Pharmacology of selegiline

2862:. Conversely, the transdermal patch drug label states that no pharmacokinetic differences in selegiline and its metabolites were observed in mild or moderate liver impairment nor in mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment. As such, the label states that dosage adjustment is not needed in these contexts. Severe hepatic impairment and end-stage renal impairment were not studied. In the case of the ODT formulation of selegiline, its drug label states that the dosage of selegiline should be reduced in mild and moderate hepatic impairment, whereas no dosage adjustment is required in mild to moderate renal impairment. The label additionally states that ODT selegiline is not recommended in severe hepatic impairment nor in severe or end-stage renal impairment. In clinical studies described by the ODT label, selegiline exposure was 1.5-fold higher and desmethylselegiline exposure 1.4-fold higher in mild hepatic impairment, selegiline exposure was 1.5-fold higher and desmethylselegiline exposure 1.8-fold higher in moderate hepatic impairment, and selegiline exposure was 4-fold higher and desmethylselegiline exposure 1.25-fold higher in severe hepatic impairment. Conversely, levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine exposures were not modified by hepatic impairment. In the case of renal impairment, selegiline and desmethylselegiline levels were not substantially different in mild and moderate renal impairment and selegiline levels were likewise not substantially different in end-stage renal impairment. However, levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine exposures were increased by 34 to 67% in moderate renal impairment and by approximately 4-fold in end-stage renal impairment. 1843:

people with Parkinson's disease, the loss is around 70% at diagnosis and more than 90% at death. Only about 0.1% of the human population develops Parkinson's disease. In these individuals, the nigrostriatal pathway deteriorates more rapidly and prematurely than usual, for instance at a rate of 30 to 90% loss of dopamine content per decade. However, it is thought that if humans lived much longer than the average lifespan, everyone would eventually develop Parkinson's disease. Besides the nigrostriatal pathway, there is also considerable, albeit lesser, loss of dopaminergic neurons in people with Parkinson's disease in other pathways and areas, like the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways. There is even substantial loss of dopamine in non-brain tissues, like the

2872:, hepatic and renal function were reported to more dramatically influence the pharmacokinetics of selegiline in the case of oral selegiline. The pharmacokinetics of selegiline's major metabolites, desmethylselegiline, levomethamphetamine, and levoamphetamine, were also affected, but to a much lesser extent compared to selegiline itself. AUC levels of selegiline relative to normal control subjects were 18-fold higher in people with hepatic impairment, 23-fold lower in people with drug-induced liver dysfunction, and 6-fold higher in people with renal impairment. The drug-induced liver dysfunction group consisted of people taking a variety of 1622:. It is unknown what concentrations of levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine produce sympathomimetic and other effects in humans and whether such concentrations are achieved with selegiline therapy. However, cardiovascular side effects of selegiline have been found clinically and have been attributed to its amphetamine metabolites. For comparison, rasagiline, which lacks amphetamine metabolites, has shown fewer adverse effects in clinical studies. Animal studies suggest that selegiline's amphetamine metabolites may indeed be involved in its effects, such as 1788:. However, as previously described, levomethamphetamine is a significantly weaker monoamine releaser and psychostimulant than dextromethamphetamine. Circulating levels of levomethamphetamine associated with clinically relevant doses of selegiline are far lower than concentrations of racemic or dextrorotatory methamphetamine that are known to be neurotoxic to dopaminergic neurons. As such, dopaminergic neurotoxicity from selegiline's levomethamphetamine metabolite has been deemed unlikely. 1890:(DOPAL), a metabolite of dopamine formed by MAO, in this neurodegeneration. Age-related degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is said to be similar in rodents and humans. Selegiline has been found to attenuate the age-related morphological changes in the nigrostriatal pathway of rodents and to produce accompanying preservations of cognitive and sexual functions. These protective effects may be mediated by multiple activities of selegiline including its MAO-B inhibition, its 1439:(BPAP), have been developed. PPAP was derived from selegiline (and by extension from β-phenethylamine), while BPAP was derived from tryptamine. These compounds are more potent and selective in their MAE actions than selegiline. In addition, BPAP is an activity enhancer of not only catecholaminergic neurons but also of serotonergic neurons. Unlike selegiline, PPAP and BPAP lack the MAO inhibition and amphetamine 2823:, compared to 4 to 10% with the conventional oral form. Transdermal selegiline results in significantly higher exposure to selegiline and lower exposure to all metabolites compared to conventional oral selegiline. Selegiline levels are 50-fold higher and exposure to its metabolites 70% lower with the transdermal patch compared to oral administration at equivalent doses. These differences are due to extensive 31: 1239:. Although desmethylselegiline levels with selegiline therapy are low, selegiline and desmethylselegiline are highly potent MAO-B inhibitors due to the irreversible nature of their inhibition. As such, desmethylselegiline may contribute significantly to the MAO-B inhibition with selegiline. In contrast to desmethylselegiline, two of selegiline's other metabolites, 2622:-demethylate levomethamphetamine into levoamphetamine. CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 metabolizer phenotypes did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of selegiline, suggesting that these enzymes are minimally involved in its metabolism. However, although most pharmacokinetic variables were unaffected, AUC levels of levomethamphetamine were 46% higher and its 1528:, one of the original developers of selegiline, the CAE effect of selegiline may be more important than MAO-B inhibition in terms of effectiveness for Parkinson's disease. Rasagiline may act as a TAAR1 antagonist to mediate its anti-CAE effects. However, as with selegiline, binding to and modulation of the TAAR1 by rasagiline still requires confirmation. 1665:, whereas levoamphetamine is 3- to 5-fold less potent as a dopamine releaser compared to dextroamphetamine. Relatedly, levoamphetamine is substantially more potent as a dopamine releaser and stimulant than levomethamphetamine in rodents. In relation to the preceding findings, levomethamphetamine acts more as a selective 2924:

Selegiline given subcutaneously to rodents selectively inhibits MAO-B with a single 0.2–2.0 mg/kg dose or a continuous 0.05 to 0.25 mg/kg dosage and substantially inhibits MAO-A at a continuous dosage of 1.0 mg/kg. It also produces catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) effects with a subcutaneous

2334:

week of treatment. This equated to a 1.9- to 2.6-fold accumulation in peak levels and a 3.6- to 5.5-fold accumulation in AUC levels. The metabolites of selegiline accumulate to a smaller extent than selegiline. The AUC levels of desmethylselegiline increased by 1.5-fold and the peak and AUC levels of

1842:

neurons is substantially slower than in the nigrostriatal pathway. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease are known to develop when the dopamine content of the caudate nucleus drops below 30% of the normal level. Loss of striatal dopamine reaches a level of 40% in healthy people by the age of 75, whereas in

1775:

mg/day. In one clinical study, levels of the amphetamine metabolites of selegiline were manipulated and there were no changes in clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This led the researchers to conclude that the beneficial clinical effects of selegiline in Parkinson's disease were not due to its

1676:. In accordance with the results of catecholamine release studies, levomethamphetamine is 2- to 10-fold or more less potent than dextromethamphetamine in terms of psychostimulant-like effects in rodents, whereas levoamphetamine is 1- to 4-fold less potent than dextroamphetamine in its stimulating and 1171:

of MAO-B. Levels of β-phenethylamine in the brain are increased 10- to 30-fold and levels in urine are increased 20- to 90-fold. Circulating levels of β-phenethylamine are also increased to a much lesser extent. β-Phenethylamine is normally present in small amounts in the brain and urine and has been

1036:

mg/week total), to be evaluated in clinical trials. It has been suggested that lower doses of selegiline could be equally effective in terms of MAO-B inhibition as conventional doses and potentially in terms of clinical effectiveness. However, per some researchers, optimal effectiveness of selegiline

2778:

mg/day. In addition, there is an at least 90% reduction in metabolites of selegiline including desmethylselegiline, levomethamphetamine, and levoamphetamine with the ODT formulation of selegiline compared to conventional oral selegiline. Hence, levels of these metabolites are 10-fold lower with the

943:

mg twice per week) is the minimum dosage that can produce maximal and long-lasting inhibition of platelet MAO-B activity. There is considerable (>5-fold) accumulation of selegiline with daily repeated administration, which may increase its potency in terms of MAO-B inhibition relative to single

5854:

Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Stull R, Keiser HR, Sunderland T, Murphy DL, et al. (November 1986). "Simultaneous liquid-chromatographic determination of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol, catecholamines, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in plasma, and their responses to inhibition of monoamine oxidase".

1977:

whereas selegiline was only modestly effective in doing so (acetaldehyde levels elevated >20-fold versus >3-fold, respectively). These findings suggest that selegiline may indeed be a weak ALDH inhibitor. However, clinically significant ALDH inhibition and associated disulfiram-like alcohol

1060:

mg/day has been found to inhibit brain MAO-B by more than 90% in postmortem individuals with Parkinson's disease. This dosage of selegiline has been found in such individuals to produce increases in brain levels of dopamine of 23 to 350% and of β-phenethylamine of 1,200 to 3,400% depending on the

1783:

to dopaminergic neurons at high concentrations and doses. Such toxicity is unfavorable generally, but it is particularly concerning in the context of Parkinson's disease due to the potential for sufficiently high concentrations of methamphetamine to further exarcebate neurodegeneration along the

1551:

and hence do not appear to be related to MAO inhibition. Instead, the CAE actions of selegiline have been implicated in the pro-sexual effects. Although selegiline has shown potent pro-sexual effects in rodents, these effects were not subsequently confirmed in primates. In humans, selegiline for

1586:

The involvement of levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine in the effects of selegiline is controversial. The levels of these metabolites are relatively low and are potentially below pharmacological concentrations at typical clinical doses of selegiline. In any case, both beneficial and harmful

1121:(5-HIAA) remain unchanged. It has been found in animal studies that brain MAO-A must be inhibited by nearly 85% before serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine levels increase and result in increased functional activity as well as accompanying behavioral changes. Selegiline at an oral dosage of 10 8948:

A report from the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that "purity of METH is currently very high, at 60–90%," i.e., the illicit METH is predominantly d-METH, and that "common abused doses are 100–1000 mg/day, and up to 5000 mg/day in chronic binge use." The results from

1196:

administration of β-phenethylamine. The increase in endogenous levels of β-phenethylamine with selegiline might be involved in its effects, for instance claimed "psychic energizing" and mood-lifting effects as well as its effectiveness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In contrast to

1770:

mg/day, have been reported to be slightly effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It has been postulated that amphetamines are limitedly effective for Parkinson's disease as there is inadequate presynaptic dopamine to be released in patients with the condition. In any case, this

4394: 7817:

Clayton AH, Campbell BJ, Favit A, Yang Y, Moonsammy G, Piontek CM, et al. (December 2007). "Symptoms of sexual dysfunction in patients treated for major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis comparing selegiline transdermal system and placebo using a patient-rated scale".

2779:

ODT formulation. The levels of amphetamine metabolites with the ODT formulation have been regarded as negligible. This formulation of selegiline retains selectivity for MAO-B over MAO-A and likewise does not cause the "cheese effect" with consumption of tyramine-rich foods.

10015:

Azzaro AJ, Ziemniak J, Kemper E, Campbell BJ, VanDenBerg C (October 2007). "Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of selegiline following treatment of healthy subjects with the selegiline transdermal system (6 mg/24 h): a comparison with oral selegiline capsules".

1791:

Newer formulations of selegiline, such as the ODT and transdermal patch forms, have been developed which strongly reduce formation of the amphetamine metabolites and their associated effects. In addition, other MAO-B inhibitors that do not metabolize into amphetamines or

6793:

Knoll J, Miklya I, Knoll B, Yasusa T, Shimazu S, Yoneda F (September 2002). "1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)aminopentane HCl, 3-F-BPAP, antagonizes the enhancer effect of (-)-BPAP in the shuttle box and leaves the effect of (-)-deprenyl unchanged".

1495:

have been confirmed to bind to and activate the TAAR1. As with selegiline, levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine are also CAEs, although levomethamphetamine is 1- to 10-fold less potent in this action than selegiline itself. Another metabolite of selegiline,

1587:

effects of these metabolites have been postulated. It is unknown whether the metabolites are involved in the effectiveness of selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It has been said that the amphetamine metabolites of selegiline might improve

2634:

and desmethylselegiline AUC levels were 68% higher in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers compared to extensive metabolizers. As with CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are unlikely to be majorly involved in the metabolism of selegiline as the strong inhibitor

1910:

mg/week) in the healthy population for such purposes and has used this himself. However, antiaging and anti-neurodegenerative effects of selegiline in humans have not been clearly demonstrated as of present and this theory remains to be substantiated.

1524:(AGN-1133, J-508) are devoid of CAE actions. In fact, rasagiline actually inhibits the CAE effects of selegiline. This may explain differences in effectiveness between selegiline and rasagiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. According to 4402: 2350:

of selegiline is unchanged when it is taken with food. In contrast to selegiline itself, the pharmacokinetics of its metabolites, desmethylselegililne, levomethamphetamine, and levoamphetamine, are unchanged when selegiline is taken with food.

1468:

has been shown to reverse the CAE effects of BPAP and selegiline, among other findings. However, it has yet to be determined whether MAEs like BPAP and selegiline actually directly bind to and activate the TAAR1. Moreover, in an older study of

1735:. On the other hand, in contrast to dextroamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine, levomethamphetamine also produces subjective "bad" or aversive drug effects. Unlike the case of levomethamphetamine, oral doses of levoamphetamine of as low as 5 6707:"Antiaging compounds: (-)deprenyl (selegeline) and (-)1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, [(-)BPAP], a selective highly potent enhancer of the impulse propagation mediated release of catecholamine and serotonin in the brain" 2414:

of selegiline. It has been stated that the plasma protein binding of selegiline is 94%, but it has been said that there is no actual evidence to support this figure. Subsequent research found that its plasma protein binding is 85 to 90%.

8035:

Engberg G, Elebring T, Nissbrandt H (November 1991). "Deprenyl (selegiline), a selective MAO-B inhibitor with active metabolites; effects on locomotor activity, dopaminergic neurotransmission and firing rate of nigral dopamine neurons".

5951:

Some studies showed how the inhibition of MAO may increase the effects of phenylethylamine.115,119 It is known that the levels of dopamine and phenylethylamine increase after the administration of selegiline115 (a selective inhibitor of

10328:

Barrett JS, Szego P, Rohatagi S, Morales RJ, De Witt KE, Rajewski G, et al. (October 1996). "Absorption and presystemic metabolism of selegiline hydrochloride at different regions in the gastrointestinal tract in healthy males".

7336:

Reese EA, Norimatsu Y, Grandy MS, Suchland KL, Bunzow JR, Grandy DK (January 2014). "Exploring the determinants of trace amine-associated receptor 1's functional selectivity for the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine".

1133:

mg/day selegiline did increase the pressor effect of tyramine, indicating that doses this high and above can significantly inhibit MAO-A. The "cheese reaction" is known to be specifically dependent on inhibition of intestinal MAO-A.

2659:

in urine, 20 to 63% is excreted as levomethamphetamine, 9 to 26% as levoamphetamine, 1% as desmethylselegiline, and 0.01 to 0.03% at unchanged selegiline. In the case of levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine, with an oral dose of

959:

days were required before activity returned to baseline. Besides the degree of inhibition of MAO-B, the time for MAO-B activity to return to baseline also shows dosage dependence. Platelet MAO-B activity returned to normal within

8132:

Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, et al. (January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin".

7402:

Knoll J, Miklya I, Knoll B, Markó R, Kelemen K (1996). "(-)Deprenyl and (-)1-phenyl-2-propylaminopentane, , act primarily as potent stimulants of action potential-transmitter release coupling in the catecholaminergic neurons".

2770:. It was found to have 5- to 8-fold higher bioavailability, more consistent blood levels, and to produce fewer amphetamine metabolites than the standard oral tablet form. It achieves blood levels of selegiline at a dose of 1.25 7438:

Knoll J, Miklya I (1994). "Multiple, small dose administration of (-)deprenyl enhances catecholaminergic activity and diminishes serotoninergic activity in the brain and these effects are unrelated to MAO-B inhibition".

6356:

Heinonen EH, Anttila MI, Karnani HL, Nyman LM, Vuorinen JA, Pyykkö KA, et al. (July 1997). "Desmethylselegiline, a metabolite of selegiline, is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B in humans".

1116:

similarly found inhibition of brain MAO-A by 33 to 70% in humans. However, while brain dopamine and β-phenethylamine levels are substantially increased at this dosage, brain levels of serotonin and its metabolite

995:

mg/day) has been described as somewhat questionable and potentially excessive from a pharmacological standpoint. Selegiline has been predicted to inhibit platelet MAO-B activity by approximately 95% or more after

9007:

Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons reduces DA content in the SN and striatum and triggers the onset of PD clinical symptoms such as tremor, postural instability, bradykinesia and muscle rigidity.

2958:

clinical studies of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine including doses and potency ratios in terms of a variety of psychological and behavioral effects. The summaries of these studies are in Table 1 of the

2553:

minor metabolites of selegiline have been either detected or proposed. Due to the amphetamine metabolites of selegiline, people taking selegiline may test positive for "amphetamine" or "methamphetamine" on

9925:

Hoffman GR, Olson MG, Schoffstall AM, Estévez RF, Van den Eynde V, Gillman PK, et al. (December 2023). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Selegiline, Isocarboxazid, Phenelzine, and Tranylcypromine".

6220:

Yasar S, Justinova Z, Lee SH, Stefanski R, Goldberg SR, Tanda G (April 2006). "Metabolic transformation plays a primary role in the psychostimulant-like discriminative-stimulus effects of selegiline ".

5890:

Elsworth JD, Glover V, Reynolds GP, Sandler M, Lees AJ, Phuapradit P, et al. (April 1978). "Deprenyl administration in man: a selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor without the 'cheese effect'".

1125:

mg/day does not cause the "cheese effect" as assessed by oral tyramine and β-phenethylamine challenge tests. These findings indicate that selegiline does not importantly inhibit MAO-A at a dosage of 10

1428:

of activity across tested concentration ranges. Selegiline is presently the only registered pharmaceutical medication with CAE actions that lacks concomitant potent catecholamine releasing effects.

5075:

Andreu N, Damase-Michel C, Senard JM, Rascol O, Montastruc JL (May 1997). "A dose-ranging study of selegiline in patients with Parkinson's disease: effect of platelet monoamine oxidase activity".

4126:"CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 as the major enzymes responsible for the metabolism of selegiline, a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, as revealed from experiments with recombinant enzymes" 1552:

depression shows minimal pro-sexual effects in men, though it did significantly enhance several areas of sexual function in women. However, this may have been due to improvement in depression.

2904:

of this enzyme was the most likely explanation of the dramatically reduced exposure to selegiline in the drug-induced liver dysfunction group. Because of these increased exposures, subsequent

6256:

Goldberg SR, Yasar S, Bergman J, Youdim MB (December 1994). "Introduction: examination of clinical and preclinical pharmacologic data relating to abuse liability of l-deprenyl (selegiline)".

3677:

Clarke A, Brewer F, Johnson ES, Mallard N, Hartig F, Taylor S, et al. (November 2003). "A new formulation of selegiline: improved bioavailability and selectivity for MAO-B inhibition".

1776:

amphetamine metabolites. It is possible that there could be some small synergistic beneficial effect of selegiline with its amphetamine metabolites, but this has been considered improbable.

1766:

The amphetamine metabolites of selegiline being involved in its effectiveness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been deemed unlikely. High doses of levoamphetamine, for instance 50

8510:

Pauly RC, Bhimani RV, Li JX, Blough BE, Landavazo A, Park J (March 2023). "Distinct Effects of Methamphetamine Isomers on Limbic Norepinephrine and Dopamine Transmission in the Rat Brain".

2299:

metabolizer phenotypes. Levels of desmethylselegiline, levomethamphetamine, and levoamphetamine are 4- to almost 20-fold higher than maximal selegiline levels with oral selegiline therapy.

8953:

There is evidence for the l-isomer of METH or amphetamine contributing more to the peripheral effects (e.g., heart rate) with d-isomer contributing more to the CNS effects (e.g., euphoria)

757:, which may also be involved in its effects as well as side effects. Selegiline and other MAO-B inhibitors may additionally improve non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease, for instance 8951:

In addition, chronic METH users may be at higher risk for developing Parkinson's disease (PD) than nonusers due to the toxic effects of the drug in the nigrostriatal DA pathway. ...

10103:

Kraemer T, Maurer HH (April 2002). "Toxicokinetics of amphetamines: metabolism and toxicokinetic data of designer drugs, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their N-alkyl derivatives".

4287:

Knoll J (1997). "Istoriia deprenil--pervogo selektivnogo ingibitora monoaminoksidazy tipa B" [History of deprenyl--the first selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B].

4915:

Naoi M, Maruyama W, Shamoto-Nagai M, Riederer P (June 2024). "Toxic interactions between dopamine, α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase, and genes in mitochondria of Parkinson's disease".

9881:

Tatton W, Chalmers-Redman R, Tatton N (May 2003). "Neuroprotection by deprenyl and other propargylamines: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase rather than monoamine oxidase B".

8949:

several surveys and research studies on chronic METH abuse within the United States agree with this report; on average, self-reported chronic METH use was 0.25–1.6 g/day. ...

10467:

Kivistö KT, Wang JS, Backman JT, Nyman L, Taavitsainen P, Anttila M, et al. (April 2001). "Selegiline pharmacokinetics are unaffected by the CYP3A4 inhibitor itraconazole".

