3097:. The temperatures of these moons range from 90 to 160 K, warm enough that amorphous ice is expected to crystallize on relatively short timescales. However, it was found that Europa has primarily amorphous ice, Ganymede has both amorphous and crystalline ice, and Callisto is primarily crystalline. This is thought to be the result of competing forces: the thermal crystallization of amorphous ice versus the conversion of crystalline to amorphous ice by the flux of charged particles from Jupiter. Closer to Jupiter than the other three moons, Europa receives the highest level of radiation and thus through irradiation has the most amorphous ice. Callisto is the farthest from Jupiter, receiving the lowest radiation flux and therefore maintaining its crystalline ice. Ganymede, which lies between the two, exhibits amorphous ice at high latitudes and crystalline ice at the lower latitudes. This is thought to be the result of the moon's intrinsic magnetic field, which would funnel the charged particles to higher latitudes and protect the lower latitudes from irradiation. Ganymede's interior probably includes a liquid water ocean with tens to hundreds of kilometers of ice V at its base.
2195:. The low temperature required to achieve this transition is correlated with the relatively low energy difference between the two structures. Hints of hydrogen-ordering in ice had been observed as early as 1964, when Dengel et al. attributed a peak in thermo-stimulated depolarization (TSD) current to the existence of a proton-ordered ferroelectric phase. However, they could not conclusively prove that a phase transition had taken place, and Onsager pointed out that the peak could also arise from the movement of defects and lattice imperfections. Onsager suggested that experimentalists look for a dramatic change in heat capacity by performing a careful calorimetric experiment. A phase transition to ice XI was first identified experimentally in 1972 by Shuji Kawada and others.
2253:, meaning that it has an intrinsic polarization. To qualify as a ferroelectric it must also exhibit polarization switching under an electric field, which has not been conclusively demonstrated but which is implicitly assumed to be possible. Cubic ice also has a ferrolectric phase and in this case the ferroelectric properties of the ice have been experimentally demonstrated on monolayer thin films. In a similar experiment, ferroelectric layers of hexagonal ice were grown on a platinum (111) surface. The material had a polarization that had a decay length of 30 monolayers suggesting that thin layers of ice XI can be grown on substrates at low temperature without the use of dopants. One-dimensional nano-confined ferroelectric ice XI was created in 2010.
299:
331:
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prepared by the protocol reported previously contains both ice XV and ice beta-XV domains; (ii) upon heating, Raman spectra of ice beta-XV showed loss of H-order. In contrast, Salzmann's group again argued for the plausibility of a 'deep-glassy state' scenario based on neutron diffraction and neutron inelastic scattering experiments. Based on their experimental results, ice VI and deep-glassy ice VI share very similar features based on both elastic (diffraction) scattering and inelastic scattering experiments, and are different from the properties of ice XV.
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3060:
Centaur, and
Jupiter Family comets at heliocentric distances beyond ~6 AU. These objects are too cold for the sublimation of water ice, which drives comet activity closer to the Sun, to have much of an effect. Thermodynamic models show that the surface temperatures of those comets are near the amorphous/crystalline ice transition temperature of ~130 K, supporting this as a likely source of the activity. The runaway crystallization of amorphous ice can produce the energy needed to power outbursts such as those observed for Centaur Comet
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2600:. The temperature in the diamond cells rose thousands of degrees, and the pressure increased to over a million times that of Earth's atmosphere. The experiment concluded that the current in the conductive water was indeed carried by ions rather than electrons and thus pointed to the water being superionic. More recent experiments from the same LLNL team used x-ray crystallography on laser-shocked water droplets to determine that the oxygen ions enter a face-centered-cubic phase, which was dubbed ice XVIII and reported in the journal
2885:, and so it may form on Earth. However, the transformation is very slow. According to one report, in Antarctic conditions it is estimated to take at least 100,000 years to form without the assistance of catalysts. Ice XI was sought and found in Antarctic ice that was about 100 years old in 1998. A further study in 2004 was not able to reproduce this finding, however, after studying Antarctic ice which was around 3000 years old. The 1998 Antarctic study also claimed that the transformation temperature (ice XI => ice I
2398:(or clathrates), they lack the cagelike structure generally found in clathrate hydrates, and are more properly referred to as filled ices. The filled ice is then placed in a vacuum, and the temperature gradually increased until the hydrogen frees itself from the crystal structure. If kept at a temperature range between 110 and 120 K (−163 and −153 °C; −262 and −244 °F), after about two hours, the structure will have emptied itself of any detectable hydrogen molecules. The resulting form is
2142:
hydrogen-ordering, orientational glass transition, and mechanical distortions. reported the DSC thermograms of HCl-doped ice IV finding an endothermic feature at about 120 K. Ten years later, Rosu-Finsen and
Salzmann (2021) reported more detailed DSC data where the endothermic feature becomes larger as the sample is quench-recovered at higher pressure. They proposed three scenarios to explain the experimental results: weak hydrogen-ordering, orientational glass transition, and mechanical distortions.
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2070:
below −70 °C without it changing into ice II. Conversely, however, any superheating of ice II was not possible in regards to retaining the same form. Bridgman found that the equilibrium curve between ice II and ice IV was much the same as with ice III, having the same stability properties and small volume change. The curve between ice II and ice V was extremely different, however, with the curve's bubble being essentially a straight line and the volume difference being almost always
2164:
2155:
ice VII has the largest stability field of all of the molecular phases of ice. The cubic oxygen sub-lattices that form the backbone of the ice VII structure persist to pressures of at least 128 GPa; this pressure is substantially higher than that at which water loses its molecular character entirely, forming ice X. In high pressure ices, protonic diffusion (movement of protons around the oxygen lattice) dominates molecular diffusion, an effect which has been measured directly.
390:
67:
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454:
1034:
3109:" cracks on the surface and more amorphous ice between these regions. The crystalline ice near the tiger stripes could be explained by higher temperatures caused by geological activity that is the suspected cause of the cracks. The amorphous ice might be explained by flash freezing from cryovolcanism, rapid condensation of molecules from water geysers, or irradiation of high-energy particles from Saturn. Similarly, one of the inner layers of
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144:
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2889:) is −36 °C (237 K), which is far higher than the temperature of the expected triple point mentioned above (72 K, ~0 Pa). Ice XI was also found in experiments using pure water at very low temperature (~10 K) and low pressure – conditions thought to be present in the upper atmosphere. Recently, small domains of ice XI were found to form in pure water; its phase transition back to ice I
3175:. The possible roles of ice XI in interstellar space and planet formation have been the subject of several research papers. Until observational confirmation of ice XI in outer space is made, the presence of ice XI in space remains controversial owing to the aforementioned criticism raised by Iitaka. The infrared absorption spectra of ice XI was studied in 2009 in preparation for searches for ice XI in space.
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2355:
25:
156:
2839:, a rare ring that occurs near 28 degrees from the Sun or the Moon. However, many atmospheric samples which were previously described as cubic ice were later shown to be stacking disordered ice with trigonal symmetry, and it has been dubbed the ″most faceted ice phase in a literal and a more general sense.″ The first true samples of cubic ice were only reported in 2020.
203:
the large hexagonal rings leave almost enough room for another water molecule to exist inside. This gives naturally occurring ice its rare property of being less dense than its liquid form. The tetrahedral-angled hydrogen-bonded hexagonal rings are also the mechanism that causes liquid water to be densest at 4 °C. Close to 0 °C, tiny hexagonal ice I
2997:
low temperatures where other indicators (such as the 3.1 and 12 μm bands) fail. This is useful studying ice in the interstellar medium and circumstellar disks. However, observing these features is difficult because the atmosphere is opaque at these wavelengths, requiring the use of space-based infrared observatories.
2948:). The latter process can occur within ice XVII. In physisorption, there is no chemical reaction, and the chemical bond between the two atoms within a hydrogen molecule remains intact. Because of this, the number of adsorption–desorption cycles ice XVII can withstand is "theoretically infinite".
2649:
Distinguishing between the two scenarios (new hydrogen-ordered phase vs. deep-glassy disordered ice VI) became an open question and the debate between the two groups has continued. Thoeny et al. (Loerting's group) collected another series of Raman spectra of ice beta-XV, and reported that (i) ice XV
2106:
1981 research by
Engelhardt and Kamb elucidated crystal structure of ice IV through a low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, describing it as a rhombohedral unit cell with a space group of R-3c. This research mentioned that the structure of ice IV could be derived from the structure of ice
3116:
Medium-density amorphous ice may be present on Europa, as the experimental conditions of its formation are expected to occur there as well. It is possible that the MDA ice's unique property of releasing a large amount of heat energy after being released from compression could be responsible for 'ice
3050:
For the primordial solar nebula, there is much uncertainty as to the crystallinity of water ice during the circumstellar disk and planet formation phases. If the original amorphous ice survived the molecular cloud collapse, then it should have been preserved at heliocentric distances beyond Saturn's
3010:
exist. These low temperatures are readily achieved in astrophysical environments such as molecular clouds, circumstellar disks, and the surfaces of objects in the outer Solar System. In the laboratory, amorphous ice transforms into crystalline ice if it is heated above 130 K, although the exact
2069:
between the two. The curve showed that the structural change from ice III to ice II was more likely to happen if the medium had previously been in the structural conformation of ice II. However, if a sample of ice III that had never been in the ice II state was obtained, it could be supercooled even
2048:
in 1900 during his experiments with ice under high pressure and low temperatures. Having produced ice III, Tammann then tried condensing the ice at a temperature between −70 and −80 °C (203 and 193 K; −94 and −112 °F) under 200 MPa (2,000 atm) of pressure. Tammann noted that
421:
in the crystal lattice. The latent heat of melting is much smaller, partly because liquid water near 0 °C also contains a significant number of hydrogen bonds. By contrast, the structure of ice II is hydrogen-ordered, which helps to explain the entropy change of 3.22 J/mol when the crystal
202:
This tetrahedral bonding angle of the water molecule essentially accounts for the unusually low density of the crystal lattice – it is beneficial for the lattice to be arranged with tetrahedral angles even though there is an energy penalty in the increased volume of the crystal lattice. As a result,
3164:
Small domains of ice XI could exist in the atmospheres of
Jupiter and Saturn as well. The fact that small domains of ice XI can exist at temperatures up to 111 K has some scientists speculating that it may be fairly common in interstellar space, with small 'nucleation seeds' spreading through
3072:
With radiation equilibrium temperatures of 40–50 K, the objects in the Kuiper Belt are expected to have amorphous water ice. While water ice has been observed on several objects, the extreme faintness of these objects makes it difficult to determine the structure of the ices. The signatures of
2741:
powder neutron diffraction experiments of ice XIX. In a change from their previous reports, they accepted the idea of the new phase (ice XIX) as they observed similar features to the previous two reports. However, they refined their diffraction profiles based on a disordered structural model (Pbcn)
2717:
Gasser et al. also collected powder neutron diffractograms of quench-recovered ices VI, XV, and XIX and found similar crystallographic features to those reported by Yamane et al., concluding that P-4 and Pcc2 are the plausible space group candidates. Both Yamane et al.'s and Gasser et al.'s results
2154:
theoretically transforms into proton-ordered ice XI on geologic timescales, in practice it is necessary to add small amounts of KOH catalyst.) It forms (ordered) ice VIII below 273 K up to ~8 GPa. Above this pressure, the VII–VIII transition temperature drops rapidly, reaching 0 K at ~60 GPa. Thus,
2141:
The ordered counterpart of ice IV has never been reported yet. 2011 research by
Salzmann's group reported more detailed DSC data where the endothermic feature becomes larger as the sample is quench-recovered at higher pressure. They proposed three scenarios to explain the experimental results: weak
2123:
Several organic nucleating reagents had been proposed to selectively crystallize ice IV from liquid water, but even with such reagents, the crystallization of ice IV from liquid water was very difficult and seemed to be a random event. In 2001, Salzmann and his coworkers reported a whole new method
547:
of water molecules in an ice lattice. To compute its residual entropy, we need to count the number of configurations that the lattice can assume. The oxygen atoms are fixed at the lattice points, but the hydrogen atoms are located on the lattice edges. The problem is to pick one end of each lattice
2996:
At longer IR wavelengths, amorphous and crystalline ice have characteristically different absorption bands at 44 and 62 μm in that the crystalline ice has significant absorption at 62 μm while amorphous ice does not. In addition, these bands can be used as a temperature indicator at very
3059:
The possibility of the presence of amorphous water ice in comets and the release of energy during the phase transition to a crystalline state was first proposed as a mechanism for comet outbursts. Evidence of amorphous ice in comets is found in the high levels of activity observed in long-period,
3046:
isn't expected to rise above 120 K, indicating that the majority of the ice should remain in an amorphous state. However, if the temperature rises high enough to sublimate the ice, then it can re-condense into a crystalline form since the water flux rate is so low. This is expected to be the
3029:
and David F. Blake demonstrated in 1994 that a form of high-density amorphous ice is also created during vapor deposition of water on low-temperature (< 30 K) surfaces such as interstellar grains. The water molecules do not fully align to create the open cage structure of low-density
2115:
F II, whose hydrogen-bonded network is similar to ice IV. As the compression of ice Ih results in the formation of high-density amorphous ice (HDA), not ice IV, they claimed that the compression-induced conversion of ice I into ice IV is important, naming it "Engelhardt–Kamb collapse" (EKC). They
2815:
floats on water, which is highly unusual when compared to other materials. The solid phase of materials is usually more closely and neatly packed and has a higher density than the liquid phase. When lakes freeze, they do so only at the surface, while the bottom of the lake remains near 4 °C
2632:
In 2019, Alexander Rosu-Finsen and
Christoph Salzman argued that there was no need to consider this to be a new phase of ice, and proposed a "deep-glassy" state scenario. According to their DSC data, the size of the endothermic feature depends not only on quench-recovery pressure but also on the
940:
The same answer can be found in another way. First orient each water molecule randomly in each of the 6 possible configurations, then check that each lattice edge contains exactly one hydrogen atom. Assuming that the lattice edges are independent, then the probability that a single edge contains
474:
inherent to the lattice and determined by the number of possible configurations of hydrogen positions that can be formed while still maintaining the requirement for each oxygen atom to have only two hydrogens in closest proximity, and each H-bond joining two oxygen atoms having only one hydrogen
3014:
An additional factor in determining the structure of water ice is deposition rate. Even if it is cold enough to form amorphous ice, crystalline ice will form if the flux of water vapor onto the substrate is less than a temperature-dependent critical flux. This effect is important to consider in
2317:
Based on powder neutron diffraction, the crystal structure of ice XV has been investigated in detail. Some researchers suggested that, in combination with density functional theory calculations, none of the possible perfectly ordered orientational configurations are energetically favoured. This
2064:
In later experiments by
Bridgman in 1912, it was shown that the difference in volume between ice II and ice III was in the range of 0.0001 m/kg (2.8 cu in/lb). This difference hadn't been discovered by Tammann due to the small change and was why he had been unable to determine an
1041:
This estimate is 'naive', as it assumes the six out of 16 hydrogen configurations for oxygen atoms in the second set can be independently chosen, which is false. More complex methods can be employed to better approximate the exact number of possible configurations, and achieve results closer to
469:
atoms in the crystal lattice lie very nearly along the hydrogen bonds, and in such a way that each water molecule is preserved. This means that each oxygen atom in the lattice has two hydrogens adjacent to it: at about 101 pm along the 275 pm length of the bond for ice Ih. The crystal
3022:
At temperatures less than 77 K, irradiation from ultraviolet photons as well as high-energy electrons and ions can damage the structure of crystalline ice, transforming it into amorphous ice. Amorphous ice does not appear to be significantly affected by radiation at temperatures less than
2912:
and release hydrogen molecules without degrading its structure. The total amount of hydrogen that ice XVII can adsorb depends on the amount of pressure applied, but hydrogen molecules can be adsorbed by ice XVII even at pressures as low as a few millibars if the temperature is under
2540:, and from optical measurements of water shocked by extremely powerful lasers. The first definitive evidence for the crystal structure of the oxygen lattice in superionic water came from x-ray measurements on laser-shocked water which were reported in 2019. In 2005 Laurence Fried led a team at
2362:
In 2016, the discovery of a new form of ice was announced. Characterized as a "porous water ice metastable at atmospheric temperatures", this new form was discovered by taking a filled ice and removing the non-water components, leaving the crystal structure behind, similar to how ice XVI,
3125:
Because ice XI can theoretically form at low pressures at temperatures between 50–70 K – temperatures present in astrophysical environments of the outer solar system and within permanently shaded polar craters on the Moon and
Mercury. Ice XI forms most easily around 70 K –
2850:
of water vapor in cold or vacuum conditions. Ice clouds form at and below the Earth's high latitude mesopause (~90 km) where temperatures have been observed to fall as to below 100 K. It has been suggested that homogeneous nucleation of ice particles results in low density amorphous ice.
108:
phase. Less common phases may be found in the atmosphere and underground due to more extreme pressures and temperatures. Some phases are manufactured by humans for nano scale uses due to their properties. In space, amorphous ice is the most common form as confirmed by observation. Thus, it is
2628:
patterns. In the DSC signals, there was an endothermic feature at about 110 K in addition to the endotherm corresponding to the ice XV-VI transition. Additionally, the Raman spectra, dielectric properties, and the ratio of the lattice parameters differed from those of ice XV. Based on these
2653:
In 2021, further crystallographic evidence for a new phase (ice XIX) was individually reported by three groups: Yamane et al. (Hiroyuki Kagi and Kazuki
Komatsu's group from Japan), Gasser et al. (Loerting's group), and Salzmann's group. Yamane et al. collected neutron diffraction profiles
2206:
bonds. Such arrangements should change to the more ordered arrangement of hydrogen bonds found in ice XI at low temperatures, so long as localized proton hopping is sufficiently enabled; a process that becomes easier with increasing pressure. Correspondingly, ice XI is believed to have a
3005:
In general, amorphous ice can form below ~130 K. At this temperature, water molecules are unable to form the crystalline structure commonly found on Earth. Amorphous ice may also form in the coldest region of the Earth's atmosphere, the summer polar mesosphere, where
1146:
configurations. However, by explicit enumeration, there are actually 730 configurations. Now in the lattice, each oxygen atom participates in 12 hexagonal rings, so there are 2N rings in total for N oxygen atoms, or 2 rings for each oxygen atom, giving a refined result of
126:
0 °C. Subjected to higher pressures and varying temperatures, ice can form in nineteen separate known crystalline phases. With care, at least fifteen of these phases (one of the known exceptions being ice X) can be recovered at ambient pressure and low temperature in
3126:
paradoxically, it takes longer to form at lower temperatures. Extrapolating from experimental measurements, it is estimated to take ~50 years to form at 70 K and ~300 million years at 50 K. It is theorized to be present in places like the upper atmospheres of
2641:
O ice VI/XV prepared at different pressures of 1.0, 1.4 and 1.8 GPa, to show that there were no significant differences among them. They concluded that the low-temperature endotherm originated from kinetic features related to glass transitions of deep glassy states of
2097:
F resulted in the disappearance of ice II instead of the formation of a disordered ice II. According to the DFC calculation by
Nakamura et al., the phase boundary between ice II and its disordered counterpart is estimated to be in the stability region of liquid water.
2119:
The disordered nature of Ice IV was confirmed by neutron powder diffraction studies by Lobban (1998) and Klotz et al. (2003). In addition, the entropy difference between ice VI (disordered phase) and ice IV is very small, according to Bridgman's measurement.
2309:
more ordered ice XV is obtained at ambient pressure. Being consistent with this, the ice VI-XV transition is reversible at ambient pressure. It was also shown that HCl-doping is selectively effective in producing ice XV while other acids and bases (HF, LiOH,
3041:
have extremely low temperatures (~10 K), falling well within the amorphous ice regime. The presence of amorphous ice in molecular clouds has been observationally confirmed. When molecular clouds collapse to form stars, the temperature of the resulting
2289:
On 14 June 2009, Christoph Salzmann and colleagues at the University of Oxford reported having experimentally reported an ordered phase of ice VI, named ice XV, and say that its properties differ significantly from those predicted. In particular, ice XV is
10620:
Omont, Alain; Forveille, Thierry; Moseley, S. Harvey; Glaccum, William J.; Harvey, Paul M.; Likkel, Lauren Jones; Loewenstein, Robert F.; Lisse, Casey M. (May 20, 1990), "Observations of 40–70 micron bands of ice in IRAS 09371 + 1212 and other stars",
2116:
suggested that the reason why we cannot obtain ice IV directly from ice Ih is that ice Ih is hydrogen-disordered; if oxygen atoms are arranged in the ice IV structure, hydrogen bonding may not be formed due to the donor-acceptor mismatch. and Raman
2742:
and argued that new Bragg reflections can be explained by distortions of ice VI, so ice XIX may still be regarded as a deep-glassy state of ice VI. The crystal structure of ice XIX including hydrogen order/disorder is still under debate as of 2022.
