389:
273:
38:
268:
some years before. Despite his kinship with
Theophilos, the tale is told that the Emperor once had Petronas stripped naked and flogged in public because he had built a palace that overshadowed the house of a widow, in contravention of the law. The palace itself was then torn down, and both the
160:. In 855, Petronas and Bardas encouraged Michael III to seize control of the government: Theoktistos was murdered, Theodora banished to a monastery, Bardas became Michael's chief minister, and Petronas was tasked with the war against the Arabs. In 863, he scored a crushing victory at the
446:. With this victory, Petronas and Bardas were able to secure their eastern borders, strengthen the Byzantine state, and set the stage for the Byzantine conquests of the 10th century. The Byzantine chroniclers add that the victorious general did not survive for long after his victory. A
415:. Petronas was placed in charge of all Byzantine troops assembling to confront the invasion, and through a brilliant coordination effort, three separate forces managed to converge on the Arab army, encircle it, and destroy it at the
340:
and became the effective governor of the
Byzantine Empire. In this position, he displayed remarkable energy and ability, and amongst the most important of his policies was a more aggressive stance against the
328:. Supported by his uncles Bardas and Petronas, Emperor Michael had Theoktistos seized and killed in late 855, while Petronas undertook the confinement of the empress and her daughters into a
320:
In 855, however, Michael III turned fifteen and thus came nominally of age. The young ruler began resenting the dominance of his mother and of
Theoktistos, especially after they selected
848:
833:
388:
868:
873:
803:
777:
858:
753:
725:
701:
164:, a feat which marked the gradual beginning of a Byzantine counter-offensive in the East. Promoted to the rank of
796:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit: 1. Abteilung (641–867), Band 3: Leon (# 4271) – Placentius (# 6265)
532:
716:
828:
823:
381:. After penetrating deeper into Arab territory than any Byzantine commander since the beginning of the
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
853:
745:
451:
289:. A regency council was set up headed by Theodora, along with Petronas and Bardas and their relative
511:
443:
436:
173:
91:
81:
450:, written by a contemporary, claims that Petronas died on the same day as his spiritual father
382:
210:
201:
117:
791:
321:
116:
general and leading aristocrat during the mid-9th century. Petronas was a brother of
Empress
272:
787:
305:" on 11 March 843. Soon after that, Petronas and Bardas were successfully sidelined by the
302:
294:
205:
145:
141:
121:
8:
838:
374:
863:
416:
290:
161:
843:
799:
773:
749:
721:
711:
697:
455:
378:
735:
354:
325:
278:
226:
63:
43:
767:
739:
691:
442:
The defeat of the Arabs and their
Paulician allies became a turning point in the
317:, leaving the eunuch minister the dominant figure throughout Theodora's regency.
314:
462:
was placed opposite those of his sister, the
Empress Theodora, and his nieces.
454:, two years and two months after routing the Arab armies. He was buried in the
420:
335:
103:
37:
817:
424:
265:
264:
convert and general, whose troops had rebelled and proclaimed him emperor at
234:
135:
285:
When
Theophilos died in 842, Theodora was left as regent to her infant son,
763:
397:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
459:
447:
286:
261:
248:
187:
157:
153:
772:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
358:
308:
257:
193:
471:
427:
by his nephew. Soon after, he was raised to the supreme court rank of
313:
Theoktistos, while
Niketiates was killed in an expedition against the
430:
428:
408:
348:
346:
329:
306:
252:
242:
240:
232:
224:
218:
208:. Three other sisters, Kalomaria, Sophia, and Irene, are recorded by
185:
167:
165:
133:
127:
125:
113:
297:, which eventually resulted in the restoration of the veneration of
419:
on
September 3, 863. Petronas carried his defeated enemy's head to
370:
366:
362:
20:
293:. Petronas is said to have urged Theodora to rescind Theophilos's
324:
as his bride, disregarding
Michael's attachment to his mistress,
140:
guard regiment. After Theophilos' death, he played a role in the
541:, "Theophobos" (P. A. Hollingsworth, A. Cutler), pp. 2067–2068.