2618:-depropargylate selegiline into levomethamphetamine. Additionally, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 are thought to metabolize desmethylselegiline into levoamphetamine and CYP2B6 is thought to 1201:. In relation to its elevation of β-phenethylamine levels, selegiline has been described as not only having dopaminergic actions (by increasing dopamine levels) but also having " 8063:

Bundgaard C, Montezinho LP, Anderson N, Thomsen C, Mørk A (2016). "Selegiline induces a wake promoting effect in rats which is related to formation of its active metabolites".

1727:, have been reported to produce significant pharmacological effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased respiration rate, and subjective effects like 7205:"(-)1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, [(-)BPAP], a selective enhancer of the impulse propagation mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain" 9546:

Holt A, Berry MD, Boulton AA (January 2004). "On the binding of monoamine oxidase inhibitors to some sites distinct from the MAO active site, and effects thereby elicited".

5288:

Birkmayer W, Riederer P, Ambrozi L, Youdim MB (February 1977). "Implications of combined treatment with 'Madopar' and L-deprenil in Parkinson's disease. A long-term study".

2750:

L/h and is very low compared to its oral clearance. These findings suggest that selegiline is extensively metabolized not only by the liver but also by non-hepatic tissues.

5560:

Reynolds GP, Riederer P, Sandler M, Jellinger K, Seemann D (1978). "Amphetamine and 2-phenylethylamine in post-mortem Parkinsonian brain after (-)deprenyl administration".

5449:

Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Logan J, Wang GJ, MacGregor RR, Schyler D, et al. (October 1994). "Slow recovery of human brain MAO B after L-deprenyl (Selegeline) withdrawal".

2896:. However, in a previous study, carbamazepine specifically did not reduce selegiline exposure. Phenobarbital and certain other anticonvulsants are known to strongly induce 10263:

Laine K, Anttila M, Huupponen R, Mäki-Ikola O, Heinonen E (2000). "Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of selegiline and desmethylselegiline suggest saturable tissue binding".

1649:

are relatively balanced releasers of dopamine and norepinephrine, levomethamphetamine is about 15- to 20-fold more potent in releasing norepinephrine relative to dopamine

1444: 9186:

Riederer P, Wuketich S (1976). "Time course of nigrostriatal degeneration in parkinson's disease. A detailed study of influential factors in human brain amine analysis".

6291:

Knoll J (May 1985). "The facilitation of dopaminergic activity in the aged brain by (-)deprenyl. A proposal for a strategy to improve the quality of life in senescence".

1061:

brain area and the study. Brain MAO-B levels recover slowly upon discontinuation of selegiline, with a half-time of brain MAO-B synthesis and recovery of approximately 40

1020:

mg dose. Following this however, it is predicted that there will be a plateau and complete or near-complete MAO-B inhibition regardless of whether the dosage is 2.5 or 10

679:

mg/day), selegiline additionally inhibits MAO-A. By selectively inhibiting MAO-B, selegiline increases levels of dopamine in the brain and thereby increases dopaminergic

14359: 10145:

Scheinin H, Anttila M, Dahl ML, Karnani H, Nyman L, Taavitsainen P, et al. (October 1998). "CYP2D6 polymorphism is not crucial for the disposition of selegiline".

4395:"The History of Selegiline/(-)-Deprenyl the First Selective Inhibitor of B-Type Monoamine Oxidase and The First Synthetic Catecholaminergic Activity Enhancer Substance" 2908:

citing the study have stated that selegiline (route/form not specified) is not recommended in people with moderate or severe liver impairment or with renal impairment.

1902:

and may be able to modestly slow the rate of age-related loss of dopamine signaling in humans. Knoll has advocated for the widespread use of a low dose of selegiline (1

12237: 15476: 15136: 10805: 6868:

Shimazu S, Tsunekawa H, Yoneda F, Katsuki H, Akaike A, Janowsky A (December 2003). "Transporter-mediated actions of R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane".

1326:-acetyl-GABAL). These findings may warrant a rethinking of the pharmacological actions of MAO-B inhibitors like selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. 1461:

like dopamine and serotonin analogously to MAEs; trace amines like β-phenethylamine and tryptamine are known to act as both TAAR1 agonists and MAEs; and the TAAR1

7649:

Dalló J, Lekka N, Knoll J (1986). "The ejaculatory behavior of sexually sluggish male rats treated with (-)deprenyl, apomorphine, bromocriptine and amphetamine".

12146: 6055:

Shimazu S, Miklya I (May 2004). "Pharmacological studies with endogenous enhancer substances: β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and their synthetic derivatives".

10752:

Mylius V, Möller JC, Bohlhalter S, Ciampi de Andrade D, Perez Lloret S (July 2021). "Diagnosis and Management of Pain in Parkinson's Disease: A New Approach".

8650:"Estimating the intake of abused methamphetamines using experimenter-administered deuterium labeled R-methamphetamine: selection of the R-methamphetamine dose" 4429:

Gaszner P, Miklya I (January 2006). "Major depression and the synthetic enhancer substances, (-)-deprenyl and R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane".

1655:. Levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine are similar to dextromethamphetamine and dextroamphetamine in their potencies as norepinephrine releasers in rodents 2672:

mg levoamphetamine. The near-absence of unchanged excreted selegiline indicates that selegiline is essentially completely metabolized prior to its excretion.

6326:

Magyar K, Vizi ES, Ecseri Z, Knoll J (1967). "Comparative pharmacological analysis of the optical isomers of phenyl-isopropyl-methyl-propinylamine (E-250)".

4032:

Chrisp P, Mammen GJ, Sorkin EM (May 1991). "Selegiline: A Review of its Pharmacology, Symptomatic Benefits and Protective Potential in Parkinson's Disease".

8839:

Elsworth JD, Sandler M, Lees AJ, Ward C, Stern GM (1982). "The contribution of amphetamine metabolites of (-)-deprenyl to its antiparkinsonian properties".

4531:

Yasar S, Goldberg JP, Goldberg SR (January 1, 1996). "Are metabolites of l-deprenyl (Selegiline) useful or harmful? Indications from preclinical research".

12467: 7508:[A comparison of the pharmacology of (-)-deprenyl to N-methylpropargylamine-1-aminoindane (J-508) and rasagiline, the desmethyl-analogue of J-508] 7380: 1669:

and levoamphetamine as an imbalanced and norepinephrine-preferring releasing agent of norepinephrine and dopamine than as balanced dual releasers of these

683:. At higher doses, by inhibiting both MAO-A and MAO-B, selegiline increases brain levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine and thereby increases 14647: 12076: 5525:

Riederer P, Youdim MB, Rausch WD, Birkmayer W, Jellinger K, Seemann D (1978). "On the mode of action of L-deprenyl in the human central nervous system".

5025:

Heinonen EH, Anttila MI, Nyman LM, Pyykkö KA, Vuorinen JA, Lammintausta RA (July 1997). "Inhibition of platelet monoamine oxidase type B by selegiline".

3974:

Heinonen EH, Myllylä V, Sotaniemi K, Lamintausta R, Salonen JS, Anttila M, et al. (November 1989). "Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of selegiline".

10553:"Inhibition of bupropion metabolism by selegiline: mechanism-based inactivation of human CYP2B6 and characterization of glutathione and peptide adducts" 8175:"Cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of "norepinephrine-preferring" monoamine releasers: time course and interaction studies in rhesus monkeys" 8229:

Mendelson J, Uemura N, Harris D, Nath RP, Fernandez E, Jacob P, et al. (October 2006). "Human pharmacology of the methamphetamine stereoisomers".

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Klietz M, Greten S, Wegner F, Höglinger GU (June 2019). "Safety and Tolerability of Pharmacotherapies for Parkinson's Disease in Geriatric Patients".

1149:(DHPG) (by >65%), the main terminal metabolites of dopamine and norepinephrine, respectively. Conversely, circulating levels of norepinephrine and 9596:"Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors: a comprehensive review of the pharmacology, mechanism of action, substrate specificity, and clinical application" 8414:"Psychomotor effect differences between l-methamphetamine and d-methamphetamine are independent of murine plasma and brain pharmacokinetics profiles" 6095:

Knoll J (August 2003). "Enhancer regulation/endogenous and synthetic enhancer compounds: a neurochemical concept of the innate and acquired drives".

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Peripheral and brain MAO-B are assumed to be inhibited with selegiline to similar extents. Accordingly, selegiline at an MAO-B-selective dosage of 10

10185:

Laine K, Anttila M, Nyman L, Wahlberg A, Bertilsson L (May 2001). "CYP2C19 polymorphism is not important for the in vivo metabolism of selegiline".

7951:

Müller T, Hoffmann JA, Dimpfel W, Oehlwein C (May 2013). "Switch from selegiline to rasagiline is beneficial in patients with Parkinson's disease".

5649:"Evidence that formulations of the selective MAO-B inhibitor, selegiline, which bypass first-pass metabolism, also inhibit MAO-A in the human brain" 5411:

Riederer P, Youdim MB (May 1986). "Monoamine oxidase activity and monoamine metabolism in brains of parkinsonian patients treated with l-deprenyl".

3528: 10638:

Baghdady NT, Banik S, Swartz SA, McIntyre RS (April 2009). "Psychotropic drugs and renal failure: translating the evidence for clinical practice".

3478: 10682:

Anttila M, Sotaniemi EA, Pelkonen O, Rautio A (January 2005). "Marked effect of liver and kidney function on the pharmacokinetics of selegiline".

4078:

Rodrigues AD (June 2022). "Drug Interactions Involving 17α-Ethinylestradiol: Considerations Beyond Cytochrome P450 3A Induction and Inhibition".

4981:

Mahmood I (December 1998). "Is 10 milligrams selegiline essential as an adjunct therapy for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease?".

16403: 15735: 12230: 11810: 11407: 11402: 7506:"(-)-deprenil, az N-metilprogargilamin-1-aminoindan (J-508) és a J-508 dezmetil analógjának (rasagilin) összehasonlító farmakológiai analízise" 2610:, may also be involved. One review concluded that CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 are the leading candidates in selegiline metabolism. CYP2B6 is thought to 8365:"Hippocampus norepinephrine, caudate dopamine and serotonin, and behavioral responses to the stereoisomers of amphetamine and methamphetamine" 8323:

Nishino S, Kotorii N (2016). "Modes of Action of Drugs Related to Narcolepsy: Pharmacology of Wake-Promoting Compounds and Anticataplectics".

5183:

Baghai TC, Eser D, Schule C, Born C, Rupprecht R (25 October 2007). "Selegiline transdermal system in the treatment of depressive disorders".

741:. In addition to the nigrostriatal pathway, selegiline may also influence and potentiate other dopaminergic pathways and areas, including the 15289: 15244: 14856: 11325: 10798: 5218:

Teychenne PF, Parker S (1989). "Double-blind, crossover placebo controlled trial of selegiline in Parkinson's disease--an interim analysis".

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Siu EC, Tyndale RF (March 2008). "Selegiline is a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2A6 inhibiting nicotine metabolism in humans and mice".

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Knoll J (1995). "Rationale for (-)deprenyl (selegiline) medication in Parkinson's disease and in prevention of age-related nigral changes".

6013:

Janssen PA, Leysen JE, Megens AA, Awouters FH (September 1999). "Does phenylethylamine act as an endogenous amphetamine in some patients?".

1715:

mg appear to have no significant physiological or subjective effects. However, higher doses of levomethamphetamine, for instance 0.25 to 0.5

1163:

Besides affecting circulating catecholamine levels and increasing brain dopamine levels via MAO-B inhibition, selegiline strongly increases

15840: 15755: 15181: 14532: 11664: 8269:"Further pharmacological comparison of D-methamphetamine and L-methamphetamine in rats: abuse-related behavioral and physiological indices" 6582:

Watanabe M, Maemura K, Kanbara K, Tamayama T, Hayasaki H (2002). "GABA and GABA receptors in the central nervous system and other organs".

2807:

hours. With application, an average of 25 to 30% (range 10 to 14%) of the selegiline content of the patch is delivered systemically over 24

4489:

Gerlach M, Reichmann H, Riederer P (2012). "A critical review of evidence for preclinical differences between rasagiline and selegiline".

15845: 15770: 15720: 15391: 15126: 15104: 15079: 15069: 14914: 12101: 11669: 9755:

MohanKumar PS, MohanKumar SM, Quadri SK (April 2001). "Deprenyl stimulates the efflux of monoamines from the rat hypothalamus in vitro".

2339:

week of treatment with selegiline. Selegiline appears to inhibit its own metabolism and that of desmethylselegiline with continuous use.

1580: 1354: 887:

mg intravenously (an 85% or 7:1 lower dose) in terms of MAO-B inhibition. In people with Parkinson's disease, selegiline at dosages of 10

792:

of Parkinson's disease is complex and multifacted, and MAO-B inhibitors may only slow the progression of the disease and do not halt it.

512: 14088: 7252:

Ekblom J, Oreland L, Chen K, Shih JC (1998). "Is there a "non-MAO" macromolecular target for L-deprenyl?: Studies on MAOB mutant mice".

15466: 15416: 15358: 15353: 11674: 2746:

L/min. This is described as very high and as almost 30-fold higher than hepatic blood flow. The renal clearance of selegiline is 0.0072

1978:

intolerance with selegiline have not been reported. In addition, and relatedly, selegiline is used clinically at much lower doses (5–10

1277:

of GABA synthesis, and this synthesized GABA in turn inhibits dopaminergic neurons in this brain area. MAO-B specifically mediates the

15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15446: 15259: 15029: 12223: 2346:. There is a 3-fold increase in peak levels of selegiline and a 5-fold increase in AUC levels when it is taken orally with food. The 10600:

Velenosi TJ, Urquhart BL (August 2014). "Pharmacokinetic considerations in chronic kidney disease and patients requiring dialysis".

3934:

Heinonen EH, Anttila MI, Lammintausta RA (December 1994). "Pharmacokinetic aspects of l-deprenyl (selegiline) and its metabolites".

839:

individuals. In another study, a single oral dose of selegiline was found to maximally inhibit platelet MAO-B activity by 23% at 0.5

15695: 15690: 15685: 15576: 15571: 15451: 15156: 15054: 15049: 15034: 14969: 14964: 14711: 14610: 12460: 12430: 10791: 5744:"The Catecholaldehyde Hypothesis for the Pathogenesis of Catecholaminergic Neurodegeneration: What We Know and What We Do Not Know" 2088: 8097:

Simpson LL (1978). "Evidence that deprenyl, A type B monoamine oxidase inhibitor, is an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine".

2900:, one of the major enzymes thought to be involved in the metabolism of selegiline, and it was concluded by the study authors that 1389:

of amphetamines. Selegiline is active as a CAE at far lower concentrations and doses than those at which it starts to inhibit the

15660: 15151: 14640: 14414: 10298: 7133:

Berry MD (January 2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases".

6831:"Synthetic enhancer compounds, besides acting on biogenic amine system, influence the glutamate transmission and stress response" 5332:

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4722:

Knoll J (September 1992). "Pharmacological basis of the therapeutic effect of (-)deprenyl in age-related neurological diseases".

2244: 568:

and levels of the metabolites of selegiline are much lower with the ODT and transdermal patch forms than with the oral form. The

9437:

Nagatsu T, Nakashima A (2020). "Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAO-I)-Mediated Neuroprotection for Treating Parkinson's Disease".

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Chambers KC, Phoenix CH (August 1989). "Apomorphine, deprenyl, and yohimbine fail to increase sexual behavior in rhesus males".

7744:

Knoll J, Dallo J, Yen TT (1989). "Striatal dopamine, sexual activity and lifespan. Longevity of rats treated with (-)deprenyl".

4349:

Knoll J (February 1998). "(-)Deprenyl (selegiline), a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) substance acting in the brain".

3593:

Pae CU, Lim HK, Han C, Neena A, Lee C, Patkar AA (August 2007). "Selegiline transdermal system: current awareness and promise".

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Magyar K, Szende B, Jenei V, Tábi T, Pálfi M, Szöko E (December 2010). "R-deprenyl: pharmacological spectrum of its activity".

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The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway as well as other areas has implications not only for

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Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Goldstein B (December 1994). "Therapy with l-deprenyl (selegiline) and relation to abuse liability".

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Magyar K, Szende B (January 2004). "(-)-Deprenyl, a selective MAO-B inhibitor, with apoptotic and anti-apoptotic properties".

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Cody JT (May 2002). "Precursor medications as a source of methamphetamine and/or amphetamine positive drug testing results".

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Knoll J, Yen TT, Dallo J (1983). "Long-lasting, true aphrodisiac effect of (-)-deprenyl in sexually sluggish old male rats".

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Knoll J (May 1992). "The pharmacological profile of (-)deprenyl (selegiline) and its relevance for humans: a personal view".

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mg and above have been assessed and reported to produce significant pharmacological effects, for instance on wakefulness and

9111:

Knoll J (1993). "The Pharmacological Basis of the Therapeutic Effect of (—)-Deprenyl in Age-Related Neurological Diseases".

8146: 7988:"Monoamine-oxidase Type B Inhibitors and Cognitive Functions in Parkinson's Disease: Beyond the Primary Mechanism of Action" 14233: 13525: 12873: 8556:

Smith RC, Davis JM (June 1977). "Comparative effects of d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, and methylphenidate on mood in man".

2691:

hours. The elimination half-life of selegiline's metabolite, desmethylselegiline, has been reported to range from 2.2 ± 0.6

1828:

in general. This is a very high rate of neuronal decay relative to brain aging generally. Similarly, age-related decay of

13439: 12751: 12453: 12422: 12200: 11945: 10835: 9650:"The effect of pargyline and other monoamine oxidase inhibitors on blood acetaldehyde levels in ethanol-intoxicated mice" 1891: 1771:

effectiveness of high doses of levoamphetamine could not be relevant to selegiline, which is administered at a dose of 10

1335: 493: 101: 14633: 14243: 13550: 12893: 5804:"Catecholamine autotoxicity. Implications for pharmacology and therapeutics of Parkinson disease and related disorders" 2731:

week of daily selegiline doses. Selegiline is a known inhibitor of several cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP2B6 and

2491:-depropargylation. Levomethamphetamine, levoamphetamine, and desmethylselegiline constitute the three major or primary 2407:(CSF) are similar to those in blood, suggesting that accumulation in the brain over peripheral tissues does not occur. 5148:

Müller T (October 2014). "Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of rasagiline mesylate for Parkinson's disease".

2831:

and levels have been found to be equivalent when applied to the upper torso versus the upper thigh. The drug does not

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Pescosolido N, Stefanucci A, Buomprisco G, Fazio S (2014). "Amblyopia treatment strategies and new drug therapies".

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The oral bioavailability of selegiline increases when it is ingested together with a fatty meal, as the molecule is

2054:(PET) research with the ODT and patch formulations of selegiline, the drug does not significantly inhibit the brain 1961:. Propiolaldehyde and propargylamine are also theorized to be metabolites of selegiline, which likewise features an 16438: 16087: 16082: 14248: 13555: 12898: 7469:

Miklya I (June 2014). "Essential difference between the pharmacological spectrum of (-)-deprenyl and rasagiline".

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metabolizer phenotypes. Following repeated administration, the half-life of desmethylselegiline increased from 3.8

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Musshoff F (February 2000). "Illegal or legitimate use? Precursor compounds to amphetamine and methamphetamine".

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Fernandez HH, Chen JJ (December 2007). "Monoamine oxidase-B inhibition in the treatment of Parkinson's disease".

7030:"Trace Amines and the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1: Pharmacology, Neurochemistry, and Clinical Implications" 4834:

Magyar K, Pálfi M, Tábi T, Kalász H, Szende B, Szöko E (August 2004). "Pharmacological aspects of (-)-deprenyl".

2439:. More than 90% of orally administered selegiline is metabolized prior to reaching the bloodstream due to strong 2003: 1887: 1414: 1185: 7372: 3635:

Löhle M, Storch A (November 2008). "Orally disintegrating selegiline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease".

2091:(GAPDH). This might play a modulating role in the clinical effectiveness of selegiline for Parkinson's disease. 1661:. Conversely, levomethamphetamine is dramatically less potent as a dopamine releaser than dextromethamphetamine 14776: 14614: 14384: 14228: 13791: 13760: 13535: 13054: 13028: 12883: 12313: 12204: 11915: 11736: 11035: 5113:

Oreland L, Johansson F, Ekstedt J (1983). "Dose regimen of deprenyl (selegiline) and platelet MAO activities".

2027: 1666: 1547:

and high doses of amphetamine. These effects are not shared with other MAO-B inhibitors or the MAO-A inhibitor

1436: 1421: 1146: 1142: 827:

hours. MAO-B inhibition with lower doses of selegiline has also been assessed. A dosage of oral selegiline of 1

800: 718: 105: 8893:

Unlike cocaine and amphetamine, methamphetamine is directly toxic at higher doses to midbrain dopamine neurons

7599:"A multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis of monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors for Parkinson's disease" 3353: 3213: 2854:

for oral selegiline states that no information is available on this formulation of the drug in the context of

16139: 14273: 14223: 14218: 13935: 13530: 12878: 12056: 11684: 6392:

Mahmood I, Neau SH, Mason WD (July 1994). "An enzymatic assay for the MAO-B inhibitor selegiline in plasma".