8380:
Salzmann, Christoph G.; Slater, Ben; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Finney, John L.; Shephard, Jacob J.; Rosillo-Lopez, Martin; Hindley, James (2016-11-22). "Detailed crystallographic analysis of the ice VI to ice XV hydrogen ordering phase transition".
2992:
water absorption lines are dependent on the ice temperature and crystal order. The peak strength of the 1.65 μm band as well as the structure of the 3.1 μm band are particularly useful in identifying the crystallinity of water ice.
2132:
is heated at a rate of 0.4 K/min and a pressure of 0.81 GPa, ice IV is crystallized at about 165 K. What governs the crystallization products is the heating rate; fast heating (over 10 K/min) results in the formation of single-phase ice XII.
2565:
lattice structure that would emerge at higher pressures. Additional experimental evidence was found by Marius Millot and colleagues in 2018 by inducing high pressure on water between diamonds and then shocking the water using a laser pulse.
461:, the oxygen atoms are arranged on the lattice points, and the hydrogen atoms are on the bonds between lattice points. Each oxygen atom has 4 neighboring ones. Note that the lattice bipartites into two subsets, here colored black and white.
274:
temperature, 77 K, in a vacuum. Cooling rates above 10 K/s are required to prevent crystallization of the droplets. At liquid nitrogen temperature, 77 K, HGW is kinetically stable and can be stored for many years.
935:
3202:
superionic phase to be kinetically favoured, but stable over a small window of parameters. On the other hand, there are also studies that suggest that other elements present inside the interiors of these planets, particularly
121:
temperatures because the pressure helps to hold the molecules together. However, the strong hydrogen bonds in water make it different: for some pressures higher than 1 atm (0.10 MPa), water freezes at a temperature
2951:
One significant advantage of using ice XVII as a hydrogen storage medium is the low cost of the only two chemicals involved: hydrogen and water. In addition, ice XVII has shown the ability to store hydrogen at an
11411:"Newly Discovered Form of Water Ice Is 'Really Strange' – Long theorized to be found in the mantles of Uranus and Neptune, the confirmation of the existence of superionic ice could lead to the development of new materials"
2261:
Although the parent phase ice VI was discovered in 1935, corresponding proton-ordered forms (ice XV) had not been observed until 2009. Theoretically, the proton ordering in ice VI was predicted several times; for example,
2219:, on raising the temperature, retains some hydrogen-ordered domains and more easily transforms back to ice XI again. A neutron powder diffraction study found that small hydrogen-ordered domains can exist up to 111 K.
2968:
clathrate hydrates, another potential storage medium. However, if ice XVII is used as a storage medium, it must be kept under a temperature of 130 K (−143 °C; −226 °F) or risk being destabilized.
5401:
Salzmann, Christoph G.; Rosu-Finsen, Alexander; Sharif, Zainab; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Finney, John L. (1 April 2021). "Detailed crystallographic analysis of the ice V to ice XIII hydrogen-ordering phase transition".
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astrophysical environments where the water flux can be low. Conversely, amorphous ice can be formed at temperatures higher than expected if the water flux is high, such as flash-freezing events associated with
2584:
In 2018, the existence of superionic ice was confirmed in a laboratory setting. To create the required pressure, LLNL researchers compressed small amounts of water between pieces of diamond. At 2,500
432:
When medium-density amorphous ice is compressed, released and then heated, it releases a large amount of heat energy, unlike other water ices which return to their normal form after getting similar treatment.
207:-like lattices form in liquid water, with greater frequency closer to 0 °C. This effect decreases the density of the water, causing it to be densest at 4 °C when the structures form infrequently.
191:. The planes alternate in an ABAB pattern, with B planes being reflections of the A planes along the same axes as the planes themselves. The distance between oxygen atoms along each bond is about 275
3104:
was mapped by the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) on the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini space probe. The probe found both crystalline and amorphous ice, with a higher degree of crystallinity at the
2560:
which indicated that they had indeed created superionic water. In 2013 Hugh F. Wilson, Michael L. Wong, and Burkhard Militzer at the University of California, Berkeley published a paper predicting the
10674:
Meech, K. J.; Pittichová, J.; Bar-Nun, A.; Notesco, G.; Laufer, D.; Hainaut, O. R.; Lowry, S. C.; Yeomans, D. K.; Pitts, M. (2009). "Activity of comets at large heliocentric distances pre-perihelion".
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del Rosso, Leonardo; Celli, Milva; Grazzi, Francesco; Catti, Michele; Hansen, Thomas C.; Fortes, A. Dominic; Ulivi, Lorenzo (June 2020). "Cubic ice Ic without stacking defects obtained from ice XVII".
2710:
and determined phase boundaries of ices VI/XV/XIX. They found that the sign of the slope of the boundary turns negative from positive at 1.6 GPa indicating the existence of two different phases by the
1228:
101:
ices have been observed. In modern history, phases have been discovered through scientific research with various techniques including pressurization, force application, nucleation agents, and others.
97:
as a solid. Variations in pressure and temperature give rise to different phases, which have varying properties and molecular geometries. Currently, twenty one phases, including both crystalline and
2704:
8254:
Rosu-Finsen, Alexander; Salzmann, Christoph G. (2018-06-28). "Benchmarking acid and base dopants with respect to enabling the ice V to XIII and ice VI to XV hydrogen-ordering phase transitions".
2612:
The first report regarding ice XIX was published in 2018 by Thomas Loerting's group from Austria. They quenched HCl-doped ice VI to 77 K at different pressures between 1.0 and 1.8 GPa to collect
5479:
Drost-Hansen, W. (1969-11-14). "The Structure and Properties of Water. D. Eisenberg and W. Kauzmann. Oxford University Press, New York, 1969. xiv + 300 pp., illus. Cloth, $ 10; paper, $ 4.50".
470:
lattice allows a substantial amount of disorder in the positions of the hydrogen atoms frozen into the structure as it cools to absolute zero. As a result, the crystal structure contains some
1023:
2346:-1 and showed that experimental diffraction data should be analysed using space groups that permit full hydrogen order while the Pmmn model only accepts partially ordered structures. -->
1086:
As an illustrative example of refinement, consider the following way to refine the second estimation method given above. According to it, six water molecules in a hexagonal ring would allow
830:
726:
429:
The transition entropy from ice XIV to ice XII is estimated to be 60% of Pauling entropy based on DSC measurements. The formation of ice XIV from ice XII is more favoured at high pressure.
222:
bonding angles. This structure is stable down to −268 °C (5 K; −450 °F), as evidenced by x-ray diffraction and extremely high resolution thermal expansion measurements. Ice I
250:), or by compressing ordinary ice at low temperatures. The most common form on Earth, low-density ice, is usually formed in the laboratory by a slow accumulation of water vapor molecules (
2382:
O), using temperatures from 100 to 270 K (−173 to −3 °C; −280 to 26 °F) and pressures from 360 to 700 MPa (52,000 to 102,000 psi; 3,600 to 6,900 atm), and C
1144:
1081:
6064:
Salzmann, Christoph G.; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Hallbrucker, Andreas; Mayer, Erwin; Finney, John L. (24 March 2006). "The Preparation and Structures of Hydrogen Ordered Phases of Ice".
1789:
11004:
Spencer, John R.; Tamppari, Leslie K.; Martin, Terry Z.; Travis, Larry D. (1999). "Temperatures on Europa from Galileo Photopolarimeter-Radiometer: Nighttime Thermal Anomalies".
2816:(277 K; 39 °F) because water is densest at this temperature. This anomalous behavior of water and ice is what allows fish to survive harsh winters. The density of ice I
551:
The oxygen atoms can be divided into two sets in a checkerboard pattern, shown in the picture as black and white balls. Focus attention on the oxygen atoms in one set: there are
526:
2878:
due to the strength and rigidity of the diamond lattice, but cooled down to surface temperatures, producing the required environment of high pressure without high temperature.
2977:
In outer space, hexagonal crystalline ice (the predominant form found on Earth) is extremely rare. Known examples are typically associated with volcanic action. Water in the
603:
3875:
Wagner, Wolfgang; Saul, A.; Pruss, A. (May 1994). "International Equations for the Pressure Along the Melting and Along the Sublimation Curve of Ordinary Water Substance".
2301:
In detail, ice XV has a smaller density (larger unit-cell volume) than ice VI. This makes the VI-to-XV disorder-to-order transition much favoured at low pressures. Indeed,
1635:
The hydrogen atoms' positions are disordered. Exhibits Debye relaxation. The hydrogen bonds form two interpenetrating lattices. Tetragonal form (contested) known as Ice VII
2085:
As ice II is completely hydrogen ordered, the presence of its disordered counterpart is a great matter of interest. Shephard et al. investigated the phase boundaries of NH
6362:
Algara-Siller, G.; Lehtinen, O.; Wang, F. C.; Nair, R. R.; Kaiser, U.; Wu, H. A.; Geim, A. K.; Grigorieva, I. V. (2015-03-26). "Square ice in graphene nanocapillaries".
2226:
and XI, with ice XI showing much stronger peaks in the translational (~230 cm), librational (~630 cm) and in-phase asymmetric stretch (~3200 cm) regions.
1970:
A porous crystalline phase with helical channels. Formed by placing hydrogen-filled ice in a vacuum and increasing the temperature until the hydrogen molecules escape.
5235:; Salzmann, Christoph; Kohl, Ingrid; Mayer, Erwin; Hallbrucker, Andreas (2001). "A second distinct structural "state" of high-density amorphous ice at 77 K and 1 bar".
9780:
3011:
temperature of this conversion is dependent on the environment and ice growth conditions. The reaction is irreversible and exothermic, releasing 1.26–1.6 kJ/mol.
9749:
9250:
3030:
amorphous ice. Many water molecules end up at interstitial positions. When warmed above 30 K, the structure re-aligns and transforms into the low-density form.
631:
possible placements of the hydrogen atoms along their hydrogen bonds, of which 6 are allowed. So, naively, we would expect the total number of configurations to be
2305:
by Shephard and Salzmann revealed that reheating quench-recovered HCl-doped ice XV at ambient pressure even produces exotherms originating from transient ordering,
8545:
Komatsu, Kazuki; Machida, Shinichi; Noritake, Fumiya; Hattori, Takanori; Sano-Furukawa, Asami; Yamane, Ryo; Yamashita, Keishiro; Kagi, Hiroyuki (3 February 2020).
2706:
supercell of ice XV and proposed some leading candidates for the space group of ice XIX: P-4, Pca21, Pcc2, P21/a, and P21/c. They also measured dielectric spectra
9572:
Lübken, F.-J.; Lautenbach, J.; Höffner, J.; Rapp, M.; Zecha, M. (March 2009). "First continuous temperature measurements within polar mesosphere summer echoes".
10507:
7928:
Iedema, M. J.; Dresser, M. J.; Doering, D. L.; Rowland, J. B.; Hess, W. P.; Tsekouras, A. A.; Cowin, J. P. (1 November 1998). "Ferroelectricity in Water Ice".
46:
6229:
11050:
Hansen, Gary B.; McCord, Thomas B. (2004). "Amorphous and crystalline ice on the Galilean satellites: A balance between thermal and radiolytic processes".
8528:
7689:
Arakawa, Masashi; Kagi, Hiroyuki; Fukazawa, Hiroshi (2010). "Annealing effects on hydrogen ordering in KOD-doped ice observed using neutron diffraction".
3279:
Klotz, S.; Besson, J. M.; Hamel, G.; Nelmes, R. J.; Loveday, J. S.; Marshall, W. G. (1999). "Metastable ice VII at low temperature and ambient pressure".
847:
9802:
Fukazawa, Hiroshi; Mae, Shinji; Ikeda, Susumu; Watanabe, Okitsugu (1998). "Proton ordering in Antarctic ice observed by Raman and neutron scattering".
7299:
Pruzan, Ph.; Chervin, J. C. & Canny, B. (1993). "Stability domain of the ice VIII proton-ordered phase at very high pressure and low temperature".
2577:
structure. However, at pressures in excess of 100 GPa, and temperatures above 2000 K, it is predicted that the structure would shift to a more stable
2342:, are good indicators of the ice XV formation. Combining density functional theory calculations, they successfully constructed fully ordered model in
1991:
A form of water also known as superionic water or superionic ice in which oxygen ions develop a crystalline structure while hydrogen ions move freely.
2718:
suggested a partially hydrogen-ordered structure. Gasser et al. also found an isotope effect using DSC; the low-temperature endotherm for DCl-doped D
11312:
Iedema, M. J.; Dresser, M. J.; Doering, D. L.; Rowland, J. B.; Hess, W. P.; Tsekouras, A. A.; Cowin, J. P. (1998). "Ferroelectricity in Water Ice".
7558:
Tajima, Yoshimitsu; Matsuo, Takasuke; Suga, Hiroshi (1984). "Calorimetric study of phase transition in hexagonal ice doped with alkali hydroxides".
1898:
when above 145–147 K at positive pressures. Theoretical studies predict ice XVI to be thermodynamically stable at negative pressures (that is under
9235:
9164:
9093:
6775:
6206:
4125:
3502:
1784:
Metastable. Observed in the phase space of ice V and ice VI. A topological mix of seven- and eight-membered rings, a 4-connected net (4-coordinate
11757:
11460:
Cheng, Bingqing; Bethkenhagen, Mandy; Pickard, Chris J.; Hamel, Sebastien (2021). "Phase behaviours of superionic water at planetary conditions".
4205:
Rosu-Finsen, Alexander; Davies, Michael B.; Amon, Alfred; Wu, Han; Sella, Andrea; Michaelides, Angelos; Salzmann, Christoph G. (3 February 2023).
3551:
Velikov, V.; Borick, S; Angell, C. A. (2001). "Estimation of water-glass transition temperature based on hyperquenched glassy water experiments".
11191:
University of Liège (2007, May 16). Astronomers Detect Shadow Of Water World In Front Of Nearby Star. ScienceDaily. Retrieved Jan. 3, 2010, from
3047:
case in the circumstellar disk of IRAS 09371+1212, where signatures of crystallized ice were observed despite a low temperature of 30–70 K.
627:
oxygen atoms: in general they won't be satisfied (i.e., they will not have precisely two hydrogen atoms near them). For each of those, there are
8447:
Liu, Yuan; Huang, Yingying; Zhu, Chongqin; Li, Hui; Zhao, Jijun; Wang, Lu; Ojamäe, Lars; Francisco, Joseph S.; Zeng, Xiao Cheng (25 June 2019).
4268:
Bernal, J. D.; Fowler, R. H. (1 January 1933). "A Theory of Water and Ionic Solution, with Particular Reference to Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions".
2596:
to be blasted with a laser. For less than a billionth of a second, the ice was subjected to conditions similar to those within the mantle of an
9838:
9301:
Murray, Benjamin J.; Knopf, Daniel A.; Bertram, Allan K. (2005). "The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere".
5146:
Mishima, O.; Calvert, L. D.; Whalley, E. (1985). "An apparently 1st-order transition between two amorphous phases of ice induced by pressure".
2266:
calculations predicted the phase transition temperature is 108 K and the most stable ordered structure is antiferroelectric in the space group
306:
Ice from a theorized superionic water may possess two crystalline structures. At pressures in excess of 50 GPa (7,300,000 psi) such
3085:
The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) on NASA's Galileo spacecraft spectroscopically mapped the surface ice of the Jovian satellites
2513:
In 1988, predictions of the so-called superionic water state were made. In superionic water, water molecules break apart and the oxygen ions
2107:
Ic by cutting and forming some hydrogen bondings and adding subtle structural distortions. Shephard et al. compressed the ambient phase of NH
11197:
9683:
O. Tschauner; S Huang; E. Greenberg; V.B. Prakapenka; C. Ma; G.R. Rossman; A.H. Shen; D. Zhang; M. Newville; A. Lanzirotti; K. Tait (2018).
6574:
Millot, Marius; Coppari, Federica; Rygg, J. Ryan; Correa Barrios, Antonio; Hamel, Sebastien; Swift, Damian C.; Eggert, Jon H. (8 May 2019).
2851:
Amorphous ice is likely confined to the coldest parts of the clouds and stacking disordered ice I is thought to dominate elsewhere in these
2334:), whereas Rietveld refinement using the Pmmn space group only works well for poorly ordered samples. The lattice parameters, in particular
1406:
Experimental procedure generates shear force by crushing ice into powder with centimeter-wide stainless-steel balls added to its container.
7436:
2406:(ordinary ice) when brought above 130 K (−143 °C; −226 °F). The crystal structure is hexagonal in nature, and the pores are
9607:
Murray, Benjamin J.; Jensen, Eric J. (January 2010). "Homogeneous nucleation of amorphous solid water particles in the upper mesosphere".
8140:
Salzmann, Christoph G.; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Mayer, Erwin; Finney, John L. (2009). "Ice XV: A New Thermodynamically Stable Phase of Ice".
6254:
Falenty, A.; Hansen, T. C.; Kuhs, W. F. (2014). "Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate".
10306:
Moore, Marla H.; Hudson, Reggie L. (1992). "Far-infrared spectral studies of phase changes in water ice induced by proton irradiation".
195:
and is the same between any two bonded oxygen atoms in the lattice. The angle between bonds in the crystal lattice is very close to the
4391:
8201:
Shephard, Jacob J.; Salzmann, Christoph G. (2015). "The complex kinetics of the ice VI to ice XV hydrogen ordering phase transition".
5889:
La Placa, Sam J.; Hamilton, Walter C.; Kamb, Barclay; Prakash, Anand (1973-01-15). "On a nearly proton-ordered structure for ice IX".
3323:
33:
3023:
110 K, though some experiments suggest that radiation might lower the temperature at which amorphous ice begins to crystallize.
737:
318:
lattice. Some estimates suggest that at an extremely high pressure of around 1.55 TPa (225,000,000 psi), ice would develop
11246:
10266:
Hagen, W.; ielens, A.G.G.M.; Greenberg, J. M. (1981). "The Infrared Spectra of Amorphous Solid Water and Ice Between 10 and 140 K".
8661:
4426:
3985:
634:
266:(HGW) is formed by spraying a fine mist of water droplets into a liquid such as propane around 80 K, or by hyperquenching fine
226:
is also stable under applied pressures of up to about 210 megapascals (2,100 atm) where it transitions into ice III or ice II.
10567:
Jenniskens, P.; Blake, D. F.; Wilson, M. A.; Pohorille, A. (1995). "High-Density Amorphous Ice, the Frost on Interstellar Grains".
5816:
Whalley, E.; Davidson, D. W.; Heath, J. B. R. (1 December 1966). "Dielectric Properties of Ice VII. Ice VIII: A New Phase of Ice".
10099:
9468:
Malkin, Tamsin L.; Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Molinero, Valeria; Pickering, Steven J.; Whale, Thomas F. (2015).
1578:
Most complicated structure of all the phases. Includes 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered, and 8-membered rings and a total of 28
199:
of 109.5°, which is also quite close to the angle between hydrogen atoms in the water molecule (in the gas phase), which is 105°.
8909:
5648:
Yao, Shu-Kai; Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Ying; Lu, Ying-Bo; Yang, Tian-Lin; Suna, Bai-Gong; Yuan, Zhen-Yu; Luo, Hui-Wen (21 June 2017).
5013:
4951:
Jenniskens P.; Banham S. F.; Blake D. F.; McCoustra M. R. (July 1997). "Liquid water in the domain of cubic crystalline ice Ic".
2867:
2522:
11223:
9399:
Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Dobbie, Steven; Neely, Ryan R.; Cox, Christopher J. (2015).
7785:
Abe, K.; Shigenari, T. (2011). "Raman spectra of proton ordered phase XI of ICE I. Translational vibrations below 350 cm-1, J".
