces against the government
1824:
1027:
858:
752:
713:
675:
671:
636:
580:
542:dominated by elites from the north. The
1828:Southern Sudan: The Challenges of Peace
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1776:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
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894:
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1588:"Machar rebels kill two SPLA Generals"
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959:
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1729:LeBrun, Emile, ed. (November 2011).
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1693:. London; New York City: Routledge.
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16:2000-2001 military conflict in Sudan
1755:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13:
645:(pictured 2012) to southern Sudan.
14:
1906:
550:" (SPLA) under the leadership of
486:from June 2000 to August 2001 in
452:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
98:
254:
242:
219:
206:
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111:
97:
83:
70:
69:
55:
48:
1797:. London: Hurst & Company.
1770:Lobban, Richard Andrew (2010).
1606:
1580:
1489:
815:South Sudan Liberation Movement
813:Gadet had initially joined the
807:
797:
718:Oil Concessions in South Sudan.
557:Two prominent SPLA commanders,
1636:
548:Sudan People's Liberation Army
56:
1:
1773:Global Security Watch - Sudan
824:
522:
447:Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)
273:
1825:Philippe, Catherine (2006).
1711:Sudan, oil, and human rights
1690:War & Peace In The Sudan
777:
761:Gadet's troops attacked the
112:
84:
7:
680:Oil processing facility in
383:Disarmament of the Lou Nuer
10:
1911:
1526:, pp. 77–78, 364–365.
1173:, pp. 75–76, 342–343.
666:
533:History of Sudan (1969–85)
526:
405:Sudanese nomadic conflicts
18:
1865:Second Sudanese Civil War
1687:Khalid, Mansour (2010) .
1118:LeRiche & Arnold 2013
984:LeRiche & Arnold 2013
710:Escalation and conclusion
544:Second Sudanese Civil War
529:Second Sudanese Civil War
496:Second Sudanese Civil War
460:
354:Second Sudanese Civil War
322:
271:
266:
231:
184:
130:
43:
38:Second Sudanese Civil War
35:
30:
1486:, pp. 364, 372–373.
790:
425:South Sudanese Civil War
415:George Athor's rebellion
327:First Sudanese Civil War
19:Not to be confused with
1870:Battles involving Sudan
1791:Martell, Peter (2018).
1185:, pp. 76, 358–360.
138:June 2000 – August 2001
1714:. Human Rights Watch.
758:
719:
685:
646:
586:
463:Sudanese peace process
232:Commanders and leaders
1708:Rone, Jemera (2003).
1659:Global Affairs Canada
1644:Harker, John (2000).
756:
717:
679:
672:Start of the conflict
640:
584:
576:Sudanese Armed Forces
527:Further information:
398:Omdurman and Khartoum
267:Casualties and losses
21:War of the Two Peters
1447:, pp. 353, 354.
1565:, pp. 187–189.
1462:, pp. 114–115.
1404:, pp. 362–363.
1380:, pp. 358–360.
1353:, pp. 361–362.
1336:, pp. 359–360.
1321:, pp. 358–359.
1285:, pp. 77, 386.
1273:, pp. 352–353.
1249:, pp. 351–352.
945:, pp. 123–128.
933:, pp. 133–137.
921:, pp. 132–133.
909:, pp. 129–132.
897:, pp. 120–123.
885:, pp. 102–114.
599:Paulino Matip Nhial
430:Sudanese Revolution
249:Paulino Matip Nhial
1794:First Raise a Flag
1505:. 28 February 2002
873:, pp. 5, 145.
759:
720:
686:
647:
587:
1890:Conflicts in 2001
1885:Conflicts in 2000
1846:978-0-494-32546-9
1837:McGill University
1783:978-0-313-35332-1
1762:978-0-19-933340-0
1742:Small Arms Survey
1700:978-0-7103-0663-0
1679:978-1-84545-604-7
1538:, pp. 78–79.
1237:, pp. 76–77.
1108:, pp. 75–76.
1093:, pp. 44–45.
1078:, pp. 74–75.
1066:, pp. 55–57.
1042:, pp. 73–74.
1030:, pp. 66–67.
974:, pp. 72–73.
785:another civil war
476:War of the Peters
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388:Battle of Malakal
376:War of the Peters
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31:War of the Peters
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1738:HSBA Issue Brief
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704:Lundin Petroleum
684:(pictured 2012)
537:Economy of Sudan
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1620:. 16 April 2019
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1594:. 11 April 2017
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5:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1822:
1809:
1804:978-1849049597
1803:
1788:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1746:
1740:(18). Geneva:
1726:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1663:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1605:
1579:
1577:, p. 207.
1567:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1449:
1437:
1435:, p. 361.
1425:
1406:
1394:
1392:, p. 116.
1382:
1367:
1365:, p. 360.
1355:
1338:
1323:
1311:
1309:, p. 114.
1299:
1297:, p. 364.
1287:
1275:
1263:
1261:, p. 353.
1251:
1239:
1224:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1161:, p. 346.
1151:
1149:, p. 109.
1139:
1122:
1120:, p. 101.
1110:
1095:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1017:
1005:
988:
976:
964:
962:, p. 348.
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
849:, p. 351.
