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because the country was destitute of harbours, because the
Lacedaemonians might send relief forces, and because provisions were scarce in the land, he quickly turned about, and sailing away, came to anchor at Phoenicus in the island of Cythera. And when those who held possession of the city of the Cytherians abandoned their walls through fear of being captured by storm, he allowed them to depart to Laconia under a truce, and having repaired the wall of the Cytherians, left in Cythera a garrison of his own and Nicophemus, an Athenian, as governor. After doing these things and sailing to the Isthmus of Corinth and there exhorting the allies to carry on the war zealously and show themselves men faithful to the King, he left them all the money that he had and sailed off homeward. (...) The Corinthians, on the other hand, manned ships with the money which Pharnabazus left, appointed Agathinus as admiral, and established their mastery of the sea in the gulf around
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the
Lacedaemonians than this. (...) Pharnabazus, upon hearing this, eagerly dispatched him to Athens and gave him additional money for the rebuilding of the walls. Upon his arrival Conon erected a large part of the wall, giving his own crews for the work, paying the wages of carpenters and masons, and meeting whatever other expense was necessary. There were some parts of the wall, however, which the Athenians themselves, as well as volunteers from Boeotia and from other states, aided in building.
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1848:"Persian coins were stamped with the figure of an archer, and Agesilaus said, as he was breaking camp, that the King was driving him out of Asia with ten thousand "archers"; for so much money had been sent to Athens and Thebes and distributed among the popular leaders there, and as a consequence those people made war upon the Spartans" Plutarch 15-1-6 in
388:) had lately called upon him for the tribute from his government, for which he was in arrears, being unable to raise it from the Hellenic towns by reason of the Athenians; and he therefore calculated that by weakening the Athenians he should get the tribute better paid, and should also draw the Lacedaemonians into alliance with the king.
1045:
Conon said that if he (Pharnabazus) would allow him to have the fleet, he would maintain it by contributions from the islands and would meanwhile put in at Athens and aid the
Athenians in rebuilding their long walls and the wall around Piraeus, adding that he knew nothing could be a heavier blow to
968:
Pharnabazus, and Conon with him, sailed through the islands to Melos, and making that their base, went on to
Lacedaemon. And first Pharnabazus put in at Pherae and laid waste this region; then he made descents at one point and another of the coast and did whatever harm he could. But being fearful
684:
were the only cities to refuse to expel the
Lacedaemonians despite threats from Pharnabazus to make war on them. He attempted to force these into submission by ravaging the surrounding territory, but this proved fruitless, leading him to leave Conon in charge of winning over the cities in the
572:, the capital of Hellenistic Phrygia. Pharnabazus had several military encounters against the invading Spartans on this occasion. Pharnabazus finally met in person with Agesilaos, and Agesilaos agreed to remove himself from Hellespontine Phrygia proper and retreated to the
1018:, the main port of Athens, would be a major blow to the Lacedaemonians, Pharnabazus eagerly gave Conon a fleet of 80 triremes and additional funds to accomplish this task. Pharnabazus dispatched Conon with substantial funds and a large part of the fleet to
1216:
After several weeks the
Persians, and their Greek mercenaries under Iphicrates, had to re-embark. The expedition against Egypt had failed. It was the end of the career of Pharnabazus, who was now over 70 years old. Pharnabazus was replaced by
925:, where they left a garrison and an Athenian governor to cripple Sparta's offensive military capabilities. Cythera in effect became Achaemenid territory. Seizing Cythera also had the effect of cutting the strategic route between
437:. The conduct of the war was much hindered by the rivalry between the two satraps, of whom Pharnabazus was by far the more energetic and upright. Pharnabazus initially fought with the Spartans against the Athenians during the
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With the assistance of the rowers of the fleet, and the workers paid for by the
Persian money, the construction was soon completed. Athens quickly took advantage of its possession of walls and a fleet to seize the islands of
1642:
Though many of his details cannot be independently corroborated, Plutarch's version is this: Lysander sent an envoy to
Pharnabazus who then dispatched his brother to Phrygia where Alcibiades was living with his mistress,
456:. As Alcibiades was about to set out for the Persian court, his residence was surrounded and set on fire. Seeing no chance of escape he rushed out on his assassins, dagger in hand, and was killed by a shower of arrows.
1205:. Eventually the fleet managed to find its way up the less-defended Mendesian branch. At this point, the mutual distrust that had arisen between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus prevented the enemy from reaching
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against Sparta. Eventually they left due to scarce resources and few harbors for the
Achaemenid fleet in the area, as well as the looming possibility of Lacedaemonian relief forces being dispatched.