5093:
Jenniskens P.; Blake D. F.; Wilson M. A.; Pohorille A. (1995). "High-density amorphous ice, the frost on insterstellar grains".
4017:
Iglev, H.; Schmeisser, M.; Simeonidis, K.; Thaller, A.; Laubereau, A. (2006). "Ultrafast superheating and melting of bulk ice".
2541:
2049:
in this state ice II was denser than he had observed ice III to be. He also found that both types of ice can be kept at normal
2045:
1150:
11370:"Laboratory Measurements of Infrared Absorption Spectra of Hydrogen-Ordered Ice: a Step to the Exploration of Ice XI in Space"
8065:
Knight, Chris; Singer, Sherwin J. (2005-10-19). "Prediction of a Phase Transition to a Hydrogen Bond Ordered Form of Ice VI".
5047:
Mishima O.; Calvert L. D.; Whalley E. (1984). "'Melting ice' I at 77 K and 10 kbar: a new method of making amorphous solids".
2544:(LLNL) to recreate the formative conditions of superionic water. Using a technique involving smashing water molecules between
2322:
space group as a plausible space group to describe the time-space averaged structure of ice XV. Other researchers argued that
109:
theorized to be the most common phase in the universe. Various other phases could be found naturally in astronomical objects.
4409:
9772:
3743:
Conde, M.M.; Vega, C.; Tribello, G.A.; Slater, B. (2009). "The phase diagram of water at negative pressures: Virtual ices".
2835:
may occasionally present in the upper atmosphere clouds. It is believed to be responsible for the observation of Scheiner's
2820:
increases when cooled, down to about −211 °C (62 K; −348 °F); below that temperature, the ice expands again (
9741:
2669:
2569:
As of 2013, it is theorized that superionic ice can possess two crystalline structures. At pressures in excess of 50
11781:
11771:
11616:
10425:
Murray, B. J.; Jensen, E. J. (2010). "Homogeneous nucleation of amorphous solid water particles in the upper mesosphere".
9257:
7828:
Raza, Zamaan; Alfè, Dario (28 Nov 2011). "Proton ordering in cubic ice and hexagonal ice; a potential new ice phase—XIc".
5014:"Scientists Have Created a New Type of Ice – It looks like a white powder and has nearly the same density as liquid water"
2905:
of biomolecules. The individual molecules can be preserved for imaging in a state close to what they are in liquid water.
2318:
implies that there are several energetically close configurations that coexist in ice XV. They proposed 'the orthorhombic
314:
structure. However, at pressures in excess of 100 GPa (15,000,000 psi) the structure may shift to a more stable
10177:"Photometric and spectral analysis of the distribution of crystalline and amorphous ices on Enceladus as seen by Cassini"
9837:
Fortes, A. D.; Wood, I. G.; Grigoriev, D.; Alfredsson, M.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Knight, K. S.; Smith, R. I. (1 January 2004).
8936:"Origin of the low-temperature endotherm of acid-doped ice VI: new hydrogen-ordered phase of ice or deep glassy states?"
8773:
4363:(1 December 1935). "The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement".
2446:. This discovery was reported around the same time another research group announced that they were able to obtain pure D
9285:
8740:
8006:
Zhao, H.-X.; Kong, X.-J.; Li, H.; Jin, Y.-C.; Long, L.-S.; Zeng, X. C.; Huang, R.-B.; Zheng, L.-S. (14 February 2011).
7731:
Arakawa, Masashi; Kagi, Hiroyuki; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime A.; Chakoumakos, Bryan C.; Fukazawa, Hiroshi (17 August 2011).
5854:
Whalley, E.; Heath, J. B. R.; Davidson, D. W. (1 March 1968). "Ice IX: An Antiferroelectric Phase Related to Ice III".
4070:"Author Correction: Dynamics enhanced by HCl doping triggers 60% Pauling entropy release at the ice XII-XIV transition"
2917:, through the application of heat. This was an unexpected property of ice XVII, and could allow it to be used for
944:
262:
it is expected to be formed in a similar manner on a variety of cold substrates, such as dust particles. By contrast,
11776:
11655:
11634:
10709:
Tancredi, G.; Rickman, H.; Greenberg, J. M. (1994). "Thermochemistry of cometary nuclei 1: The Jupiter family case".
10484:
5306:
2613:
2302:
3395:
Rottger, K.; Endriss, A.; Ihringer, J.; Doyle, S.; Kuhs, W. F. (1994). "Lattice Constants and Thermal Expansion of H
131:
form. The types are differentiated by their crystalline structure, proton ordering, and density. There are also two
10478:
10476:
10474:
3963:
3244:
La Placa, S. J.; Hamilton, W. C.; Kamb, B.; Prakash, A. (1972). "On a nearly proton ordered structure for ice IX".
2662:
under high pressure) and found new Bragg features completely different from both ice VI and ice XV. They performed
2442:
O ice XVII powder. The result was free of structural deformities compared to standard cubic ice, or ice I
234:
While most forms of ice are crystalline, several amorphous (or "vitreous") forms of ice also exist. Such ice is an
11410:
8876:
2874:. The ice VII was presumably formed when water trapped inside the diamonds retained the high pressure of the deep
2633:
heating rate and annealing duration at 93 K. They also collected neutron diffraction profiles of quench-recovered
11724:
8507:
6221:
4520:
3795:
Militzer, Burkhard; Wilson, Hugh F. (2 November 2010). "New Phases of Water Ice Predicted at Megabar Pressures".
2711:
2588:(360,000 psi), the water became ice VII, a form that is solid at room temperature. This ice, trapped within
548:
edge for the hydrogen to bond to, in a way that still makes sure each oxygen atom is bond to two hydrogen atoms.
10471:
10343:"Molecular ices as temperature indicators for interstellar dust: the 44- and 62-μm lattice features of H2O ice"
4765:
Dowell, L. G.; Rinfret, A. P. (December 1960). "Low-Temperature Forms of Ice as Studied by X-Ray Diffraction".
2629:
observations, they proposed the existence of a second hydrogen-ordered phase of ice VI, naming it ice beta-XV.
2521:
float around freely within the oxygen lattice. The freely mobile hydrogen ions make superionic water almost as
1089:
941:
exactly one hydrogen atom is 1/2, and since there are 2N edges in total, we obtain a total configuration count
731:
10227:
Grundy, W. M.; Schmitt, B. (1998). "The temperature-dependent near-infrared absorption spectrum of hexagonal H
1045:
238:
form of water, which lacks long-range order in its molecular arrangement. Amorphous ice is produced either by
11808:
1242:
nomenclature. The majority have only been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.
558:
of them. Each has four hydrogen bonds, with two hydrogens close to it and two far away. This means there are
8854:
536:
There are various ways of approximating this number from first principles. The following is the one used by
11741:
11674:
9454:
8315:
Komatsu, K.; Noritake, F.; Machida, S.; Sano-Furukawa, A.; Hattori, T.; Yamane, R.; Kagi, H. (2016-07-04).
7963:
Su, Xingcai; Lianos, L.; Shen, Y.; Somorjai, Gabor (1998). "Surface-Induced Ferroelectric Ice on Pt(111)".
6553:
6314:"Thermodynamic Stability and Growth of Guest-Free Clathrate Hydrates: A Low-Density Crystal Phase of Water"
6137:
6038:
5956:
5634:
5523:
5465:
5387:
5364:
5341:
3061:
2066:
446:
278:
Amorphous ices have the property of suppressing long-range density fluctuations and are, therefore, nearly
243:
176:
9874:
7593:
Matsuo, Takasuke; Tajima, Yoshimitsu; Suga, Hiroshi (1986). "Calorimetric study of a phase transition in D
6426:
11094:
10776:
6789:
Shephard, J. J., Slater, B., Harvey, P., Hart, M., Bull, C. L., Bramwell, S. T., Salzmann, C. G. (2018),
1825:<118 K (−155 °C) (formation from ice XII); <140 K (−133 °C) (stability point)
487:
11747:
1981:<118 K (−155 °C) (formation from ice III);<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point)
10485:"Conditions for condensation and preservation of amorphous ice and crystallinity of astrophysical ices"
9997:
9996:
Dubochet, J.; Adrian, M.; Chang, J. .J; Homo, J. C.; Lepault, J-; McDowall, A. W.; Schultz, P. (1988).
9400:
8449:"An ultralow-density porous ice with the largest internal cavity identified in the water phase diagram"
7775:, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, ed. W. Kuhs (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2007) pp 101–108
2985:
2981:
is instead dominated by amorphous ice, making it likely the most common form of water in the universe.
2821:
2533:, which is a hypothetical liquid state characterized by a disordered soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions.
2129:
283:
246:(about 136 K or −137 °C) in milliseconds (so the molecules do not have enough time to form a
11271:
Fukazawa, H.; Hoshikawa, A.; Ishii, Y.; Chakoumakos, B. C.; Fernandez-Baca, J. A. (20 November 2006).
10953:
Jewitt, David C.; Luu, Jane (2004). "Crystalline water ice on the Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar".
10176:
8119:
6837:"Thermodynamic Stability of Ice II and Its Hydrogen-Disordered Counterpart: Role of Zero-Point Energy"
6717:
12462:
12205:
4067:
3444:
3106:
2913:
40 K (−233.2 °C; −387.7 °F). The adsorbed hydrogen molecules can then be released, or
2836:
2263:
251:
6470:"New porous water ice metastable at atmospheric pressure obtained by emptying a hydrogen-filled ice"
6348:
6298:
6051:
C. Lobban, J.L. Finney and W.F. Kuhs, The structure of a new phase of ice, Nature 391, 268–270, 1998
3781:
561:
298:
11003:
9043:
4668:
2988:
and infrared spectrum. At near-IR wavelengths, the characteristics of the 1.65, 3.1, and 4.53
2922:
2902:
2852:
2530:
2402:
at room pressure while under 120 K (−153 °C; −244 °F), but collapses into ice I
1448:
1 and 2 GPa (formation at 160 K (−113 °C)); ambient (at 77 K (−196.2 °C))
1423:
At 77 K (−196.2 °C): 1.6 GPa (formation from Ih); 0.5 GPa (formation from LDA)
215:
9896:
Furić, K.; Volovšek, V. (2010). "Water ice at low temperatures and pressures; new Raman results".
7730:
4401:
4145:"Thermodynamic and kinetic isotope effects on the order-disorder transition of ice XIV to ice XII"
1886:
The least dense crystalline form of water, topologically equivalent to the empty structure of sII
11960:
11711:
11193:
8613:
8008:"Transition from one-dimensional water to ferroelectric ice within a supramolecular architecture"
5765:
Grande, Zachary M.; et al. (2022). "Pressure-driven symmetry transitions in dense H2O ice".
5538:
5298:
2617:
2593:
1861:
A proton-ordered form of ice VI formed by cooling water to around 80–108 K at 1.1 GPa.
1239:
422:
structure changes to that of ice I. Also, ice XI, an orthorhombic, hydrogen-ordered form of ice I
375:
38:
7463:
1419:<30 K (−243.2 °C) (vapor deposition); 77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point)
12014:
11706:
11438:
10524:
Kouchi, Akira; Kuroda, Toshio (1990). "Amorphization of cubic ice by ultraviolet irradiation".
7099:"The Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relations of the Liquid, and the Phase Diagram of Heavy Water"
5018:
4822:
2965:
2799:
exhibits many peculiar properties that are relevant to the existence of life and regulation of
2150:
Ice VII is the only disordered phase of ice that can be ordered by simple cooling. (While ice I
330:
9839:"No evidence for large-scale proton ordering in Antarctic ice from powder neutron diffraction"
9275:
6911:
Shephard, J. J., Ling, S., Sosso, G. C., Michaelides, A., Slater, B., Salzmann, C. G. (2017),
11519:
9229:
9158:
9087:
7733:"The existence of memory effect on hydrogen ordering in ice: The effect makes ice attractive"
7488:
Dengel, O.; Eckener, U.; Plitz, H.; Riehl, N. (1 May 1964). "Ferroelectric behavior of ice".
7034:
6769:
6200:
5292:
4119:
3496:
1712:
Has symmetrized hydrogen bonds – a hydrogen atom is found at the center of two oxygen atoms.
10929:
10722:
10503:
10395:
10382:
Seki, J.; Hasegawa, H. (1983). "The heterogeneous condensation of interstellar ice grains".
7636:
Castro Neto, A.; Pujol, P.; Fradkin, E. (2006). "Ice: A strongly correlated proton system".
6913:"Is High-Density Amorphous Ice Simply a "Derailed" State along the Ice I to Ice IV Pathway?"
6718:
Yamane R, Komatsu K, Gouchi J, Uwatoko Y, Machida S, Hattori T, Kagi H; et al. (2021).
6697:
3327:
2936:, it can also be stored within a solid substance, either via a reversible chemical process (
2370:
To create ice XVII, the researchers first produced filled ice in a stable phase named C
135:
phases of ice under pressure, both fully hydrogen-disordered; these are Ice IV and Ice XII.
12415:
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11577:
11528:
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10533:
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10354:
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10191:
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Newman, Sarah F.; Buratti, B. J.; Brown, R. H.; Jaumann, R.; Bauer, J.; Momary, T. (2008).
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7892:
7837:
7794:
7744:
7698:
7655:
7610:
7567:
7532:
7523:
Kawada, Shuji (1 May 1972). "Dielectric Dispersion and Phase Transition of KOH Doped Ice".
7497:
7393:
7354:
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5661:
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4737:
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4625:
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Köster KW, Fuentes-Landete V, Raidt A, Seidl M, Gainaru C, Loerting T; et al. (2018).
4026:
3923:
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3625:
3602:
Martelli, Fausto; Torquato, Salvatore; Giovambattista, Nicolas; Car, Roberto (2017-09-29).
3560:
3466:
3416:
3358:
3288:
3253:
2504:
2291:
2050:
606:
12422:
3912:"Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications"
3603:
334:
An alternative formulation of the phase diagram for certain ices and other phases of water
8:
12457:
12452:
12301:
3992:
3033:
2978:
2941:
2929:
2859:
2804:
2663:
2578:
2574:
2562:
1929:
406:
315:
311:
94:
11581:
11532:
11483:
11385:
11288:
11178:
11113:
11063:
11017:
10966:
10888:
10841:
10794:
10777:
Hosek, Matthew W. Jr.; Blaauw, Rhiannon C.; Cooke, William J.; Suggs, Robert M. (2013).
10753:
10687:
10634:
10580:
10537:
10438:
10358:
10319:
10279:
10244:
10195:
10141:
10091:
9958:
9909:
9854:
9815:
9700:
9659:
9620:
9585:
9530:
9419:
9369:
9314:
9195:
9124:
9046:"Deep-Glassy Ice VI Revealed with a Combination of Neutron Spectroscopy and Diffraction"
9004:
8792:
8698:
8632:
8572:
8464:
8404:
8332:
8277:
8224:
8163:
8023:
7976:
7896:
7841:
7798:
7748:
7702:
7659:
7614:
7571:
7536:
7501:
7435:
Fan, Xiaofeng; Bing, Dan; Zhang, Jingyun; Shen, Zexiang; Kuo, Jer-Lai (1 October 2010).
7397:
7358:
7312:
7270:
7224:
7152:
7114:
7068:
6890:
6806:
6735:
6642:
Gasser, TM; Thoeny, AV; Plaga, LJ; Köster, KW; Etter, M; Böhmer, R; et al. (2018).
6591:
6495:
6385:
6267:
6168:
6077:
5987:
5902:
5867:
5829:
5778:
5706:
5665:
5554:
5415:
5248:
5202:
5159:
5106:
5060:
4964:
4911:
4864:
4778:
4741:
4684:
4629:
4575:
4489:
4442:
4330:
4281:
4222:
4160:
4085:
4030:
3927:
3888:
3818:
3758:
3684:
3629:
3564:
3470:
3420:
3362:
3292:
3257:
2842:
Low-density ASW (LDA), also known as hyperquenched glassy water, may be responsible for
2093:
F has been reported to be a hydrogen disordering reagent. However, adding 2.5 mol% of NH
382:. In an experiment, ice at −3 °C was superheated to about 17 °C for about 250
12447:
12404:
11939:
11495:
11469:
11415:
11348:
11075:
10986:
10853:
10827:
10602:
10549:
10407:
10028:
9978:
9944:
9722:
9549:
9510:
9334:
9212:
9179:
9141:
9108:
9070:
9045:
9026:
8960:
8935:
8718:
8589:
8558:
8546:
8483:
8448:
8390:
8357:
8316:
8263:
8210:
8183:
8149:
8109:
8042:
8007:
7988:
7945:
7910:
7861:
7671:
7645:
7417:
7370:
7282:
7080:
7053:"Recrystallisation of HDA ice under pressure by in-situ neutron diffraction to 3.9 GPa"
6950:
6924:
6818:
6752:
6720:"Experimental evidence for the existence of a second partially-ordered phase of ice VI"
6719:
6668:
6643:
6619:
6512:
6481:
6469:
6405:
6371:
6287:
6188:
6097:
6006:
5971:
5798:
5593:
5260:
5214:
5171:
5128:
5072:
4933:
4798:
4750:
4725:
4649:
4595:
4561:
4316:
4250:
4182:
4102:
4069:
4050:
3941:
3838:
3804:
3722:
3649:
3615:
3584:
3533:
3304:
3199:
3043:
3007:
2843:
2621:
2589:
2537:
2526:
1887:
841:
837:
417:. The high latent heat of sublimation is principally indicative of the strength of the
11394:
11369:
11173:(49.02). Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting, American Astronomical Society: 732.
10803:
10778:
9823:
5725:
5690:
4304:
11801:
11761:
11651:
11630:
11595:
11546:
11499:
11439:"Public Affairs Office: Recreating the Bizarre State of Water Found on Giant Planets"
11329:
11219:
11135:
11079:
11029:
10978:
10648:
10606:
10411:
10340:
10287:
10020:
9970:
9866:
9726:
9714:
9554:
9491:
9381:
9326:
9281:
9217:
9146:
9075:
9030:
9018:
8965:
8884:
8804:
8748:
8722:
8710:
8644:
8594:
8522:
8488:
8424:
8416:
8362:
8344:
8297:
8289:
8236:
8175:
8090:
8082:
8047:
7992:
7914:
7853:
7810:
7675:
7622:
7579:
7509:
7409:
7286:
7236:
6942:
6856:
6757:
6673:
6623:
6611:
6603:
6517:
6397:
6337:
6279:
6180:
6089:
6011:
5914:
5802:
5790:
5730:
5576:
Bridgman, P. W. (1912). "Water, in the Liquid and Five Solid Forms, under Pressure".
5496:
5435:
5427:
5302:
5132:
4994:
4976:
4925:
4876:
4823:"Scientists created a weird new type of ice that is almost exactly as dense as water"
4790:
4706:
4653:
4641:
4599:
4587:
4501:
4497:
4454:
4405:
4342:
4254:
4242:
4234:
4174:
4107:
4042:
3945:
3830:
3770:
3726:
3714:
3706:
3641:
3576:
3484:
3374:
2625:
2438:
O) can be formed from ice XVII. This was done by heating specifically prepared D
2395:
2364:
1899:
1851:
80 K (−193.2 °C) – 108 K (−165 °C) (formation from liquid water)
267:
247:
196:
164:
10870:
10857:
10818:
Jewitt, David C.; Luu, Jane X. (2001). "Colors and Spectra of Kuiper Belt Objects".
10566:
8187:
7949:
7865:
7459:
7421:
7084:
6954:
6822:
6192:
6101:
5264:
4937:
4186:
3842:
3653:
3588:
3516:
P. W. Bridgman (1912). "Water, in the Liquid and Five Solid Forms, under Pressure".
930:{\displaystyle R\ln(3/2)=3.37\mathrm {J} \cdot \mathrm {mol} ^{-1}\mathrm {K} ^{-1}}
302:
Water phase diagram extended to negative pressures calculated with TIP4P/2005 model.