2828: 2699:

hours. The half-lives of its metabolites levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine have been reported to be 14

1350: 684: 596:, with its metabolites accounting for the vast majority of eliminated material in the case of the oral form. 4675:"Different Generations of Type-B Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease: From Bench to Bedside" 4629:

Kalász H, Magyar K, Szőke É, Adeghate E, Adem A, Hasan MY, et al. (2014). "Metabolism of selegiline ".

2933:

mg/kg (+17% activity) for dopaminergic neurons. For comparison, the dosage used in humans orally is around 1

16417: 15870: 14590: 14399: 14389: 14369: 14328: 14303: 14253: 14163: 13770: 13765: 13560: 13038: 13033: 12903: 12418: 12176: 8877:

Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM (2015). "Chapter 16: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders".

2759: 2051: 2039: 1109: 442: 69: 15561: 14409: 14404: 14379: 14333: 14043: 13775: 13755: 13379: 13307: 12676: 12606: 12026: 11564: 7505: 2483:-propargylamphetamine). Subsequently, levomethamphetamine is further metabolized into levoamphetamine by 1883: 766: 621: 97: 9281:"Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Dopamine Oxidation Products" 16092: 15949: 15895: 13960: 13910: 11745: 11740: 11425: 11053: 11013: 10991: 10814: 9505: 3760:

Knoll J (1986). "Role of B-Type Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease".

2683:

hours across studies. With repeated administration, the half-life of selegiline increases to 7.7 ± 12.6

2534: 1724: 1458: 1358: 1118: 1100:

in rodents. The clinical selectivity of selegiline for MAO-B is lost at oral doses of the drug above 20

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Deftereos SN, Andronis CA (July 2010). "Discordant effects of rasagiline doses in Parkinson disease".

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in the rodent brain and that MAO-B is not importantly involved. In contrast, MAO-B appears to mediate

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Yen TT, Dalló J, Knoll J (1982). "The aphrodisiac effect of low doses of (-) deprenyl in male rats".

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Hidestrand M, Oscarson M, Salonen JS, Nyman L, Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, et al. (November 2001).

2851: 2735:. It appears to inhibit its own metabolism and the metabolism of its metabolite desmethylselegiline. 2035: 1793: 1258:

In 2021, it was discovered that MAO-A is solely or almost entirely responsible for striatal dopamine

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Knoll J (1983). "Deprenyl (selegiline): the history of its development and pharmacological action".

3147:

Mahmood I (August 1997). "Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selegiline. An update".

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maximally inhibited platelet MAO-B activity by 80 ± 15% in the same study and this occurred within 5

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Silverstone T, Wells B (1980). "Clinical Psychopharmacology of Amphetamine and Related Compounds".

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Knoll J (2005). "Enhancer Regulation: A Neurochemical Approach to the Innate and Acquired Drives".

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Nadeem MS, Hosawi SB, Murtaza BN, Kazmi I (2023). "Mechanism of action of anti-Parkinson's drugs".

2827:

with the oral form and the bypassing and absence of the first pass with the patch form. Selegiline

2739: 2031: 1432: 1378: 1168: 6532:"Redefining differential roles of MAO-A in dopamine degradation and MAO-B in tonic GABA synthesis" 5696:

Birkmayer W, Riederer P, Youdim MB (1982). "(-)Deprenyl in the treatment of Parkinson's disease".

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How Synthetic Drugs Work: Insights Into Molecular Pharmacology of Classic and New Pharmaceuticals

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Poston KL, Waters C (October 2007). "Zydis selegiline in the management of Parkinson's disease".

2832: 2388: 2368: 2303: 2070: 2007: 1879: 1711:, or other clinical parameters. As such, doses of levomethamphetamine of less than or equal to 10 1418: 1177: 777: 515:. The clinical significance of this action is unclear, but it may be relevant to the effects and 43: 15880: 10372: 7558:"The significance of selegiline/(-)-deprenyl after 50 years in research and therapy (1965-2015)" 4535:. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum. Vol. 48. Vienna: Springer. pp. 61–73. 2529:. Following their formation, the amphetamine metabolites of selegiline are also metabolized via 1282: 819:

mg oral dose of selegiline, 86 to 90% of MAO-B activity in platelets was inhibited within 2 to 4

16402:

or in the associated compound articles. For TAAR2 and TAAR5 agonists and inverse agonists, see

16328: 16159: 16154: 16149: 15996: 15715: 15516: 15224: 14766: 14606: 14602: 14470: 14374: 14338: 14313: 13750: 13635: 13023: 12931: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12031: 11865: 11844: 10968: 9594:

Koppaka V, Thompson DC, Chen Y, Ellermann M, Nicolaou KC, Juvonen RO, et al. (July 2012).

9155:

Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase B: Pharmacology and Clinical Use in Neurodegenerative Disorders

9113:

Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase B: Pharmacology and Clinical Use in Neurodegenerative Disorders

5647:

Fowler JS, Logan J, Volkow ND, Shumay E, McCall-Perez F, Jayne M, et al. (February 2015).

2411: 2360: 2047: 2015: 1931: 1928: 1874:, and other processes. Dopamine itself is thought to play a major role in this degeneration by 1728: 1677: 1394: 1312: 1308: 1077: 762: 696: 531: 149: 109: 2231:μg⋅h/L. In the case of desmethylselegiline, the time to peak has been reported to be 0.8 ± 0.2 1480:

selegiline was detected in the brain, suggesting that this agent might not act directly via a

1266: 951:

mg oral dose of selegiline, inhibition of platelet MAO-B activity persisted at above 90% for 5

15914: 15888: 15121: 14465: 14308: 13627: 13585: 12923: 12841: 12434: 12361: 11749: 11026: 11004: 8702:

Amphetamines and Related Stimulants: Chemical, Biological, Clinical, and Sociological Aspects

3472: 2893: 2824: 2763: 2676: 2631: 2623: 2522: 2440: 2347: 2272: 2111: 1825: 1785: 1642: 868: 738: 569: 565: 117: 65: 6760: 4253: 16124: 14944: 14598: 14318: 14293: 14153: 14108: 14058: 13673: 13617: 13499: 13429: 13144: 12939: 12801: 12726: 12180: 11491: 11481: 9555: 4878: 4585:

Rothman RB, Baumann MH (October 2003). "Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs".

2055: 1935: 1615: 1425: 746: 226: 22: 2287:μg/L, respectively. Time to peak for levomethamphetamine has been reported to be 0.75 to 6 1108:

mg/day, MAO-A activity in the brain was inhibited by 38 to 86%. A more recent study using

907:

mg once a week resulted in greater than 95% inhibition of platelet MAO-B activity within 1

8: 16443: 16129: 14460: 14198: 14048: 13890: 13668: 13590: 13424: 13322: 13312: 13235: 13169: 12846: 12736: 12621: 12611: 12534: 12384: 12366: 12344: 11619: 11343: 2767: 2580:

are thought to be significantly involved in the metabolism of selegiline on the basis of

2472: 2460: 2404: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2177: 2170: 2081: 1938: 1700: 1568: 1560: 1535:

effects in male rodents. The pro-sexual effects of selegiline are stronger than those of

1497: 1488: 1462: 1240: 1231:. Compared to selegiline, desmethylselegiline is 60-fold less potent in inhibiting MAO-B 1228: 1224: 796: 672: 557: 553: 504: 473: 469: 465: 431: 427: 199: 191: 51: 9559: 9307: 9280: 9256: 9231: 8993: 8966: 8934: 8909: 8787:

Parkes JD, Tarsy D, Marsden CD, Bovill KT, Phipps JA, Rose P, et al. (March 1975).

8622: 8598:"Pharmacology of R-(-)-Methamphetamine in Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature" 8597: 8012: 7987: 7002: 6975: 4882: 1366: 935:

mg once per week, respectively. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that 20

664: 481: 16236: 16033: 15779: 14806: 14780: 14659: 14475: 13811: 13806: 13302: 13069: 12601: 12291: 12283: 11795: 11776: 11772: 11758: 11754: 11524: 10977: 10577: 10552: 10528: 10503: 10354: 9992: 9965: 9732: 9715: 9620: 9595: 9483: 9414: 9387: 9358: 9331: 8759: 8734: 8674: 8649: 8531: 8487: 8462: 8438: 8413: 8389: 8380: 8364: 8293: 8268: 8199: 8174: 7888: 7863: 7623: 7598: 7313: 7288: 7229: 7204: 7110: 7083: 7056: 7029: 6934: 6907: 6830: 6731: 6722: 6706: 6556: 6531: 6500: 6473: 6441: 6370: 6156: 6131: 5990: 5965: 5828: 5803: 5770: 5743: 5673: 5648: 5621: 5596: 5424: 5376: 5231: 5126: 5038: 4781: 4699: 4674: 4362: 3999: 3987: 3901: 3738: 3702: 3542: 3537:. International Review of Neurobiology. Vol. 100. Academic Press. pp. 65–84. 3455: 3428: 2855: 2614:-demethylate selegiline into desmethylselegiline and CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 are thought to 1829: 1631: 1286: 1263: 1024:

mg/day. Relatedly, researchers have called for lower doses of selegiline, like 2.5 or 5

742: 699: 438: 59: 10306: 10158: 9768: 9567: 9032: 8813: 8788: 8463:"Comparison of some behavioral effects of d- and l-methamphetamine in adult male rats" 8003: 7265: 6807: 6595: 5966:"Platelet monoamine oxidase B and plasma beta-phenylethylamine in Parkinson's disease" 5301: 4890: 4690: 4642: 2487:-demethylation and desmethylselegiline is further metabolized into levoamphetamine by 476:(MAO-A) at higher doses. MAO-B inhibition is thought to result in increased levels of 16370: 15991: 15986: 13686: 13510: 13357: 12972: 12806: 12655: 12301: 11961: 11935: 11905: 11713: 11704: 11265: 11044: 11040: 10949: 10769: 10734: 10699: 10655: 10617: 10582: 10533: 10484: 10449: 10445: 10414: 10346: 10280: 10276: 10242: 10202: 10162: 10120: 10116: 10074: 10033: 9997: 9943: 9898: 9860: 9820: 9795: 9772: 9737: 9696: 9661: 9625: 9571: 9521: 9487: 9450: 9419: 9363: 9312: 9261: 9203: 9166: 9153:

Gerlach M, Riederer P (1993). "The Pathophysiological Basis of Parkinson's Disease".

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Kohut SJ, Jacobs DS, Rothman RB, Partilla JS, Bergman J, Blough BE (December 2017).

7379:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2122:. As a result, selegiline does not have risks of the side effects of these actions. 16004: 15348: 15314: 14811: 14791: 14667: 14364: 14208: 14118: 14007: 13871: 13745: 13658: 13515: 13251: 13139: 13018: 12962: 12811: 12550: 12262: 12215: 11800: 11785: 11781: 11767: 11763: 11529: 11245: 11161: 10820: 10761: 10726: 10691: 10647: 10609: 10572: 10564: 10523: 10515: 10476: 10441: 10406: 10338: 10272: 10234: 10194: 10154: 10112: 10064: 10025: 9987: 9977: 9935: 9890: 9852: 9764: 9727: 9692: 9688: 9649: 9615: 9607: 9563: 9513: 9479: 9442: 9409: 9399: 9353: 9343: 9302: 9292: 9251: 9243: 9195: 9158: 9157:. Milestones in Drug Therapy (in German). Basel: Birkhäuser Basel. pp. 25–50. 9116: 9074: 9028: 9019:

Dezsi L, Vecsei L (2017). "Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease".

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Golbe LI (October 1988). "Deprenyl as symptomatic therapy in Parkinson's disease".

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mg/kg, whereas CAE effects are apparent for noradrenergic neurons at a dose of 0.01

1386: 1374: 785: 610: 497: 461: 412: 168: 124: 10783: 9508:(2000). "The Psychopharmacology of Life and Death. Interview with Joseph Knoll.". 5868: 5497:. Academic Press rapid manuscript reproduction. Academic Press. pp. 404–415. 4231: 3888:

Heinonen EH, Lammintausta R (1991). "A review of the pharmacology of selegiline".

3706: 2774:

mg/day that are similar to those with conventional oral selegiline at a dose of 10

2119: 16254: 16197: 16179: 16169: 16020: 16012: 15605: 15386: 15294: 14894: 14884: 14298: 14143: 13886: 13801: 13691: 13580: 13362: 13225: 13164: 13159: 13064: 12977: 12836: 12660: 12524: 12356: 12306: 12126: 12091: 11722: 11181: 11018: 10613: 10053:"Amphetamine-type Stimulants: Novel Insights into their Actions and use Patterns" 9939: 8665: 8519: 8334: 8284: 7929: 7482: 6881: 6657:

The Brain and Its Self: A Neurochemical Concept of the Innate and Acquired Drives

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amphetamine psychostimulants however, selegiline is thought to have little or no

1181: 1113: 789: 769: 726: 561: 539: 523: 508: 408: 404: 216: 207: 159: 132: 9162: 9120: 8648:

Li L, Lopez JC, Galloway GP, Baggott MJ, Everhart T, Mendelson J (August 2010).

7792: 6908:"Enhancer Regulation of Dopaminergic Neurochemical Transmission in the Striatum" 6068: 4540: 4442: 4218:

Gerlach M, Youdim MB, Riederer P (December 1996). "Pharmacology of selegiline".

3769: 3606: 1895: 1525: 16340: 16028: 15969: 15745: 15740: 15186: 14954: 14904: 14786: 14656: 14133: 13896: 13826: 13648: 13545: 13459: 13094: 12952: 12831: 12761: 11718: 11650: 11584: 11534: 11440: 11271: 11009: 10888: 10765: 10730: 10695: 10519: 9856: 9247: 8983: 8242: 7146: 6547: 5612: 5495:

Monoamine Oxidase and Disease: Prospects for Therapy with Reversible Inhibitors

4928: 4502: 3648: 3300: 2873: 2869: 2511: 1999: 1974: 1950: 1844: 1692: 1603: 1592: 1473: 876: 713:

Selegiline is thought to exert its therapeutic effects in the treatment of the

652: 489: 416: 113: 16388: 10651: 10342: 9894: 9404: 8735:"Levo(-) amphetamine and dextro(+) amphetamine in the treatment of narcolepsy" 8478: 8429: 8190: 8072: 7986:

Rinaldi D, Alborghetti M, Bianchini E, Sforza M, Galli S, Pontieri FE (2023).

7964: 7181: 6846: 6630: 6108: 6026: 5345: 4812: 3690: 1898:

and Ildikó Miklya, two of the developers of selegiline, the drug may act as a

16432: 16056: 16048: 15630: 15406: 15176: 14929: 14889: 13866: 13856: 13796: 13719: 13597: 13575: 13384: 13230: 13134: 13124: 13059: 12992: 12853: 12686: 12529: 12445: 12021: 11467: 11131: 11111: 11076: 10884: 10029: 9982: 8709: 8613: 7879: 7100: 7046: 5204: 5196: 4847: 2885: 2877: 2848: 2568:

responsible for the metabolism of selegiline have not been fully elucidated.

2530: 2456: 2376: 2343: 2103: 1855: 1839: 1670: 1544: 1481: 1382: 1339: 1045:

days following discontinuation. On the other hand, another study found that 5

722: 692: 14625: 10238: 9517: 8925: 6664: 6234: 16217: 16134: 16109: 15820: 15805: 15785: 15760: 15196: 15089: 14939: 14831: 14826: 14746: 14721: 14569: 14496: 14440: 14435: 14183: 14083: 14073: 14038: 13841: 13821: 13724: 13469: 13464: 13449: 13369: 13342: 13210: 13205: 13109: 13089: 12997: 12771: 12766: 12746: 12666: 12641: 12509: 12504: 12046: 11825: 11731: 11609: 11544: 11296: 11276: 11171: 11166: 11156: 11081: 10996: 10773: 10738: 10703: 10659: 10621: 10586: 10568: 10537: 10488: 10453: 10418: 10284: 10246: 10206: 10124: 10078: 10037: 10001: 9947: 9902: 9864: 9776: 9741: 9629: 9575: 9423: 9367: 9316: 9297: 9265: 9040: 9002: 8943: 8750: 8683: 8631: 8527: 8496: 8447: 8302: 8250: 8208: 8154: 8080: 8021: 7972: 7937: 7897: 7864:"Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective" 7839: 7632: 7583: 7525: 7490: 7358: 7322: 7304: 7238: 7220: 7189: 7154: 7119: 7065: 7011: 6943: 6889: 6854: 6815: 6740: 6603: 6565: 6509: 6242: 6165: 6147: 6116: 6076: 6034: 5999: 5946: 5837: 5779: 5682: 5630: 5394: 5353: 5169: 4936: 4898: 4855: 4820: 4735: 4708: 4650: 4606: 4450: 4141: 4099: 3698: 3656: 3614: 3560: 3464: 3308: 2636: 2546: 2504: 2496: 2468: 1970: 1966: 1832: 1515: 1343: 714: 688: 450: 10480: 10410: 10350: 10198: 10166: 10069: 10052: 9611: 9491: 9348: 9330:

Cao Y, Li B, Ismail N, Smith K, Li T, Dai R, et al. (November 2021).

9086: 8860: 8822: 8804: 8768: 8398: 8049: 7800: 7765: 7727: 7692: 7662: 7452: 7424: 7273: 6992: 6413: 6378: 6339: 6312: 6277: 6269: 6203: 6195: 5981: 5876: 5717: 5470: 5462: 5432: 5274: 5239: 5134: 5096: 5088: 5046: 5002: 4789: 4743: 4558: 4370: 4300: 4239: 4053: 3995: 3955: 3947: 3909: 3746: 3445: 3168: 16244: 16202: 16184: 16077: 15981: 15964: 15940: 15855: 15835: 15825: 15790: 15750: 15650: 15581: 15546: 15541: 15531: 15363: 15299: 15254: 15249: 15084: 15044: 14959: 14949: 14924: 14841: 14796: 14761: 14564: 14549: 14394: 14278: 14188: 14128: 13836: 13681: 13663: 13479: 13474: 13419: 13414: 13352: 13347: 13286: 13266: 13104: 12967: 12863: 12781: 12776: 12716: 12711: 12651: 12646: 12585: 12565: 12296: 12086: 12004: 11727: 11654: 11539: 11435: 11286: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11101: 11091: 10987: 10919: 10872: 9665: 9207: 9115:. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel. pp. 145–168. 8577: 8329:(2 ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 307–329. 8118: 7831: 6924: 6490: 5760: 5664: 5581: 5546: 2889: 2866: 2707:

hours, respectively. In another study, their half-lives were 11.6 to 15.4

1732: 1627: 1595: 1540: 1532: 1362: 1316: 1202: 1173: 1150: 707: 656: 516: 9700: 7574: 7557: 6829:

Knoll J, Zelena D, Timar J, Baghy K, Mervai Z, Miklya I (January 2020).

5911: 5369:

Selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type B and the "cheese effect"

5309: 1247:, do not significantly inhibit MAO-B at concentrations of as high as 100 991:

The recommended dosing schedule of selegiline in Parkinson's disease (10

16212: 16114: 16104: 16043: 16038: 15850: 15795: 15730: 15725: 15625: 15556: 15536: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15461: 15411: 15368: 15333: 15284: 15279: 15239: 15206: 15201: 15191: 15171: 15166: 15099: 15074: 14899: 14846: 14836: 14801: 14770: 14756: 14731: 14726: 14706: 14701: 14539: 14480: 14263: 14258: 14213: 14203: 14193: 14103: 14093: 14022: 14017: 13851: 13846: 13831: 13700: 13696: 13653: 13622: 13602: 13570: 13520: 13489: 13394: 13389: 13337: 13332: 13276: 13271: 13261: 13119: 13114: 13099: 13084: 12957: 12947: 12918: 12858: 12826: 12816: 12791: 12721: 12691: 12681: 12636: 12631: 12575: 12570: 12560: 12402: 12332: 12324: 12268: 12254: 12156: 12106: 12041: 12036: 11900: 11881: 11815: 11805: 11614: 11599: 11594: 11549: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11335: 11330: 11306: 11301: 11291: 11235: 11225: 11220: 11200: 11151: 11146: 11126: 11106: 11096: 11086: 11071: 10939: 10909: 10905: 10893: 10817: 10751: 9199: 8852: 8569: 5903: 5573: 5538: 3429:"Transdermal selegiline for the treatment of major depressive disorder" 2836: 2515: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2424: 2335:

levomethamphetamine and levoamphetamine increased by 2-fold following 1

2279:, peak levels of these agents have been reported to range from 14 to 90 2192: 2099: 1995: 1942: 1875: 1851:, implicating a generalized degeneration of the whole dopamine system. 1801: 1797: 1780: 1688: 1599: 1548: 1504: 1477: 1440: 1370: 1270: 1259: 1217: 1164: 1104:

mg/day. In a study of post-mortem individuals who were on selegiline 10

703: 637: 549: 535: 419: 184: 92: 7719: 7614: 7350: 7084:"The Case for TAAR1 as a Modulator of Central Nervous System Function" 2929:

mg/kg (+42% activity) for noradrenergic neurons and at a dose of 0.025

2199:

mg oral dose have been studied. The metabolites of selegiline include

1192:). Selegiline also strongly increases levels of β-phenethylamine with 530:

times that of the oral form, and of the transdermal patch is 75%. The

16222: 16207: 16119: 15974: 15959: 15830: 15815: 15800: 15775: 15705: 15620: 15600: 15551: 15486: 15481: 15396: 15264: 15161: 15141: 15114: 15094: 15019: 14919: 14909: 14879: 14821: 14816: 14696: 14691: 14559: 14554: 14527: 14501: 14455: 14450: 14268: 13981: 13876: 13861: 13607: 13565: 13494: 13444: 13409: 13149: 13129: 12908: 12821: 12796: 12741: 12706: 12142: 12111: 12096: 12072: 12011: 11979: 11965: 11931: 11854: 11850: 11830: 11820: 11624: 11378: 11281: 11261: 11253: 11176: 11141: 11136: 11121: 11116: 11049: 10934: 10924: 10879: 10867: 9679:

Hayes AH, Schneck DW (May 1976). "Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy".