1978:
899:, that the Achaemenid fleet was going so far west. The military occupation by these pro-Athenian forces led to several democratic revolutions and new alliances with Athens in the islands.
531:. His cavalry is said to have killed about 500 Greek mercenaries on that occasion, and mounted several raids on the Greek mercenaries. Pharnabazus then arranged with the Spartan admiral
1252:
A large number of coins have been found from that period, presumably in order to pay for the troops, particularly for the Greek troops under
Iphicrates. The large coinage was minted in
622:
The outbreak of the conflict in Greece had been encouraged by Persian payments to Sparta's Greek rivals, and had for effect to remove the Spartan threat in Asia Minor. Pharnabazus sent
441:(431–404 BC), even, in one instance, coming to the rescue of the retreating Spartan forces, and riding his horse into the sea to fend off the Athenians while encouraging his regiment.
1213:
and the Egyptian defenders' resolve to defend their territory turned what had initially appeared as certain defeat for Nectanebo I and his troops into a complete victory.
1671:
1143:
After 4 years of preparations in the Levant, Pharnabazes gathered an expeditionary force had 200,000 Persian troops, 300 triremes, 200 galleys, and 12,000 Greeks under
1183:, king of Egypt, having added to its former defences by laying the neighbouring lands under water, and blocking up the navigable channels of the Nile by embankments. (
1082:
As a reward for his success, Pharnabazus was allowed to marry the king's daughter, Apame. He was recalled to the Achaemenid Empire in 393 BC, and replaced by satrap
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deep into Achaemenid territory in 401-399 BC. Cyrus the Younger failed, but the relationship between Sparta and the Achaemenid Empire remained adversarial.
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952:, where he gave Sparta's rivals funds to further threaten the Lacedaemonians. He also funded the rebuilding of a Corinthian fleet to resist the Spartans.
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Pharnabazus followed up his victory at Cnidus by capturing several Spartan-allied cities in Ionia, instigating pro-Athenian and pro-Democracy movements.
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coast, tribute he had a hard time to obtain due to Athenian interference. Thucydides described this situation, faced by both satraps Pharnabazus and
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in 373 BC. The expedition force was too slow, giving time to the Egyptians to strengthen defences. Pharnabazus and Iphicrates appeared before
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CNG: CILICIA, Tarsos. Pharnabazos. Persian military commander, circa 380-374/3 BC. AR Stater (23mm, 10.62 g, 2h). Struck circa 378/7-374/3 BC
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from their obverse design, because that much money had been paid to politicians in Athens and Thebes in order to start a war against Sparta.
17:
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Pharnabazus was one of the best known Satraps among the Greeks, and had many exchanges with them. He is one of the main characters in the
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The fleet proceeded further west to take revenge on the Spartans by invading Lacedaemonian territory, where the Achaemenids laid waste to
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who were returning from their failed campaign in the centre of the Achaemenid Empire. He was also trying to stop them from entering
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937:, the harbour of Sparta. This strategy to threaten Sparta had already been recommended, in vain, by the exiled Spartan
638:, Agesilaus said upon leaving Asia Minor "I have been driven out by 10,000 Persian archers", a reference to "Archers" (
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664:(394 BC) in which the Persians, allied with the former Athenian admiral and then commissioned into Persian service,
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Moysey, Robert (1986). "The Silver Stater Issues of Pharnabazos and Datames from the Mint of Tarsus in Cilicia".
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to help command a military expedition into rebellious Egypt, having proven his ability against the Spartans.
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Pharnabazus II was first recorded as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia in 413 BC, when he received orders from
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2201:
Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985).
2159:
Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985).
2087:
Gershevitch, I.; Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, John Andrew; Yarshater, Ehsan; Frye, Richard Nelson (1985).
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From 368 BC many western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire started to rebel against Artaxerxes II, in the
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betrayed his Athenian allies and came to an arrangement with Sparta, to the expense of the Greek cities of
882:
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1108:, which Sparta agreed to concede to the Achaemenids in exchange for Spartan domination in Greece. In the
660:(394–387 BC). During this period, Pharnabazus is notable for his command of the Achaemenid fleet at the
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2241:. Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) Vol. 31: American Numismatics Society: 7–61 (60 pages).
1240:, so Nectanebo provided financial support to the rebelling satraps and re-established ties with both
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he forced his erstwhile allies to come to terms. This treaty restored control of the Greek cities of
504:, creating a new threat for the Achaemenid Empire. The Spartans then antagonised the Achaemenid king
444:
In 404 BC, Pharnabazus may also have been responsible for the assassination of the Athenian general
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branch of the Nile ordered by Nectanebo forced the enemy fleet to seek another way to sail up the
560:(left) and Pharnabazus (right) in 395 BC, after which Agesilaus left Hellespontine Phrygia proper.