12180:
11751:
11686:
11585:
11536:
11487:
11389:
11321:
11292:
11117:
11067:
11021:
10990:
10970:
10933:
10892:
10845:
10798:
10757:
10691:
10638:
10592:
10584:
10553:
10541:
10442:
10399:
10362:
10323:
10283:
10248:
10207:
10199:
10145:
10070:
10032:
10012:
9982:
9962:
9917:
9913:
9858:
9819:
9704:
9685:"Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth's deep mantle"
9663:
9624:
9589:
9544:
9534:
9481:
9423:
9373:
9338:
9318:
9207:
9199:
9136:
9128:
9065:
9057:
9008:
8955:
8947:
8830:
8796:
8702:
8636:
8584:
8576:
8478:
8468:
8408:
8352:
8336:
8281:
8228:
8171:
8167:
8114:
8074:
8037:
8027:
7980:
7937:
7900:
7845:
7802:
7752:
7710:
7706:
7663:
7618:
7575:
7540:
7505:
7455:
7401:
7374:
7362:
7345:
7316:
7274:
7228:
7190:
7156:
7118:
7072:
7010:
6980:
6934:
6894:
6848:
6810:
6747:
6739:
6663:
6655:
6595:
6507:
6499:
6409:
6389:
6327:
6318:
6291:
6271:
6172:
6081:
6001:
5991:
5906:
5871:
5833:
5782:
5720:
5710:
5669:
5585:
5558:
5488:
5419:
5252:
5218:
5206:
5175:
5163:
5118:
5110:
5076:
5064:
4968:
4950:
4915:
4868:
4802:
4782:
4745:
4696:
4688:
4633:
4579:
4493:
4446:
4397:
4372:
4334:
4285:
4226:
4164:
4097:
4089:
4054:
4034:
3931:
3892:
3826:
3822:
3762:
3696:
3688:
3637:
3633:
3568:
3525:
3479:
3474:
3446:
3424:
3366:
3308:
3296:
3261:
3191:
3026:
2918:
2875:
2847:
2553:
2478:
2295:
1609:
1525:
1313:
471:
90:
11025:
9109:"Structural characterization of ice XIX as the second polymorph related to ice VI"
8800:
7254:
7052:
6910:
6427:"Sandwiching water between graphene makes square ice crystals at room temperature"
5933:
4206:
3668:
11830:
11729:
11645:
11624:
10938:
10913:
10738:"The search for a cometary outbursts mechanism: a comparison of various theories"
10695:
10203:
9377:
8984:
8232:
7278:
7174:
7076:
7038:
6912:
5492:
5232:
4616:
Salzmann, Christoph G.; Murray, Benjamin J. (June 2020). "Ice goes fully cubic".
4140:
3370:
3198:
superionic phases to be stable over a wide temperature and pressure range, and a
3171:
3094:
3090:
3038:
2933:
2514:
2180:
398:
279:
271:
235:
98:
11165:
McKinnon, W. B.; Hofmeister, A.M. (August 2005). "Ice XI on Pluto and Charon?".
10911:
10673:
10446:
9668:
9643:
9628:
9593:
9061:
8640:
7984:
7927:
6938:
5786:
5092:
4473:
4427:"Lattice Statistics of Hydrogen Bonded Crystals. I. The Residual Entropy of Ice"
3667:
Martelli, Fausto; Leoni, Fabio; Sciortino, Francesco; Russo, John (2020-09-14).
12385:
12375:
12185:
11491:
10301:
10299:
10297:
9519:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
9203:
9177:
9132:
8685:
8580:
8547:"Ice Ic without stacking disorder by evacuating hydrogen from hydrogen hydrate"
7667:
6834:
6790:
6743:
6545:
5996:
4338:
3745:
2811:
which causes atoms to become closer in the liquid phase. Because of this, ice I
2808:
2557:
2536:
The initial evidence came from optical measurements of laser-heated water in a
2474:
1937:
11701:
10367:
10342:
10122:
10016:
9773:"What scientists found trapped in a diamond: a type of ice not known on Earth"
9682:
9442:
9427:
8706:
7028:
6836:
6814:
6599:
6129:
5952:
5748:
5562:
5356:
4849:"Structural transitions in amorphous water ice and astrophysical implications"
4637:
4583:
3857:
3445:
David T. W. Buckingham, J. J. Neumeier, S. H. Masunaga, and Yi-Kuo Yu (2018).
3428:
2893:
occurred at 72 K while under hydrostatic pressure conditions of up to 70 MPa.
346:, which is exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C) at a pressure of 611.657
12441:
12200:
12152:
12137:
12005:
11765:
11737:
11333:
11250:
10652:
8888:
8752:
8420:
8348:
8293:
8240:
8086:
7388:
Katoh, E. (15 February 2002). "Protonic Diffusion in High-Pressure Ice VII".
7050:
6852:
6030:
5918:
5500:
5431:
5379:
5333:
4872:
4794:
4505:
4458:
4360:
4346:
4238:
3710:
3223:
One millibar is equivalent to 100 Pa (0.015 psi; 0.00099 atm).
3158:
3146:
3139:
3086:
3016:
2945:
2937:
2585:
2570:
2518:
2411:
2250:
1771:(5,400 atm) (formation from liquid water); 0.81–1.00 GPa/min (from ice I
1768:
1739:
1350:
537:
418:
371:
347:
188:
168:
78:
74:
70:
11681:
11666:
10597:
10294:
9836:
9709:
9684:
9539:
9044:
Rosu-Finsen A, Amon A, Armstrong J, Fernandez-Alonso F, Salzmann CG (2020).
8473:
8032:
7405:
7172:
6997:
Salzmann, C. G., Kohl, I., Loerting, T., Mayer, E., Hallbrucker, A. (2003),
6996:
6176:
6085:
5515:
5457:
5123:
4230:
4138:
3572:
2487:
12210:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12010:
11980:
11794:
11599:
11550:
11121:
11033:
10982:
10762:
10737:
10483:
Kouchi, A.; Yamamoto, T.; Kozasa, T.; Kuroda, T.; Greenberg, J. M. (1994).
9974:
9870:
9718:
9642:
Murray, Benjamin J.; Malkin, Tamsin L.; Salzmann, Christoph G. (May 2015).
9558:
9495:
9385:
9330:
9221:
9150:
9106:
9079:
9022:
8969:
8808:
8648:
8598:
8492:
8428:
8366:
8301:
8179:
8094:
8051:
7857:
7814:
7413:
7240:
7208:
6946:
6860:
6788:
6761:
6677:
6615:
6521:
6401:
6341:
6283:
6184:
6152:
6093:
6015:
5950:
5734:
5715:
5439:
5189:
O.Mishima (1996). "Relationship between melting and amorphization of ice".
4980:
4929:
4880:
4710:
4645:
4591:
4246:
4178:
4111:
4046:
3834:
3774:
3718:
3645:
3580:
3488:
3378:
3195:
3154:
3110:
3074:
2208:
2179:
Ice XI is the hydrogen-ordered form of the ordinary form of ice. The total
2163:
1734:
1521:
1485:
379:
343:
339:
239:
180:
10075:
10058:
10024:
3243:
1539:
190 K (−83 °C) – 210 K (−63 °C) (formation from HDA);
12380:
12286:
12170:
12142:
12132:
12127:
12065:
12050:
12035:
12020:
11944:
11908:
11071:
10832:
10212:
8834:
8825:
Marris, Emma (22 March 2005). "Giant planets may host superionic water".
7757:
7732:
7650:
7544:
7051:
Klotz, S., Hamel, G., Loveday, J. S., Nelmes, R. J., Guthrie, M. (2003),
4321:
3959:
3701:
2961:
2800:
2573:(7,300,000 psi) it is predicted that superionic ice would take on a
2503:
A remarkable characteristic of superionic ice is its ability to act as a
2431:
2394:
O molecules, formed at high pressures. Although sometimes referred to as
1933:
1467:
190 K (−83 °C) - 210 K (−63 °C) (formation from ice I
1394:
389:
259:
219:
66:
12316:
10974:
9322:
8681:"Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression"
6503:
6393:
6275:
5626:
5597:
4376:
4093:
4038:
3537:
3278:
2767:
2031:
12370:
12250:
12235:
12195:
12190:
12070:
12045:
11995:
11970:
11874:
11590:
11565:
11541:
11514:
10708:
10403:
9966:
9486:
9469:
9300:
9013:
8988:
8951:
8855:"New phase of water could dominate the interiors of Uranus and Neptune"
7849:
7232:
7178:
7136:
7098:
6998:
6659:
6576:"Nanosecond X-ray diffraction of shock-compressed superionic water ice"
5674:
5649:
4169:
4144:
2399:
2211:
with hexagonal ice and gaseous water at (~72 K, ~0 Pa). Ice I
2054:
1573:
1515:
383:
132:
128:
11325:
11220:"Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology"
10252:
10149:
9862:
8714:
8680:
8412:
8340:
8285:
8078:
7941:
7806:
7194:
7160:
7122:
7014:
6968:
6874:
6607:
6575:
6332:
6313:
5910:
5875:
5837:
5794:
5423:
4786:
4726:"The Enhanced formation of cubic ice in aqueous organic acid droplets"
4701:
4450:
4289:
3766:
3692:
3265:
3077:, perhaps due to resurfacing events such as impacts or cryovolcanism.
3034:
Molecular clouds, circumstellar disks, and the primordial solar nebula
3000:
2940:) or by having the hydrogen molecules attach to the substance via the
2467:
1595:
130 K (−143 °C) - 355 K (82 °C) (stability range)
1033:
453:
12342:
12332:
12311:
12240:
12085:
12060:
12040:
11975:
11965:
11934:
11929:
11894:
10664:
Patashnick, et.al., Nature Vol.250, No. 5464, July 1974, pp. 313–314.
10545:
8989:"Distinguishing ice β-XV from deep glassy ice VI: Raman spectroscopy"
7366:
7320:
6984:
6898:
6468:
del Rosso, Leonardo; Celli, Milva; Ulivi, Lorenzo (7 November 2016).
5589:
5256:
5210:
5167:
5068:
4995:"Scientists made a new kind of ice that might exist on distant moons"
4972:
4692:
4390:
Petrenko, Victor F.; Whitworth, Robert W. (2002-01-17). "2. Ice Ih".
3936:
3896:
3669:"Connection between liquid and non-crystalline solid phases in water"
3529:
3179:
3150:
3101:
2780:
2759:
Photograph showing details of an ice cube under magnification. Ice I
2634:
2597:
1301:
442:
214:, the crystal structure is characterized by the oxygen atoms forming
192:
10341:
Smith, R. G.; Robinson, G.; Hyland, A. R.; Carpenter, G. L. (1994).
9931:
Yen, Fei; Chi, Zhenhua (16 Apr 2015). "Proton ordering dynamics of H
8247:
7336:
6151:
Salzmann CG, Radaelli PG, Hallbrucker A, Mayer E, Finney JL (2006).
4848:
3911:
2901:
Amorphous ice is used in some scientific experiments, especially in
2053:
in a stable condition so long as the temperature is kept at that of
12352:
12347:
12337:
12306:
12270:
12265:
12255:
12107:
12055:
12030:
11889:
11884:
11474:
11347:
Iitaka, Toshiaki (13 July 2010). "Stability of ferroelectric ice".
11297:
11272:
10897:
10872:
10849:
10643:
10588:
10327:
9949:
8563:
8395:
8314:
8268:
8215:
8058:
7962:
6999:"Raman Spectroscopic Study on Hydrogen Bonding in Recovered Ice IV"
6929:
6791:"Doping-induced disappearance of ice II from water's phase diagram"
6486:
5114:
4920:
4895:
4566:
3620:
3166:
2914:
2863:
2233:
also has a proton-ordered form. The total internal energy of ice XI
2222:
There are distinct differences in the Raman spectra between ices I
2203:
2171:
2035:
Phase diagram of water, showing the region where ice III is stable.
1914:
1579:
466:
143:
12426:
11353:
11194:"Astronomers Detect Shadow of Water World in Front of Nearby Star"
8154:
7905:
7880:
6644:"Experiments indicating a second hydrogen ordered phase of ice VI"
6376:
6153:"The preparation and structures of hydrogen ordered phases of ice"
4305:"Residual entropy of ordinary ice from multicanonical simulations"
3809:
3300:
12362:
12260:
12230:
12175:
12165:
11990:
11924:
11919:
11904:
11899:
11879:
11715:
11270:
10871:
Brown, Robert H.; Cruikshank, Dale P.; Pendleton, Yvonne (1999).
8194:
5400:
5046:
3601:
3187:
3131:
2984:
Amorphous ice can be separated from crystalline ice based on its
2871:
2755:
2737:
Several months later, Salzmann et al. published a paper based on
2545:
1376:
1285:
11049:
10305:
7441:, II, III, VI and ice VII: DFT methods with localized based set"
7335:
Hemley, R. J.; Jephcoat, A. P.; Mao, H. K.; et al. (1987),
6063:
4016:
2866:. Due to this demonstration that ice VII exists in nature, the
1042:
measured values. Nagle (1966) used a series summation to obtain
286:
analysis suggests that low and high density amorphous ices are
24:
12291:
11914:
11702:"A New State of Water Reveals a Hidden Ocean in Earth's Mantle"
10912:
Fornasier, S.; Dotto, E.; Barucci, M. A.; Barbieri, C. (2004).
10057:
Del Rosso, Leonardo; Celli, Milva; Ulivi, Lorenzo (June 2017).
8877:"New Form of Water, Both Liquid and Solid, Is 'Really Strange'"
8005:
6573:
4474:"Configurational statistics and the dielectric constant of ice"
4303:
Berg, Bernd A.; Muguruma, Chizuru; Okamoto, Yuko (2007-03-21).
3349:
Bjerrum, N (11 April 1952). "Structure and Properties of Ice".
3204:
3183:
3127:
2909:
2354:
2192:
2080:
1941:
1785:
1281:
351:
184:
10779:"Outburst Dust Production of Comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1"
9398:
8771:
7773:
Raman scattering study of proton ordered ice XI single crystal
7252:
6835:
Nakamura, T., Matsumoto, M., Yagasaki, T., Tanaka, H. (2015),
2493:
When an electric field is applied, H ions migrate towards the
2326:-1 model is still the best (with the second best candidate of
2286:
structure were found 4 K per water molecule higher in energy.
2175:
Crystal structure of ice XI (c-axis in the vertical direction)
2044:
The properties of ice II were first described and recorded by
1451:
1.26 g/cm (77 K (−196.2 °C); ambient pressure)
605:
allowed configurations of hydrogens for this oxygen atom (see
12245:
12160:
12075:
12000:
11834:
11827:
11459:
9280:(9th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. p. 144.
8910:"Scientists create a new form of matter—superionic water ice"
8544:
6361:
6312:
Jacobson, Liam C.; Hujo, Waldemar; Molinero, Valeria (2009).
3986:"Information for users about the proposed revision of the SI"
3604:"Large-Scale Structure and Hyperuniformity of Amorphous Ices"
3135:
2881:
Ice XI is thought to be a more stable conformation than ice I
2549:
2494:
2407:
319:
287:
255:
10817:
10619:
9509:
Kuhs, W. F.; Sippel, C.; Falenty, A.; Hansen, T. C. (2012).
9467:
8982:
8379:
7206:
6969:"The infrared spectrum of ice IV in the range 4000–400 cm−1"
4896:"Crystallization of amorphous water ice in the solar system"
2989:
2722:
O ice XIX was significantly smaller than that of HCl-doped H
2136:
155:
12080:
12025:
11985:
11367:
11311:
10523:
9644:"The crystal structure of ice under mesospheric conditions"
9571:
8139:
5888:
3991:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Archived from
3666:
3394:
378:
in May 2019. Unlike most other solids, ice is difficult to
11513:
Chau, Ricky; Hamel, Sebastien; Nellis, William J. (2011).
10482:
9256:(Physics 511 paper). Iowa State University. Archived from
7207:
Salzmann, CG; Radaelli, PG; Slater, B; Finney, JL (2011),
4519:
Flatz, Christian; Hohenwarter, Stefan (18 February 2021).
2215:
that has been transformed to ice XI and then back to ice I
426:, is considered the most stable form at low temperatures.
187:
atom on each vertex, and the edges of the rings formed by
11817:
10952:
10467:. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 139–155.
10174:
8741:"A Bizarre Form of Water May Exist All Over the Universe"
7437:"Predicting the hydrogen bond ordered structures of ice I
6966:
5231:
4551:
2964:
above 40%, higher than the theoretical maximum ratio for
1955:<118 K (−155 °C) (formation from ice III);
1872:<118 K (−155 °C) (formation from ice III);
1837:
1687:
Proton-ordered equivalent to Ice III. Antiferroelectric.
1478:
1223:{\displaystyle R\ln(1.5\times (730/729)^{2})=R\ln(1.504)}
11782:
Computerized illustrations of molecular structure of HDA
11644:
Petrenko, Victor F.; Whitworth, Robert W. (1999-08-19).
10226:
9801:
9352:
Whalley, E. (1981). "Scheiner's Halo: Evidence for Ice I
9178:
Salzmann CG, Loveday JS, Rosu-Finsen A, Bull CL (2021).
7057:
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials
5578:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
4893:
4669:"Formation and stability of cubic ice in water droplets"
3518:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1803:
130 K (−143 °C) (formation from liquid water)
1757:
260 K (−13 °C) (formation from liquid water);
1564:
253 K (−20 °C) (formation from liquid water);
1500:
250 K (−23 °C) (formation from liquid water);
9995:
9508:
8848:
8846:
8844:
8664:, New Scientist,01 September 2010, Magazine issue 2776.
7635:
7487:
6875:"Structure of ice IV, a metastable high-pressure phase"
6801:(6), Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 569–572,
6641:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
4204:
3742:
3165:
space and converting regular ice, much like the fabled
2314:, HBr) do not significantly enhance ice XV formations.
1836:
The proton-ordered form of ice XII. Formation requires
1593:
270 K (−3 °C) (formation from liquid water);
1330:
130 and 220 K (−143 and −53 °C) (formation);
11786:
11368:
Arakawa, M.; Kagi, H.; Fukazawa, H. (1 October 2009).
8774:"Dynamic Ionization of Water under Extreme Conditions"
6872:
5650:"Computing analysis of lattice vibrations of ice VIII"
2552:
they observed frequency shifts which indicated that a
2529:. The ice appears black in color. It is distinct from
2057:, which slows the change in conformation back to ice I
1763:); 183 K (−90 °C) (formation from HDA ice)
566:
564:
10462:
10170:
10168:
10166:
10092:"Astronomers Contemplate Icy Volcanoes in Far Places"
9742:"Pockets of water may lay deep below Earth's surface"
8327:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 28920.
7209:"The polymorphism of ice: five unresolved questions."
5145:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
3916:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
2699:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\times {\sqrt {2}}\times 1}
2672:
2450:
O cubic ice by first synthesizing filled ice in the C
2187:, so in principle it should naturally form when ice I
2002:<100 K (−173 °C) (formation from ice VI
1936:
and liquid water to pass through laminated sheets of
1698:
165 K (−108 °C) (formation from ice III);
1672:
165 K (−108 °C) (formation from ice III);
1153:
1092:
1048:
947:
850:
740:
637:
490:
10381:
10265:
9648:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
9641:
9609:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
9574:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
9511:"Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in "ice I
9107:
Gasser TM, Thoeny AV, Fortes AD, Loerting T (2021).
8841:
8110:"Super-Dense Frozen Water Breaks Final Ice Frontier"
8073:(44). American Chemical Society (ACS): 21040–21046.
6311:
5853:
5815:
5033:
1650:<278 K (5 °C) (formation from ice VII)
1308:, with the exception only of a small amount of ice I
11515:"Chemical processes in the deep interior of Uranus"
11430:
11095:"Coupled Orbital and Thermal Evolution of Ganymede"
10914:"Water ice on the surface of the large TNO 2004 DW"
10458:
10456:
10424:
10059:"Ice XVII as a Novel Material for Hydrogen Storage"
10056:
8933:
8253:
7688:
6467:
5689:Kamb, Barclay; Davis, Briant L. (1 December 1964).
4302:
3550:
3326:. University of Wisconsin Green Bay. Archived from
3001:
Properties of the amorphous ice in the Solar System
2363:another porous form of ice, was synthesized from a
2167:
Crystal structure of Ice XI viewed along the c-axis
1375:Likely the most common phase in the universe. More
11566:"High pressure partially ionic phase of water ice"
11320:(46). American Chemical Society (ACS): 9203–9214.