6530:

Cho HU, Kim S, Sim J, Yang S, An H, Nam MH, et al. (July 2021).

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mg/kg (+42% activity) and for dopaminergic neurons at a dose of 0.025

1193: 1180:, it induces the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and produces 773: 644: 485: 356: 5924: 1941:

reactions. The ALDH inhibition of pargyline is through formation of

15954: 15810: 15765: 15655: 15615: 15610: 15526: 15373: 15234: 14866: 14861: 14851: 14574: 14354: 14178: 14173: 14123: 14113: 14012: 13740: 13714: 13709: 13643: 13612: 13484: 13454: 13399: 13281: 13256: 13220: 13215: 13013: 12987: 12982: 12913: 12786: 12756: 12696: 12580: 12555: 12519: 12514: 12392: 12319: 12273: 11895: 11700: 11604: 11580: 11554: 11507: 11471: 11431: 11373: 11240: 11066: 11031: 10900: 10858: 9876: 9874: 9332:"Neurotoxicity and Underlying Mechanisms of Endogenous Neurotoxins" 8879:

Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience

8412:

Nishimura T, Takahata K, Kosugi Y, Tanabe T, Muraoka S (May 2017).

8147:

10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3

7597:

Binde CD, Tvete IF, Gåsemyr J, Natvig B, Klemp M (September 2018).

5918: 3973: 3214:"ZELAPAR® (Selegiline Hydrochloride) Orally Disintegrating Tablets" 2582: 2392: 2380: 2372: 2259:μg⋅h/L, whereas for levoamphetamine, the peak levels were 3.6 ± 2.9 1986:

mg/day). ALDH inhibition has notably been implicated in augmenting

1867: 1813: 1651: 1611: 1607: 1521: 1209: 1154: 1086: 808: 734: 675:

inhibits MAO-B. Conversely, at higher concentrations and doses (≥20

660: 648: 477: 16387:

References for all endogenous human TAAR1 ligands are provided at

9388:"Impaired dopamine metabolism in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis" 8062: 7289:"Trace amine-associated receptors as emerging therapeutic targets" 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 1353:

neurons. The CAE actions of selegiline are distinct from those of

1068:

Selegiline inhibits MAO-B by 50% at a very low concentration of 26

16:

Pharmacology of the antiparkinsonian and antidepressant selegiline

15931: 15910: 15456: 15436: 15431: 15338: 15274: 15039: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14934: 14751: 14716: 13404: 12701: 12116: 11348: 11257: 11249: 7985: 5964:

Zhou G, Miura Y, Shoji H, Yamada S, Matsuishi T (February 2001).

4914: 4803:

Birks J, Flicker L (2003). "Selegiline for Alzheimer's disease".

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In clinical studies, levomethamphetamine at oral doses of 1 to 10

1657: 1623: 1454: 1096: 730: 625: 176: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10044: 9871: 9817:

Acetylcholine, Sigma Receptors, CCK and Eicosanoids, Neurotoxins

8967:"Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease" 8056: 7979: 7077: 7075: 5559: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 4910: 4908: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4399:

International Network for the History of Neuropsychopharmacology

4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 2655:

as the unchanged parent drug and its metabolites. Of selegiline

2251:μg⋅h/L. For levomethamphetamine, the peak levels were 10.2 ± 1.5 772:

effects in Parkinson's disease by inhibiting the MAO-B-mediated

15441: 15426: 15343: 15304: 15269: 15146: 15064: 15059: 15024: 14984: 14686: 14078: 14068: 13504: 13074: 11511: 10851: 10262: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9912: 6765:. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 16, 43, 70, 86, 90, 92. 6474:"Revisiting the Role of Astrocytic MAOB in Parkinson's Disease" 6177: 6175: 5849: 5847: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5074: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3916: 2897: 2732: 2716: 2607: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2296: 2291:

hours and for levoamphetamine has been reported to be 2.5 to 12

2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2050:

and are of questionable clinical significance. On the basis of

1987: 1848: 1835: 1445:

inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

1346: 1319: 835:

days inhibited platelet MAO-B activity by about 75 to 100% in 3

781: 614: 545: 542: 172: 11635: 10681: 9924: 9470:

Knoll J (August 1994). "Memories of my 45 years in research".

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Knoll J, Yoneda F, Knoll B, Ohde H, Miklya I (December 1999).

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in brain areas with high MAO-B content, such as the thalamus,

1484:

target in terms of its MAE effects. In any case, selegiline's

807:

mg/day). Selegiline almost completely inhibits MAO-B in blood

588:

hours for levoamphetamine. Selegiline and its metabolites are

16399: 16313: 16276: 16262: 15922: 15401: 15328: 14979: 14681: 14283: 14148: 13991: 13976: 13950: 13930: 13816: 13079: 12868: 12397: 11885: 11709: 11230: 10863: 10666: 10258: 10256: 9381: 9379: 9377: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8411: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8218: 7950: 7280: 7072: 6867: 6577: 6575: 6351: 6349: 5889: 5595:

Tábi T, Vécsei L, Youdim MB, Riederer P, Szökő É (May 2020).

5524: 5053: 4905: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4106: 2796: 2792: 2679:

of selegiline after a single oral dose ranges from 1.2 to 1.9

2652: 2648: 2432: 2371:

and enter the brain, where they are most concentrated in the

1760: 1470: 1465: 1451: 1398: 633: 629: 593: 390: 361: 164: 30: 10014: 9909: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9593: 9385: 8405: 7812: 7810: 7335: 6172: 5844: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5477: 5281: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4457: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 3962: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 2184:

hours in different studies, with a range of about 0.5 to 1.5

1969:

found that pargyline strongly inhibited the inactivation of

667:. At lower concentrations and at typical clinical doses (≤10 500:-evoked release of norepinephrine and dopamine. Through its 16144: 15378: 14871: 14238: 14168: 13986: 13955: 13945: 13540: 12888: 11946: 10836: 10745: 10716: 10637: 10633: 10631: 10544: 10327: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10050: 9880: 9589: 9587: 9585: 8876: 8872: 8870: 8834: 8832: 7023: 7021: 6355: 6012: 5689: 5553: 5103: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 3933: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 2215:

of selegiline across several studies ranged from 0.84 ± 0.6

1687:

mg has been found not to affect subjective drug responses,

1457:. TAAR1 agonists have been found to enhance the release of 10253: 10144: 9754: 9441:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–21. 9386:

Masato A, Plotegher N, Boassa D, Bubacco L (August 2019).

9374: 8965:

Zhou ZD, Yi LX, Wang DQ, Lim TM, Tan EK (September 2023).

8782: 8780: 8778: 8584: 8267:

Xue Z, Siemian JN, Zhu Q, Blough BE, Li JX (August 2019).

8215: 8172: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8131: 7944: 6861: 6572: 6346: 6255: 6219: 5024: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 2314:

mg twice daily, peak levels of selegiline were 1.59 ± 0.89

915:

mg weekly dose. The specific degrees of inhibition after 4

765:, by increasing dopamine levels. Selegiline may have some 484:, whereas MAO-A inhibition results in increased levels of 10321: 10184: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10008: 9838: 9836: 9636: 8914:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

8903: 8901: 8363:

Kuczenski R, Segal DS, Cho AK, Melega W (February 1995).

8358: 8356: 8354: 8228: 8125: 8038:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

8034: 7807: 7286: 7081: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6901: 6899: 5883: 5786: 4628: 4509: 4148: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 2990:"ELDEPRYL® (Selegiline Hydrochloride) Tablets, USP Label" 2800: 1413:

mg/kg (+17% activity) (i.e., 8- to 20-fold lower doses).

859:

mg and with maximal inhibition occurring after 0.5 to 0.8

663:, whereas MAO-B metabolizes dopamine and the trace amine 16398:

References for synthetic TAAR1 agonists can be found at

10628: 10131: 9582: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9272: 8867: 8829: 8786: 8695: 8693: 7816: 7329: 7018: 6431: 6249: 6215: 6213: 6181: 5642: 5640: 5594: 5518: 5488: 5444: 5442: 5009: 4657: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4488: 3786: 2948: 2302:

With repeated administration of selegiline, there is an

1807: 1189: 1184:

effects. In addition, β-phenethylamine is an endogenous

14737: 13186: 10710: 10466: 10460: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 8838: 8775: 8643: 8641: 8362: 8161: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7644: 7642: 7596: 6006: 5695: 5646: 5112: 3663: 1450:

The actions of MAEs including selegiline may be due to

1137:

In accordance with its MAOI activity, selegiline (30–60

426:-deprenyl). Selegiline is available in a few different 11916: 10550: 10504:"Insights into CYP2B6-mediated drug-drug interactions" 10495: 10373:"Selegiline Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals" 10173: 9833: 8898: 8789:"Amphetamines in the treatment of Parkinson's disease" 8647: 8351: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 7590: 7287:

Sotnikova TD, Caron MG, Gainetdinov RR (August 2009).

6950: 6896: 6792: 6659:. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 25–94. 4010: 2306:

of selegiline and its metabolites. With a dosage of 10

1934:(ALDH) inhibitor and consequently is known to produce 1820:

decreases at a rate of about 13% per decade, and this

1329: 1037:

in Parkinson's disease seems to require a dosage of 10

572:

of selegiline and its metabolites range from 1.2 to 10

15379: 14872: 12057: 11685: 10593: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10088: 9748: 9534: 9430: 9179: 8690: 8595: 8454: 8262: 8260: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7739: 7737: 7674: 7672: 7401: 7251: 7245: 7167: 7161: 6828: 6325: 6210: 5801: 5637: 5448: 5439: 5406: 5404: 4833: 4613: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4530: 4217: 883:

mg oral dose of selegiline would be equivalent to 0.5

12245: 9647: 9232:"The catecholaldehyde hypothesis: where MAO fits in" 9137: 8638: 8509: 7846: 7772: 7639: 7395: 7202: 7196: 7027: 6822: 6786: 6385: 6319: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 5963: 5588: 5182: 5176: 4672: 4424: 4422: 4420: 3887: 2664:

mg selegiline, this would be amounts of about 2 to 6

2367:

L. Selegiline and its metabolites rapidly cross the

2247:(AUC) levels were 15.05 ± 4.37 μg⋅h/L to 40.3 ± 10.7 1914: 1443:

of selegiline, although BPAP has also been found to

1041:

mg/day and its effectiveness lasts only about 2 to 3

299: 139: 70: 15562: 11565: 10813: 10551:Sridar C, Kenaan C, Hollenberg PF (December 2012). 9959: 9957: 9278: 8503: 8309: 8266: 7861: 6472:Nam MH, Sa M, Ju YH, Park MG, Lee CJ (April 2022). 6427: 6425: 6423: 5802:Goldstein DS, Kopin IJ, Sharabi Y (December 2014). 5211: 4827: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 2647:Selegiline administered orally is recovered 87% in 1581:

inducing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine

1503:In contrast to selegiline and desmethylselegiline, 1141:mg/day) has been found to decrease blood levels of 564:. The oral form of selegiline is subject to strong 456:In terms of pharmacodynamics, selegiline acts as a 13911: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10085: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8460: 8257: 7904: 7862:Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). 7734: 7699: 7669: 6973: 6905: 6617:Seiler N (June 2004). "Catabolism of polyamines". 6328:Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 5957: 5597:"Selegiline: a molecule with innovative potential" 5401: 5360: 4565: 4031: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 2586:studies. Other cytochrome P450 enzymes, including 2322:μg/L and AUC levels of selegiline were 6.92 ± 5.39 1361:. Conversely, the actions are shared with certain 526:of the oral form is 4 to 10%, of the ODT is 5 to 8 15507: 15215: 12485: 11452: 10501: 9842: 9672: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 8907: 8726: 8461:Siemian JN, Xue Z, Blough BE, Li JX (July 2017). 6041: 4417: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 2541:. Besides the preceding metabolites, selegiline- 2046:. However, these actions are largely of very low 1567:are major metabolites of selegiline and are also 1084:times more potent in inhibiting MAO-B than MAO-A 803:at typical therapeutic doses and below (i.e., ≤10 472:(MAO-B) at lower doses but additionally inhibits 16430: 10599: 10502:Hedrich WD, Hassan HE, Wang H (September 2016). 10291: 10051:Paz-Ramos MI, Cruz SL, Violante-Soria V (2023). 9954: 9545: 9436: 9329: 9323: 9185: 9012: 8699: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6420: 6391: 6123: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5493:. In Tipton KF, Dostert P, Benedetti MS (eds.). 4862: 4796: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 2403:. Concentrations of selegiline's metabolites in 2125:Selegiline has been reported to inhibit several 1555: 1447:at higher concentrations than its MAE activity. 1223:at inhibiting MAO-B. Besides selegiline itself, 1160:, were not significantly affected in the study. 823:hours and 98% of activity was inhibited after 24 11989: 10365: 10213: 9510:The Psychopharmacologists, Vol. III: Interviews 9152: 8881:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 8542: 8092: 8090: 7778: 7648: 7431: 6762:How Selegiline ((-)-Deprenyl) Slows Brain Aging 5217: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3231: 2842: 2753: 2223:μg/L and the AUC levels ranged from 1.26 ± 1.19 1338:(CAE). It selectively enhances the activity of 1216:-deprenyl), which is 150-fold more potent than 15517: 15225: 12475: 11866: 11640:Tooltip Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 10969: 9716:"Newer Drugs in the Treatment of Hypertension" 9214: 8596:Barkholtz HM, Hadzima R, Miles A (July 2023). 8322: 7464: 7462: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 5410: 5366: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4584: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 3621: 3592: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3354:"EMSAM® (Selegiline Transdermal System) Label" 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 2715:hours, respectively, in people with different 2499:occurs in the metabolism of selegiline or its 604: 513:norepinephrine and/or dopamine releasing agent 15896: 14655: 14641: 12461: 12231: 10799: 10390: 10102: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 8964: 7915: 7743: 7705: 7678: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7535: 6974:Harsing LG, Timar J, Miklya I (August 2023). 6906:Harsing LG, Knoll J, Miklya I (August 2022). 6529: 6516: 6054: 5724: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4428: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4060: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2451:-propargylmethamphetamine) is metabolized by 2267:μg⋅h/L. For comparison, following a single 10 2191:The circulating levels of selegiline and its 1858:and risk of Parkinson's disease but also for 11492: 9707: 9678: 8732: 8087: 7365: 7082:Rutigliano G, Accorroni A, Zucchi R (2017). 6754: 6752: 6750: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6129: 6090: 6088: 6086: 4868: 4802: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3567: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3477:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3286: 2995:. Food and Drug Administration. January 2008 2918: 2639:has minimal impact on its pharmacokinetics. 2002:of the toxic MAO-formed dopamine metabolite 11951:Tooltip Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase 10841:Tooltip Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase 9963: 9783: 9648:Dembiec D, MacNamee D, Cohen G (May 1976). 9018: 8908:Moszczynska A, Callan SP (September 2017). 7459: 7437: 6478:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 6471: 6458: 5489:Riederer P, Jellinger K, Seemann D (1984). 5316: 5220:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 5115:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 4943: 4377: 3976:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 3890:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 3634: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2084:have been reported to directly bind to and 1053:mg/day in people with Parkinson's disease. 584:hours for levomethamphetamine, and 16 to 18 519:of selegiline, especially at higher doses. 379: 367: 279: 269: 259: 15903: 15889: 14648: 14634: 12468: 12454: 12238: 12224: 10978: 10806: 10792: 10224: 9808: 9498: 9463: 9093: 9047: 8555: 7532: 7497: 6610: 5141: 4750: 4715: 3764:. Boston, MA: Springer US. p. 53–81. 3371: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3007: 2791:is indicated for application to the upper 1500:, has been found to act as a CAE as well. 1417:(MAEs) show a peculiar and characteristic 10950: 10576: 10527: 10425: 10068: 9991: 9981: 9731: 9619: 9413: 9403: 9357: 9347: 9306: 9296: 9255: 9229: 8992: 8982: 8933: 8812: 8758: 8673: 8621: 8486: 8437: 8388: 8292: 8198: 8011: 7887: 7622: 7573: 7312: 7228: 7126: 7109: 7099: 7055: 7045: 7001: 6991: 6933: 6923: 6747: 6730: 6681: 6637: 6555: 6499: 6489: 6284: 6155: 6083: 6057:Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 5989: 5827: 5769: 5759: 5741: 5672: 5620: 5246: 4698: 4431:Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 4307: 4271: 4246: 4077: 3753: 3713: 3595:Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 3485: 3454: 3444: 3359:. Food and Drug Administration. July 2017 3315: 3219:. Food and Drug Administration. July 2021 2549:are also known to be formed. More than 40 2410:No data were originally available on the 2255:μg/L and the AUC levels were 150.2 ± 21.6 1894:effects, and other actions. According to 1373:. Selegiline and other CAEs enhance only 1311:that can then be converted into GABA via 1273:in the striatum, a minor and alternative 1080:MAO-B inhibitor. It is about 500 to 1,000 737:, thereby enhancing the signaling of the 10396: 9279:Chakrabarti S, Bisaglia M (April 2023). 7028:Pei Y, Asif-Malik A, Canales JJ (2016). 2973: 2263:μg/L and the AUC levels were 61.7 ± 44.0 2089:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2073:for these receptors of approximately 400 2006:(DOPAL). This compound is known to be a 1747:mg oral dose of selegiline, about 2 to 6 972:week was required for single 1.0 and 1.5 710:of the enzyme and thereby disabling it. 702:(suicide inhibitor) of MAO that acts by 14777:Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) 14742:Tooltip Calcitonin gene-related peptide 13191:Tooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents 12127: 9819:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 124–. 9713: 8096: 6132:"MAO-inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease" 5331: 4980: 3534:Monoamine Oxidases and Their Inhibitors 3426: 3175: 3146: 2819:hours. The patch has approximately 75% 2668:mg levomethamphetamine and about 1 to 3 2235:hours, the peak levels were 7.84 ± 2.11 2044:inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine 1235:, but is only 3- to 6-fold less potent 373: 289: 16431: 11921:Tooltip Serotonin N-acetyl transferase 9789: 8733:Parkes JD, Fenton GW (December 1973). 7555: 7503: 7468: 6616: 5147: 4392: 3526: 3433:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2892:, that are known to strongly activate 1804:, have been developed and introduced. 1334:Selegiline has been found to act as a 1049:mg/day produced the same benefit as 10 15912:Human trace amine-associated receptor 15884: 14629: 12449: 12219: 12062:Tooltip Histamine N-methyltransferase 11690:Tooltip Catechol-O-methyl transferase 10787: 9814: 9504: 9469: 9110: 9064: 7132: 6758: 6704: 6654: 6536:Experimental & Molecular Medicine 6290: 6094: 5252: 4767: 4721: 4348: 4286: 3759: 3724: 2108:semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase 1808:Possible dopaminergic neuroprotection 1385:. In relation to this, they lack the 717:by increasing dopamine levels in the 715:motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease 522:With regard to pharmacokinetics, the 492:, and dopamine. Selegiline is also a 10431: 9720:Canadian Medical Association Journal 7383:from the original on 18 October 2014 5491:"Monoamine Oxidase and Parkinsonism" 2954:Smith & Davis (1977) reviewed 11 2782: 1606:and reportedly may be able to cause 1431:Other MAEs besides selegiline, like 1349:and does not affect the activity of 1167:levels of β-phenethylamine, a major 931:mg twice per week, and 75.9% with 10 695:neurotransmission. Selegiline is an 75:Tooltip orally disintegrating tablet 15567:Tooltip 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine 11570:Tooltip Dopamine beta-monooxygenase 9512:. London: Arnold. pp. 81–110. 4673:Alborghetti M, Nicoletti F (2019). 2159: 2058:(DAT) in humans at clinical doses. 1892:catecholaminergic activity enhancer 1422:concentration–response relationship 1336:catecholaminergic activity enhancer 1330:Catecholaminergic activity enhancer 1227:, one of its major metabolites, is 980:weeks were required after single 10 911:week with all dosages except the 10 863:hours. For comparison, a single 0.5 599: 494:catecholaminergic activity enhancer 102:Catecholaminergic activity enhancer 13: 13916:Tooltip Serotonin releasing agents 9484:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00326.x 8381:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01308.1995 6723:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00202.x 6442:10.1016/b978-0-323-99855-0.00009-9 6371:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04342.x 5425:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb01747.x 5377:10.1016/B978-0-12-386467-3.00009-1 5232:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb01791.x 5127:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb01519.x 5039:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04341.x 4782:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00480.x 4363:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01399.x 3988:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb01788.x 3902:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1991.tb05020.x 3739:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1983.tb01517.x 3543:10.1016/B978-0-12-386467-3.00004-2 3531:. In Youdim M, Riederer P (eds.). 2180:levels of selegiline is 0.6 to 1.4 2118:(DAO)) nor does it pose a risk of 1826:nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway 1401:with a single dose of at least 0.2 815:mg/day. Following a single 5 or 10 534:of selegiline is 85 to 90%. It is 385: 330: 316: 306: 249: 239: 14: 16455: 16203:Ralmitaront (RG-7906, RO-6889450) 15741:Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) 15512:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine 15220:Tooltip N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine 12490:Tooltip Dopamine releasing agents 11457:Tooltip Phenylalanine hydroxylase 9033:10.2174/1871527316666170124165222 8004:10.2174/1570159X20666220905102144 4691:10.2174/1570159X16666180830100754 4643:10.2174/0929867321666131218094352 3427:Lee KC, Chen JJ (November 2007). 2835:in skin and is not significantly 1915:Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition 1882:. One form of this theory is the 1751:mg levomethamphetamine and 1 to 3 784:in the nigrostriatal pathway via 351:days (Parkinson's disease relief) 12247:Monoaminergic activity enhancers 10446:10.1097/00043764-200205000-00012 10277:10.1097/00002826-200001000-00005 10117:10.1097/00007691-200204000-00009 9794:. Academic Press. pp. 84–. 8958: 5820:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.006 5710:10.1097/00002826-198205020-00004 5267:10.1097/00002826-198810000-00001 4995:10.1097/00007691-199812000-00024 4046:10.2165/00002512-199101030-00006 3529:"The Pharmacology of Selegiline" 3161:10.2165/00003088-199733020-00002 2811:hours. This equates to about 0.3 2723:hours with the first dose to 9.5 2021: 1982:mg/day) than pargyline (12.5–200 1886:, which specifically implicates 1415:Monoaminergic activity enhancers 1397:in rodents selectively inhibits 1393:. For example, selegiline given 576:hours for selegiline, 2.2 to 9.5 538:extensively in the liver by the 29: 14611:Monoamine metabolism modulators 12431:Monoamine metabolism modulators 11994:Tooltip Histidine decarboxylase 9447:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_238-2 8971:Translational Neurodegeneration 8704:. CRC Press. pp. 147–160. 5927:J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 4254:"Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs" 2354: 2295:hours in people with different 2176:of about 4 to 10%. The average 2061:Selegiline appears to activate 2010:and has been implicated in the 2004:3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 1888:3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde 1812:Starting around the age of 45, 1680:effects in monkeys and humans. 1186:monoaminergic activity enhancer 1129:mg/day. However, a dosage of 20 1076:, indicating that it is a very 15970:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 15522:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine 15230:Tooltip N,N-Dipropyltryptamine 14930:Pentoxyverine (carbetapentane) 12314:Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane 11871:Tooltip Tryptophan hydroxylase 11651:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 11585:Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) 11010:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 10974:Tooltip Aldehyde dehydrogenase 10602:Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 9693:10.1080/00325481.1976.11714363 9230:Goldstein DS (February 2020). 9021:CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 6436:. Elsevier. pp. 195–213. 5562:Journal of Neural Transmission 5527:Journal of Neural Transmission 5367:Finberg JP, Gillman K (2011). 5334:Journal of Neural Transmission 5150:Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 3679:Journal of Neural Transmission 2642: 2106:, selegiline does not inhibit 2080:Selegiline and its metabolite 1667:norepinephrine releasing agent 1437:benzofuranylpropylaminopentane 1355:catecholamine releasing agents 1143:3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 719:substantia nigra pars compacta 620:(MAO) and hence is known as a 106:Norepinephrine releasing agent 1: 16418:Receptor/signaling modulators 15871:Receptor/signaling modulators 14767:Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 14595:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors 14591:Receptor/signaling modulators 12427:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors 12419:Receptor/signaling modulators 12197:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors 12177:Receptor/signaling modulators 10159:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90071-6 9769:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00481-6 9568:10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00104-9 8793:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 8739:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 7266:10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00370-1 6808:10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01968-9 6596:10.1016/s0074-7696(02)13011-7 5970:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 5302:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91940-7 4891:10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00102-5 4770:Pharmacology & Toxicology 4232:10.1212/wnl.47.6_suppl_3.137s 2966: 2418: 2164: 1641:Whereas the psychostimulants 1556:Catecholamine releasing agent 1285:(GABAL or GABA aldehyde) and 879:, it was estimated that a 3.4 449:. These forms have differing 443:orally disintegrating tablets 14547:Adrenergic release blockers: 11497:Tooltip Tyrosine hydroxylase 10614:10.1517/17425255.2014.931371 9940:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00591 9079:10.1016/0753-3322(96)82619-9 8666:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181db82f2 8520:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00689 8335:10.1007/978-3-319-23739-8_22 8326:Narcolepsy: A Clinical Guide 8285:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000453 8111:10.1016/0006-2952(78)90490-2 7930:10.1592/phco.27.12part2.174S 7758:10.1016/0024-3205(89)90103-3 7708:Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 7483:10.1016/j.pharep.2013.11.003 7417:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00014-8 6882:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.09.044 6406:10.1016/0731-7085(93)e0021-e 6305:10.1016/0047-6374(85)90001-6 5939:10.3928/01913913-20130107-01 5162:10.1517/17425255.2014.943182 4599:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.054 2843:Hepatic and renal impairment 2815:mg selegiline per cm over 24 2762:(ODT) is absorbed primarily 2760:orally disintegrating tablet 2754:Orally disintegrating tablet 2742:of selegiline is 59.4 ± 43.7 2363:of selegiline is 1,854 ± 824 2052:positron emission tomography 1878:into toxic metabolites that 1779:Methamphetamine is directly 1297:-acetyl-γ-aminobutyraldehyde 1110:positron emission tomography 511:, selegiline acts as a weak 7: 15950:monoamine neurotransmitters 14955:Racemethorphan (methorphan) 12157:Pimagedine (aminoguanidine) 12027:Alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine 9964:Zanger UM, Klein K (2013). 9163:10.1007/978-3-0348-6348-3_2 9121:10.1007/978-3-0348-6348-3_7 7793:10.1037/0735-7044.103.4.816 6130:Riederer P, Laux G (2011). 6069:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.11.016 5869:10.1093/clinchem/32.11.2030 4541:10.1007/978-3-7091-7494-4_6 4443:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.06.004 4393:Miklya I (March 13, 2014). 4289:Voprosy Meditsinskoi Khimii 3770:10.1007/978-1-4684-5038-5_3 3607:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.020 2510:are not converted into the 2069:, having a relatively high 2036:serotonin-releasing effects 1884:catecholaldehyde hypothesis 1880:damage dopaminergic neurons 1719:mg/kg (mean doses of ~18–37 1459:monoamine neurotransmitters 1212:lies mainly in selegiline ( 1172:referred to as "endogenous 642:monoamine neurotransmitters 622:monoamine oxidase inhibitor 605:Monoamine oxidase inhibitor 98:Monoamine oxidase inhibitor 10: 16460: 12477:Monoamine releasing agents 12423:Monoamine releasing agents 12201:Monoamine releasing agents 10967:Substrates→Products (with 10766:10.1007/s40266-021-00867-1 10731:10.1007/s40266-019-00654-z 10696:10.1016/j.clpt.2004.09.004 10520:10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.016 9857:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.2-c1 9439:NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy 9248:10.1007/s00702-019-02106-9 8984:10.1186/s40035-023-00378-6 8243:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.013 7556:Miklya I (November 2016). 7147:10.2174/157488707779318107 6548:10.1038/s12276-021-00646-3 6015:Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 5742:Goldstein DS (June 2021). 5613:10.1007/s00702-019-02082-0 4929:10.1007/s00702-023-02730-6 4805:Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4533:Deprenyl — Past and Future 4503:10.1016/j.baga.2012.04.032 3649:10.1517/14656566.9.16.2881 3301:10.1517/14656566.8.15.2615 1794:monoamine releasing agents 1119:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 947:Following a single 5 or 10 755:chemoreceptor trigger zone 751:tuberoinfundibular pathway 401:pharmacology of selegiline 23:Pharmacology of selegiline 16383: 16363: 16349: 16321: 16312: 16294: 16284: 16275: 16253: 16235: 16070: 15939: 15930: 15921: 15864: 15590: 15313: 14666: 14583: 14514: 14489: 14428: 14347: 14031: 14000: 13969: 13923: 13909: 13784: 13733: 13295: 13244: 13198: 13184: 13047: 13006: 12594: 12543: 12497: 12483: 12411: 12383: 12351:Indolylpropylaminopentane 12282: 12253: 12169: 12125: 12055: 11987: 11978: 11944: 11914: 11864: 11843: 11683: 11633: 11563: 11490: 11450: 11424: 11315: 11190: 10962: 10955:Tooltip Monoamine oxidase 10948: 10834: 10827: 10652:10.1007/s12325-009-0021-x 9895:10.1007/s00702-002-0827-z 9714:Mizgala HF (April 1965). 9405:10.1186/s13024-019-0332-6 8558:Psychopharmacology (Berl) 8512:ACS Chemical Neuroscience 8479:10.1007/s00213-017-4623-8 8467:Psychopharmacology (Berl) 8430:10.1007/s00702-017-1694-y 8191:10.1007/s00213-017-4731-5 8179:Psychopharmacology (Berl) 8073:10.1016/j.pbb.2016.10.003 7965:10.1007/s00702-012-0927-3 7514:Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 7441:Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 7182:10.1007/s11064-010-0238-8 6847:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112290 6631:10.1007/s00726-004-0070-z 6027:10.1017/S1461145799001522 5892:Psychopharmacology (Berl) 5413:Journal of Neurochemistry 5346:10.1007/s00702-018-1952-7 4813:10.1002/14651858.CD000442 3691:10.1007/s00702-003-0036-4 3449:(inactive July 6, 2024). 2894:drug-metabolizing enzymes 2040:blocks dopamine receptors 1591:, but could also produce 1533:pro-sexual or aphrodisiac 1147:3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 1145:(DOPAC) (by >50%) and 780:that damage dopaminergic 700:mechanism-based inhibitor 355: 341: 225: 215: 183: 158: 148: 131: 123: 91: 42: 37: 28: 15965:Epinephrine (adrenaline) 14832:Fabomotizole (afobazole) 14807:Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) 13882:Phthalimidopropiophenone 13155:Phthalimidopropiophenone 12374:Phenylpropylaminopentane 11655:Epinephrine (adrenaline) 10988:Epinephrine (adrenaline) 10030:10.1177/0091270007304779 9983:10.3389/fgene.2013.00024 9883:J Neural Transm (Vienna) 9236:J Neural Transm (Vienna) 8710:10.1201/9780429279843-10 8614:10.1021/acsptsci.3c00019 8602:ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 8514:: acschemneuro.2c00689. 8418:J Neural Transm (Vienna) 7953:J Neural Transm (Vienna) 7880:10.1177/0269881113482532 7101:10.3389/fphar.2017.00987 7047:10.3389/fnins.2016.00148 5601:J Neural Transm (Vienna) 5197:10.2217/14796708.2.6.601 4917:J Neural Transm (Vienna) 4848:10.2174/0929867043364793 4226:(6 Suppl 3): S137–S145. 3637:Expert Opin Pharmacother 3289:Expert Opin Pharmacother 2911: 2387:. Selegiline especially 1616:psychiatric disturbances 1569:pharmacologically active 1476:, no non-MAO binding of 1433:phenylpropylaminopentane 1307:-acetyl-GABA aldehyde), 1229:pharmacologically active 1208:The MAO-B inhibition of 919:weeks were 99.4% with 10 795:The MAO-B inhibition by 725:, which projects to the 16439:Medication pharmacology 16100:-Dimethylphenethylamine 15796:Mepyramine (pyrilamine) 15477:3-Methoxydextrallorphan 15137:3-Methoxydextrallorphan 14960:Racemorphan (morphanol) 12132:Tooltip Diamine oxidase 10343:10.1023/A:1016035730754 10331:Pharmaceutical Research 10239:10.1124/jpet.107.133900 9851:(7): 1p following 410. 9518:10.4324/9781003058892-3 8926:10.1124/jpet.116.238501 8065:Pharmacol Biochem Behav 7504:Miklya I (March 2008). 