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668:, annihilated the Spartan fleet, ending Sparta's brief status as the dominant Greek naval power.
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1147:. The Achaemenid Empire had also been applying pressure on Athens to recall the Greek general
587:, Agesilaus was still planning a campaign in the interior of Asia Minor, or even an attack on
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on the Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland.
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Ship's prow left, with a griffin and prophylactic eye; two dolphins downward; below, a tuna.
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at that time, and formed the largest threat to the Achaemenid possessions in Asia Minor.
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452:. The assassination was probably at the instigation of the Spartans, and specifically
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From 393 BC, Pharnabazus II and Conon sailed with his fleet to the Aegean island of
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in the 5th century BC, following the Greeks' victories over the Achaemenids in the
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229:), head of Pharnabazos, wearing the satrapal cap tied below his chin, with diadem.
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634:, were used to bribe the Greek states to start a war against Sparta. According to
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for the rest of the Greek mercenaries to be shipped out of the Asian continent to
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gave a detailed contemporary account of the naval campaign of Pharnabazus in his
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also became a satrap of Phrygia. According to some accounts, his granddaughter
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and established a base there. This was the first time in 90 years, since the
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1151:, who was in the service of the Egyptians, but in vain. The Egyptian ruler
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Achaemenid naval campaign against Sparta in the Corinthian War (394-393 BC)
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The family of Pharnabazus was closely related to the Greek world. His son
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to lead a second expedition to Egypt, but he failed and then started the "
512:, their ally during the Peloponnesian war, leading to the campaign of the
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and W. Smith, New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, 39.
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and thus avoiding Spartan-Egyptian collusion, and directly threatening
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1569:. Hawkins Publications ; distributed by B. A. Seaby. p. 48.
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Participation to the Corinthian War on the side of Athens (395-393 BC)
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Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, Book 8, chapter 5, section 5&6
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coast. Their aim was probably to instigate a revolt of the Messanian
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Pharnabazes went on to aid the Athenians against the Spartans in the
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Pharnabazus II, leaving part of his fleet in Cythera, then went to
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635:
564:
Hellespontine Phrygia was attacked and ravaged by the Spartan king
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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2008:
A History of Greece from the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest
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1336:, and lived in exile with his family at the Macedonian court of
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After being convinced by Conon that allowing him to rebuild the
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357:(480-479 BC). Athens, powered by the alliance formed under the
325:
270:
56:
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Achaemenid campaign of Pharnabazus II against Egypt in 373 BC.
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in 396-395 BC, who particularly laid waste to the area around
542:
372:
to send in the outstanding tribute of the Greek cities on the
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2922:
2853:
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Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332 BC
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Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332 BC
1950:
Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525-332 BC
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930:
911:
892:
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645:
577:
426:
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1770:. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. p.
1749:. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. p.
500:(431–404 BC), the Spartans became the dominant power in the
3360:
2377:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1265:
1261:
1202:
459:
413:
may have been organized by Pharnabazes, at the request of
27:
Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia from 413 to 374 BC
3422:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
2066:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 55–62.
1855:. Delphi Classics. 2013. pp. 1031, Plutarch 15–1–6.
688:
1089:
1972:
1970:
1879:
The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome: A Brief History
508:
by militarily supporting the rival bid of his brother
1687:
The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World
1967:
1566:
The ancient & classical world, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650
1167:
The force landed in Egypt with the Athenian general
993:
2411:
1804:. Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co. 1882. p.
1271:
1123:
548:Conflict with Spartan King Agesilaos in Asia Minor
339:
297:of Hellespontine Phrygia from its headquarters at
1006:, and provided his seamen as manpower, in 393 BC.
409:The assassination of the exiled Athenian general
3439:
1953:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 57–60.
1722:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–140.
626:as an envoy to Greece, and tens of thousands of
201:Pharnabazus was Satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia.
2333:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VI.
1852:Delphi Complete Works of Plutarch (Illustrated)
2329:Lloyd, Alan B. (1994). "Egypt, 404–332 B.C.".
1825:Coins and Currency: An Historical Encyclopedia
1764:Brownson, Carlson L. (Carleton Lewis) (1886).
1743:Brownson, Carlson L. (Carleton Lewis) (1883).
1683:
1630:
1607:
1605:
1348:'s concubine and may have had a child by him.
1283:as Barsine, granddaughter of Pharnabazus, and
1136:In 377 BC, Pharnabazus was then reassigned by
2397:
1684:Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (2012).
1588:
1586:
1510:
345:War with Sparta against Athens (c.413-404 BC)
2135:. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–105.