11164:
10163:
8611:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7298:
7255:"Is pressure the key to hydrogen ordering ice IV?"
7189:(22), American Chemical Society (ACS): 5587–5590,
7009:(12), American Chemical Society (ACS): 2802–2807,
5536:
4833:
2803:. For instance, its density is lower than that of
2698:
1788:packing)—the densest possible arrangement without
1417:<140 K (−133 °C) (normal formation);
1222:
1138:
1075:
1017:
929:
824:
720:
597:
520:
104:On Earth, most ice is found in the hexagonal Ice I
11858:
11643:
10347:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
10121:Debennetti, Pablo G.; Stanley, H. Eugene (2003).
10120:
9998:"Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens"
8655:
7334:
6923:(7), American Chemical Society (ACS): 1645–1650,
6847:(8), American Chemical Society (ACS): 1843–1848,
6355:
6253:
5951:Chaplin, Martinwork=Water Structure and Science.
4758:
4389:
3207:, may prevent the formation of superionic water.
2111:F, an isostructural material of ice, to obtain NH
1723:72 K (−201.2 °C) (formation from ice I
12439:
11273:"Existence of Ferroelectric Ice in the Universe"
11217:
10453:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10042:
8527:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
8200:
7592:
7557:
7434:
7137:"Selective Nucleation of the High-Pressure Ices"
6691:
6689:
6687:
5934:"Inside the hotly contested creation of 'ice X'"
5615:science.sciencemag.org, B. Kamb, 8 October 1965.
4518:
2430:It was reported in 2020 that cubic ice based on
1957:<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point)
1874:<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point)
1759:77 K (−196.2 °C) (formation from ice I
1700:<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point)
1674:<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point)
1623:355 K (82 °C) (formation from ice VI)
1442:160 K (−113 °C) (formation from HDA);
1018:{\displaystyle 6^{N}\times (1/2)^{2N}=(3/2)^{N}}
370:of the difference between this triple point and
117:Most liquids under increased pressure freeze at
11512:
11222:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
9408:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
8679:Millot, Marius; et al. (5 February 2018).
8674:
8672:
8670:
8540:
8538:
8453:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8012:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7717:
7177:, Kohl, I., Mayer, E., Hallbrucker, A. (2002),
7096:
6713:
6711:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6059:
6057:
5695:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5647:
5537:Kamb, B.; Prakash, A.; Knobler, C. (May 1967).
4846:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4611:
4609:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
3877:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
3874:
2457:
1553:Typically requires a nucleating agent to form.
825:{\displaystyle S_{0}=k\ln(3/2)^{N}=nR\ln(3/2),}
11045:
11043:
10735:
10089:
9273:
8820:
8818:
8678:
6249:
6247:
6219:
5849:
5847:
4615:
3794:
3515:
2750:
2202:are surrounded by four semi-randomly directed
721:{\displaystyle 6^{N/2}(6/16)^{N/2}=(3/2)^{N}.}
11802:
11402:
11167:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
10039:
9895:
9401:"Trigonal Ice Crystals in Earth's Atmosphere"
9171:
9100:
9037:
8976:
8927:
8772:Goncharov, Alexander F.; et al. (2005).
8446:
8373:
7179:"Pure Ice IV from High-Density Amorphous Ice"
6684:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6563:
4764:
4666:
4200:
4198:
4196:
3962:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.
3858:"Verwiebe's '3-D' Ice phase diagram reworked"
2734:O is sufficient for the ordering transition.
2386:are all stable solid phases of a mixture of H
2183:of ice XI is about one sixth lower than ice I
1541:77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point)
1502:77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point)
1473:77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point)
1444:77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point)
1332:240 K (−33 °C) (conversion to Ice I
582:
569:
179:, roughly one of crinkled planes composed of
11714:from the original on 2021-12-21 – via
11160:
11158:
11156:
11086:
10873:"Water Ice on Kuiper Belt Object 1996 TO_66"
9606:
9234:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9163:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9092:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8667:
8535:
8308:
8064:
7784:
7200:
7134:
7026:
6774:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6708:
6630:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6531:
6444:
6305:
6205:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6144:
6054:
5478:
5394:
4809:
4606:
4538:
4267:
4132:
4124:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4061:
3738:
3736:
3501:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3440:
3438:
2410:channels with a diameter of about 6.10
2081:Search for a hydrogen-disordered counterpart
1678:200 MPa-400 MPa (stability range)
1506:300 MPa (formation from liquid water)
293:
11664:
11374:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
11040:
9739:
9440:
9248:
8815:
8442:
8440:
8438:
6543:
6421:
6419:
6244:
6127:
6028:
5844:
5624:
5513:
5455:
5377:
5354:
5331:
5005:
4847:Jenniskens, Peter; Blake, David F. (1994).
2244:
1890:. Transforms into the stacking-faulty ice I
1806:500 MPa (formation from liquid water)
1599:1.1 GPa (formation from liquid water)
1567:500 MPa (formation from liquid water)
484:is equal to 3.4±0.1 J mol K
270:-sized droplets on a sample-holder kept at
81:correspond to some ice phases listed below.
11809:
11795:
11699:
11436:
11340:
11247:"Electric ice a shock to the solar system"
8765:
8510:. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11
7603:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
7560:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
7328:
7292:
6560:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
4193:
2763:is the form of ice commonly seen on Earth.
11725:"The Hunt for Earth's Deep Hidden Oceans"
11589:
11540:
11473:
11393:
11352:
11296:
11153:
10937:
10896:
10831:
10802:
10761:
10642:
10596:
10366:
10211:
10074:
9948:
9708:
9667:
9548:
9538:
9485:
9211:
9140:
9069:
9012:
8959:
8734:
8732:
8605:
8588:
8562:
8482:
8472:
8394:
8356:
8267:
8214:
8153:
8041:
8031:
7904:
7756:
7649:
7253:Rosu-Finsen, A., Salzmann, C. G. (2022),
6928:
6917:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
6751:
6667:
6528:
6511:
6485:
6375:
6331:
6005:
5995:
5972:"The everlasting hunt for new ice phases"
5724:
5714:
5688:
5673:
5188:
5122:
4919:
4749:
4700:
4565:
4402:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198518945.003.0002
4320:
4168:
4101:
3935:
3808:
3733:
3700:
3619:
3478:
3435:
3390:
3388:
2745:
2137:Search for a hydrogen-ordered counterpart
1775:); 810 MPa (formation from HDA ice)
1139:{\displaystyle 6^{6}\times (1/2)^{6}=729}
11700:Hunsberger, Maren (September 21, 2018).
11622:
11244:
10114:
8662:Weird water lurking inside giant planets
8435:
7999:
7878:
7827:
7525:Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
6698:"Exotic crystals of 'ice 19' discovered"
6695:
6416:
5682:
5575:
5530:
5451:
5449:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5088:
5086:
5011:
4521:"Neue kristalline Eisform aus Innsbruck"
4365:Journal of the American Chemical Society
4139:Fuentes-Landete V; Köster KW; Böhmer R;
3145:Ice VII may comprise the ocean floor of
2807:. This is attributed to the presence of
2766:
2754:
2556:had taken place. The team also created
2517:into an evenly spaced lattice while the
2353:
2170:
2162:
2030:
1778:1.3 g·cm (at 127 K (−146 °C))
1742:. The most stable configuration of ice I
1238:These phases are named according to the
1076:{\displaystyle R\ln(1.50685\pm 0.00015)}
1032:
452:
447:Geometrical frustration § Water ice
388:
329:
297:
154:
151:. Dashed lines represent hydrogen bonds
142:
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
11748:Glass transition in hyperquenched water
11092:
9351:
9274:Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2010).
8107:
7879:Bramwell, Steven T. (21 January 1999).
6108:
5760:
5758:
5641:
5507:
5327:
5325:
4471:
4359:
3348:
2868:International Mineralogical Association
2726:O ice XIX, and that doping of 0.5% of H
1436:Very high-density amorphous ice (VHDA)
1390:73.15 K (−200 °C) (freezing)
620:atoms. But now, consider the remaining
12440:
11346:
9930:
8870:
8868:
8824:
8729:
8101:
7522:
7063:(2), Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 117–122,
6232:from the original on 14 September 2009
5969:
5764:
4820:
4723:
4261:
3909:
3447:"Thermal Expansion of Single-Crystal H
3385:
3342:
3073:crystalline water ice was observed on
3067:
2870:duly classified ice VII as a distinct
2858:In 2018, ice VII was identified among
2542:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
2077: m/kg (1.51 cu in/lb).
2046:Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann
2026:
1661:Proton-ordered equivalent to Ice VII.
1653:2.1 GPa (formation from ice VII)
167:of ordinary ice was first proposed by
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
11790:
11408:
8934:Rosu-Finsen, A; Salzmann, CG (2019).
8874:
8738:
7387:
5944:
5446:
5290:
5271:
5083:
4821:Pappas, Stephanie (2 February 2023).
4667:Murray, B.J.; Bertram, A. K. (2006).
4424:
3855:
3117:quakes' within the thick ice layers.
1913:Room temperature (in the presence of
1854:1.1GPa (formation from liquid water)
1626:2.2 GPa (formation from ice VI)
258:crystal surface under 120 K. In
16:States of matter for water as a solid
12411:
11563:
8852:
8499:
8108:Sanders, Laura (11 September 2009).
7771:K. Abe, Y. Ootake and T. Shigenari,
6967:Engelhardt, H., Whalley, E. (1979),
6220:Sanders, Laura (11 September 2009).
5755:
5322:
844:. So, the molar residual entropy is
436:
210:In the best-known form of ice, ice I
138:
18:
11722:
11689:(PDF in German, iktp.tu-dresden.de)
11682:London South Bank University Report
11314:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
10513:from the original on 22 March 2020.
9937:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
9770:
9474:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
8865:
8505:
8317:"Partially ordered state of ice XV"
8067:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
7930:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
7830:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
7183:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
7030:Neutron diffraction studies of ices
7003:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
6841:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
5931:
5654:Royal Society of Chemistry Advances
5237:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
4894:Jenniskens P.; Blake D. F. (1996).
4478:Proceedings of the Physical Society
1940:, unlike smaller molecules such as
1384:Medium-density amorphous ice (MDA)
521:{\displaystyle =R\ln(1.50\pm 0.02)}
325:
13:
11848:
11610:
11564:Wang, Yanchao (29 November 2011).
11409:Chang, Kenneth (5 February 2018).
11226:from the original on April 7, 2012
10463:Jenniskens; Blake; Kouchi (1998).
10090:Chang, Kenneth (9 December 2004).
9783:from the original on 12 March 2018
9752:from the original on March 8, 2018
8907:
8612:Demontis, P.; et al. (1988).
5691:"Ice Vii, the Densest Form of Ice"
5012:Sullivan, Will (3 February 2023).
3190:hold a layer of superionic water.
3161:) that are largely made of water.
2846:on Earth and is usually formed by
2454:phase, and then decompressing it.
2237:was predicted as similar as ice XI
1814:The proton-ordered form of ice V.
1545:810 MPa (formation from HDA)
1426:1.17 g/cm (ambient pressure)
914:
899:
896:
893:
884:
613:configurations that satisfy these
573:
393:Pressure dependence of ice melting
14:
12474:
11853:
11693:
11245:Grossman, Lisa (25 August 2011).
9180:"Structure and nature of ice XIX"
8614:"New high-pressure phases of ice"
7147:(12), AIP Publishing: 4930–4932,
6979:(10), AIP Publishing: 4050–4051,
6885:(12), AIP Publishing: 5887–5899,
6873:Engelhardt, H., Kamb, B. (1981),
5970:Hansen, Thomas C. (26 May 2021).
3966:from the original on 16 July 2012
3321:
3100:The surface ice of Saturn's moon
2896:
2775:with respect to other ice phases.
2614:differential scanning calorimetry
2303:differential scanning calorimetry
1411:High-density amorphous ice (HDA)
1037:The crystal structure of ice VIII
543:Suppose there are a given number
12421:
12410:
12400:
12399:
11772:AIP accounting discovery of VHDA
11768:of water (requires registration)
11557:
11506:
11453:
11361:
11305:
11264:
11238:
11211:
11185:
11128:
10997:
10946:
10905:
10864:
10811:
10770:
10729:
10702:
10667:
10658:
10613:
10560:
10517:
10418:
10375:
10334:
10259:
10220:
10083:
9989:
9924:
9889:
9830:
9795:
9764:
9733:
9676:
9635:
9600:
9565:
9502:
9461:
9434:
9392:
9345:
9294:
9267:
9242:
8901:
8133:
7956:
7921:
7872:
7821:
7778:
7765:
7682:
7629:
7586:
7551:
7516:
7481:
6347:
6297:
4472:Hollins, G. T. (December 1964).
3780:
3217:
3194:and free-energy methods predict
2928:Aside from storing hydrogen via
2486:
2466:
2130:high-density amorphous ice (HDA)
1828:1.2GPa (formation from ice XII)
1358:Low-density amorphous ice (LDA)
457:The Wurtzite structure. In Ice I
229:
159:The crystal structure of ice XII
23:
11218:David A. Aguilar (2009-12-16).
11200:from the original on 2017-08-21
11052:Journal of Geophysical Research
10233:Journal of Geophysical Research
10102:from the original on 9 May 2015
10005:Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
9843:The Journal of Chemical Physics
9443:"Stacking disordered ice; Ice I
8383:The Journal of Chemical Physics
8256:The Journal of Chemical Physics
7787:The Journal of Chemical Physics
7460:10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.04.004
7448:Computational Materials Science
7428:
7381:
7246:
7166:
7128:
7109:(10), AIP Publishing: 597–605,
7103:The Journal of Chemical Physics
7090:
7044:
7020:
6990:
6973:The Journal of Chemical Physics
6960:
6904:
6879:The Journal of Chemical Physics
6866:
6828:
6782:
6319:Journal of Physical Chemistry B
6213:
6045:
6022:
5963:
5925:
5891:The Journal of Chemical Physics
5882:
5856:The Journal of Chemical Physics
5818:The Journal of Chemical Physics
5809:
5741:
5618:
5604:
5569:
5472:
5404:The Journal of Chemical Physics
5371:
5348:
5291:Hobbs, Peter V. (May 6, 2010).
5225:
5182:
5139:
4987:
4944:
4887:
4717:
4660:
4512:
4465:
4431:Journal of Mathematical Physics
4418:
4383:
4353:
4296:
4270:The Journal of Chemical Physics
4010:
3978:
3952:
3903:
3868:
3849:
3788:
3746:The Journal of Chemical Physics
3673:The Journal of Chemical Physics
3660:
3113:is believed to contain ice VI.
2525:as typical metals, making it a
2020:Formation requires HCl doping.
1928:Formation likely driven by the
1894:and further into ordinary ice I
1528:of 1.16 with respect to water.
1233:
598:{\textstyle {\tbinom {4}{2}}=6}
531:
171:in 1935. The structure of ice I
37:may be too short to adequately
11629:. Cambridge University Press.
11623:Fletcher, N. H. (2009-06-04).
10384:Astrophysics and Space Science
10123:"Supercooled and Glassy Water"
9918:10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.03.024
8262:(24). AIP Publishing: 244507.
8172:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.105701
7711:10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.02.016
7691:Journal of Molecular Structure
6696:Metcalfe, Tom (9 March 2021).
4207:"Medium-density amorphous ice"
3827:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.195701
3638:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.136002
3595:
3544:
3509:
3480:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.185505
3315:
3272:
3237:
2972:
2921:, an issue often mentioned in
1790:hydrogen bond interpenetration
1704:30-70 GPa (from ice VII)
1217:
1211:
1196:
1187:
1172:
1163:
1121:
1106:
1070:
1058:
1028:
1006:
991:
976:
961:
874:
860:
816:
802:
778:
763:
706:
691:
671:
656:
515:
503:
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
11723:Woo, Marcus (July 11, 2018).
11136:"Titan: Facts – NASA Science"
11026:10.1126/science.284.5419.1514
10623:Astrophysical Journal Letters
9824:10.1016/S0009-2614(98)00908-7
8875:Chang, Kenneth (2018-02-05).
8801:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.125508
7392:. 29=5558 (5558): 1264–1266.
7341:O-ice to 128 GPa (1.28 Mbar)"
7033:, University College London,
5932:Kim, Shi En (24 March 2022).
3862:Chemistry Education Materials
3856:David, Carl (8 August 2016).
3230:
2908:Ice XVII can repeatedly
2666:of the profiles based on the
2473:In the absence of an applied
2374:from a mixture of hydrogen (H
2358:Crystal structure of ice XVII
2270:, while an antiferroelectric
11675:London South Bank University
10696:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.045
10288:10.1016/0301-0104(81)80158-9
10204:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.019
9470:"Stacking disorder in ice I"
9455:London South Bank University
9378:10.1126/science.211.4480.389
8853:Zyga, Lisa (25 April 2013).
8739:Sokol, Joshua (2019-05-12).
8233:10.1016/j.cplett.2015.07.064
7737:Geophysical Research Letters
7623:10.1016/0022-3697(86)90126-5
7580:10.1016/0022-3697(84)90008-8
7510:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90366-X
7279:10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139325
7077:10.1524/zkri.218.2.117.20669
6554:London South Bank University
6138:London South Bank University
6039:London South Bank University
5957:London South Bank University
5635:London South Bank University
5627:"Ice-six (Ice VI) structure"
5612:Reports: Structure of Ice VI
5524:London South Bank University
5493:10.1126/science.166.3907.861
5466:London South Bank University
5388:London South Bank University
5365:London South Bank University
5342:London South Bank University
4751:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025008
3371:10.1126/science.115.2989.385
3080:
2458:Ice XVIII (superionic water)
2425:
1353:crystalline variant of ice.
475:atom. This residual entropy
244:glass transition temperature
7:
11738:Discussion of amorphous ice
11671:Water Structure and Science
11626:The Chemical Physics of Ice
11395:10.1088/0067-0049/184/2/361
10804:10.1088/0004-6256/145/5/122
10447:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.10.007
9669:10.1016/j.jastp.2014.12.005
9629:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.10.007
9594:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.06.001
9451:Water Structure and Science
9062:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00125
8641:10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2284
7985:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1533
7301:Journal of Chemical Physics
6939:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00492
6550:Water Structure and Science
6134:Water Structure and Science
6035:Water Structure and Science
5787:10.1103/PhysRevB.105.104109
5631:Water Structure and Science
5520:Water Structure and Science
5462:Water Structure and Science
5384:Water Structure and Science
5361:Water Structure and Science
5338:Water Structure and Science
4953:Journal of Chemical Physics
4425:Nagle, J. F. (1966-08-01).
4396:. Oxford University Press.
3246:Journal of Chemical Physics
2751:Earth's natural environment
2712:Clausius–Clapeyron relation
2349:
2191:is cooled to below 72
2009:2GPa (formation from ice VI
732:Boltzmann's entropy formula
10:
12479:
11492:10.1038/s41567-021-01334-9
10939:10.1051/0004-6361:20048004
10918:Astronomy and Astrophysics
10711:Astronomy and Astrophysics
10492:Astronomy and Astrophysics
9740:Sid Perkins (2018-03-08).
9204:10.1038/s41467-021-23399-z
9133:10.1038/s41467-021-21161-z
8581:10.1038/s41467-020-14346-5
8508:"Ice-seventeen (Ice XVII)"
7668:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.024302
7141:Journal of Applied Physics
6744:10.1038/s41467-021-21351-9
6546:"Ice-seventeen (Ice XVII)"
5997:10.1038/s41467-021-23403-6
4498:10.1088/0370-1328/84/6/318
4339:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.092202
3120:
2822:negative thermal expansion
2607:
2548:and super heating it with
2145:
1366:NA (atmospheric or lower)
440:
264:hyperquenched glassy water
147:Crystal structure of ice I
12394:
12361:
12325:
12279:
12223:
12206:Short-track speed skating
12151:
12103:
12094:
11953:
11867:
11841:
11824:
11667:"Hexagonal ice structure"
11277:The Astrophysical Journal
10877:The Astrophysical Journal
10742:Astronomische Nachrichten
10427:J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys
10017:10.1017/S0033583500004297
9428:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00128.1
8707:10.1038/s41567-017-0017-4
7601:doped with KOD: Ice XI".