829:
828:
826:
823:
820:
819:
806:
795:
794:
792:
789:
779:
776:
765:relief hub of
763:United Nations
747:scorched earth
743:Bahr el Ghazal
711:
708:
699:Taban Deng Gai
673:
670:
668:
665:
620:Peter Par Jiek
524:
521:
480:Peter Par Jiek
467:
466:
461:
458:
457:
455:
454:
449:
444:
443:
442:
437:
427:
422:
417:
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366:
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323:
320:
319:
309:
308:
301:
294:
286:
278:
277:
269:
268:
264:
263:
251:
238:Peter Par Jiek
234:
233:
229:
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216:
187:
186:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
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168:Peter Par Jiek
160:
156:
155:
146:
144:
140:
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136:
128:
127:
118:
117:
110:
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104:
103:
96:
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81:
76:
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68:
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62:
61:
54:
53:
47:
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45:
44:
41:
40:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1907:
1896:
1895:Unity (state)
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:2001 in Sudan
1878:
1876:
1875:2000 in Sudan
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1848:
1842:
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1675:
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1656:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1619:
1618:Sudan Tribune
1615:
1609:
1593:
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1583:
1576:
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1564:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1474:, p. 45.
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1423:, p. 77.
1422:
1417:
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1411:
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1398:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1364:
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1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1222:, p. 44.
1221:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1197:, p. 76.
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1054:, p. 57.
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1028:Philippe 2006
1024:
1022:
1015:, p. 55.
1014:
1009:
1003:, p. 72.
1002:
997:
995:
993:
986:, p. 99.
985:
980:
973:
968:
961:
956:
954:
952:
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
896:
891:
884:
879:
872:
867:
861:, p. 67.
860:
859:Philippe 2006
855:
848:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
830:
816:
810:
800:
796:
788:
786:
775:
772:
768:
764:
755:
751:
748:
744:
739:
737:
736:Maiwut County
733:
729:
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716:
707:
705:
700:
696:
690:
683:
678:
664:
661:
657:
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623:
621:
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608:
604:
600:
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583:
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568:
564:
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464:
459:
453:
450:
448:
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
420:Heglig Crisis
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:War in Darfur
391:
389:
386:
384:
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348:
345:
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329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
316:
313:Conflicts in
307:
302:
300:
295:
293:
288:
287:
284:
272:Many killed,
270:
265:
262:
257:
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250:
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51:
42:
39:
34:
29:
22:
1827:
1813:
1793:
1772:
1751:
1737:
1710:
1689:
1668:
1646:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1575:Martell 2018
1570:
1563:Martell 2018
1550:, p. x.
1548:Martell 2018
1543:
1531:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1479:
1472:Johnson 2009
1467:
1440:
1428:
1397:
1385:
1358:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1220:Johnson 2009
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1137:, p. 4.
1113:
1091:Johnson 2009
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1008:
979:
967:
943:Martell 2018
938:
931:Martell 2018
926:
919:Martell 2018
914:
907:Martell 2018
902:
895:Martell 2018
890:
883:Martell 2018
878:
871:Martell 2018
866:
854:
809:
799:
781:
760:
740:
721:
691:
687:
648:
624:
588:
556:
540:
475:
473:
375:
369:
332:Torit mutiny
185:Belligerents
162:
36:Part of the
1637:Works cited
1592:The Insider
1460:Lobban 2010
1307:Lobban 2010
1147:Lobban 2010
1135:LeBrun 2011
1064:Harker 2000
1052:Harker 2000
1013:Harker 2000
960:Khalid 2010
697:tribesmen.
682:Unity State
643:Riek Machar
627:Peter Gadet
572:Unity State
559:Riek Machar
552:John Garang
508:private war
488:Unity State
484:Peter Gadet
370:Thunderbolt
261:Peter Gadet
172:Peter Gadet
148:Unity State
1859:Categories
1390:Nyaba 2002
825:References
595:Anyanya II
523:Background
163:Ceasefire
1624:1 October
1536:Rone 2003
1524:Rone 2003
1484:Rone 2003
1445:Rone 2003
1433:Rone 2003
1421:Rone 2003
1402:Rone 2003
1378:Rone 2003
1363:Rone 2003
1351:Rone 2003
1334:Rone 2003
1319:Rone 2003
1295:Rone 2003
1283:Rone 2003
1271:Rone 2003
1259:Rone 2003
1247:Rone 2003
1235:Rone 2003
1195:Rone 2003
1183:Rone 2003
1171:Rone 2003
1159:Rone 2003
1106:Rone 2003
1076:Rone 2003
1040:Rone 2003
1001:Rone 2003
972:Rone 2003
847:Rone 2003
778:Aftermath
732:Jur River
616:Tito Biel
612:Thar Jath
440:2021 coup
435:2019 coup
364:1989 coup
359:1985 coup
347:1969 coup
337:1958 coup
105:Thar Jath
1833:Montreal
1509:21 April
724:Nhialdiu
607:Block 5A
563:Lam Akol
512:Sudanese
143:Location
77:Nhialdiu
695:Baggara
667:History
597:leader
1843:
1818:Ottawa
1801:
1780:
1759:
1718:
1697:
1676:
1655:Ottawa
654:, and
603:Bentiu
535:, and
211:
159:Result
63:Bentiu
1734:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1598:3 May
791:Notes
771:Dinka
498:(the
492:Sudan
315:Sudan
214:Sudan
152:Sudan
1841:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1626:2019
1600:2017
1511:2017
1502:IRIN
767:Nyal
728:Koch
660:SPDF
656:Adok
652:Leer
631:Nuer
618:and
591:SSDF
561:and
504:SPLA
502:and
500:SPDF
482:and
474:The
202:SSDF
191:SPDF
170:and
135:Date
119:Nyal
91:Koch
1861::
1839:.
1835::
1831:.
1816:.
1736:.
1657::
1653:.
1616:.
1590:.
1555:^
1499:.
1452:^
1409:^
1370:^
1341:^
1326:^
1227:^
1202:^
1125:^
1098:^
1083:^
1020:^
991:^
950:^
833:^
531:,
490:,
274:c.
150:,
1849:.
1807:.
1786:.
1765:.
1744:.
1724:.
1703:.
1682:.
1661:.
1628:.
1602:.
1513:.
305:e
298:t
291:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