1875:
301:since 478 BC. He married Apama, daughter of
209:Coinage of Pharnabazos, circa 398-396/5 BC,
3448:Achaemenid satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia
2207:. Cambridge University Press. p. 374.
2165:. Cambridge University Press. p. 373.
2093:. Cambridge University Press. p. 372.
1660:
1655:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
1602:
1340:for more than ten years. His granddaughter
1232:Coinage of Pharnabazus II, Tarsos, Cilicia.
1022:, where he joined in the rebuilding of the
543:War with Athens against Sparta (395–387 BC)
2404:
2390:
2235:Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society)
2011:. William Ware & Company. p. 419.
1583:
1517:
1503:
523:against the plundering raids of the Greek
46:Portrait of Pharnabazus II on his coinage.
40:
3478:Military leaders of the Achaemenid Empire
1821:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1562:
1260:. The coins use images of the god of war
289:. He and his male ancestors, forming the
2363:
2154:
2152:
2112:
2110:
1763:
1742:
1690:. Oxford University Press. p. 150.
1350:
1275:
1227:
1127:
997:
703:
551:
519:Pharnabazus was involved in helping the
463:
404:
204:
196:
2128:
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1946:
1801:Cassell's illustrated universal history
1794:
1792:
1719:The Archaeology of Greek and Roman Troy
1595:Plutarch: Life of Eumenes - translation
1155:was thus supported by Athenian General
1030:, a project that had been initiated by
671:
460:Conflict with the Ten Thousand (399 BC)
14:
3440:
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2289:
2232:
2116:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
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1928:
1704:
1002:Pharnabazus funded the rebuilding the
873:
689:Naval raids on the Peloponnesian coast
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2004:
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1918:
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1264:wearing an Attic helmet, or a seated
1090:Final settlement with Sparta (386 BC)
349:Athens was the dominant power in the
2283:
2030:
1980:Perseus Under Philologic: Xen. 4.8.7
1976:
1789:
1715:
1179:, but retired without attacking it,
24:
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2221:
2191:
1905:
1812:
1315:, and is also very present in the
25:
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3453:Admirals of the Achaemenid Empire
1355:Family tree after Pharnabazus II.
994:Rebuilding of the walls of Athens
591:himself, when he was recalled to
429:, entered into negotiations with
355:Second Persian invasion of Greece
2351:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1332:married a Greek noblewoman from
1318:History of the Peloponnesian War
872:
814:
798:
782:
766:
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702:
695:
3473:People of the Peloponnesian War
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2015:
1998:
1896:
1869:
1842:
1778:
1757:
1736:
1638:Concerning the Team of Horses,
1293:Alexander the Great (1956 film)
1272:Pharnabazus in Greek literature
1124:Campaign against Egypt (373 BC)
767:
751:
340:Satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia
1876:Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2014).
1822:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015).
1677:
1647:
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917:They then raided the coast of
815:
799:
783:
735:
583:In 394, while encamped on the
448:, who had taken refuge in the
13:
1:
3468:5th-century BC Iranian people
2204:The Cambridge History of Iran
2162:The Cambridge History of Iran
2090:The Cambridge History of Iran
1359:
1197:c. 5.) Fortifications on the
1162:
719:
644:) the Greek nickname for the
556:Meeting between Spartan King
3483:People of the Corinthian War
1785:History of the Greeks, p.186
1716:Rose, Charles Brian (2014).
261:
18:Pharnabazus (5th century BC)
7:
2314:. Oxford: Blackwell Books.
1563:Mitchiner, Michael (1978).
603:and the combined forces of
496:After their victory in the
482:(center) attacking a Greek
361:, has even been called the
328:, one of the associates of
269:soldier and statesman, and
10:
3509:
2550:
2312:A History of Ancient Egypt
2299:
1828:. McFarland. p. 125.
1247:
1225:" against the Great King.
1093:
1075:, on which it established
619:and several minor states.
265:; ruled 413-374 BC) was a
254:
3420:
3321:
3287:
3258:
3224:
3175:
3138:
3073:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
3053:
3019:
2995:
2917:
2851:
2776:
2739:
2662:
2563:
2430:
2420:
2129:Ruzicka, Stephen (2012).
2062:Ruzicka, Stephen (2012).
1947:Ruzicka, Stephen (2012).
1882:. McFarland. p. 73.
1627:Xenophon Hellenica, 1.1.6
1037:According to Xenophon in
921:and seized the island of
320:According to research by
191:
156:
146:
141:
131:
121:
110:
105:
101:
89:
77:
66:
55:
51:
39:
32:
3458:5th-century BC governors
2259:: CS1 maint: location (
871:
813:
797:
781:
765:
749:
733:
717:
701:
492:, early 4th century BCE.