6665:10.1007/3-540-27434-0_4 6235:10.1124/jpet.105.096263 6109:10.1023/a:1024224311289 5653:Neuropsychopharmacology 3727:Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2008:dopaminergic neurotoxin 1583:in the body and brain. 1315:(ALDH) (and an unknown 968:mg oral dose, whereas 1 964:hours with a single 0.5 811:at an oral dosage of 10 778:reactive oxygen species 580:hours for DMS, 14 to 21 496:(CAE) and enhances the 16223:Ulotaront (SEP-363856) 16165:β-Methylphenethylamine 16160:4-Methylphenethylamine 16155:3-Methylphenethylamine 16150:2-Methylphenethylamine 15851:Tiospirone (BMY-13859) 15791:Gevotroline (WY-47384) 15716:18-Methoxycoronaridine 15703:Allosteric modulators: 15462:Panamesine (EMD-57455) 15412:Siramesine (Lu 28-179) 15349:Ditolylguanidine (DTG) 15112:Allosteric modulators: 15075:Panamesine (EMD-57455) 15020:BMY-14802 (BMS-181100) 14812:Ditolylguanidine (DTG) 14792:Dextromethorphan (DXM) 12032:Histidine methyl ester 10569:10.1124/dmd.112.046979 9298:10.3390/antiox12040955 8751:10.1136/jnnp.36.6.1076 7924:(12 Pt 2): 174S–185S. 7305:10.1124/mol.109.055970 7221:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702995 7135:Rev Recent Clin Trials 6148:10.5607/en.2011.20.1.1 4736:10.1002/med.2610120504 2768:being swallowed orally 2711:hours and 17.0 to 18.1 2632:extensive metabolizers 2412:plasma protein binding 2361:volume of distribution 2283:μg/L and from 15 to 34 1990:-related dopaminergic 1932:aldehyde dehydrogenase 1755:mg levoamphetamine is 1531:Selegiline has potent 1313:aldehyde dehydrogenase 1269:(GABA) synthesis from 1016:hours with a single 10 988:mg intravenous doses. 899:mg twice weekly (or 20 624:(MAOI). There are two 609:Selegiline acts as an 570:elimination half-lives 552:of selegiline include 532:plasma protein binding 16145:MDMA (midomafetamine) 16071:Synthetic and natural 16000:-Methylphenethylamine 15122:Methylphenylpiracetam 14697:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 14615:Monoamine neurotoxins 14239:MDMA (midomafetamine) 13586:Dextromethamphetamine 13541:MDMA (midomafetamine) 12889:MDMA (midomafetamine) 12842:Dextromethamphetamine 12362:Dextromethamphetamine 12205:Monoamine neurotoxins 12147:Imidazole acetic acid 10481:10.1007/s002280100278 10411:10.1081/dmr-100100562 10199:10.1007/s002280100289 10070:10.24875/RIC.23000110 9681:Postgraduate Medicine 9612:10.1124/pr.111.005538 9349:10.3390/ijms222312805 8805:10.1136/jnnp.38.3.232 7681:Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 7651:Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 6993:10.3390/ijms241713334 6270:10.1038/clpt.1994.201 6196:10.1038/clpt.1994.205 5982:10.1136/jnnp.70.2.229 5463:10.1002/syn.890180203 5089:10.1002/mds.870120305 3948:10.1038/clpt.1994.204 3446:10.2147/ndt.s12160200 2825:first-pass metabolism 2799:, or the outer upper 2677:elimination half-life 2626:33% longer in CYP2D6 2624:elimination half-life 2523:dextromethamphetamine 2514:enantiomers, such as 2441:first-pass metabolism 2348:elimination half-life 2326:μg⋅h/L to 7.84 ± 5.43 2273:dextromethamphetamine 2227:μg⋅h/L to 2.17 ± 2.59 2195:following a single 10 2120:vitamin B6 deficiency 2112:primary amine oxidase 2110:(SSAO; also known as 1965:-propargyl group. An 1786:nigrostriatal pathway 1643:dextromethamphetamine 1032:mg twice per week (20 1012:mg/day, and within 24 1008:hours with 5.0 or 7.5 927:mg/day, 96.0% with 10 869:intravenous injection 763:motivational deficits 739:nigrostriatal pathway 566:first-pass metabolism 548:among other enzymes. 16389:List of trace amines 16125:4-Hydroxyamphetamine 14945:Pregnenolone sulfate 14757:Cutamesine (SA-4503) 13618:Naphthylaminopropane 13500:4-Hydroxyamphetamine 13145:Naphthylaminopropane 12802:4-Hydroxyamphetamine 12140:Substrates→Products: 12070:Substrates→Products: 12002:Substrates→Products: 11959:Substrates→Products: 11929:Substrates→Products: 11879:Substrates→Products: 11698:Substrates→Products: 11648:Substrates→Products: 11578:Substrates→Products: 11505:Substrates→Products: 11482:3,4-Dihydroxystyrene 11465:Substrates→Products: 10849:Substrates→Products: 10469:Eur J Clin Pharmacol 10227:J Pharmacol Exp Ther 10187:Eur J Clin Pharmacol 9654:J Pharmacol Exp Ther 9285:Antioxidants (Basel) 8185:(23–24): 3455–3465. 8067:. 150–151: 147–152. 7832:10.4088/jcp.v68n1205 7562:Molecular Psychiatry 6925:10.3390/ijms23158543 6491:10.3390/ijms23084453 6223:J Pharmacol Exp Ther 5761:10.3390/ijms22115999 5665:10.1038/npp.2014.214 2556:drug screening tests 2245:area-under-the-curve 2188:hours in one study. 2056:dopamine transporter 2026:Selegiline has weak 1921:structurally related 1579:agents that work by 1283:γ-aminobutyraldehyde 923:mg/day, 99.5% with 5 747:mesocortical pathway 671:mg/day), selegiline 16350:Neutral antagonists 16336:-Dimethylethylamine 16295:Neutral antagonists 16237:Neutral antagonists 16140:MDA (tenamfetamine) 16130:Isopropyloctopamine 15095:Rimcazole (BW-234U) 14224:MDA (tenamfetamine) 13891:Levopropylhexedrine 13669:Phenylpropanolamine 13591:Levomethamphetamine 13531:MDA (tenamfetamine) 13425:Dimethylamphetamine 13236:Pseudophenmetrazine 13170:Levopropylhexedrine 12879:MDA (tenamfetamine) 12847:Levomethamphetamine 12737:Dimethylamphetamine 12535:Pseudophenmetrazine 12367:Levomethamphetamine 12345:Desmethylselegiline 11620:Phenopicolinic acid 11344:Desmethylselegiline 10684:Clin Pharmacol Ther 10434:J Occup Environ Med 10265:Clin Neuropharmacol 10147:Clin Pharmacol Ther 9560:2004NeuTx..25..251H 9067:Biomed Pharmacother 8231:Clin Pharmacol Ther 7992:Curr Neuropharmacol 7603:Br J Clin Pharmacol 7575:10.1038/mp.2016.127 6394:J Pharm Biomed Anal 6264:(6 Pt 2): 721–724. 6258:Clin Pharmacol Ther 6190:(6 Pt 2): 750–756. 6184:Clin Pharmacol Ther 5698:Clin Neuropharmacol 5255:Clin Neuropharmacol 4883:2004NeuTx..25..233M 4776:(5 Pt 1): 317–321. 4679:Curr Neuropharmacol 4405:on February 7, 2016 4080:Clin Pharmacol Ther 3942:(6 Pt 2): 742–749. 3936:Clin Pharmacol Ther 2687:hours to 9.6 ± 13.6 2473:desmethylselegiline 2461:levomethamphetamine 2405:cerebrospinal fluid 2369:blood–brain barrier 2318:μg/L to 2.33 ± 1.76 2213:peak concentrations 2205:levomethamphetamine 2201:desmethylselegiline 2094:Unlike some of the 2082:desmethylselegiline 2016:Parkinson's disease 1939:alcohol intolerance 1701:electrocardiography 1561:Levomethamphetamine 1498:desmethylselegiline 1489:levomethamphetamine 1375:impulse propagation 1281:of putrescine into 1267:γ-aminobutyric acid 1241:levomethamphetamine 1225:desmethylselegiline 976:mg oral doses and 2 558:levomethamphetamine 554:desmethylselegiline 505:levomethamphetamine 474:monoamine oxidase A 470:monoamine oxidase B 447:transdermal patches 200:Levomethamphetamine 192:Desmethylselegiline 25: 16034:Phenylethanolamine 14852:Igmesine (JO-1784) 14781:prasterone sulfate 11796:2-Hydroxyestradiol 11777:4-Methoxyestradiol 11773:4-Hydroxyestradiol 11759:2-Methoxyestradiol 11755:2-Hydroxyestradiol 11525:2-Hydroxyestradiol 9200:10.1007/BF01249445 8853:10.1007/BF01249283 8570:10.1007/BF00426687 7373:"Levmetamfetamine" 5904:10.1007/BF00426954 5574:10.1007/BF01246964 5539:10.1007/BF01246958 4258:accessdata.fda.gov 3762:Movement Disorders 3149:Clin Pharmacokinet 2906:literature reviews 2495:of selegiline. No 2310:mg once a day or 5 2239:μg/L to 13.4 ± 3.2 2169:Selegiline has an 1994:by preventing the 1632:locomotor activity 1486:active metabolites 1426:bell-shaped curves 1391:monoamine oxidases 1309:metabolic products 1094:times more potent 955:days and almost 14 939:mg per week (as 10 743:mesolimbic pathway 502:active metabolites 411:properties of the 343:Duration of action 21: 16426: 16425: 16421: 16407: 16391: 16379: 16378: 16371:3-Iodothyronamine 16308: 16307: 16271: 16270: 16263:EPPTB (RO5212773) 16231: 16230: 15992:3-Methoxytyramine 15987:3-Iodothyronamine 15878: 15877: 15713:Unknown/unsorted: 15474:Unknown/unsorted: 15209: 15134:Unknown/unsorted: 14797:Dextrorphan (DXO) 14623: 14622: 14618: 14510: 14509: 13905: 13904: 13687:Propylamphetamine 13511:Iofetamine (123I) 13358:Dextroamphetamine 13180: 13179: 12973:Propylamphetamine 12807:Iofetamine (123I) 12656:Dextroamphetamine 12443: 12442: 12438: 12338: 12327: 12302:Dextroamphetamine 12213: 12212: 12208: 12165: 12164: 12077:N-Methylhistamine 12007: 11974: 11973: 11962:N-Acetylserotonin 11936:N-Acetylserotonin 11906:Telotristat ethyl 11901:Fenclonine (PCPA) 11858: 11839: 11838: 11714:Homovanillic acid 11705:3-Methoxytyramine 11514: 11444: 11420: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11397: 11338: 11266:tetrahydroharmine 11246:Harmala alkaloids 11041:3-Methoxytyramine 10896: 10875: 10854: 10719:Drugs & Aging 10563:(12): 2256–2266. 10557:Drug Metab Dispos 10337:(10): 1535–1540. 10024:(10): 1256–1267. 9934:(23): 4064–4075. 9928:ACS Chem Neurosci 9826:978-0-7484-0063-8 9815:Stone TW (1993). 9801:978-0-12-376350-1 9790:Itzhak Y (1994). 9527:978-0-340-76110-6 9472:Pharmacol Toxicol 9456:978-3-319-56015-1 9172:978-3-0348-6349-0 9130:978-3-0348-6349-0 8719:978-0-429-27984-3 8473:(14): 2167–2176. 8344:978-3-319-23738-1 8105:(11): 1591–1595. 8099:Biochem Pharmacol 7868:J Psychopharmacol 7826:(12): 1860–1866. 7820:J Clin Psychiatry 7720:10.1159/000407510 7615:10.1111/bcp.13651 7568:(11): 1499–1503. 7351:10.1021/jm401316v 7176:(12): 1922–1932. 6772:978-1-60805-470-1 6674:978-3-540-23969-7 6451:978-0-323-99855-0 5863:(11): 2030–2033. 5504:978-0-12-691660-7 5386:978-0-12-386467-3 5296:(8009): 439–443. 4637:(13): 1522–1530. 4550:978-3-211-82891-5 4351:Pharmacol Toxicol 4136:(11): 1480–1484. 4130:Drug Metab Dispos 3779:978-1-4684-5040-8 3685:(11): 1241–1255. 3643:(16): 2881–2891. 3552:978-0-12-386467-3 3527:Magyar K (2011). 3295:(15): 2615–2624. 2789:transdermal patch 2783:Transdermal patch 2758:Selegiline as an 2727:hours following 1 2628:poor metabolizers 2527:dextroamphetamine 2518: 2478: 2446: 2277:dextroamphetamine 2219:μg/L to 2.2 ± 1.2 1992:neurodegeneration 1822:neurodegeneration 1709:oxygen saturation 1674:neurotransmitters 1647:dextroamphetamine 1537:dopamine agonists 1303:-acetyl-GABAL or 1290:-acetylputrescine 1275:metabolic pathway 1220: 1215: 1157: 875:minutes. Using a 855:mg, and 96% at 10 801:dosage dependence 799:selegiline shows 776:of dopamine into 767:disease-modifying 681:neurotransmission 618:monoamine oxidase 458:monoamine oxidase 425: 397: 396: 262:(single): 2.2–3.8 242:(single): 1.2–3.5 16451: 16412: 16397: 16386: 16364:Inverse agonists 16319: 16318: 16282: 16281: 16255:Inverse agonists 15937: 15936: 15928: 15927: 15905: 15898: 15891: 15882: 15881: 15568: 15564: 15523: 15519: 15513: 15509: 15382:(midomafetamine) 15381: 15231: 15227: 15221: 15217: 15207: 14875:(midomafetamine) 14874: 14743: 14739: 14650: 14643: 14636: 14627: 14626: 14585: 14537:Antagonist-like: 14209:Levofenfluramine 14119:Chlorphentermine 14036:Phenethylamines: 14008:4-Methylaminorex 13921: 13920: 13917: 13913: 13872:Methylhexanamine 13703: 13659:Phenpromethamine 13516:Lisdexamfetamine 13300:Phenethylamines: 13196: 13195: 13192: 13188: 13140:Methylhexanamine 12963:Phenpromethamine 12812:Lisdexamfetamine 12599:Phenethylamines: 12495: 12494: 12491: 12487: 12470: 12463: 12456: 12447: 12446: 12413: 12336: 12325: 12292:4-Fluorodeprenyl 12263:Phenylethylamine 12240: 12233: 12226: 12217: 12216: 12171: 12133: 12129: 12063: 12059: 12005: 11995: 11991: 11985: 11984: 11952: 11948: 11922: 11918: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11861: 11848: 11801:2-Hydroxyestrone 11786:4-Methoxyestrone 11782:4-Hydroxyestrone 11768:2-Methoxyestrone 11764:2-Hydroxyestrone 11691: 11687: 11641: 11637: 11571: 11567: 11530:2-Hydroxyestrone 11515:-DOPA (levodopa) 11512: 11498: 11494: 11458: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11429: 11395: 11336: 11323:MAO-B selective: 11198:MAO-A-selective: 11162:Phenoxypropazine 10984: 10980: 10975: 10971: 10960: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10894: 10873: 10855:-DOPA (levodopa) 10852: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10785: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10749: 10743: 10742: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10679: 10664: 10663: 10635: 10626: 10625: 10608:(8): 1131–1143. 10597: 10591: 10590: 10580: 10548: 10542: 10541: 10531: 10508:Acta Pharm Sin B 10499: 10493: 10492: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10305:. Archived from 10295: 10289: 10288: 10260: 10251: 10250: 10222: 10211: 10210: 10182: 10171: 10170: 10142: 10129: 10128: 10100: 10083: 10082: 10072: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10018:J Clin Pharmacol 10012: 10006: 10005: 9995: 9985: 9961: 9952: 9951: 9922: 9907: 9906: 9878: 9869: 9868: 9840: 9831: 9830: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9735: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9645: 9634: 9633: 9623: 9591: 9580: 9579: 9554:(1–2): 251–266. 9543: 9532: 9531: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9434: 9428: 9427: 9417: 9407: 9392:Mol Neurodegener 9383: 9372: 9371: 9361: 9351: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9310: 9300: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9259: 9227: 9212: 9211: 9194:(3–4): 277–301. 9183: 9177: 9176: 9150: 9135: 9134: 9108: 9091: 9090: 9062: 9045: 9044: 9016: 9010: 9009: 8996: 8986: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8937: 8905: 8896: 8895: 8874: 8865: 8864: 8847:(1–2): 105–110. 8836: 8827: 8826: 8816: 8784: 8773: 8772: 8762: 8745:(6): 1076–1081. 8730: 8724: 8723: 8697: 8688: 8687: 8677: 8645: 8636: 8635: 8625: 8593: 8582: 8581: 8553: 8540: 8539: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8490: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8441: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8392: 8375:(2): 1308–1317. 8360: 8349: 8348: 8320: 8307: 8306: 8296: 8264: 8255: 8254: 8226: 8213: 8212: 8202: 8170: 8159: 8158: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8094: 8085: 8084: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8015: 7998:(5): 1214–1223. 7983: 7977: 7976: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7913: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7859: 7844: 7843: 7814: 7805: 7804: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7741: 7732: 7731: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7687:(5–6): 303–308. 7676: 7667: 7666: 7646: 7637: 7636: 7626: 7609:(9): 1917–1927. 7594: 7588: 7587: 7577: 7553: 7530: 7529: 7516:(in Hungarian). 7511: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7466: 7457: 7456: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7316: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7232: 7215:(8): 1723–1732. 7200: 7194: 7193: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7103: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7059: 7049: 7025: 7016: 7015: 7005: 6995: 6971: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6927: 6903: 6894: 6893: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6759:Knoll J (2012). 6756: 6745: 6744: 6734: 6705:Knoll J (2001). 6702: 6679: 6678: 6652: 6635: 6634: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6559: 6542:(7): 1148–1158. 6527: 6514: 6513: 6503: 6493: 6469: 6456: 6455: 6429: 6418: 6417: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6359:J Clin Pharmacol 6353: 6344: 6343: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6103:(8): 1275–1297. 6092: 6081: 6080: 6052: 6039: 6038: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5851: 5842: 5841: 5831: 5799: 5784: 5783: 5773: 5763: 5739: 5722: 5721: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5644: 5635: 5634: 5624: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5568:(3–4): 271–277. 5557: 5551: 5550: 5533:(3–4): 217–226. 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5486: 5475: 5474: 5446: 5437: 5436: 5419:(5): 1359–1365. 5408: 5399: 5398: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5329: 5314: 5313: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5185:Future Neurology 5180: 5174: 5173: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5072: 5051: 5050: 5027:J Clin Pharmacol 5022: 5007: 5006: 4978: 4941: 4940: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4877:(1–2): 233–242. 4866: 4860: 4859: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4765: 4748: 4747: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4702: 4670: 4655: 4654: 4626: 4611: 4610: 4582: 4563: 4562: 4528: 4507: 4506: 4486: 4455: 4454: 4426: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4401:. Archived from 4390: 4375: 4374: 4346: 4305: 4304: 4284: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4215: 4146: 4145: 4121: 4104: 4103: 4092:10.1002/cpt.2383 4086:(6): 1212–1221. 4075: 4058: 4057: 4029: 4008: 4007: 3971: 3960: 3959: 3931: 3914: 3913: 3885: 3784: 3783: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3722: 3711: 3710: 3674: 3661: 3660: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3601:(6): 1153–1163. 3590: 3565: 3564: 3524: 3483: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3458: 3448: 3424: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3358: 3350: 3313: 3312: 3284: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3218: 3210: 3173: 3172: 3144: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2986: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2860:renal impairment 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2777: 2773: 2749: 2745: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2552: 2516: 2476: 2469:depropargylation 2444: 2366: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2271:mg oral dose of 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2198: 2187: 2183: 2160:Pharmacokinetics 2076: 1985: 1981: 1909: 1905: 1774: 1769: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1705:respiration rate 1697:core temperature 1686: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1387:misuse potential 1367:β-phenethylamine 1250: 1218: 1213: 1199:misuse potential 1176:". Similarly to 1155: 1140: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1083: 1071: 1065:days in humans. 1064: 1059: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004:mg/day, after 48 1003: 999: 994: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 954: 950: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 903:mg/week), and 10 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 874: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 806: 786:oxidative stress 678: 670: 665:β-phenethylamine 611:enzyme inhibitor 600:Pharmacodynamics 587: 583: 579: 575: 529: 498:action potential 482:β-phenethylamine 423: 413:antiparkinsonian 403:pertains to the 387: 381: 375: 369: 350: 336: 332: 327: 322: 318: 312: 308: 303: 301: 295: 291: 285: 281: 275: 271: 265: 261: 255: 252:(multi): 7.7–9.7 251: 245: 241: 236: 230: 211: 203: 195: 141: 110:Antiparkinsonian 76: 72: 33: 26: 24: 20: 16459: 16458: 16454: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16449: 16448: 16429: 16428: 16427: 16422: 16410: 16408: 16406:for references. 16394: 16392: 16375: 16359: 16345: 16304: 16290: 16267: 16249: 16227: 16198:Propylhexedrine 16180:Norfenfluramine 16170:Methamphetamine 16066: 16008:-Methyltyramine 15917: 15909: 15879: 15874: 15860: 15780:St. John's wort 15606:Ethylketazocine 15586: 15566: 15521: 15511: 15387:Methamphetamine 15318: 15309: 15295:Trifluoperazine 15229: 15219: 14895:Methylphenidate 14885:Methamphetamine 14741: 14671: 14662: 14654: 14624: 14619: 14579: 14522:DAT modulators: 14506: 14485: 14424: 14343: 14299:Norfenfluramine 14144:Dexfenfluramine 14027: 13996: 13974:Aminotetralins: 13965: 13915: 13901: 13887:Propylhexedrine 13780: 13729: 13701: 13692:Pseudoephedrine 13581:Methamphetamine 13363:Levoamphetamine 13291: 13240: 13226:Phendimetrazine 13190: 13176: 13165:Propylhexedrine 13160:Phenylbiguanide 13043: 13002: 12978:Pseudoephedrine 12837:Methamphetamine 12661:Levoamphetamine 12590: 12539: 12525:Phendimetrazine 12489: 12479: 12474: 12444: 12439: 12407: 12379: 12357:Methamphetamine 12307:Levoamphetamine 12278: 12249: 12244: 12214: 12209: 12161: 12131: 12121: 12092:Diphenhydramine 12061: 12051: 11993: 11970: 11950: 11940: 11920: 11910: 11870: 11847: 11835: 11723:Normetanephrine 11689: 11679: 11639: 11629: 11569: 11559: 11496: 11486: 11456: 11439: 11428: 11426:Phenethylamines 11412: 11311: 11186: 11182:Tranylcypromine 11019:Normetanephrine 10982: 10973: 10954: 10944: 10840: 10823: 10812: 10782: 10781: 10750: 10746: 10715: 10711: 10680: 10667: 10636: 10629: 10598: 10594: 10549: 10545: 10500: 10496: 10465: 10461: 10430: 10426: 10395: 10391: 10381: 10379: 10371: 10370: 10366: 10326: 10322: 10312: 10310: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10261: 10254: 10223: 10214: 10183: 10174: 10143: 10132: 10105:Ther Drug Monit 10101: 10086: 10057:Rev Invest Clin 10049: 10045: 10013: 10009: 9962: 9955: 9923: 9910: 9879: 9872: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9792:Sigma Receptors 9788: 9784: 9753: 9749: 9726:(17): 918–922. 9712: 9708: 9677: 9673: 9646: 9637: 9592: 9583: 9548:Neurotoxicology 9544: 9535: 9528: 9503: 9499: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9435: 9431: 9384: 9375: 9328: 9324: 9277: 9273: 9228: 9215: 9188:J Neural Transm 9184: 9180: 9173: 9151: 9138: 9131: 9109: 9094: 9063: 9048: 9017: 9013: 8963: 8959: 8952: 8950: 8906: 8899: 8889: 8875: 8868: 8841:J Neural Transm 8837: 8830: 8785: 8776: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8698: 8691: 8654:Ther Drug Monit 8646: 8639: 8594: 8585: 8554: 8543: 8508: 8504: 8459: 8455: 8410: 8406: 8361: 8352: 8345: 8321: 8310: 8273:Behav Pharmacol 8265: 8258: 8227: 8216: 8171: 8162: 8130: 8126: 8095: 8088: 8061: 8057: 8033: 8029: 7984: 7980: 7949: 7945: 7918:Pharmacotherapy 7914: 7905: 7860: 7847: 7815: 7808: 7777: 7773: 7742: 7735: 7704: 7700: 7677: 7670: 7647: 7640: 7595: 7591: 7554: 7533: 7509: 7502: 7498: 7467: 7460: 7436: 7432: 7411:(10): 817–827. 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7334: 7330: 7285: 7281: 7260:(12): PL181–6. 7250: 7246: 7201: 7197: 7166: 7162: 7131: 7127: 7088:Front Pharmacol 7080: 7073: 7026: 7019: 6972: 6951: 6904: 6897: 6870:Eur J Pharmacol 6866: 6862: 6835:Behav Brain Res 6827: 6823: 6802:(17): 1975–84. 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6757: 6748: 6703: 6682: 6675: 6653: 6638: 6615: 6611: 6580: 6573: 6528: 6517: 6470: 6459: 6452: 6430: 6421: 6390: 6386: 6354: 6347: 6324: 6320: 6293:Mech Ageing Dev 6289: 6285: 6254: 6250: 6218: 6211: 6180: 6173: 6128: 6124: 6093: 6084: 6053: 6042: 6011: 6007: 5962: 5958: 5923: 5919: 5888: 5884: 5852: 5845: 5800: 5787: 5740: 5725: 5694: 5690: 5645: 5638: 5593: 5589: 5558: 5554: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5487: 5478: 5447: 5440: 5409: 5402: 5387: 5365: 5361: 5330: 5317: 5286: 5282: 5251: 5247: 5216: 5212: 5181: 5177: 5156:(10): 1423–32. 5146: 5142: 5111: 5104: 5073: 5054: 5023: 5010: 4983:Ther Drug Monit 4979: 4944: 4913: 4906: 4871:Neurotoxicology 4867: 4863: 4842:(15): 2017–31. 4832: 4828: 4807:(1): CD000442. 4801: 4797: 4766: 4751: 4720: 4716: 4671: 4658: 4627: 4614: 4587:Eur J Pharmacol 4583: 4566: 4551: 4529: 4510: 4487: 4458: 4427: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4378: 4347: 4308: 4285: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4216: 4149: 4122: 4107: 4076: 4061: 4030: 4011: 3972: 3963: 3932: 3917: 3896:(S136): 44–59. 