412:
197:
149:
798:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 564–566.
392:
Clash between Byzantines and Arabs at the Battle of Lalakaon.
342:
107:
628:
580:
568:
298:
247:. In 842, as Theophilos lay dying, Petronas and the eunuch
42:
Petronas (far left) with John the Monk. Miniature from the
790:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2000).
616:
669:
667:
556:
786:
652:
604:
501:
499:
490:
269:
building materials and the plot were left to the widow.
544:
664:
640:
407:), raided deep into Byzantine territory, reaching the
592:
496:
365:
in 856, he plundered his way through the emirate of
276:
Michael III with Theodora and Theoktistos, from the
16:
9th-century Byzantine military leader and aristocrat
396:In 863, an Arab army, led by the emir of Melitene,
124:, under whom he advanced to the high court rank of
529:, "Petronas" (P. A. Hollingsworth), pp. 1644–1645.
345:in the East. Consequently, Petronas was appointed
815:
720:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
693:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610–1071
217:Under Theophilos, he was appointed commander (
385:, he returned victorious with many captives.
741:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
849:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
333:
148:, but was sidelined along with his brother
36:
734:
658:
634:
610:
586:
574:
550:
834:9th-century Byzantine military personnel
696:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
387:
271:
762:
689:
673:
646:
622:
598:
562:
505:
332:. Bardas was now raised to the rank of
239:, and raised to the high court rank of
112:; died November 11, 865) was a notable
816:
690:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1987).
357:. On his first campaign, against the
156:, when power was held by the regent
120:and hence brother-in-law of Emperor
869:Burials at the Monastery of Gastria
152:during the minority of his nephew,
19:For the Malaysian oil company, see
13:
717:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
439:(commander-in-chief of the army).
14:
885:
874:Governors of the Thracesian Theme
769:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
251:carried out the execution of the
196:, and was the younger brother of
132:and the post of commander of the
710:
538:
526:
402:
423:, where he was honored with a
1:
465:
429:
347:
307:
253:
241:
233:
225:
219:
186:
179:
166:
134:
126:
92:Arab–Byzantine frontier wars
7:
369:and the Paulician lands to
10:
890:
682:
108:
18:
746:Stanford University Press
452:Saint Anthony the Younger
184:Petronas was born to the
87:
77:
69:
59:
51:
35:
28:
859:Domestics of the Schools
744:. Stanford, California:
437:Domestic of the Schools
223:of the guard regiment (
174:Domestic of the Schools
82:Domestic of the Schools
393:
334:
282:
211:Theophanes Continuatus
204:, the wife of Emperor
788:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
391:
322:Eudokia Dekapolitissa
295:iconoclastic policies
275:
70:Years of service
435:and the position of
303:Triumph of Orthodoxy
829:Byzantine officials
637:, pp. 450–451.
625:, pp. 160–161.
589:, pp. 447–450.
577:, pp. 446–447.
565:, pp. 154–155.
444:Arab–Byzantine wars
824:Byzantine generals
712:Kazhdan, Alexander
458:, where his stone
425:triumphal entrance
417:Battle of Lalakaon
394:
301:in the so-called "
291:Sergios Niketiates
283:
176:, he died in 865.