324:, he was descended from
285:, and great-grandson of
73:413 BC – 387 BC
3493:4th century BC in Egypt
2374:Encyclopædia Britannica
2005:Smith, William (1877).
1902:Xenophon Hellenica, 4.3
630:, the main currency in
303:Artaxerxes II of Persia
279:Pharnaces II of Phrygia
136:Pharnaces II of Phrygia
116:Artaxerxes II of Persia
96:Ariobarzanes of Phrygia
3011:Alexander I of Macedon
2557:
2331:The Fourth Century B.C
1356:
1309:, also appears in his
1296:
1233:
1133:
1060:
1007:
991:
561:
493:
468:An Athenian mercenary
418:
403:
234:
202:
2668:Hellespontine Phrygia
2556:
2539:Darius III Codomannus
1379:Hellespontine Phrygia
1354:
1279:
1238:Great Satraps' Revolt
1231:
1159:and his mercenaries.
1131:
1043:
1001:
966:
906:and raided along the
555:
529:Hellespontine Phrygia
490:Altıkulaç Sarcophagus
480:Hellespontine Phrygia
474:(left) supporting an
467:
433:and began a war with
408:
398:The Peloponnesian War
382:
277:. He was the son of
275:Hellespontine Phrygia
208:
200:
61:Hellespontine Phrygia
3274:Hydarnes the Younger
3006:Amyntas I of Macedon
2529:Artaxerxes III Ochus
2524:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
2425:- Achaemenid Kingdom
2049:Xenophon Hellenica,
1110:Treaty of Antalcidas
1096:Treaty of Antalcidas
1079:(citizen colonies).
883:class=notpageimage|
672:Naval raids in Ionia
624:Timocrates of Rhodes
3424:Hellenistic satraps
3322:Other known satraps
2777:Greek Governors of
2544:Artaxerxes V Bessus
2534:Artaxerxes IV Arses
1346:Alexander the Great
1289:Alexander the Great
370:Darius II of Persia
315:Alexander the Great
293:, had governed the
114:Apama, daughter of
3430:from around 330 BC
3428:Hellenistic rulers
2558:
2119:, pp. 375–376
2038:The Ancient Greeks
1357:
1297:
1234:
1209:. Then the annual
1134:
1008:
897:Greco-Persian Wars
632:Achaemenid coinage
562:
494:
419:
235:
225:("FAR-N--BA", for
203:
3463:Pharnacid dynasty
3435:
3434:
2624:Cyrus the Younger
2435:Achaemenid Empire
2414:Achaemenid Empire
2321:978-0-631-19396-8
2073:978-0-19-976662-8
1527:
1526:
1494:
1493:
1383:
1382:
1368:Pharnacid dynasty
510:Cyrus the Younger
498:Peloponnesian War
450:Achaemenid Empire
439:Peloponnesian war
332:in the murder of
291:Pharnacid dynasty
195:
194:
169:Battle of Cyzicus
164:Peloponnesian War
151:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
3500:
3488:Achaemenid Egypt
2494:Darius the Great
2406:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2230:
2219:
2218:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1983:. Archived from
1974:
1965:
1964:
1944:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1681:
1675:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1541:. Archived from
1535:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1185:Diodorus Siculus
1058:
989:
876:
875:
818:
817:
802:
801:
786:
785:
770:
769:
754:
753:
738:
737:
722:
721:
711:Battle of Cnidus
706:
705:
699:
662:Battle of Cnidus
595:to fight in the
401:
313:may have become
305:, and their son
281:and grandson of
264:
259:
258:
181:Battle of Cnidus
142:Military service
106:Personal details
92:
80:
71:
44:
30:
29:
21:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3416:
3371:Greater Phrygia
3317:
3283:
3254:
3220:
3171:
3134:
3049:
3015:
2991:
2913:
2847:
2772:
2735:
2726:Pharnabazus III
2658:
2559:
2548:
2479:Cyrus the Great
2432:
2426:
2416:
2410:
2367:, ed. (1911). "
2352:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2322:
2308:Grimal, Nicolas
2302:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2252:
2251:
2231:
2222:
2215:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1945:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1820:
1813:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1762:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1489:Pharnabazus III
1370:
1362:
1274:
1250:
1223:Satraps' Revolt
1189:Cornelius Nepos
1165:
1126:
1098:
1092:
1059:
1050:
1026:from Athens to
1004:walls of Athens
996:
990:
988:4.8.7 to 4.8.10
981:
889:
888:
887:
885:
879:
878:
877:
869:
868:
867:
858:
857:
856:
847:
846:
845:
836:
835:
834:
827:
826:
825:
819:
811:
810:
809:
803:
795:
794:
793:
787:
779:
778:
777:
771:
763:
762:
761:
755:
747:
746:
745:
739:
731:
730:
729:
723:
715:
714:
713:
707:
691:
674:
654:
550:
545:
462:
402:
392:
363:Athenian Empire
347:
342:
322:Theodor Nöldeke
317:'s concubine.