3886: 3787: 3780: 3758: 3754: 3723: 3714: 3675: 3664: 3633: 3622: 3591: 3568: 3553: 3525: 3486: 3470: 3469: 3425: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3316: 3285: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3176: 3145: 3008: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2874:anticonvulsants 2845: 2821:bioavailability 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2787:The selegiline 2785: 2775: 2771: 2756: 2747: 2743: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2645: 2563:cytochrome P450 2550: 2539:glucuronidation 2503:; that is, the 2421: 2385:cingulate gyrus 2364: 2357: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209:levoamphetamine 2196: 2185: 2181: 2174:bioavailability 2167: 2162: 2127:cytochrome P450 2116:diamine oxidase 2074: 2066: 2024: 2012:pathophysiology 1983: 1979: 1959:propargyl group 1947:propiolaldehyde 1936:disulfiram-like 1917: 1907: 1906:mg/day or 10–15 1903: 1900:neuroprotective 1872:sexual activity 1824:extends to the 1818:caudate nucleus 1816:content in the 1810: 1772: 1767: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1684: 1636:sympathomimetic 1598:like increased 1577:psychostimulant 1573:sympathomimetic 1565:levoamphetamine 1558: 1493:levoamphetamine 1410: 1406: 1402: 1332: 1322:in the case of 1279:transformations 1248: 1245:levoamphetamine 1203:trace-aminergic 1182:psychostimulant 1138: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1081: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 952: 948: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 872: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 804: 790:pathophysiology 788:. However, the 770:neuroprotective 727:caudate nucleus 706:binding to the 676: 668: 607: 602: 585: 581: 577: 573: 562:levoamphetamine 540:cytochrome P450 527: 524:bioavailability 509:levoamphetamine 451:pharmacological 409:pharmacokinetic 405:pharmacodynamic 389: 383: 377: 371: 365: 348: 334: 328: 325: 324: 320: 314: 310: 304: 298: 297: 293: 287: 283: 277: 273: 267: 263: 257: 253: 247: 243: 237: 234: 228: 217:Onset of action 208:Levoamphetamine 205: 204: 197: 196: 189: 150:Protein binding 143: 138: 133:Bioavailability 125:Pharmacokinetic 118:Neuroprotective 78: 74: 63: 45: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16457: 16447: 16446: 16441: 16424: 16423: 16396: 16385: 16384: 16381: 16380: 16377: 16376: 16374: 16373: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16357: 16353: 16351: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16343: 16341:Trimethylamine 16338: 16325: 16323: 16316: 16310: 16309: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16302: 16298: 16296: 16292: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16279: 16273: 16272: 16269: 16268: 16266: 16265: 16259: 16257: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16247: 16241: 16239: 16233: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16074: 16072: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16063: 16062: 16054: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16029:Phenethylamine 16026: 16018: 16010: 16002: 15994: 15989: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15945: 15943: 15934: 15925: 15919: 15918: 15908: 15907: 15900: 15893: 15885: 15876: 15875: 15865: 15862: 15861: 15859: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15746:Chlorpromazine 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15709: 15708: 15699: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15634: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15594: 15592: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15514: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15470: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15420: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15322: 15320: 15316: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15222: 15212: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15187:Chlorpromazine 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15108: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15040:E-52862 (S1RA) 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14973: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14905:Neuropeptide Y 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14787:Dextrallorphan 14784: 14774: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14675: 14673: 14669: 14664: 14663: 14657:Sigma receptor 14653: 14652: 14645: 14638: 14630: 14621: 14620: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14543: 14542: 14530: 14518: 14516: 14512: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14504: 14499: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14423: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14348: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14134:Metamfepramone 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14001: 13998: 13997: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13924: 13918: 13907: 13906: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13897:Tuaminoheptane 13894: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13827:Cyclopentamine 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13649:Phenethylamine 13646: 13641: 13633: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13593: 13588: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13546:Metamfepramone 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13460:Etilamfetamine 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13366: 13365: 13360: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13199: 13193: 13182: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13095:Cyclopentamine 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13048: 13045: 13044: 13042: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12953:Phenethylamine 12950: 12945: 12937: 12929: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12834: 12832:Metamfepramone 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12762:Etilamfetamine 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12658: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12544: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12498: 12492: 12481: 12480: 12473: 12472: 12465: 12458: 12450: 12441: 12440: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12389: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12371: 12370: 12369: 12364: 12354: 12348: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12330: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12309: 12304: 12294: 12288: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12259: 12257: 12251: 12250: 12243: 12242: 12235: 12228: 12220: 12211: 12210: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12150: 12149: 12136: 12134: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12080: 12079: 12066: 12064: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12015: 12014: 11998: 11996: 11982: 11976: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11955: 11953: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11938: 11925: 11923: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11889: 11888: 11875: 11873: 11859: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11789: 11788: 11779: 11770: 11761: 11752: 11743: 11734: 11725: 11719:Norepinephrine 11716: 11707: 11694: 11692: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11658: 11657: 11644: 11642: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11588: 11587: 11574: 11572: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11535:3-Iodotyrosine 11532: 11527: 11518: 11517: 11501: 11499: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11475: 11474: 11461: 11459: 11445: 11441:norepinephrine 11422: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11333: 11328: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11272:Methylene blue 11269: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11231:CX157 (Tyrima) 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064:Non-selective: 11057: 11056: 11047: 11038: 11029: 11016: 11007: 10994: 10963: 10957: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10913: 10912: 10903: 10891: 10889:Phenethylamine 10882: 10870: 10861: 10845: 10843: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10811: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10788: 10780: 10779: 10760:(7): 559–577. 10744: 10725:(6): 511–530. 10709: 10665: 10646:(4): 404–424. 10627: 10592: 10543: 10514:(5): 413–425. 10494: 10459: 10440:(5): 435–450. 10424: 10399:Drug Metab Rev 10389: 10364: 10320: 10290: 10252: 10212: 10193:(2): 137–142. 10172: 10153:(4): 402–411. 10130: 10111:(2): 277–289. 10084: 10063:(3): 143–157. 10043: 10007: 9953: 9908: 9889:(5): 509–515. 9870: 9845:Nat Rev Neurol 9832: 9825: 9807: 9800: 9782: 9763:(6): 675–680. 9757:Brain Res Bull 9747: 9706: 9687:(5): 155–162. 9671: 9660:(2): 332–339. 9635: 9606:(3): 520–539. 9581: 9533: 9526: 9497: 9462: 9455: 9429: 9373: 9322: 9271: 9242:(2): 169–177. 9213: 9178: 9171: 9136: 9129: 9092: 9073:(4): 187–195. 9046: 9027:(4): 425–439. 9011: 8957: 8920:(3): 474–488. 8897: 8887: 8866: 8828: 8799:(3): 232–237. 8774: 8725: 8718: 8689: 8660:(4): 504–507. 8637: 8608:(7): 914–924. 8583: 8541: 8502: 8453: 8424:(5): 519–523. 8404: 8350: 8343: 8308: 8279:(5): 422–428. 8256: 8237:(4): 403–420. 8214: 8160: 8124: 8086: 8055: 8044:(2): 841–847. 8027: 7978: 7959:(5): 761–765. 7943: 7903: 7874:(6): 479–496. 7845: 7806: 7787:(4): 816–823. 7781:Behav Neurosci 7771: 7752:(6): 525–531. 7733: 7698: 7668: 7657:(3): 251–255. 7638: 7589: 7531: 7496: 7477:(3): 453–458. 7458: 7430: 7394: 7364: 7345:(2): 378–390. 7328: 7299:(2): 229–235. 7279: 7244: 7209:Br J Pharmacol 7195: 7160: 7125: 7071: 7034:Front Neurosci 7017: 6949: 6895: 6860: 6821: 6785: 6771: 6746: 6717:(3): 317–345. 6680: 6673: 6636: 6625:(3): 217–233. 6609: 6571: 6515: 6457: 6450: 6419: 6400:(7): 895–899. 6384: 6365:(7): 602–609. 6345: 6334:(4): 377–387. 6318: 6299:(2): 109–122. 6283: 6248: 6229:(1): 387–394. 6209: 6171: 6122: 6082: 6063:(3): 421–427. 6040: 6021:(3): 229–240. 6005: 5976:(2): 229–231. 5956: 5917: 5882: 5843: 5808:Pharmacol Ther 5785: 5723: 5704:(2): 195–230. 5688: 5659:(3): 650–657. 5636: 5607:(5): 831–842. 5587: 5552: 5517: 5503: 5476: 5438: 5400: 5385: 5359: 5340:(4): 433–448. 5315: 5280: 5261:(5): 387–400. 5245: 5210: 5191:(6): 601–611. 5175: 5140: 5102: 5083:(3): 293–296. 5052: 5033:(7): 597–601. 5008: 4989:(6): 717–721. 4942: 4923:(6): 639–661. 4904: 4861: 4826: 4795: 4749: 4730:(5): 505–524. 4714: 4685:(9): 861–873. 4656: 4612: 4593:(1–3): 23–40. 4564: 4549: 4508: 4456: 4416: 4376: 4306: 4295:(6): 482–493. 4270: 4245: 4147: 4105: 4059: 4040:(3): 228–248. 4009: 3961: 3915: 3785: 3778: 3752: 3712: 3662: 3620: 3566: 3551: 3484: 3439:(5): 527–537. 3370: 3314: 3230: 3174: 3006: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2947: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2870:clinical study 2844: 2841: 2784: 2781: 2755: 2752: 2644: 2641: 2512:dextrorotatory 2443:. Selegiline ( 2423:Selegiline is 2420: 2417: 2356: 2353: 2330:μg⋅h/L after 1 2243:μg/L, and the 2211:. The average 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2064: 2028:norepinephrine 2023: 2020: 2000:detoxification 1951:propargylamine 1916: 1913: 1845:adrenal cortex 1809: 1806: 1693:blood pressure 1604:blood pressure 1593:cardiovascular 1557: 1554: 1482:macromolecular 1395:subcutaneously 1383:catecholamines 1331: 1328: 1000:hours with 2.5 984:mg oral or 0.5 877:logistic model 847:mg, 52% at 1.5 843:mg, 40% at 1.0 721:(SNpc) of the 653:norepinephrine 606: 603: 601: 598: 490:norepinephrine 417:antidepressant 395: 394: 359: 353: 352: 345: 339: 338: 232: 223: 222: 219: 213: 212: 187: 181: 180: 162: 156: 155: 152: 146: 145: 135: 129: 128: 121: 120: 114:Antidepressant 95: 89: 88: 48: 46:administration 40: 39: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16456: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16436: 16434: 16420: 16419: 16416: 16411: 16405: 16401: 16395: 16390: 16382: 16372: 16369: 16368: 16366: 16362: 16355: 16354: 16352: 16348: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16335: 16331: 16327: 16326: 16324: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16311: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16293: 16287: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16274: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16256: 16252: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16234: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16192: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16099: 16095: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16061: 16059: 16055: 16053: 16051: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16023: 16019: 16017: 16015: 16011: 16009: 16007: 16003: 16001: 15999: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15984: 15983: 15980: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15951: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15942: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15920: 15916: 15913: 15906: 15901: 15899: 15894: 15892: 15887: 15886: 15883: 15873: 15872: 15869: 15863: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15781: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15711: 15710: 15707: 15704: 15701: 15700: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15636: 15635: 15632: 15631:Tenocyclidine 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15596: 15595: 15593: 15589: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15422: 15421: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15407:Phencyclidine 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15319: 15312: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15211: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15177:Amitriptyline 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15116: 15113: 15110: 15109: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14975: 14974: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14890:Methoxetamine 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14782: 14778: 14775: 14772: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14672: 14665: 14661: 14658: 14651: 14646: 14644: 14639: 14637: 14632: 14631: 14628: 14617: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14607:Serotonergics 14604: 14603:Dopaminergics 14600: 14596: 14592: 14589: 14582: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14538: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14525:Agonist-like: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14513: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14488: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14427: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14346: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14034: 14033: 14030: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13968: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13928:Aminoindanes: 13926: 13925: 13922: 13919: 13914: 13908: 13898: 13895: 13892: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13867:Isometheptene 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13857:Hexacyclonate 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13783: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13735: 13732: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13720:Xylopropamine 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13705: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13638: 13634: 13632: 13630: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13598:Methcathinone 13596: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13576:Mephentermine 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13385:Benzphetamine 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13294: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13247: 13246: 13243: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13231:Phenmetrazine 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13197: 13194: 13189: 13183: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13135:Isometheptene 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13125:Hexacyclonate 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13046: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13005: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12993:Xylopropamine 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12942: 12938: 12936: 12934: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12854:Methcathinone 12852: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12687:Benzphetamine 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12593: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12542: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12530:Phenmetrazine 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12496: 12493: 12488: 12482: 12478: 12471: 12466: 12464: 12459: 12457: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12417: 12410: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12382: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12355: 12352: 12349: 12346: 12343: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12323: 12322: 12321: 12318: 12315: 12312: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12281: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12241: 12236: 12234: 12229: 12227: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12207: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12193:Serotonergics 12190: 12189:Melatonergics 12186: 12185:Dopaminergics 12182: 12178: 12175: 12168: 12158: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12144: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12130: 12124: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12060: 12054: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11992: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11977: 11967: 11963: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11949: 11943: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11919: 11913: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11883: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11869: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11846: 11842: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11638: 11632: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11516: 11509: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11495: 11489: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11468:Phenylalanine 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11437: 11433: 11427: 11423: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11314: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11189: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11132:Metfendrazine 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11112:Isocarboxazid 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11077:Echinopsidine 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10981: 10972: 10965: 10964: 10961: 10958: 10953: 10947: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10885:Phenylalanine 10883: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10839: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10809: 10804: 10802: 10797: 10795: 10790: 10789: 10786: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10748: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10634: 10632: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10547: 10539: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10498: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10428: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10393: 10378: 10374: 10368: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10324: 10309:on 2024-07-03 10308: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10259: 10257: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10080: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10003: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9960: 9958: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9875: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9839: 9837: 9828: 9822: 9818: 9811: 9803: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9675: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9631: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9600:Pharmacol Rev 9597: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9529: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9342:(23): 12805. 9341: 9337: 9336:Int J Mol Sci 9333: 9326: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9174: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9132: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8904: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8888:9780071827706 8884: 8880: 8873: 8871: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8833: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8729: 8721: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8694: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8644: 8642: 8633: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8346: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8263: 8261: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8210: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8091: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7813: 7811: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7738: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7675: 7673: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7643: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7471:Pharmacol Rep 7465: 7463: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7293:Mol Pharmacol 7290: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7170:Neurochem Res 7164: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7022: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6986:(17): 13334. 6985: 6981: 6980:Int J Mol Sci 6977: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6912:Int J Mol Sci 6909: 6902: 6900: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6876:(1–3): 9–16. 6875: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6584:Int Rev Cytol 6578: 6576: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6453: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6350: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6214: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6176: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6136:Exp Neurobiol 6133: 6126: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6097:Neurochem Res 6091: 6089: 6087: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5814:(3): 268–82. 5813: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5748:Int J Mol Sci 5745: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5641: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5443: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4836:Curr Med Chem 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4631:Curr Med Chem 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4500: 4497:(4): S9–S15. 4496: 4492: 4491:Basal Ganglia 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3155:(2): 91–102. 