6815:10.1038/s41567-018-0094-z
6600:10.1038/s41586-019-1114-6
6222:"A Very Special Snowball"
5563:10.1107/S0365110X67001409
4638:10.1038/s41563-020-0696-6
4584:10.1038/s41563-020-0606-y
3429:10.1107/S0108768194004933
3178:It is theorized that the
3054:
2831:, a small amount of ice I
2779:Virtually all ice in the
2264:density functional theory
2256:
2158:
2101:
2039:
1300:Virtually all ice in the
374:, though this definition
294:Pressure-dependent states
252:physical vapor deposition
183:hexagonal rings, with an
112:
10820:The Astronomical Journal
10783:The Astronomical Journal
9804:Chemical Physics Letters
9251:"The Many Phases of Ice"
8203:Chemical Physics Letters
7337:"Static compression of H
7259:Chemical Physics Letters
7097:Bridgman, P. W. (1935),
6853:10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09544
4873:10.1126/science.11539186
3210:
3169:mentioned in Vonnegut's
3062:29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
2923:environmental technology
2903:cryo-electron microscopy
2853:polar mesospheric clouds
2245:Ferroelectric properties
2198:Water molecules in ice I
1570:1.24 g cm (at 350 MPa).
11816:
11754:(requires registration)
11527:. Article number: 203.
10930:2004A&A...422L..43F
10736:Gronkowski, P. (2007).
10723:1994A&A...286..659T
10504:1994A&A...290.1009K
10396:1983Ap&SS..94..177S
10368:10.1093/mnras/271.2.481
9710:10.1126/science.aao3030
9540:10.1073/pnas.1210331110
8474:10.1073/pnas.1900739116
8142:Physical Review Letters
8033:10.1073/pnas.1010310108
7965:Physical Review Letters
7406:10.1126/science.1067746
7265:, Elsevier BV: 139325,
6177:10.1126/science.1123896
6086:10.1126/science.1123896
5299:Oxford University Press
4231:10.1126/science.abq2105
3797:Physical Review Letters
3608:Physical Review Letters
3573:10.1126/science.1061757
3459:Physical Review Letters
3407:Between 10 and 265 K".
2594:University of Rochester
2298:as had been predicted.
2089:F-doped ices because NH
1254:Temperature thresholds
242:of liquid water to its
11122:10.1006/icar.1997.5778
10763:10.1002/asna.200510657
8983:Thoeny AV; Gasser TM;
8389:(20). AIP Publishing.
8209:. Elsevier BV: 63–66.
6130:"Ice-twelve (Ice XII)"
5716:10.1073/pnas.52.6.1433
5543:Acta Crystallographica
5410:(13). AIP Publishing.
4673:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys
3910:Murphy, D. M. (2005).
2776:
2764:
2746:Practical implications
2700:
2359:
2176:
2168:
2036:
1984:1.2GPa (from ice VII)
1964:Near that of ice XVI.
1961:1.2GPa (from ice III)
1878:1.2GPa (from ice VII)
1266:Other characteristics
1224:
1140:
1077:
1038:
1019:
931:
826:
722:
599:
522:
462:
394:
335:
303:
160:
152:
82:
11570:Nature Communications
11520:Nature Communications
10569:Astrophysical Journal
10308:Astrophysical Journal
10076:10.3390/challe8010003
8551:Nature Communications
7135:Evans, L. F. (1967),
7027:Colin Lobban (1998),
6474:Nature Communications
6031:"Ice-eleven (ice XI)"
5976:Nature Communications
5953:"Ice-seven (Ice VII)"
5749:"Ice VII (ice-seven)"
5539:"Structure of ice. V"
5357:"Ice-three (Ice III)"
5095:Astrophysical Journal
4900:Astrophysical Journal
4724:Murray, B.J. (2008).
4525:Universität Innsbruck
3051:orbit (~12 AU).
2770:
2758:
2701:
2357:
2174:
2166:
2034:
1225:
1141:
1078:
1036:
1020:
932:
827:
723:
600:
523:
456:
392:
333:
301:
254:) onto a very smooth
158:
146:
73:pressure-temperature
69:
11619:(www.idc-online.com)
11093:Showman, A. (1997).
11072:10.1029/2003JE002149
9356:in the Atmosphere".
8835:10.1038/news050321-4
7758:10.1029/2011GL048217
7566:(11–12): 1135–1144.
7545:10.1143/JPSJ.32.1442
5019:Smithsonian Magazine
2771:Phase space of ice I
2670:
2527:superionic conductor
2051:atmospheric pressure
1257:Pressure thresholds
1151:
1090:
1046:
945:
848:
738:
635:
607:Binomial coefficient
562:
488:
12302:Iceman (occupation)
11582:2011NatCo...2..563W
11533:2011NatCo...2..203C
11484:2021NatPh..17.1228C
11386:2009ApJS..184..361A
11289:2006ApJ...652L..57F
11179:2005DPS....37.4902M
11114:1997Icar..129..367S
11064:2004JGRE..109.1012H
11018:1999Sci...284.1514S
11012:(5419): 1514–1516.
10975:10.1038/nature03111
10967:2004Natur.432..731J
10889:1999ApJ...519L.101B
10842:2001AJ....122.2099J
10795:2013AJ....145..122H
10754:2007AN....328..126G
10688:2009Icar..201..719M
10635:1990ApJ...355L..27O
10581:1995ApJ...455..389J
10538:1990Natur.344..134K
10439:2010JASTP..72...51M
10359:1994MNRAS.271..481S
10320:1992ApJ...401..353M
10280:1981CP.....56..367H
10245:1998JGR...10325809G
10196:2008Icar..193..397N
10142:2003PhT....56f..40D
9959:2015PCCP...1712458Y
9943:(19): 12458–12461.
9910:2010JMoSt.976..174F
9855:2004JChPh.12011376F
9816:1998CPL...294..554F
9701:2018Sci...359.1136T
9695:(6380): 1136–1139.
9660:2015JASTP.127...78M
9621:2010JASTP..72...51M
9586:2009JASTP..71..453L
9531:2012PNAS..10921259K
9525:(52): 21259–21264.
9420:2015BAMS...96.1519M
9370:1981Sci...211..389W
9323:10.1038/nature03403
9315:2005Natur.434..202M
9196:2021NatCo..12.3162S
9125:2021NatCo..12.1128G
9005:2019PCCP...2115452T
8999:(28): 15452–15462.
8993:Phys Chem Chem Phys
8793:2005PhRvL..94l5508G
8699:2018NatPh..14..297M
8633:1988PhRvL..60.2284D
8573:2020NatCo..11..464K
8465:2019PNAS..11612684L
8459:(26): 12684–12691.
8405:2016JChPh.145t4501S
8333:2016NatSR...628920K
8278:2018JChPh.148x4507R
8225:2015CPL...637...63S
8164:2009PhRvL.103j5701S
8024:2011PNAS..108.3481Z
7977:1998PhRvL..80.1533S
7897:1999Natur.397..212B
7881:"Ferroelectric ice"
7842:2011PCCP...1319788R
7799:2011JChPh.134j4506A
7749:2011GeoRL..3816101A
7703:2010JMoSt.972..111A
7660:2006PhRvB..74b4302C
7615:1986JPCS...47..165M
7572:1984JPCS...45.1135T
7537:1972JPSJ...32.1442K
7502:1964PhL.....9..291D
7398:2002Sci...295.1264K
7359:1987Natur.330..737H
7313:1993JChPh..99.9842P
7271:2022CPL...78939325R
7225:2011PCCP...1318468S
7213:Phys Chem Chem Phys
7153:1967JAP....38.4930E
7115:1935JChPh...3..597B
7069:2003ZK....218..117K
6891:1981JChPh..75.5887E
6807:2018NatPh..14..569S
6736:2021NatCo..12.1129Y
6592:2019Natur.569..251M
6504:10.1038/ncomms13394
6496:2016NatCo...713394D
6394:10.1038/nature14295
6386:2015Natur.519..443A
6326:(30): 10298–10307.
6276:10.1038/nature14014
6268:2014Natur.516..231F
6169:2006Sci...311.1758S
6078:2006Sci...311.1758S
6072:(5768): 1758–1761.
5988:2021NatCo..12.3161H
5903:1973JChPh..58..567L
5868:1968JChPh..48.2362W
5830:1966JChPh..45.3976W
5779:2022PhRvB.105j4109G
5707:1964PNAS...52.1433K
5666:2017RSCAd...731789Y
5660:(51): 31789–31794.
5555:1967AcCry..22..706K
5416:2021JChPh.154m4504S
5380:"Ice-four (Ice IV)"
5249:2001PCCP....3.5355L
5203:1996Natur.384..546M
5160:1985Natur.314...76M
5107:1995ApJ...455..389J
5061:1984Natur.310..393M
4965:1997JChPh.107.1232J
4912:1996ApJ...473.1104J
4865:1994Sci...265..753J
4779:1960Natur.188.1144D
4773:(4757): 1144–1148.
4742:2008ERL.....3b5008M
4685:2006PCCP....8..186M
4630:2020NatMa..19..586S
4576:2020NatMa..19..663D
4490:1964PPS....84.1001H
4443:1966JMP.....7.1484N
4377:10.1021/ja01315a102
4331:2007PhRvB..75i2202B
4282:1933JChPh...1..515B
4223:2023Sci...379..474R
4161:2018PCCP...2021607F
4155:(33): 21607–21616.
4149:Phys Chem Chem Phys
4094:10.1038/ncomms16189
4086:2018NatCo...916189K
4039:10.1038/nature04415
4031:2006Natur.439..183I
3928:2005QJRMS.131.1539M
3889:1994JPCRD..23..515W
3819:2010PhRvL.105s5701M
3759:2009JChPh.131c4510C
3685:2020JChPh.153j4503M
3630:2017PhRvL.119m6002M
3565:2001Sci...294.2335V
3471:2018PhRvL.121r5505B
3421:1994AcCrB..50..644R
3363:1952Sci...115..385B
3293:1999Natur.398..681K
3258:1973JChPh..58..567L
3068:Kuiper Belt objects
2979:interstellar medium
2942:van der Waals force
2664:Rietveld refinement
2618:dielectric spectrum
2616:(DSC) thermograms,
2592:, was taken to the
2590:diamond anvil cells
2579:face-centered cubic
2575:body-centered cubic
2563:face-centered cubic
2027:History of research
1930:van der Waals force
1520:Very high relative
1379:than normal water.
734:, we conclude that
609:). Thus, there are
407:heat of sublimation
342:can coexist at the
316:face-centered cubic
312:body-centered cubic
11854:Crystalline phases
11591:10.1038/ncomms1566
11542:10.1038/ncomms1198
11416:The New York Times
10404:10.1007/BF00651770
10096:The New York Times
9967:10.1039/C5CP01529D
9771:Netburn, Deborah.
9487:10.1039/c4cp02893g
9277:Physical chemistry
9263:on 7 October 2009.
9014:10.1039/c9cp02147g
8952:10.1039/c8sc03647k
8881:The New York Times
8321:Scientific Reports
7850:10.1039/c1cp22506e
7233:10.1039/c1cp21712g
6660:10.1039/c8sc00135a
5675:10.1039/C7RA05563C
5516:"Ice-five (Ice V)"
5458:"Ice-five (Ice V)"
5334:"Ice-two (Ice II)"
5301:. pp. 61–70.
5001:. 4 February 2023.
4170:10.1039/c8cp03786h
3998:on 21 January 2018
3922:(608): 1539–1565.
3330:on 16 October 2016
3200:body-centred cubic
3151:extrasolar planets
3044:circumstellar disk
3008:noctilucent clouds
2844:noctilucent clouds
2777:
2765:
2696:
2538:diamond anvil cell
2396:clathrate hydrates
2360:
2177:
2169:
2124:to prepare ice IV
2037:
1888:clathrate hydrates
1582:in the unit cell.
1343:Similar to Ice Ih
1251:Year of discovery
1220:
1136:
1073:
1039:
1015:
927:
842:molar gas constant
838:Boltzmann constant
822:
718:
595:
587:
518:
463:
395:
336:
304:
216:hexagonal symmetry
161:
153:
83:
12435:
12434:
12416:Wikimedia Commons
12219:
12218:
11665:Chaplin, Martin.
11468:(11): 1228–1232.
11326:10.1021/jp982549e
10532:(6262): 134–135.
10465:Solar System Ices
10253:10.1029/98je00738
10150:10.1063/1.1595053
9898:J. Mol. Structure
9863:10.1063/1.1765099
9777:Los Angeles Times
9441:Chaplin, Martin.
9364:(4480): 389–390.
9309:(7030): 202–205.
9249:Norman Anderson.
8627:(22): 2284–2287.
8506:Chaplin, Martin.
8413:10.1063/1.4967167
8341:10.1038/srep28920
8286:10.1063/1.5022159
8079:10.1021/jp0540609
7942:10.1021/jp982549e
7936:(46): 9203–9214.
7891:(6716): 212–213.
7807:10.1063/1.3551620
7638:Physical Review B
7353:(6150): 737–740,
7307:(12): 9842–9846.
7195:10.1021/jp014391v
7173:Salzmann, C. G.,
7161:10.1063/1.1709255
7123:10.1063/1.1749561
7015:10.1021/jp021534k
6654:(18): 4224–4234.
6586:(7755): 251–255.
6544:Chaplin, Martin.
6370:(7544): 443–445.
6333:10.1021/jp903439a
6262:(7530): 231–233.
6163:(5768): 1758–61.
6128:Chaplin, Martin.
6029:Chaplin, Martin.
5911:10.1063/1.1679238
5876:10.1063/1.1669438
5838:10.1063/1.1727447
5824:(11): 3976–3982.
5625:Chaplin, Martin.
5514:Chaplin, Martin.
5456:Chaplin, Martin.
5424:10.1063/5.0045443
5378:Chaplin, Martin.
5355:Chaplin, Martin.
5332:Chaplin, Martin.
5243:(24): 5355–5357.
5197:(6609): 546–549.
5055:(5976): 393–395.
4787:10.1038/1881144a0
4451:10.1063/1.1705058
4411:978-0-19-851894-5
4371:(12): 2680–2684.
4309:Physical Review B
4290:10.1063/1.1749327
4217:(6631): 474–478.
4025:(7073): 183–186.
3767:10.1063/1.3182727
3753:(34510): 034510.
3693:10.1063/5.0018923
3357:(2989): 385–390.
3287:(6729): 681–684.
3266:10.1063/1.1679238
2862:found in natural
2688:
2678:
2637:chloride-doped, D
2626:X-ray diffraction
2481:in the O lattice.
2365:clathrate hydrate
2292:antiferroelectric
2067:equilibrium curve
2024:
2023:
1695:2022 (contested)
1340:NA (atmospheric)
1291:NA (atmospheric)
580:
437:Hydrogen disorder
405:, and its latent
197:tetrahedral angle
165:crystal structure
139:Crystal structure
89:are all possible
64:
63:
12470:
12463:Hydrogen storage
12425:
12414:
12413:
12403:
12402:
12101:
12100:
11811:
11804:
11797:
11788:
11787:
11734:
11719:
11687:Physik des Eises
11678:
11661:
11640:
11604:
11603:
11593:
11561:
11555:
11554:
11544:
11510:
11504:
11503:
11477:
11457:
11451:
11450:
11448:
11446:
11437:Charlie Osolin.
11434:
11428:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11406:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11365:
11359:
11358:
11356:
11344:
11338:
11337:
11309:
11303:
11302:
11300:
11268:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11257:
11242:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11215:
11209:
11208:
11206:
11205:
11189:
11183:
11182:
11162:
11151:
11150:
11148:
11146:
11140:science.nasa.gov
11132:
11126:
11125:
11099:
11090:
11084:
11083:
11047:
11038:
11037:
11001:
10995:
10994:
10950:
10944:
10943:
10941:
10909:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10835:
10833:astro-ph/0107277
10826:(4): 2099–2114.
10815:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10774:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10733:
10727:
10726:
10706:
10700:
10699:
10671:
10665:
10662:
10656:
10655:
10646:
10617:
10611:
10610:
10600:
10598:2060/19980018148
10564:
10558:
10557:
10546:10.1038/344134a0
10521:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10489:
10480:
10469:
10468:
10460:
10451:
10450:
10422:
10416:
10415:
10379:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10338:
10332:
10331:
10303:
10292:
10291:
10268:Chemical Physics
10263:
10257:
10256:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10181:
10172:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10127:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10087:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10054:
10037:
10036:
10002:
9993:
9987:
9986:
9952:
9928:
9922:
9921:
9904:(1–3): 174–180.
9893:
9887:
9886:
9884:
9882:
9873:. Archived from
9834:
9828:
9827:
9799:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9788:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9737:
9731:
9730:
9712:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9639:
9633:
9632:
9604:
9598:
9597:
9580:(3–4): 453–463.
9569:
9563:
9562:
9552:
9542:
9506:
9500:
9499:
9489:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9438:
9432:
9431:
9414:(9): 1519–1531.
9405:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9255:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9233:
9225:
9215:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9162:
9154:
9144:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9091:
9083:
9073:
9056:(3): 1106–1111.
9050:J Phys Chem Lett
9041:
9035:
9034:
9016:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8963:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8872:
8863:
8862:
8850:
8839:
8838:
8822:
8813:
8812:
8778:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8736:
8727:
8726:
8676:
8665:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8618:
8609:
8603:
8602:
8592:
8566:
8542:
8533:
8532:
8526:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8486:
8476:
8444:
8433:
8432:
8398:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8360:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8271:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8218:
8198:
8192:
8191:
8157:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8062:
8056:
8055:
8045:
8035:
8018:(9): 3481–3486.
8003:
7997:
7996:
7971:(7): 1533–1536.
7960:
7954:
7953:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7908:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7836:(44): 19788–95.
7825:
7819:
7818:
7782:
7776:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7728:
7715:
7714:
7697:(1–3): 111–114.
7686:
7680:
7679:
7653:
7651:cond-mat/0511092
7633:
7627:
7626:
7590:
7584:
7583:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7468:
7462:. Archived from
7454:(4): S170–S175.
7445:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7385:
7379:
7377:
7367:10.1038/330737a0
7332:
7326:
7324:
7321:10.1063/1.465467
7296:
7290:
7289:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7219:(41): 18468–80,
7204:
7198:
7197:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7024:
7018:
7017:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6985:10.1063/1.438173
6964:
6958:
6957:
6932:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:10.1063/1.442040
6870:
6864:
6863:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6773:
6765:
6755:
6715:
6706:
6705:
6693:
6682:
6681:
6671:
6639:
6628:
6627:
6571:
6558:
6557:
6541:
6526:
6525:
6515:
6489:
6465:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6423:
6414:
6413:
6379:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6335:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6295:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6204:
6196:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6125:
6106:
6105:
6061:
6052:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6009:
5999:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5862:(5): 2362–2370.
5851:
5842:
5841:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5762:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5728:
5718:
5701:(6): 1433–1439.
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5622:
5616:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5590:10.2307/20022754
5573:
5567:
5566:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5453:
5444:
5443:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5288:
5269:
5268:
5257:10.1039/b108676f
5233:Loerting, Thomas
5229:
5223:
5222:
5211:10.1038/384546a0
5186:
5180:
5179:
5168:10.1038/314076a0
5143:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5124:2060/19980018148
5090:
5081:
5080:
5069:10.1038/310393a0
5044:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4973:10.1063/1.474468
4948:
4942:
4941:
4923:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4844:
4831:
4830:
4818:
4807:
4806:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4693:10.1039/b513480c
4664:
4658:
4657:
4618:Nature Materials
4613:
4604:
4603:
4569:
4554:Nature Materials
4549:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4484:(6): 1001–1016.
4469:
4463:
4462:
4437:(8): 1484–1491.
4422:
4416:
4415:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4324:
4322:cond-mat/0609211
4300:
4294:
4293:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4202:
4191:
4190:
4172:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4123:
4115:
4105:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3937:10.1256/qj.04.94
3907:
3901:
3900:
3897:10.1063/1.555947
3872:
3866:
3865:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3812:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3704:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3623:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3559:(5550): 2335–8.
3548:
3542:
3541:
3530:10.2307/20022754
3513:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3492:
3482:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3409:Acta Crystallogr
3392:
3383:
3382:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3322:Dutch, Stephen.