187:
90:
78:
72:
67:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3364:
3354:
3344:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Pherendates II
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:Abdashtart III
3129:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:Baalshillem II
3106:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3055:Kings of Sidon
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Pharnabazus II
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Artaphernes II
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2431:Kings of Kings
2428:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2412:Rulers in the
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2365:Chisholm, Hugh
2346:
2345:
2339:
2326:
2320:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2266:
2220:
2213:
2190:
2178:
2171:
2148:
2141:
2121:
2106:
2099:
2079:
2072:
2054:
2042:
2029:
2014:
1997:
1966:
1959:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1868:
1861:
1841:
1834:
1811:
1788:
1777:
1756:
1735:
1728:
1703:
1696:
1676:
1659:
1646:
1629:
1620:
1601:
1582:
1575:
1555:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:Pharnabazus II
1456:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1361:
1358:
1344:may have been
1285:Richard Burton
1273:
1270:
1249:
1246:
1164:
1161:
1125:
1122:
1094:Main article:
1091:
1088:
1048:
995:
992:
979:
881:
880:
870:
861:
860:
859:
850:
849:
848:
839:
838:
837:
830:
829:
828:
821:
820:
812:
805:
804:
796:
789:
788:
780:
773:
772:
764:
757:
756:
748:
741:
740:
732:
725:
724:
716:
709:
708:
700:
694:
693:
692:
690:
687:
673:
670:
658:Corinthian War
653:
650:
597:Corinthian War
585:plain of Thebe
574:plain of Thebe
549:
546:
544:
541:
461:
458:
390:
346:
343:
341:
338:
238:Pharnabazus II
193:
192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
184:
183:
176:Corinthian War
173:
172:
171:
160:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
64:
63:
53:
52:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
34:Pharnabazus II
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3505:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:Phrataphernes
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Syennesis III
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3128:Abdashtart II
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Baalshillem I
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Eshmunazar II
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3021:Kings of Tyre
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Mithrobuzanes
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Pharnabazus I
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Autophradates
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Artaphernes I
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
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2445:
2441:
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2438:
2436:
2429:
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2419:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2384:
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2370:
2366:
2361:
2360:public domain
2349:
2348:
2342:
2340:0-521-23348-8
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2292:, p. 377
2291:
2290:Grimal (1992)
2286:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2214:9780521200912
2210:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2195:
2188:, p. 348
2187:
2182:
2174:
2172:9780521200912
2168:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2142:9780199908776
2138:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2117:Grimal (1992)
2113:
2111:
2102:
2100:9780521200912
2096:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1987:on 2020-08-03
1986:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1960:9780199766628
1956:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
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1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1891:
1889:9781476613079
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1862:9781909496620
1858:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1835:9781476611204
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1769:
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1760:
1752:
1748:
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1739:
1731:
1729:9780521762076
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
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1708:
1699:
1697:9780199719556
1693:
1689:
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1576:9780904173161
1572:
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1567:
1559:
1545:on 2018-12-04
1544:
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1534:
1530:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1485:c.370–320 BCE
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1475:c.389–329 BCE
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:c.407–362 BCE
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:c.413–374 BCE
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:c.430–420 BCE
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:Pharnabazus I
1437:
1435:c.455–430 BCE
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:c.480–455 BCE
1424:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:c.550–497 BCE
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1369:
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1196:
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1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:Artaxerxes II
1130:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Artaxerxes II
1097:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
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1025:
1021:
1017:
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1005:
1000:
987:
984:
978:
976:
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962:
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951:
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936:
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928:
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920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
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898:
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866:
865:
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833:
824:
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792:
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728:
712:
698:
686:
683:
679:
669:
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663:
659:
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643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Artaxerxes II
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
554:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
506:Artaxerxes II
503:
499:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
472:
466:
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
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428:
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416:
412:
407:
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395:
389:
387:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
359:Delian League
356:
352:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Pharnabazus I
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
257:
251:
247:
243:
239:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
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182:
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117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
97:
94:
88:
85:
82:
76:
70:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3387:Ariobarzanes
3357:Satibarzanes
3114:Abdashtart I
3096:Tetramnestos
3063:Eshmunazar I
2967:Artemisia II
2877:Teththiweibi
2823:Themistocles
2768:Ariarathes I
2721:Artabazus II
2716:Ariobarzanes
2710:
2706:Pharnaces II
2654:Spithridates
2629:Tissaphernes
2619:Tissaphernes
2504:Artaxerxes I
2456:
2449:
2442:
2372:
2330:
2311:
2285:
2275:
2269:
2255:cite journal
2238:
2234:
2203:
2186:Lloyd (1994)
2181:
2161:
2131:
2124:
2089:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2000:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1979:
1949:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1851:
1844:
1824:
1800:
1780:
1766:
1759:
1745:
1738:
1718:
1686:
1679:
1667:
1662:
1649:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1613:
1594:
1565:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:the original
1533:
1479:Artabazus II
1469:Ariobarzanes
1458:
1449:Pharnaces II
1330:Artabazos II
1327:
1316:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1281:Claire Bloom
1251:
1244:and Athens.