3154: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2951: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:carbamazepine 2883: 2879: 2878:phenobarbital 2875: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2849:United States 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2803:once every 24 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2718: 2678: 2673: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531:hydroxylation 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457:demethylation 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:basal ganglia 2374: 2370: 2362: 2359:The apparent 2352: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2278: 2274: 2246: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2114:(PrAO) or as 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:isocarboxazid 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042:, and weakly 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2022:Other actions 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1912: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:motor control 1852: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1840:noradrenergic 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725:intravenously 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1671:catecholamine 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545:bromocriptine 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1474:knockout mice 1472: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340:noradrenergic 1337: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1153:, as well as 1152: 1148: 1144: 1135: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1099: 1098: 1090:and about 100 1089: 1088: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1054: 989: 945: 878: 870: 831:mg/day for 10 810: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:basal ganglia 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 698: 694: 693:noradrenergic 690: 686: 682: 674: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 616: 612: 597: 595: 591: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544: 541: 537: 533: 525: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468:inhibitor of 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 429: 421: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 392: 363: 360: 358: 354: 346: 344: 340: 309:(single): 1.3 233: 231: 224: 221:Oral: ≤1 hour 220: 218: 214: 209: 201: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 161: 157: 153: 151: 147: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 96: 94: 90: 86: 82: 73: 67: 61: 57: 53: 49: 47: 41: 38:Clinical data 36: 32: 27: 19: 16414: 16413: 16409: 16393: 16333: 16329: 16218:Solriamfetol 16190: 16135:Isoprenaline 16110:Halostachine 16097: 16093: 16057: 16049: 16021: 16013: 16005: 15997: 15982:Trace amines 15867: 15866: 15821:Promethazine 15806:Perphenazine 15786:Fluphenazine 15761:Clocapramine 15736:Carvotroline 15712: 15702: 15638:Antagonists: 15637: 15597: 15473: 15424:Antagonists: 15423: 15325: 15197:Clomipramine 15133: 15118: 15111: 15090:Progesterone 14977:Antagonists: 14976: 14940:Pregnenolone 14827:Escitalopram 14747:Cloperastine 14722:Blarcamesine 14678: 14587: 14586: 14570:Guanethidine 14546: 14536: 14524: 14521: 14497:Indeloxazine 14493: 14441:4-Methyl-αMT 14436:4-Methyl-αET 14433:Tryptamines: 14432: 14352:Piperazines: 14351: 14184:Fenfluramine 14084:6-Methyl-MDA 14074:5-Methyl-MDA 14039:2-Methyl-MDA 14035: 14004: 13973: 13927: 13842:Feprosidnine 13822:Clofenciclan 13788: 13738:Piperazines: 13737: 13725:Zylofuramine 13674: 13636: 13628: 13470:Fenethylline 13465:Famprofazone 13450:Ethcathinone 13370:Amphetaminil 13343:Amfepentorex 13299: 13248: 13211:Fenmetramide 13206:Fenbutrazate 13203:Morpholines: 13202: 13110:Feprosidnine 13090:Clofenciclan 13051: 13011:Piperazines: 13010: 12998:Zylofuramine 12940: 12932: 12924: 12772:Fenethylline 12767:Famprofazone 12747:Ethcathinone 12667:Amphetaminil 12642:Amfepentorex 12598: 12547: 12510:Fenmetramide 12505:Fenbutrazate 12502:Morpholines: 12501: 12435:TAAR ligands 12415: 12414: 12173: 12172: 12153: 12139: 12083: 12069: 12047:Tritoqualine 12018: 12001: 11958: 11928: 11892: 11878: 11826:Quinalizarin 11811:Neluxicapone 11792: 11732:Metanephrine 11697: 11661: 11647: 11610:Fusaric acid 11591: 11577: 11545:Bulbocapnine 11521: 11504: 11478: 11464: 11408:Tisolagiline 11403:Sembragiline 11394:Selegiline ( 11322: 11319: 11297:Sercloremine 11277:Metralindole 11197: 11194: 11172:Procarbazine 11167:Pivhydrazine 11157:Pheniprazine 11082:Furazolidone 11063: 11060: 10997:Metanephrine 10966: 10916: 10848: 10828:Non-specific 10757: 10753: 10747: 10722: 10718: 10712: 10690:(1): 54–62. 10687: 10683: 10643: 10639: 10605: 10601: 10595: 10560: 10556: 10546: 10511: 10507: 10497: 10475:(1): 37–42. 10472: 10468: 10462: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10405:(1): 15–44. 10402: 10398: 10392: 10382:February 23, 10380:. Retrieved 10376: 10367: 10334: 10330: 10323: 10311:. Retrieved 10307:the original 10302: 10299:"Selegiline" 10293: 10271:(1): 22–27. 10268: 10264: 10233:(3): 992–9. 10230: 10226: 10190: 10186: 10150: 10146: 10108: 10104: 10060: 10056: 10046: 10021: 10017: 10010: 9973: 9969: 9931: 9927: 9886: 9882: 9848: 9844: 9816: 9810: 9791: 9785: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9723: 9719: 9709: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9657: 9653: 9603: 9599: 9551: 9547: 9509: 9500: 9478:(2): 65–72. 9475: 9471: 9465: 9438: 9432: 9395: 9391: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9288: 9284: 9274: 9239: 9235: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9154: 9112: 9070: 9066: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9006: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8947: 8917: 8913: 8892: 8878: 8844: 8840: 8796: 8792: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8701: 8657: 8653: 8605: 8601: 8561: 8557: 8511: 8505: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8372: 8368: 8325: 8276: 8272: 8234: 8230: 8182: 8178: 8141:(1): 32–41. 8138: 8134: 8127: 8102: 8098: 8064: 8058: 8041: 8037: 8030: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7921: 7917: 7871: 7867: 7823: 7819: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7749: 7745: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7684: 7680: 7654: 7650: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7565: 7561: 7520:(1): 15–22. 7517: 7513: 7499: 7474: 7470: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7408: 7404: 7397: 7385:. Retrieved 7376: 7367: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7296: 7292: 7282: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7091: 7087: 7037: 7033: 6983: 6979: 6918:(15): 8543. 6915: 6911: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6776:. Retrieved 6761: 6714: 6711:CNS Drug Rev 6710: 6656: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6587: 6583: 6539: 6535: 6481: 6477: 6433: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6362: 6358: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6226: 6222: 6187: 6183: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6100: 6096: 6060: 6056: 6018: 6014: 6008: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5950: 5933:(2): 78–86. 5930: 5926: 5920: 5898:(1): 33–38. 5895: 5891: 5885: 5860: 5856: 5811: 5807: 5754:(11): 5999. 5751: 5747: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5656: 5652: 5604: 5600: 5590: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5508:. Retrieved 5494: 5457:(2): 86–93. 5454: 5450: 5416: 5412: 5368: 5362: 5337: 5333: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5118: 5114: 5080: 5076: 5030: 5026: 4986: 4982: 4920: 4916: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4804: 4798: 4773: 4769: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4682: 4678: 4634: 4630: 4590: 4586: 4532: 4494: 4490: 4434: 4430: 4407:. Retrieved 4403:the original 4398: 4357:(2): 57–66. 4354: 4350: 4292: 4288: 4261:. Retrieved 4257: 4248: 4223: 4219: 4133: 4129: 4083: 4079: 4037: 4033: 3979: 3975: 3939: 3935: 3893: 3889: 3761: 3755: 3730: 3726: 3682: 3678: 3640: 3636: 3598: 3594: 3533: 3473:cite journal 3436: 3432: 3361:. Retrieved 3292: 3288: 3221:. Retrieved 3152: 3148: 2997:. Retrieved 2950: 2945:mg/kg daily. 2925:dose of 0.01 2920: 2876:, including 2864: 2846: 2786: 2757: 2737: 2703:hours and 16 2695:hours to 3.8 2675:The average 2674: 2646: 2637:itraconazole 2630:compared to 2619: 2615: 2611: 2581: 2560: 2547:formaldehyde 2542: 2505:levorotatory 2497:racemization 2488: 2484: 2480: 2464: 2452: 2448: 2435:, and other 2422: 2409: 2358: 2355:Distribution 2341: 2304:accumulation 2301: 2190: 2178:time to peak 2168: 2132:, including 2124: 2093: 2079: 2060: 2025: 1973:formed from 1971:acetaldehyde 1967:animal study 1962: 1954: 1945:, including 1918: 1896:József Knoll 1853: 1833:dopaminergic 1811: 1790: 1778: 1765: 1729:intoxication 1682: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1640: 1596:side effects 1585: 1559: 1530: 1526:József Knoll 1511: 1502: 1478:radiolabeled 1449: 1430: 1363:trace amines 1359:amphetamines 1351:serotonergic 1344:dopaminergic 1333: 1323: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1287: 1257: 1252: 1236: 1232: 1207: 1178:amphetamines 1162: 1136: 1095: 1085: 1073: 1067: 1055: 1028:mg/day or 10 990: 946: 851:mg, 85% at 5 794: 712: 697:irreversible 689:dopaminergic 685:serotonergic 657:trace amines 608: 521: 517:side effects 455: 453:properties. 445:(ODTs), and 430:, including 400: 398: 388:: 0.01–0.03% 272:(multi): 9.5 227:Elimination 142:: ~5–8× oral 18: 16245:RTI-7470-44 16185:Phentermine 16078:Amphetamine 16024:-Octopamine 16016:-Octopamine 15856:Venlafaxine 15836:Remoxipride 15826:Propranolol 15751:Cinnarizine 15651:Lamotrigine 15547:Pentazocine 15542:Noribogaine 15532:Nemonapride 15364:Haloperidol 15290:Spipethiane 15255:Noribogaine 15250:Nemonapride 15245:KCR-12-83.1 15085:Pentazocine 15045:Haloperidol 14950:Pridopidine 14925:Pentazocine 14842:Fluvoxamine 14762:Cyclazocine 14599:Adrenergics 14565:Guanazodine 14550:Bethanidine 14395:Mepiprazole 14189:Flephedrone 14129:Amfepramone 14109:Brephedrone 14005:Oxazolines: 13837:Cyprodenate 13682:Prenylamine 13664:Phentermine 13480:Flephedrone 13475:Fenproporex 13420:Clortermine 13415:Clobenzorex 13353:Amphetamine 13348:Amfepramone 13287:Thozalinone 13267:Cyclazodone 13249:Oxazolines: 13105:Cyprodenate 12968:Prenylamine 12782:Flephedrone 12777:Fenproporex 12717:Clortermine 12712:Clobenzorex 12652:Amphetamine 12647:Amfepramone 12586:Thozalinone 12566:Cyclazodone 12548:Oxazolines: 12385:Antagonists 12297:Amphetamine 12181:Adrenergics 12154:Inhibitors: 12087:Amodiaquine 12084:Inhibitors: 12019:Inhibitors: 11893:Inhibitors: 11845:Tryptamines 11793:Inhibitors: 11728:Epinephrine 11662:Inhibitors: 11592:Inhibitors: 11540:Aquayamycin 11522:Inhibitors: 11479:Inhibitors: 11436:epinephrine 11326:Adarigiline 11320:Inhibitors: 11287:Moclobemide 11216:Brofaromine 11211:Befloxatone 11206:Bazinaprine 11195:Inhibitors: 11102:Iproclozide 11092:Hydralazine 11061:Inhibitors: 10983:Tooltip ALR 10920:Benserazide 10917:Inhibitors: 10754:Drugs Aging 10313:February 7, 9970:Front Genet 8564:(1): 1–12. 7714:: 135–153. 7447:(1): 1–15. 7141:(1): 3–19. 6619:Amino Acids 6484:(8): 4453. 6142:(1): 1–17. 5226:: 119–125. 4724:Med Res Rev 4437:(1): 5–14. 4034:Drugs Aging 2890:amobarbital 2837:metabolized 2766:instead of 2651:and 15% in 2643:Elimination 2545:-oxide and 2535:conjugation 2508:enantiomers 2501:metabolites 2493:metabolites 2425:metabolized 2389:accumulates 2344:fat-soluble 2193:metabolites 2098:MAOIs like 1943:metabolites 1838:as well as 1743:. With a 10 1733:drug liking 1678:reinforcing 1628:wakefulness 1571:. They are 1541:apomorphine 1441:metabolites 1435:(PPAP) and 1424:, with two 1317:deacetylase 1205:" effects. 1174:amphetamine 1151:epinephrine 867:mg dose by 708:active site 673:selectively 655:as well as 638:metabolizes 550:Metabolites 536:metabolized 319:(multi): 10 185:Metabolites 137:Oral: 4–10% 81:Transdermal 16444:Selegiline 16433:Categories 16213:Selegiline 16115:Higenamine 16105:Guanfacine 16044:Tryptamine 16039:Synephrine 15948:Classical 15941:Endogenous 15841:SL 82.0715 15756:Cinuperone 15731:Caramiphen 15726:Butaclamol 15626:Tapentadol 15557:Safinamide 15537:Nepinalone 15502:Clemastine 15497:5-MeO-DiPT 15492:5-MeO-DALT 15369:Ifenprodil 15334:Arketamine 15285:Selegiline 15280:Safinamide 15240:Imipramine 15202:Clorgiline 15192:Clemastine 15182:Azidopamil 15172:5-MeO-DiPT 15167:5-MeO-DALT 15100:Sertraline 14900:Nepinalone 14847:Ifenprodil 14837:Fluoxetine 14802:Dimemorfan 14771:prasterone 14732:Citalopram 14727:Captodiame 14707:Arketamine 14702:Amantadine 14660:modulators 14540:SoRI-20041 14533:SoRI-20040 14481:Tryptamine 14264:Methedrone 14259:Mephedrone 14214:Lophophine 14204:Iofetamine 14194:Flucetorex 14094:Amiflamine 14023:Fluminorex 14018:Clominorex 13852:Heptaminol 13847:Gilutensin 13832:Cypenamine 13697:Selegiline 13654:Pholedrine 13623:Ortetamine 13603:Methedrone 13571:Mephedrone 13521:Lophophine 13490:Furfenorex 13395:Buphedrone 13338:Amfecloral 13333:Alfetamine 13277:Fluminorex 13272:Fenozolone 13262:Clominorex 13120:Heptaminol 13115:Gilutensin 13100:Cypenamine 13085:Amineptine 12958:Pholedrine 12948:Pholedrine 12919:Ortetamine 12859:Methedrone 12827:Mephedrone 12817:Lophophine 12792:Furfenorex 12722:D-Deprenyl 12692:Buphedrone 12637:Amfecloral 12632:Alfetamine 12576:Fluminorex 12571:Fenozolone 12561:Clominorex 12403:Rasagiline 12339:-deprenyl) 12333:Selegiline 12269:Tryptamine 12255:Endogenous 12107:Quinacrine 12042:Naringenin 12037:Meciadanol 12008:-Histidine 11882:Tryptophan 11816:Nitecapone 11806:Entacapone 11665:CGS-19281A 11615:Nepicastat 11600:Disulfiram 11595:Bupicomide 11550:Metirosine 11398:-Deprenyl) 11389:Safinamide 11384:Rasagiline 11369:Mofegiline 11364:Milacemide 11359:Lazabemide 11354:Ladostigil 11331:Almoxatone 11307:Toloxatone 11302:Tetrindole 11292:Pirlindole 11236:Eprobemide 11226:Clorgiline 11221:Cimoxatone 11201:Amiflamine 11152:Phenelzine 11147:Paraxazone 11127:Mebanazine 11107:Iproniazid 11097:Indantadol 11087:Guineesine 11072:Caroxazone 10940:Methyldopa 10910:Tryptamine 10906:Tryptophan 10876:-Histidine 10821:modulators 10818:metabolism 9291:(4): 955. 8369:J Neurosci 7387:17 October 7339:J Med Chem 6841:: 112290. 5077:Mov Disord 4409:January 7, 2967:References 2852:drug label 2833:accumulate 2829:absorption 2561:The exact 2429:intestines 2419:Metabolism 2165:Absorption 2100:phenelzine 1996:metabolism 1876:metabolism 1830:mesolimbic 1802:safinamide 1798:rasagiline 1781:neurotoxic 1689:heart rate 1600:heart rate 1549:clorgiline 1516:methylated 1505:rasagiline 1463:antagonist 1377:-mediated 1371:tryptamine 1271:putrescine 1260:catabolism 1188:(see more 1165:endogenous 895:mg/day, 10 759:depression 704:covalently 592:mainly in 590:eliminated 464:. It is a 420:selegiline 160:Metabolism 144:Patch: 75% 93:Drug class 16415:See also: 16208:RO5166017 16120:Hordenine 16060:-Tyramine 16052:-Tyramine 15975:Serotonin 15960:Histamine 15868:See also: 15846:SR-31747A 15831:Quinidine 15816:Proadifen 15801:Molindone 15776:Hypericin 15771:EMD-59983 15721:BMY-13980 15706:SKF-83959 15621:Naluzotan 15601:Berberine 15598:Agonists: 15552:RS-67,333 15487:4-MeO-PCP 15482:3-MeO-PCE 15397:Opipramol 15392:OPC-14523 15326:Agonists: 15265:RS-67,333 15210:-Deprenyl 15162:4-MeO-PCP 15142:3-MeO-PCP 15127:SOMCL-668 15119:Positive: 15115:Phenytoin 15105:SR-31742A 15080:PD-144418 15070:NPC-16377 14920:Opipramol 14915:OPC-14523 14910:Noscapine 14880:Memantine 14822:Eliprodil 14817:Donepezil 14692:5-MeO-DMT 14679:Agonists: 14588:See also: 14560:Guanadrel 14555:Bretylium 14528:SoRI-9804 14502:Viqualine 14456:5-MeO-αMT 14451:5-MeO-αET 14269:Methylone 13982:8-OH-DPAT 13877:Octodrine 13862:Indanorex 13704:-Deprenyl 13608:Methylone 13566:Mefenorex 13495:Hordenine 13445:Ephedrine 13410:Cathinone 13150:Octodrine 13130:Indanorex 12909:Methylone 12822:Mefenorex 12797:Hordenine 12742:Ephedrine 12707:Cathinone 12416:See also: 12328:-Deprenyl 12284:Synthetic 12174:See also: 12143:Histamine 12112:SKF-91488 12102:Metoprine 12097:Harmaline 12073:Histamine 12012:Histamine 11980:Histamine 11966:Melatonin 11932:Serotonin 11855:melatonin 11851:serotonin 11831:Tolcapone 11821:Opicapone 11670:SKF-64139 11625:Tropolone 11379:Pargyline 11339:-Deprenyl 11282:Minaprine 11262:norharman 11254:harmaline 11177:Safrazine 11142:Octamoxin 11137:Nialamide 11122:Linezolid 11117:Isoniazid 11050:Serotonin 10935:Genistein 10925:Carbidopa 10897:-Tyrosine 10880:Histamine 10868:Serotonin 10815:Monoamine 10377:Drugs.com 10303:Drugs.com 9398:(1): 35. 8977:(1): 44. 8536:257772503 5857:Clin Chem 5205:1479-6708 5121:: 87–89. 4220:Neurology 4004:221440315 3982:: 93–99. 3733:: 57–80. 2941:kg or 0.1 2937:mg per 10 2902:induction 2882:phenytoin 2867:published 2839:in skin. 2740:clearance 2738:The oral 2533:and then 2519:-deprenyl 2401:brainstem 2096:hydrazine 2067:receptors 2038:, weakly 1925:pargyline 1860:cognition 1638:effects. 1620:psychosis 1221:-deprenyl 1194:exogenous 1169:substrate 891:mg/day, 5 809:platelets 774:oxidation 645:serotonin 486:serotonin 466:selective 462:inhibitor 357:Excretion 229:half-life 179:, others) 44:Routes of 16322:Agonists 16285:Agonists 15955:Dopamine 15932:Agonists 15811:Pimozide 15766:Dezocine 15656:Naloxone 15616:Metaphit 15611:Fourphit 15591:Unsorted 15527:Ibogaine 15467:SAS-0132 15417:UKH-1114 15374:Ketamine 15359:DKR-1051 15354:DKR-1005 15235:Ibogaine 14867:L-687384 14862:Ketamine 14575:Guanoxan 14355:2C-B-BZP 14179:Etolorex 14174:Ethylone 14124:Cloforex 14114:Butylone 14013:Aminorex 13741:2C-B-BZP 13715:Tyramine 13710:Tiflorex 13644:Pentorex 13613:Morforex 13485:Fludorex 13455:Ethylone 13400:Butylone 13375:β-Me-PEA 13303:2-OH-PEA 13282:Pemoline 13257:Aminorex 13221:Morforex 13216:Morazone 13014:2C-B-BZP 12988:Tyramine 12983:Tiflorex 12914:Morforex 12787:Fludorex 12757:Ethylone 12697:Butylone 12672:β-Me-PEA 12602:2-OH-PEA 12581:Pemoline 12556:Aminorex 12520:Morforex 12515:Morazone 12393:3-F-BPAP 12320:Deprenyl 12274:Tyramine 12022:Catechin 11896:AGN-2979 11701:Dopamine 11675:SKF-7698 11605:Dopastin 11581:Dopamine 11555:Oudenone 11508:Tyrosine 11472:Tyrosine 11432:dopamine 11374:Nicotine 11241:Esuprone 11067:Benmoxin 11032:Dopamine 10901:Tyramine 10859:Dopamine 10774:34224103 10739:30937878 10704:15637531 10660:19444657 10640:Adv Ther 10622:24961255 10587:22936314 10538:27709010 10489:11372588 10454:12024689 10419:10711406 10359:24654277 10285:10682227 10247:18065502 10207:11417445 10125:11897973 10079:37441770 10038:17715422 10002:23467454 9948:37966854 9903:12721812 9865:20653097 9777:11403995 9742:14289140 9630:22544865 9576:14697900 9424:31488222 9368:34884606 9317:37107329 9308:10135711 9266:31807952 9257:10680281 9041:28124620 9003:37718439 8994:10506345 8944:28630283 8935:11047030 8684:20592647 8632:37470013 8623:10353062 8528:36976755 8497:28386698 8448:28213761 8303:30480551 8251:17015058 8209:28889212 8155:11071707 8081:27984094 8022:36065929 8013:10286595 7973:23196982 7938:18041937 7898:23539642 7840:18162016 7746:Life Sci 7633:29847694 7584:27480491 7526:18771016 7491:24905523 7405:Life Sci 7381:Archived 7359:24354319 7323:19389919 7254:Life Sci 7239:10588928 7190:20725780 7155:18473983 7120:29375386 7066:27092049 7012:37686140 7003:10487936 6944:35955676 6890:14659999 6855:31610214 6816:12175892 6796:Life Sci 6741:11607046 6604:11837891 6590:: 1–47. 6566:34244591 6510:35457272 6243:16352699 6166:22110357 6117:12834268 6077:15093948 6035:11281991 6000:11160474 5947:24410693 5838:24945828 5780:34206133 5683:25249059 5631:31562557 5395:21971008 5354:30386930 5170:25196265 4937:38196001 4899:14697898 4856:15279565 4821:12535396 4709:30160213 4651:24350849 4607:14612135 4451:16023777 4142:11602525 4100:34342002 3699:14628189 3657:18937619 3615:17614182 3561:21971003 3465:19300583 3309:17931095 2795:, upper 2764:buccally 2657:excreted 2583:in vitro 2393:striatum 2381:midbrain 2373:thalamus 2071:affinity 2032:dopamine 1953:via its 1868:learning 1814:dopamine 1757:excreted 1652:in vitro 1612:euphoria 1608:insomnia 1522:SU-11739 1519:analogue 1507:and its 1253:in vitro 1233:in vitro 1210:deprenyl 1087:in vitro 735:striatum 661:tyramine 649:dopamine 636:. MAO-A 628:of MAO, 478:dopamine 439:capsules 370:: 20–63% 167:, other 15915:ligands 15681:UMB-116 15676:UMB-103 15671:UMB-101 15666:UMB-100 15457:MIN-101 15447:CT-1812 15437:BD-1067 15432:BD-1008 15339:BD-1047 15275:Saffron 15260:RHL-033 15030:Dup-734 15015:BD-1067 15010:BD-1063 15005:BD-1060 15000:BD-1047 14995:BD-1031 14990:BD-1008 14935:PRE-084 14752:Cocaine 14717:BD-1052 14494:Others: 14360:3-MeOPP 13789:Others: 13405:Cathine 13052:Others: 12702:Cathine 12117:Tacrine 11349:Ethanol 11250:harmine 11248:(e.g., 10578:3500550 10529:5045548 10351:8899847 10167:9797797 9993:3588594 9733:1928040 9621:3400832 9556:Bibcode 9506:Healy D 9492:7971740 9415:6728988 9359:8657695 9087:7669938 8861:6809891 8823:1097600 8769:4359162 8760:1083612 8675:3040572 8488:5482751 8439:5399046 8399:7869099 8390:6577819 8294:6529304 8200:5747253 8135:Synapse 8050:1658311 7889:3666194 7801:2504225 7766:2505007 7728:6408404 7693:6821215 7663:3095802 7624:6089809 7453:7893186 7425:8602114 7377:PubChem 7314:2713119 7274:9749831 7230:1571822 7111:5767590 7094:: 987. 7057:4820462 7040:: 148. 6935:9369307 6732:6494119 6557:8333267 6501:9028367 6414:7981318 6379:9243353 6340:5595908 6313:3927074 6278:7995013 6204:7995017 6157:3213739 5991:1737214 5952:MAO-B). 5877:3096593 5829:4591072 5771:8199574 5718:6814755 5674:4289953 5622:7242272 5471:7839316 5451:Synapse 5433:2420928 5275:3146432 5240:2515717 5135:6428150 5097:9159721 5047:9243352 5003:9853994 4879:Bibcode 4790:1608919 4744:1513186 4700:7052841 4559:8988462 4371:9498233 4301:9503565 4240:8959982 4054:1794016 3996:2515726 3956:7995016 3910:1686954 3747:6428148 3456:2656289 3169:9260033 2856:hepatic 2604:CYP2C19 2566:enzymes 2463:and by 2437:tissues 2427:in the 2146:CYP2C19 2130:enzymes 2086:inhibit 2048:potency 1975:ethanol 1864:emotion 1836:neurons 1796:, like 1663:in vivo 1658:in vivo 1624:arousal 1589:fatigue 1509:racemic 1455:agonism 1419:bimodal 1379:release 1347:neurons 1237:in vivo 1114:imaging 1097:in vivo 1074:in vivo 944:doses. 782:neurons 733:of the 731:putamen 613:of the 556:(DMS), 435:tablets 376:: 9–26% 292:: 16–18 282:: 14–21 177:CYP2C19 169:tissues 60:capsule 16356: 16301: 16289: 15696:YZ-185 15691:YZ-069 15686:YZ-011 15577:UMB-82 15572:UMB-23 15452:LR-172 15442:CM-156 15427:AC-927 15344:BD1063 15305:YKP10A 15270:RTI-55 15157:4-IPBS 15147:4C-T-2 15065:NE-100 15060:MS-377 15055:LR-172 15050:LR-132 15035:E-5842 15025:CM-156 14985:AC-927 14970:UMB-82 14965:UMB-23 14712:BD-737 14687:4-PPBP 14515:Others 14415:pTFMPP 14304:4-TFMA 14244:MDMPEA 14079:6-APDB 14069:5-APDB 13699:(also 13551:MDMPEA 13505:5-APDI 13075:5-APDI 12894:MDMPEA 12376:(PPAP) 12353:(IPAP) 12316:(BPAP) 11258:harman 11054:5-HIAA 10772: 10737: 10702: 10658: 10620: 10585: 10575: 10536: 10526: 10487: 10452: 10417: 10357: 10349: 10283: 10245: 10205: 10165: 10123: 10077: 10036: 10000: 9990: 9976:: 24. 9946: 9901: 9863: 9823: 9798: 9775: 9740: 9730: 9699: 9666:944772 9664: 9628: 9618: 9574: 9524: 9490: 9453: 9422: 9412: 9366: 9356: 9315: 9305: 9264: 9254: 9208:956814 9206: 9169: 9127: 9085: 9039: 9001: 8991: 8942: 8932: 8885: 8859: 8821: 8814:491901 8811: 8767: 8757: 8716: 8682: 8672: 8630: 8620: 8578:407607 8576: 8534: 8526: 8495: 8485: 8446: 8436: 8397: 8387: 8341: 8301: 8291: 8249: 8207: 8197: 8153: 8119:697901 8117: 8079: 8048: 8020: 8010: 7971: 7936: 7896: 7886: 7838: 7799: 7764: 7726: 7691: 7661: 7631: 7621: 7582: 7524: 7489: 7451: 7423: 7357: 7321: 7311: 7272: 7237: 7227: 7188: 7153: 7118: 7108: 7064: 7054: 7010: 7000: 6942: 6932: 6888: 6853: 6814: 6778:4 July 6769: 6739: 6729: 6671: 6602: 6564: 6554: 6508: 6498: 6448: 6412: 6377: 6338: 6311: 6276: 6241: 6202: 6164: 6154: 6115: 6075: 6033: 5998: 5988: 5945: 5910: 5875: 5836: 5826: 5778: 5768: 5716: 5681: 5671: 5629: 5619: 5582:745019 5580: 5547:745014 5545: 5510:5 July 5501: 5469: 5431: 5393: 5383: 5352: 5308: 5290:Lancet 5273: 5238: 5203: 5168: 5133: 5095: 5045: 5001: 4935: 4897: 4854: 4819: 4788: 4742: 4707: 4697: 4649: 4605: 4557: 4547: 4449: 4369: 4299: 4263:1 July 4238: 4140: 4098: 4052: 4002: 3994: 3954: 3908: 3776: 3745: 3707:711419 3705: 3697: 3655: 3613: 3559: 3549: 3463: 3453: 3363:2 July 3307: 3223:3 July 3167: 2999:3 July 2959:paper. 2956: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2898:CYP2B6 2888:, and 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2776: 2772: 2748: 2744: 2733:CYP2A6 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717:CYP2D6 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2608:CYP2E1 2606:, and 2600:CYP2D6 2596:CYP2C8 2592:CYP2A6 2588:CYP1A2 2576:, and 2574:CYP2C9 2570:CYP2B6 2551: 2399:, and 2397:cortex 2383:, and 2365: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2297:CYP2D6 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2207:, and 2197: 2186: 2182: 2154:CYP2A6 2152:, and 2150:CYP2B6 2138:CYP3A4 2134:CYP2D6 2075: 2034:, and 1984: 1980: 1929:potent 1908: 1904: 1849:retina 1773: 1768: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1685: 1634:, and 1618:, and 1411: 1407: 1403: 1320:enzyme 1251:ng/mL 1249: 1139: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1112:(PET) 1106: 1102: 1092: 1082: 1078:potent 1072:pg/mL 1070: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 953: 949: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 873: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 805: 753:, and 691:, and 677: 669: 651:, and 615:enzyme 586: 582: 578: 574: 560:, and 546:CYP2B6 543:enzyme 528: 460:(MAO) 364:(87%): 349: 335: 326:Patch: 321: 311: 294: 284: 274: 264: 254: 244: 202:(L-MA) 173:CYP2B6 154:85–90% 66:Buccal 56:tablet 16400:TAAR1 16314:TAAR5 16277:TAAR2 16175:3-MMA 15923:TAAR1 15661:SM-21 15402:PB-28 15329:3-PPP 15152:4-IBP 14980:3-PPP 14682:3-PPP 14420:TFMPP 14390:MeOPP 14385:MDBZP 14284:MMDMA 14254:MDPEA 14234:MDHMA 14149:DFMDA 14089:AEMMA 14064:4-MTA 14054:4-FMA 14044:4-CAB 13992:MDMAT 13977:6-CAT 13951:MDMAI 13931:5-IAI 13817:5-IAI 13792:2-ADN 13766:MeOPP 13761:MDBZP 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Pharmacology of selegiline

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