3319:
3313:
3312:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3241:
3224:
3221:
3192:Machine learning
3039:Molecular clouds
3027:Peter Jenniskens
2919:hydrogen storage
2791:, also known as
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2554:phase transition
2490:
2470:
2421:
2417:
2076:
2075:
1610:Debye relaxation
1526:specific gravity
1511:
1314:refractive index
1245:
1244:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1195:
1194:
1182:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1102:
1101:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1001:
987:
986:
971:
957:
956:
936:
934:
933:
928:
926:
925:
917:
911:
910:
902:
887:
870:
835:
831:
829:
828:
823:
812:
786:
785:
773:
750:
749:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
713:
701:
687:
686:
682:
666:
655:
654:
650:
630:
626:
619:
612:
604:
602:
601:
596:
588:
586:
585:
572:
557:
546:
527:
525:
524:
519:
483:
472:residual entropy
416:
414:
404:
369:
367:
366:
363:
360:
338:Ice, water, and
326:Heat and entropy
310:would take on a
177:wurtzite lattice
91:states of matter
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
12478:
12477:
12473:
12472:
12471:
12469:
12468:
12467:
12438:
12437:
12436:
12431:
12390:
12357:
12321:
12275:
12215:
12147:
12096:
12090:
11961:Albedo feedback
11949:
11863:
11849:Amorphous solid
11837:
11820:
11815:
11730:Quanta Magazine
11696:
11658:
11637:
11613:
11611:Further reading
11608:
11607:
11562:
11558:
11511:
11507:
11458:
11454:
11444:
11442:
11435:
11431:
11421:
11419:
11407:
11403:
11366:
11362:
11345:
11341:
11310:
11306:
11269:
11265:
11255:
11253:
11243:
11239:
11229:
11227:
11216:
11212:
11203:
11201:
11192:
11190:
11186:
11163:
11154:
11144:
11142:
11134:
11133:
11129:
11097:
11091:
11087:
11048:
11041:
11002:
10998:
10961:(7018): 731–3.
10951:
10947:
10910:
10906:
10869:
10865:
10816:
10812:
10775:
10771:
10734:
10730:
10707:
10703:
10672:
10668:
10663:
10659:
10618:
10614:
10565:
10561:
10522:
10518:
10510:
10487:
10481:
10472:
10461:
10454:
10423:
10419:
10380:
10376:
10339:
10335:
10304:
10295:
10264:
10260:
10230:
10225:
10221:
10179:
10173:
10164:
10154:
10152:
10125:
10119:
10115:
10105:
10103:
10088:
10084:
10055:
10040:
10000:
9994:
9990:
9934:
9929:
9925:
9894:
9890:
9880:
9878:
9877:on 29 July 2012
9849:(24): 11376–9.
9835:
9831:
9800:
9796:
9786:
9784:
9769:
9765:
9755:
9753:
9738:
9734:
9681:
9677:
9640:
9636:
9605:
9601:
9570:
9566:
9514:
9507:
9503:
9466:
9462:
9446:
9439:
9435:
9403:
9397:
9393:
9355:
9350:
9346:
9299:
9295:
9288:
9272:
9268:
9260:
9253:
9247:
9243:
9227:
9226:
9176:
9172:
9156:
9155:
9105:
9101:
9085:
9084:
9042:
9038:
8981:
8977:
8932:
8928:
8918:
8916:
8908:Langin, Katie.
8906:
8902:
8893:
8891:
8873:
8866:
8851:
8842:
8823:
8816:
8781:Phys. Rev. Lett
8776:
8770:
8766:
8757:
8755:
8737:
8730:
8677:
8668:
8660:
8656:
8621:Phys. Rev. Lett
8616:
8610:
8606:
8543:
8536:
8520:
8519:
8513:
8511:
8504:
8500:
8445:
8436:
8378:
8374:
8313:
8309:
8252:
8248:
8199:
8195:
8138:
8134:
8124:
8122:
8106:
8102:
8063:
8059:
8004:
8000:
7961:
7957:
7926:
7922:
7877:
7873:
7826:
7822:
7783:
7779:
7770:
7766:
7729:
7718:
7687:
7683:
7634:
7630:
7600:
7596:
7591:
7587:
7556:
7552:
7521:
7517:
7490:Physics Letters
7486:
7482:
7472:
7470:
7469:on 14 July 2014
7466:
7443:
7440:
7433:
7429:
7386:
7382:
7340:
7333:
7329:
7297:
7293:
7251:
7247:
7205:
7201:
7171:
7167:
7133:
7129:
7095:
7091:
7049:
7045:
7025:
7021:
6995:
6991:
6965:
6961:
6909:
6905:
6871:
6867:
6833:
6829:
6787:
6783:
6767:
6766:
6716:
6709:
6694:
6685:
6640:
6631:
6572:
6561:
6542:
6529:
6466:
6445:
6436:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6417:
6360:
6356:
6346:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6252:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6218:
6214:
6198:
6197:
6149:
6145:
6126:
6109:
6062:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6027:
6023:
5968:
5964:
5949:
5945:
5938:Popular Science
5930:
5926:
5887:
5883:
5852:
5845:
5814:
5810:
5763:
5756:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5687:
5683:
5646:
5642:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5605:
5584:(13): 441–558.
5574:
5570:
5535:
5531:
5512:
5508:
5477:
5473:
5454:
5447:
5399:
5395:
5376:
5372:
5353:
5349:
5330:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5289:
5272:
5230:
5226:
5187:
5183:
5154:(6006): 76–78.
5144:
5140:
5091:
5084:
5045:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5010:
5006:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4949:
4945:
4892:
4888:
4859:(5173): 753–6.
4845:
4834:
4819:
4810:
4763:
4759:
4722:
4718:
4665:
4661:
4614:
4607:
4550:
4539:
4530:
4528:
4517:
4513:
4470:
4466:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4388:
4384:
4358:
4354:
4301:
4297:
4266:
4262:
4203:
4194:
4137:
4133:
4117:
4116:
4066:
4062:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3960:"SI base units"
3958:
3957:
3953:
3908:
3904:
3873:
3869:
3854:
3850:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3741:
3734:
3665:
3661:
3600:
3596:
3549:
3545:
3524:(13): 441–558.
3514:
3510:
3494:
3493:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3386:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3324:"Ice Structure"
3320:
3316:
3277:
3273:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3123:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3036:
3003:
2975:
2959:
2955:
2899:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2834:
2830:
2819:
2814:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2753:
2748:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2640:
2610:
2558:computer models
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2418:10 m; 2.40
2415:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2352:
2333:
2313:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2259:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2214:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2181:internal energy
2161:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2042:
2029:
2012:
2005:
1932:, which allows
1897:
1893:
1774:
1762:
1745:
1726:
1681:1.16 g/cm
1638:
1509:
1470:
1454:NA (amorphous)
1429:NA (amorphous)
1403:NA (amorphous)
1400:1.06±0.06 g cm
1372:NA (amorphous)
1369:0.94 g/cm
1335:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1274:
1236:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1009:
1005:
997:
979:
975:
967:
952:
948:
946:
943:
942:
918:
913:
912:
903:
892:
891:
883:
866:
849:
846:
845:
833:
808:
781:
777:
769:
745:
741:
739:
736:
735:
709:
705:
697:
678:
674:
670:
662:
646:
642:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
624:
621:
617:
614:
610:
581:
568:
567:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
544:
534:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
476:
460:
449:
439:
425:
412:
410:
403:5987 J/mol
402:
399:heat of melting
364:
361:
358:
357:
355:
354:was defined as
328:
296:
272:liquid nitrogen
248:crystal lattice
236:amorphous solid
232:
225:
213:
206:
174:
150:
141:
115:
107:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12476:
12466:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12433:
12432:
12430:
12429:
12418:
12407:
12395:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12386:Snowball Earth
12383:
12378:
12376:Little Ice Age
12373:
12367:
12365:
12359:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12329:
12327:
12323:
12322:
12320:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12283:
12281:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12227:
12225:
12221:
12220:
12217:
12216:
12214:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12186:Figure skating
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12157:
12155:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12104:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11971:Circle or disc
11968:
11963:
11957:
11955:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11871:
11869:
11865:
11864:
11862:
11861:
11856:
11851:
11845:
11843:
11839:
11838:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11814:
11813:
11806:
11799:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11766:phase diagrams
11755:
11745:
11735:
11720:
11695:
11694:External links
11692:
11691:
11690:
11684:
11679:
11662:
11656:
11650:. OUP Oxford.
11647:Physics of Ice
11641:
11635:
11620:
11612:
11609:
11606:
11605:
11556:
11505:
11462:Nature Physics
11452:
11429:
11401:
11380:(2): 361–365.
11360:
11339:
11304:
11298:10.1086/510017
11283:(1): L57–L60.
11263:
11237:
11210:
11184:
11152:
11127:
11108:(2): 367–383.
11085:
11058:(E1): E01012.
11039:
10996:
10945:
10904:
10898:10.1086/312098
10863:
10850:10.1086/323304
10810:
10769:
10748:(2): 126–136.
10728:
10701:
10682:(2): 719–739.
10666:
10657:
10644:10.1086/185730
10612:
10589:10.1086/176585
10559:
10516:
10470:
10452:
10417:
10390:(1): 177–189.
10374:
10353:(2): 481–489.
10333:
10328:10.1086/172065
10293:
10274:(3): 367–379.
10258:
10239:(E11): 25809.
10228:
10219:
10190:(2): 397–406.
10162:
10113:
10082:
10038:
10011:(2): 129–228.
9988:
9932:
9923:
9888:
9829:
9810:(6): 554–558.
9794:
9763:
9732:
9675:
9634:
9599:
9564:
9512:
9501:
9460:
9444:
9433:
9391:
9353:
9344:
9293:
9287:978-1429218122
9286:
9266:
9241:
9170:
9099:
9036:
8975:
8946:(2): 515–523.
8926:
8900:
8864:
8840:
8814:
8787:(12): 125508.
8764:
8728:
8693:(3): 297–302.
8686:Nature Physics
8666:
8654:
8604:
8534:
8498:
8434:
8372:
8307:
8246:
8193:
8148:(10): 105701.
8132:
8100:
8057:
7998:
7955:
7920:
7871:
7820:
7793:(10): 104506.
7777:
7764:
7716:
7681:
7628:
7609:(2): 165–173.
7598:
7594:
7585:
7550:
7515:
7496:(4): 291–292.
7480:
7438:
7427:
7380:
7338:
7327:
7291:
7245:
7199:
7165:
7127:
7089:
7043:
7019:
6989:
6959:
6903:
6865:
6827:
6795:Nature Physics
6781:
6707:
6683:
6629:
6559:
6527:
6443:
6415:
6354:
6304:
6243:
6212:
6143:
6107:
6053:
6044:
6021:
5962:
5943:
5924:
5897:(2): 567–580.
5881:
5843:
5808:
5773:(10): 104109.
5754:
5740:
5681:
5640:
5617:
5603:
5568:
5549:(5): 706–715.
5529:
5506:
5471:
5445:
5393:
5370:
5347:
5321:
5307:
5270:
5224:
5181:
5138:
5115:10.1086/176585
5082:
5032:
5004:
4986:
4959:(4): 1232–41.
4943:
4921:10.1086/178220
4906:(2): 1104–13.
4886:
4832:
4808:
4757:
4730:Env. Res. Lett
4716:
4679:(1): 186–192.
4659:
4624:(6): 586–587.
4605:
4560:(6): 663–668.
4537:
4511:
4464:
4417:
4410:
4393:Physics of Ice
4382:
4361:Pauling, Linus
4352:
4295:
4260:
4192:
4131:
4060:
4009:
3977:
3951:
3902:
3883:(3): 515–527.
3867:
3848:
3803:(19): 195701.
3787:
3732:
3679:(10): 104503.
3659:
3614:(13): 136002.
3594:
3543:
3508:
3465:(18): 185505.
3452:
3448:
3434:
3415:(6): 644–648.
3404:
3400:
3396:
3384:
3341:
3314:
3271:
3252:(2): 567–580.
3235:
3234:
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3225:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3122:
3119:
3082:
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3056:
3053:
3035:
3032:
3002:
2999:
2974:
2971:
2957:
2953:
2898:
2897:Human industry
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2832:
2828:
2817:
2812:
2809:hydrogen bonds
2801:global climate
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2638:
2622:Raman spectrum
2609:
2606:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2475:electric field
2472:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2424:
2403:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:) and water (H
2375:
2371:
2351:
2348:
2331:
2311:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2258:
2255:
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2223:
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2212:
2199:
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2100:
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2090:
2086:
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2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
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2000:
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1989:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1938:graphene oxide
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1891:
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1879:
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1401:
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1391:
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1333:
1328:
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1305:
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480:
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435:
423:
419:hydrogen bonds
327:
324:
308:superionic ice
295:
292:
284:Classification
231:
228:
223:
211:
204:
189:hydrogen bonds
172:
148:
140:
137:
114:
111:
105:
79:Roman numerals
77:of water. The
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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12224:Constructions
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12201:Speed skating
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12012:
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12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
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11812:
11807:
11805:
11800:
11798:
11793:
11792:
11789:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11756:
11753:
11749:
11746:
11743:
11739:
11736:
11732:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11708:
11703:
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11697:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11676:
11672:
11668:
11663:
11659:
11657:9780191581342
11653:
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11636:9780521112307
11632:
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11405:
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10214:
10213:1721.1/114323
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10130:Physics Today
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9067:
9063:
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9020:
9015:
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8524:
8509:
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8490:
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8480:
8475:
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8466:
8462:
8458:
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8439:
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8426:
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8418:
8414:
8410:
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8392:
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8368:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8311:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8250:
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8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8217:
8212:
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8080:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8061:
8053:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
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8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
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8002:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7959:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7924:
7916:
7912:
7907:
7906:10.1038/16594
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7875:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
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7831:
7824:
7816:
7812:
7808:
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7800:
7796:
7792:
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7759:
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7700:
7696:
7692:
7685:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7644:(2): 024302.
7643:
7639:
7632:
7624:
7620:
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7612:
7608:
7604:
7589:
7581:
7577:
7573:
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6350:
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6325:
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6320:
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6083:
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6075:
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6032:
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6017:
6013:
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6003:
5998:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5848:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5761:
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5750:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5708:
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5700:
5696:
5692:
5685:
5676:
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5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5613:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5487:(3907): 861.
5486:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5450:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5326:
5310:
5308:9780199587711
5304:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5008:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4736:(2): 025008.
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4315:(9): 092202.
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4013:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3702:11573/1440448
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3441:
3439:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:10.1038/19480
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3065:
3063:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:cryovolcanism
3012:
3009:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:near-infrared
2982:
2980:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2949:
2947:
2946:physisorption
2943:
2939:
2938:chemisorption
2935:
2934:liquification
2931:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2894:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2827:Besides ice I
2825:
2823:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2793:ice-phase-one
2790:
2787:(pronounced:
2782:
2769:
2757:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2604:in May 2019.
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:hydrogen ions
2516:
2506:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2455:
2433:
2423:
2422:10 in).
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2368:
2366:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2296:ferroelectric
2293:
2287:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2254:
2252:
2251:ferroelectric
2242:
2227:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2182:
2173:
2165:
2156:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2099:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2033:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1833:Orthorhombic
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:Ferroelectric
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:Rhombohedral
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:(at 350 MPa)
1508:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:NA (requires
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:A metastable
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:) (freezing)
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:Crystal form
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1231:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1035:
1026:
1025:, as before.
1010:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
983:
980:
972:
968:
964:
958:
953:
949:
938:
922:
919:
907:
904:
888:
880:
877:
871:
867:
863:
857:
854:
851:
843:
840:and R is the
839:
819:
813:
809:
805:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
782:
774:
770:
766:
760:
757:
754:
751:
746:
742:
733:
728:
715:
710:
702:
698:
694:
688:
683:
679:
675:
667:
663:
659:
651:
647:
643:
639:
608:
592:
589:
577:
574:
549:
541:
539:
538:Linus Pauling
529:
512:
509:
506:
500:
497:
494:
491:
473:
468:
455:
451:
448:
444:
434:
430:
427:
420:
408:
400:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:absolute zero
353:
349:
345:
341:
332:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
300:
291:
289:
285:
281:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:rapid cooling
237:
230:Amorphous ice
227:
221:
217:
208:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
169:Linus Pauling
166:
163:The accepted
157:
145:
136:
134:
130:
125:
120:
110:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:phases of ice
80:
76:
75:phase diagram
72:
68:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
12211:Tour skating
12011:Frost flower
11842:Major phases
11777:HDA in space
11758:Glassy Water
11728:
11705:
11670:
11646:
11625:
11573:
11569:
11559:
11524:
11518:
11508:
11465:
11461:
11455:
11443:. Retrieved
11432:
11420:. Retrieved
11414:
11404:
11377:
11373:
11363:
11342:
11317:
11313:
11307:
11280:
11276:
11266:
11254:. Retrieved
11240:
11228:. Retrieved
11213:
11202:. Retrieved
11187:
11170:
11166:
11143:. Retrieved
11139:
11130:
11105:
11101:
11088:
11055:
11051:
11009:
11005:
10999:
10958:
10954:
10948:
10921:
10917:
10907:
10880:
10876:
10866:
10823:
10819:
10813:
10786:
10782:
10772:
10745:
10741:
10731:
10714:
10710:
10704:
10679:
10675:
10669:
10660:
10626:
10622:
10615:
10572:
10568:
10562:
10529:
10525:
10519:
10495:
10491:
10464:
10433:(1): 51–61.
10430:
10426:
10420:
10387:
10383:
10377:
10350:
10346:
10336:
10311:
10307:
10271:
10267:
10261:
10236:
10232:
10222:
10187:
10183:
10155:19 September
10153:. Retrieved
10136:(6): 40–46.
10133:
10129:
10116:
10104:. Retrieved
10095:
10085:
10066:
10062:
10008:
10004:
9991:
9940:
9936:
9926:
9901:
9897:
9891:
9879:. Retrieved
9875:the original
9846:
9842:
9832:
9807:
9803:
9797:
9785:. Retrieved
9776:
9766:
9754:. Retrieved
9745:
9735:
9692:
9688:
9678:
9651:
9647:
9637:
9615:(1): 51–61.
9612:
9608:
9602:
9577:
9573:
9567:
9522:
9518:
9504:
9480:(1): 60–76.
9477:
9473:
9463:
9450:
9436:
9411:
9407:
9394:
9361:
9357:
9347:
9306:
9302:
9296:
9276:
9269:
9258:the original
9244:
9230:cite journal
9187:
9183:
9173:
9159:cite journal
9116:
9112:
9102:
9088:cite journal
9053:
9049:
9039:
8996:
8992:
8978:
8943:
8939:
8929:
8917:. Retrieved
8913:
8903:
8892:. Retrieved
8880:
8858:
8826:
8784:
8780:
8767:
8756:. Retrieved
8744:
8690:
8684:
8657:
8624:
8620:
8607:
8554:
8550:
8512:. Retrieved
8501:
8456:
8452:
8386:
8382:
8375:
8324:
8320:
8310:
8259:
8255:
8249:
8206:
8202:
8196:
8145:
8141:
8135:
8125:13 September
8123:. Retrieved
8113:
8103:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8015:
8011:
8001:
7968:
7964:
7958:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7888:
7884:
7874:
7833:
7829:
7823:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7772:
7767:
7740:
7736:
7694:
7690:
7684:
7641:
7637:
7631:
7606:
7602:
7588:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7528:
7524:
7518:
7493:
7489:
7483:
7471:. Retrieved
7464:the original
7451:
7447:
7430:
7389:
7383:
7350:
7344:
7330:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7186:
7182:
7175:Loerting, T.
7168:
7144:
7140:
7130:
7106:
7102:
7092:
7060:
7056:
7046:
7029:
7022:
7006:
7002:
6992:
6976:
6972:
6962:
6920:
6916:
6906:
6882:
6878:
6868:
6844:
6840:
6830:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6770:cite journal
6727:
6723:
6702:Live Science
6701:
6651:
6647:
6583:
6579:
6549:
6480:(1): 13394.