1235:
1215:
1192:
1166:
1142:
1135:
1099:
1081:
1061:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1009:
985:
967:
959:
954:
947:
927:Peloponnesia
916:
901:
890:
862:
851:
840:
685:Hellespont.
675:
655:
639:
621:
582:
563:
525:Ten Thousand
518:
514:Ten Thousand
495:
483:
469:
443:
423:Tissaphernes
420:
383:
378:Tissaphernes
367:
348:
319:
245:
237:
236:
230:
226:
222:
218:
157:Battles/wars
126:Artabazos II
91:Succeeded by
84:Pharnaces II
68:
3288:Satraps of
3259:Satraps of
3225:Satraps of
3191:Pherendates
3176:Satraps of
3124:Evagoras II
2987:Orontobates
2946:Lygdamis II
2852:Dynasts of
2828:Archeptolis
2818:Aristagoras
2803:Eurysthenes
2696:Artabazus I
2634:Tithraustes
2564:Satraps of
2484:Cambyses II
2423:Family tree
2369:Pharnabazus
1653:H.T. Peck,
1636:Isocrates,
1429:Artabazus I
1181:Nectanebo I
1153:Nectanebo I
1100:In 386 BC,
1057:4.8.7 4.8.8
1034:in 394 BC.
1032:Thrasybulus
945:in 480 BC.
400:8.5.5&6
287:Artabazus I
262:Pharnabazos
242:Old Iranian
227:Pharnabazos
79:Preceded by
3442:Categories
3196:Achaemenes
3167:Orontes II
3162:Darius III
3083:Bodashtart
3031:Boulomenus
2957:Hecatomnus
2941:Pisindelis
2931:Lygdamis I
2904:Mithrapata
2895:Artembares
2838:Amyntas II
2779:Asia Minor
2758:Ariamnes I
2745:Cappadocia
2691:Oebares II
2676:Mitrobates
2614:Pissuthnes
2474:Cambyses I
2451:Ariaramnes
2444:Achaemenes
2021:Xenophon,
1991:2019-05-01
1977:Xenophon.
1668:Alcibiades
1666:Plutarch,
1549:2018-12-04
1360:References
1323:Thucydides
1211:Nile flood
1194:Iphicrates
1169:Iphicrates
1163:Expedition
1145:Iphicrates
1106:Asia Minor
1077:cleruchies
1024:long walls
1012:Long Walls
842:ACHAEMENID
570:Daskyleion
521:Bithynians
478:knight of
476:Achaemenid
446:Alcibiades
411:Alcibiades
394:Thucydides
384:The king (
256:Φαρνάβαζος
147:Allegiance
3333:Abrocomas
3329:Megabyzus
3303:Camisares
3279:Atropates
3235:Hystaspes
3157:Orontes I
3152:Artasyrus
3088:Yatonmilk
3045:Azemilcus
3028:Mattan IV
2998:Macedonia
2996:Kings of
2982:Pixodarus
2936:Artemisia
2899:Artumpara
2843:Philiscus
2813:Histiaeus
2793:Demaratus
2788:Miltiades
2686:Megabates
2681:Megabazus
2639:Tiribazus
2519:Darius II
2514:Sogdianus
2509:Xerxes II
2023:Hellenica
1767:Xenophon;
1746:Xenophon;
1643:Timandra.
1418:Pharnaces
1338:Philip II
1302:Hellenica
1084:Tiribazus
1055:Hellenica
1039:Hellenica
986:Hellenica
961:Hellenica
939:Demaratus
908:Messenian
566:Agesilaos
558:Agesilaus
537:Byzantium
533:Anaxibius
488:(right),
421:He, like
386:Darius II
307:Artabazus
299:Dascylium
246:Farnabāzu
223:ΦΑΡ-Ν--BA
111:Spouse(s)
69:In office
3397:Abulites
3351:Hyrcania
3269:Hydarnes
3245:Masistes
3186:Aryandes
3040:Evagoras
2962:Mausolus
2953:(satrap)
2874:Harpagus
2865:Kybernis
2833:Aridolis
2798:Gongylos
2644:Struthas
2584:Harpagus
2499:Xerxes I
2310:(1992).