172:and the office of
162:Battle of Lalakaon
805:978-3-11-016673-6
779:978-0-520-20496-6
736:Treadgold, Warren
491:Lilie et al. 2000
456:Gastria Monastery
379:Upper Mesopotamia
97:
96:
881:
854:Phrygian dynasty
809:
783:
759:
731:
707:
677:
671:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
509:
503:
494:
488:
434:
406:
404:
383:Muslim conquests
355:Thracesian Theme
353:of the powerful
352:
339:
326:Eudokia Ingerina
312:
279:Madrid Skylitzes
256:
246:
238:
230:
222:
191:
171:
139:
131:
111:
110:
64:Byzantine Empire
44:Madrid Skylitzes
40:
26:
25:
889:
888:
884:
883:
882:
880:
879:
878:
814:
813:
812:
806:
780:
756:
728:
704:
685:
680:
672:
665:
657:
653:
645:
641:
633:
629:
621:
617:
609:
605:
597:
593:
585:
581:
573:
569:
561:
557:
549:
545:
537:
533:
525:
512:
504:
497:
489:
472:
468:
405: 830s–863
401:
315:Cretan Saracens
182:
47:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
887:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
811:
810:
804:
784:
778:
760:
754:
732:
726:
714:, ed. (1991).
708:
702:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:
676:, p. 311.
663:
661:, p. 453.
659:Treadgold 1997
651:
649:, p. 162.
639:
635:Treadgold 1997
627:
615:
613:, p. 450.
611:Treadgold 1997
603:
601:, p. 160.
591:
587:Treadgold 1997
579:
575:Treadgold 1997
567:
555:
553:, p. 446.
551:Treadgold 1997
543:
531:
510:
508:, p. 154.
495:
493:, p. 564.
469:
467:
464:
421:Constantinople
181:
178:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
886:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
819:
807:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
771:
770:
765:
764:Whittow, Mark
761:
757:
755:0-8047-2630-2
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
729:
727:0-19-504652-8
723:
719:
718:
713:
709:
705:
703:0-8020-6667-4
699:
695:
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688:
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675:
670:
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631:
624:
619:
612:
607:
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588:
583:
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571:
564:
559:
552:
547:
540:
535:
528:
523:
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519:
517:
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507:
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487:
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483:
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368:
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344:
338:
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331:
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318:
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304:
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296:
292:
288:
281:
280:
274:
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267:
263:
259:
255:
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245:
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72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
27:
22:
795:
768:
740:
715:
692:
674:Whittow 1996
654:
647:Jenkins 1987
642:
630:
623:Jenkins 1987
618:
606:
599:Jenkins 1987
594:
582:
570:
563:Whittow 1996
558:
546:
534:
506:Whittow 1996
441:
398:Umar al-Aqta
395:
319:
284:
277:
220:droungarios'
216:
209:
200:and Empress
192:Marinos and
183:
99:
98:
88:Battles/wars
460:sarcophagus
448:hagiography
287:Michael III
260:, a former
249:Theoktistos
188:droungarios
158:Theoktistos
154:Michael III
839:865 deaths
818:Categories
792:"Petronas"
466:References
359:Paulicians
309:logothetes
262:Khurramite
258:Theophobos
206:Theophilos
194:Theoktiste
146:Iconoclasm
122:Theophilos
60:Allegiance
864:Magistroi
431:magistros
411:coast at
409:Black Sea
349:strategos
330:monastery
254:patrikios
243:patrikios
231:) of the
180:Biography
168:magistros
128:patrikios
114:Byzantine
844:Patricii
766:(1996).
738:(1997).
371:Samosata
367:Melitene
363:Tephrike
202:Theodora
118:Theodora
109:Πετρωνᾶς
100:Petronas
73:830s–865
30:Petronas
21:Petronas
683:Sources
802:
776:
752:
724:
700:
413:Amisos
336:Caesar
299:images
266:Sinope
198:Bardas
150:Bardas
142:ending
375:Amida
343:Arabs
235:Vigla
227:tagma
136:Vigla
104:Greek
800:ISBN
774:ISBN
750:ISBN
722:ISBN
698:ISBN
373:and
78:Rank
52:Died
539:ODB
527:ODB
377:in
361:of
144:of
55:865
820::
794:.
748:.
666:^
513:^
498:^
473:^
403:r.
214:.
106::
808:.
782:.
758:.
730:.
706:.
400:(
102:(
46:.
23:.
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