6477:
6473:
6435:. Retrieved
6433:. 2015-03-27
6430:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6323:
6317:
6307:
6259:
6255:
6236:11 September
6234:. Retrieved
6226:Science News
6225:
6215:
6201:cite journal
6160:
6156:
6146:
6133:
6069:
6065:
6047:
6034:
6024:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5946:
5937:
5927:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5859:
5855:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5770:
5766:
5743:
5698:
5694:
5684:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5630:
5620:
5611:
5606:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5519:
5509:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5461:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5383:
5373:
5360:
5350:
5337:
5312:. Retrieved
5293:
5240:
5236:
5227:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5098:
5094:
5052:
5048:
5023:. Retrieved
5017:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4856:
4852:
4827:Live Science
4826:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4621:
4617:
4557:
4553:
4529:. Retrieved
4524:
4514:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4392:
4385:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4214:
4210:
4152:
4148:
4134:
4120:cite journal
4077:
4073:
4063:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4000:. Retrieved
3993:the original
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3954:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3861:
3851:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3750:
3744:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3497:cite journal
3462:
3458:
3412:
3408:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3328:the original
3317:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3219:
3196:close-packed
3177:
3172:Cat's Cradle
3170:
3163:
3144:
3124:
3115:
3107:tiger stripe
3099:
3084:
3075:50000 Quaoar
3071:
3058:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2983:
2976:
2950:
2927:
2907:
2900:
2880:
2857:
2841:
2826:
2805:liquid water
2792:
2788:
2778:
2738:
2736:
2716:
2707:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2631:
2611:
2601:
2583:
2568:
2535:
2512:
2429:
2369:
2361:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2306:
2300:
2294:rather than
2288:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2248:
2228:
2221:
2209:triple point
2197:
2178:
2149:
2140:
2126:reproducibly
2125:
2122:
2118:
2105:
2084:
2063:
2043:
1956:
1873:
1758:
1735:Orthorhombic
1699:
1673:
1594:
1540:
1522:permittivity
1501:
1486:Rhombohedral
1472:
1443:
1418:
1331:
1280:273.15
1237:
1234:Known phases
1085:
1040:
939:
729:
550:
542:
535:
532:Calculations
464:
450:
431:
428:
396:
344:triple point
340:water vapour
337:
322:properties.
307:
305:
280:hyperuniform
277:
263:
233:
209:
201:
181:tessellating
162:
123:
118:
116:
103:
86:
84:
52:
36:
34:lead section
12381:Pleistocene
12095:Ice-related
12006:Frost heave
11940:Stalactites
11744:'s website.
11445:24 December
11230:January 23,
10883:(1): L101.
10629:: L27–L30,
9190:(1): 3162.
9119:(1): 1128.
7743:(16): n/a.
7531:(5): 1442.
6730:(1): 1129.
6431:ZME Science
5982:(1): 3161.
5767:APS Physics
5314:December 6,
5294:Ice Physics
4527:(in German)
3149:as well as
2973:Outer space
2962:molar ratio
2930:compression
2531:ionic water
2515:crystallize
2432:heavy water
1934:water vapor
1907:Square ice
1811:Monoclinic
1781:Tetragonal
1769:gigapascals
1684:Tetragonal
1658:Tetragonal
1605:Tetragonal
1395:shear force
1294:0.917 g/cm
1029:Refinements
415: J/mol
397:The latent
384:picoseconds
260:outer space
220:tetrahedral
12458:Cryosphere
12453:Glaciology
12442:Categories
12427:Wiktionary
12371:Glaciology
12326:Other uses
12196:Ice racing
12191:Ice hockey
12166:Iceboating
12097:activities
11868:Formations
11859:Superionic
11617:Ice phases
11475:2103.09035
11441:. Llnl.gov
11422:5 February
11204:2018-04-22
10924:(2): L43.
10789:(5): 122.
10063:Challenges
9950:1503.01830
9184:Nat Commun
9113:Nat Commun
8985:Loerting T
8894:2018-02-13
8758:2019-05-13
8564:1909.03400
8557:(1): 464.
8514:2022-09-11
8396:1607.04794
8269:1801.03812
8216:1507.02665
8120:Condé Nast
7039:1752797359
6930:1701.05398
6724:Nat Commun
6487:1607.07617
6437:2018-05-02
5025:4 February
4702:2429/33770
4567:1907.02915
4531:2021-02-18
4276:(8): 515.
4141:Loerting T
4074:Nat Commun
3621:1705.09961
3231:References
2860:inclusions
2848:deposition
2644:disordered
2523:conductive
2400:metastable
2249:Ice XI is
2055:liquid air
1975:Ice XVIII
1967:Hexagonal
1881:0.81 g/cm
1629:1.65 g/cm
1602:1.31 g/cm
1574:Monoclinic
1524:at 117. A
1516:Tetragonal
1327:1943/2020
1297:Hexagonal
1277:10,500 BC
441:See also:
268:micrometer
218:with near
133:metastable
129:metastable
12448:Water ice
12138:Sculpture
11954:Phenomena
11500:232240463
11354:1007.1792
11334:1520-6106
11080:140162310
10653:0004-637X
10607:122950585
10412:121008219
9727:206662912
9654:: 78–82.
9031:195764029
8889:0362-4331
8753:1059-1028
8723:256703104
8421:0021-9606
8349:2045-2322
8294:0021-9606
8241:0009-2614
8155:0906.2489
8087:1520-6106
7993:121266617
7915:204990667
7676:102581583
7287:245597764
6624:256768272
6377:1412.7498
5919:0021-9606
5803:247530544
5501:0036-8075
5432:0021-9606
5133:122950585
4795:0028-0836
4654:218913209
4600:195820566
4506:0370-1328
4459:0022-2488
4347:1098-0121
4255:256504172
4239:0036-8075
4080:: 16189.
4002:6 January
3970:31 August
3946:122365938
3810:1009.4722
3727:221746507
3711:0021-9606
3455:O Ice Ih"
3180:ice giant
3159:Enaiposha
3153:(such as
3102:Enceladus
3081:Icy moons
2789:ice one h
2781:biosphere
2691:×
2681:×
2635:deuterium
2598:ice giant
2581:lattice.
2505:conductor
2477:, H ions
2426:Cubic ice
1949:Ice XVII
1797:Ice XIII
1644:Ice VIII
1608:Exhibits
1580:molecules
1510:1.16 g/cm
1316:of 1.31.
1302:biosphere
1209:
1170:×
1161:
1104:×
1065:±
1056:
959:×
920:−
905:−
889:⋅
858:
800:
761:
510:±
501:
443:Ice rules
380:superheat
99:amorphous
39:summarize
12405:Category
12363:Ice ages
12317:Yakhchāl
12297:Icehouse
12123:Climbing
12118:Blocking
12113:Blasting
12031:Hair ice
11981:Crystals
11712:Archived
11600:22127059
11551:21343921
11224:Archived
11198:Archived
11145:25 April
11034:10348736
10983:15592406
10858:35561353
10508:Archived
10498:: 1009.
10231:O ice".
10100:Archived
10069:(1): 3.
9975:25912948
9935:O ice".
9881:22 April
9871:15268170
9787:12 March
9781:Archived
9756:March 8,
9750:Archived
9719:29590042
9559:23236184
9496:25380218
9386:17748273
9331:15758996
9222:34039987
9151:33602946
9080:31972078
9023:31257365
8987:(2019).
8970:30713649
8940:Chem Sci
8859:Phys.org
8809:15903935
8649:10038311
8599:32015342
8523:cite web
8493:31182582
8429:27908115
8367:27375120
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8095:16853726
8052:21321232
7950:97894870
7866:31673433
7858:22009223
7815:21405174
7473:24 April
7422:38999963
7414:11847334
7241:21946782
7085:96109290
7035:ProQuest
6955:13662778
6947:28323429
6861:26595233
6823:54544973
6762:33602936
6678:29780552
6648:Chem Sci
6616:31068720
6522:27819265
6402:25810206
6342:19585976
6284:25503235
6230:Archived
6193:44522271
6185:16556840
6102:44522271
6094:16556840
6016:34039991
5735:16591242
5598:20022754
5440:33832256
5265:59485355
4981:11542399
4938:33622340
4930:11539415
4881:11539186
4711:16482260
4646:32461682
4592:32015533
4247:36730416
4187:51969440
4179:30101255
4143:(2018).
4112:29923547
4047:16407948
3964:Archived
3843:15761164
3835:21231184
3775:19624212
3719:32933306
3654:44864111
3646:29341697
3589:43859537
3581:11743196
3538:20022754
3489:30444387
3379:17741864
3182:planets
3167:ice-nine
3095:Callisto
3091:Ganymede
2915:desorbed
2864:diamonds
2795:). Ice I
2783:is ice I
2730:O into D
2646:ice VI.
2546:diamonds
2350:Ice XVII
2204:hydrogen
1996:Ice XIX
1915:graphene
1866:Ice XVI
1840:doping.
1819:Ice XIV
1751:Ice XII
1617:Ice VII
1494:Ice III
1346:Diamond
1312:. Has a
1304:is ice I
1284:(0
1260:Density
1240:Bridgman
467:hydrogen
320:metallic
55:May 2024
12287:Cutting
12261:Pykrete
12181:Cycling
12176:Curling
12171:Cricket
12143:Skating
12133:Rafting
12128:Fishing
12108:Bathing
12051:Nucleus
12036:Jacking
12015:sea ice
12013: (
11945:Volcano
11909:calving
11907: (
11905:Iceberg
11900:Glacier
11762:Science
11716:YouTube
11578:Bibcode
11576:: 563.
11529:Bibcode
11480:Bibcode
11382:Bibcode
11285:Bibcode
11256:7 April
11175:Bibcode
11110:Bibcode
11060:Bibcode
11014:Bibcode
11006:Science
10991:4334385
10963:Bibcode
10926:Bibcode
10885:Bibcode
10838:Bibcode
10791:Bibcode
10750:Bibcode
10719:Bibcode
10717:: 659.
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10631:Bibcode
10577:Bibcode
10575:: 389.
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10392:Bibcode
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10314:: 353.
10276:Bibcode
10241:Bibcode
10192:Bibcode
10138:Bibcode
10106:30 July
10033:2741633
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9955:Bibcode
9906:Bibcode
9851:Bibcode
9812:Bibcode
9746:Science
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9656:Bibcode
9617:Bibcode
9582:Bibcode
9550:3535660
9527:Bibcode
9416:Bibcode
9366:Bibcode
9358:Science
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9311:Bibcode
9213:8155070
9192:Bibcode
9142:7892819
9121:Bibcode
9071:7008458
9001:Bibcode
8961:6334492
8914:Science
8789:Bibcode
8715:1542614
8695:Bibcode
8629:Bibcode
8590:6997176
8569:Bibcode
8484:6600908
8461:Bibcode
8401:Bibcode
8358:4931510
8329:Bibcode
8274:Bibcode
8221:Bibcode
8160:Bibcode
8043:3048133
8020:Bibcode
7973:Bibcode
7893:Bibcode
7838:Bibcode
7795:Bibcode
7745:Bibcode
7699:Bibcode
7656:Bibcode
7611:Bibcode
7597:O ice I
7568:Bibcode
7533:Bibcode
7498:Bibcode
7394:Bibcode
7390:Science
7375:4265919
7355:Bibcode
7309:Bibcode
7267:Bibcode
7221:Bibcode
7149:Bibcode
7111:Bibcode
7065:Bibcode
6887:Bibcode
6803:Bibcode
6753:7893076
6732:Bibcode
6669:5942039
6608:1568026
6588:Bibcode
6513:5103070
6492:Bibcode
6410:4462633
6382:Bibcode
6292:4464711
6264:Bibcode
6165:Bibcode
6157:Science
6074:Bibcode
6066:Science
6007:8154907
5984:Bibcode
5899:Bibcode
5864:Bibcode
5826:Bibcode
5795:1989084
5775:Bibcode
5703:Bibcode
5662:Bibcode
5551:Bibcode
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5219:4274283
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5176:4241205
5156:Bibcode
5103:Bibcode
5101:: 389.
5077:4265281
5057:Bibcode
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4861:Bibcode
4853:Science
4803:4180631
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4738:Bibcode
4681:Bibcode
4626:Bibcode
4572:Bibcode
4486:Bibcode
4439:Bibcode
4327:Bibcode
4278:Bibcode
4219:Bibcode
4211:Science
4157:Bibcode
4103:6026910
4082:Bibcode
4055:4404036
4027:Bibcode
3924:Bibcode
3885:Bibcode
3815:Bibcode
3755:Bibcode
3681:Bibcode
3626:Bibcode
3561:Bibcode
3553:Science
3467:Bibcode
3451:O and D
3417:Bibcode
3403:O Ice I
3399:O and D
3359:Bibcode
3351:Science
3334:12 July
3309:4382067
3289:Bibcode
3254:Bibcode
3188:Neptune
3155:Awohali
3134:and on
3132:Neptune
3121:Planets
2872:mineral
2739:in-situ
2708:in situ
2656:in situ
2608:Ice XIX
2479:diffuse
2408:helical
2146:Ice VII
2128:; when
1925:Square
1900:tension
1845:Ice XV
1717:Ice XI
1666:Ice IX
1587:Ice VI
1533:Ice IV
1461:Ice II
1377:viscous
1068:0.00015
1062:1.50685
836:is the
376:changed
368:
356:
288:glasses
175:is the
71:Log-lin
12420:
12409:
12398:
12292:Icebox
12251:Palace
12236:Bridge
12153:Sports
12071:Slurry
12046:Needle
11996:Frazil
11915:Icicle
11875:Anchor
11752:Nature
11707:Seeker
11654:
11633:
11598:
11549:
11498:
11332:
11102:Icarus
11078:
11032:
10989:
10981:
10955:Nature
10856:
10676:Icarus
10651:
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10526:Nature
10410:
10184:Icarus
10031:
10023:
9981:
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9303:Nature
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8919:17 May
8887:
8827:Nature
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6364:Nature
6340:
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5191:Nature
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4999:Nature
4979:
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4767:Nature
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3281:Nature
3205:carbon
3184:Uranus
3157:, and
3147:Europa
3140:Charon
3128:Uranus
3093:, and
3087:Europa
3055:Comets
2910:adsorb
2876:mantle
2624:, and
2602:Nature
2550:lasers
2257:Ice XV
2159:Ice XI
2102:Ice IV
2040:Ice II
1942:helium
1920:10GPa
1786:sphere
1709:Cubic
1692:Ice X
1632:Cubic
1561:1900s
1558:Ice V
1361:1930s
1248:Phase
832:where
730:Using
629:2 = 16
365:273.16
352:kelvin
350:. The
185:oxygen
119:higher
113:Theory
12343:Cream
12333:Chips
12312:Trade
12246:Igloo
12241:Hotel
12161:Bandy
12086:Storm
12076:Slush
12066:Shuga
12061:Shove
12021:Glaze
12001:Frost
11976:Clear
11966:Black
11935:Spike
11930:Sheet
11895:Field
11835:water
11831:state
11828:solid
11764:, on
11760:from
11750:from
11496:S2CID
11470:arXiv
11349:arXiv
11098:(PDF)
11076:S2CID
10987:S2CID
10854:S2CID
10828:arXiv
10603:S2CID
10550:S2CID
10511:(PDF)
10488:(PDF)
10408:S2CID
10180:(PDF)
10126:(PDF)
10029:S2CID
10001:(PDF)
9979:S2CID
9945:arXiv
9723:S2CID
9404:(PDF)
9335:S2CID
9261:(PDF)
9254:(PDF)
9027:S2CID
8777:(PDF)
8745:Wired
8719:S2CID
8617:(PDF)
8559:arXiv
8391:arXiv
8264:arXiv
8211:arXiv
8184:S2CID
8150:arXiv
8115:Wired
7989:S2CID
7946:S2CID
7911:S2CID
7862:S2CID
7672:S2CID
7646:arXiv
7467:(PDF)
7444:(PDF)
7418:S2CID
7371:S2CID
7283:S2CID
7081:S2CID
6951:S2CID
6925:arXiv
6819:S2CID
6620:S2CID
6482:arXiv
6406:S2CID
6372:arXiv
6288:S2CID
6189:S2CID
6098:S2CID
5799:S2CID
5594:JSTOR
5261:S2CID
5215:S2CID
5172:S2CID
5129:S2CID
5073:S2CID
4934:S2CID
4799:S2CID
4650:S2CID
4596:S2CID
4562:arXiv
4317:arXiv
4251:S2CID
4183:S2CID
4051:S2CID
3996:(PDF)
3989:(PDF)
3942:S2CID
3839:S2CID
3805:arXiv
3723:S2CID
3650:S2CID
3616:arXiv
3585:S2CID
3534:JSTOR
3305:S2CID
3211:Notes
3136:Pluto
3111:Titan
2495:anode
2414:(6.10
2390:and H
2229:Ice I
2072:0.000
1999:2018
1978:2019
1952:2016
1910:2014
1869:2014
1848:2009
1822:2006
1800:2006
1767:0.55
1754:1996
1720:1972
1669:1968
1647:1966
1620:1937
1590:1912
1536:1900
1497:1900
1464:1900
1439:1996
1414:1984
1387:2023
1351:cubic
1321:Ice I
1271:Ice I
1215:1.504
256:metal
124:below
95:water
12353:Pack
12348:Cube
12338:Core
12307:Pick
12280:Work
12271:Road
12266:Rink
12256:Pier
12081:Snow
12056:Rime
12041:Névé
12026:Hail
11986:Firn
11890:Dune
11885:Cave
11826:The
11742:LSBU
11652:ISBN
11631:ISBN
11596:PMID
11547:PMID
11447:2010
11424:2018
11330:ISSN
11258:2012
11232:2010
11147:2024
11030:PMID
10979:PMID
10649:ISSN
10157:2012
10108:2012
10021:PMID
9971:PMID
9883:2012
9867:PMID
9789:2018
9758:2018
9715:PMID
9555:PMID
9492:PMID
9382:PMID
9327:PMID
9282:ISBN
9236:link
9218:PMID
9165:link
9147:PMID
9094:link
9076:PMID
9019:PMID
8966:PMID
8921:2024
8885:ISSN
8805:PMID
8749:ISSN
8711:OSTI
8645:PMID
8595:PMID
8529:link
8489:PMID
8425:PMID
8417:ISSN
8363:PMID
8345:ISSN
8298:PMID
8290:ISSN
8237:ISSN
8176:PMID
8127:2009
8091:PMID
8083:ISSN
8048:PMID
7854:PMID
7811:PMID
7475:2012
7410:PMID
7237:PMID
6943:PMID
6857:PMID
6776:link
6758:PMID
6674:PMID
6612:PMID
6604:OSTI
6518:PMID
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6280:PMID
6238:2009
6207:link
6181:PMID
6090:PMID
6012:PMID
5915:ISSN
5791:OSTI
5731:PMID
5497:ISSN
5436:PMID
5428:ISSN
5316:2014
5303:ISBN
5027:2023
4977:PMID
4926:PMID
4877:PMID
4791:ISSN
4707:PMID
4642:PMID
4588:PMID
4502:ISSN
4455:ISSN
4406:ISBN
4343:ISSN
4243:PMID
4235:ISSN
4175:PMID
4126:link
4108:PMID
4043:PMID
4004:2019
3972:2012
3831:PMID
3771:PMID
3715:PMID
3707:ISSN
3642:PMID
3577:PMID
3503:link
3485:PMID
3375:PMID
3336:2017
3186:and
3138:and
3130:and
2956:to H
2837:halo
2660:i.e.
2338:and
2320:Pmmn
2310:HClO
2307:i.e.
2074:0545
1477:300
881:3.37
513:0.02
507:1.50
465:The
445:and
93:for
85:The
12231:Bar
11991:Fog
11925:Sea
11920:Jam
11880:Cap
11833:of
11818:Ice
11740:at
11586:doi
11537:doi
11488:doi
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11378:184
11322:doi
11318:102
11293:doi
11281:652
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11022:doi
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10934:doi
10922:422
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10881:519
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10824:122
10799:doi
10787:145
10758:doi
10746:328
10715:286
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10639:doi
10627:355
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10585:doi
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10530:344
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10400:doi
10363:doi
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10013:doi
9963:doi
9914:doi
9902:976
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9820:doi
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9545:PMC
9535:doi
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9424:doi
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8831:doi
8797:doi
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8637:doi
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8028:doi
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3064:1.
2966:sII
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