2247:43573706
2026:4.8.7–10
1312:Anabasis
1307:Xenophon
1199:Pelusiac
1187:xv. 42;
1177:Pelusium
1157:Chabrias
1149:Chabrias
1052:Xenophon
1049:—
983:Xenophon
980:—
975:Lechaeum
956:Xenophon
943:Xerxes I
935:Taenarum
636:Plutarch
599:between
454:Lysander
391:—
122:Children
3411:Babylon
3407:Mazaeus
3401:Susiana
3381:Parthia
3367:Atizyes
3337:Belesys
3313:Arsames
3308:Mazaeus
3290:Cilicia
3240:Dadarsi
3227:Bactria
3216:Mazaces
3211:Sabaces
3201:Arsames
3144:Armenia
3140:Satraps
3035:Abdemon
2972:Idrieus
2951:Adusius
2919:Dynasts
2909:Perikle
2891:Arbinas
2881:Kheriga
2870:Kuprlli
2861:Kheziga
2808:Prokles
2753:Datames
2741:Satraps
2731:Arsites
2664:Satraps
2594:Bagaeus
2589:Oroetus
2579:Mazares
2574:Tabalus
2489:Bardiya
2469:Cyrus I
2464:Teispes
2458:Arsames
2433:of the
2362::
2300:Sources
1375:Satraps
1342:Barsine
1258:Cilicia
1248:Coinage
1219:Datames
1207:Memphis
1028:Piraeus
1016:Piraeus
1014:around
950:Corinth
923:Cythera
919:Laconia
775:Corinth
759:Cythera
641:Toxotai
613:Corinth
576:in the
471:peltast
334:Smerdis
311:Barsine
295:satrapy
267:Persian
221:Legend
211:Kyzikos
3391:Persis
3250:Bessus
3119:Tennes
3092:Anysos
3068:Tabnit
2886:Kherei
2781:cities
2599:Otanes
2356:
2337:
2318:
2245:
2211:
2169:
2139:
2097:
2070:
2036:Fine,
1957:
1886:
1859:
1832:
1726:
1694:
1573:
1334:Rhodes
1254:Tarsos
1242:Sparta
1173:Mendes
1118:Aeolis
1073:Lemnos
1071:, and
1069:Imbros
1065:Scyros
1020:Attica
971:Achaea
912:helots
904:Pherae
864:GREECE
853:EMPIRE
823:Sestos
807:Abydos
791:Athens
743:Pherae
682:Sestus
678:Abydus
646:Darics
628:Darics
609:Thebes
605:Athens
601:Sparta
593:Greece
502:Aegean
485:psilos
435:Athens
431:Sparta
415:Sparta
374:Ionian
351:Aegean
330:Darius
326:Otanes
271:Satrap
132:Parent
57:Satrap
3347:Ochus
3341:Syria
3261:Media
3178:Egypt
3105:Baana
2923:Caria
2854:Lycia
2566:Lydia
2243:JSTOR
2040:, 551
1640:16.40
1539:"CNG"
1291:, in
1171:near
1114:Ionia
931:Egypt
893:Melos
832:IONIA
727:Melos
666:Conon
617:Argos
578:Troad
427:Caria
250:Greek
215:Mysia
3426:and
3361:Aria
2335:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2261:link
2209:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2068:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1266:Baal
1262:Ares
1203:Nile
1116:and
973:and
929:and
680:and
231:Rev:
219:Obv:
3142:of
2977:Ada
2921:of
2743:of
2666:of
2371:".
2051:4.8
1806:435
1772:513
1751:479
1377:of
1321:of
1305:of
1287:as
1041::
964::
941:to
425:of
273:of
59:of
3444::
3335:,
3331:,
2257:}}
2253:{{
2239:31
2237:.
2223:^
2193:^
2151:^
2109:^
1969:^
1907:^
1814:^
1791:^
1706:^
1672:39
1670:,
1604:^
1585:^
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1295:.
1268:.
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1191:,
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1067:,
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611:,
607:,
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539:.
396:,
380::
336:.
252::
248:,
244::
217:.
213:,
3413:)
3409:(
3403:)
3399:(
3393:)
3389:(
3383:)
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3373:)
3369:(
3363:)
3359:(
3353:)
3349:(
3343:)
3339:(
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2324:.
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2217:.
2175:.
2145:.
2103:.
2076:.
1994:.
1963:.
1892:.
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1838:.
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1753:.
1732:.
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1416:(
1381:)
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240:(
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