91:
2824:
100:, generated using ChimeraX. Part of the LOV2 domain is hidden for clarity of the active site containing FMN. The dotted blue lines represent hydrogen bonds predicted as important in binding. In green are Cys426 and Arg427 residues which are crucial in photoactivity and FMN binding, respectively, with mutations resulting in total loss of function of the protein. Upon photoexcitation, the sulfur (yellow) of Cys426 forms a covalent bond with the carbon 4 of FMN. (
136:, but some phototropins have been found in substantial quantities on chloroplast membranes. One study found that phototropins on the plasma membrane play a role in phototropism, leaf flattening, stomatal opening, and chloroplast movements, while phototropins on the chloroplasts only partially affected stomatal opening and chloroplast movement, suggesting that the location of the protein in the cell may also play a role in its signaling function.
116:
to a LOV domain in the dark, but becomes covalently linked upon exposure to suitable light. The formation of the bond is reversible once light is no longer present. The forward reaction with light is not dependent on temperature, though low temperatures give increased stability of the covalent
527:
Ishishita, K., Higa, T., Tanaka, H., Inoue, S. I., Chung, A., Ushijima, T., Matsushita, T., Kinoshita, T., Nakai, M., Wada, M., Suetsugu, N., & Gotoh, E. (2020). Phototropin2 contributes to the chloroplast avoidance response at the chloroplast-plasma membrane InterfAce1.
73:
within the cell, notably chloroplast avoidance. It was thought that this avoidance serves a protective function to avoid damage from intense light, however an alternate study argues that the avoidance response is primarily to increase light penetration into deeper
128:
at various sites across the enzyme. Phototropins trigger signaling responses within the cell, but it is unknown which proteins are phosphorylated by phototropins, or exactly how the autophosphorylation events play a role in signaling.
61:
to open. In addition phototropins mediate the first changes in stem elongation in blue light prior to cryptochrome activation. Phototropins are also required for blue light mediated transcript destabilization of specific
486:
Koyama, T., Iwata, T., Yamamoto, A., Sato, Y., Matsuoka, D., Tokutomi, S., & Kandori, H. (2009). Different role of the Jα helix in the light-induced activation of the LOV2 domains in various phototropins.
507:
Kong, S. G., Suetsugu, N., Kikuchi, S., Nakai, M., Nagatani, A., & Wada, M. (2013). Both phototropin 1 and 2 localize on the chloroplast outer membrane with distinct localization activity.
191:
Li, F. W., Rothfels, C. J., Melkonian, M., Villarreal, J. C., Stevenson, D. W., Graham, S. W., Wong, G. K. S., Mathews, S., & Pryer, K. M. (2015). The origin and evolution of phototropins.
689:
974:
682:
155:"A conserved isoleucine in the LOV1 domain of a novel phototropin from the marine alga Ostreococcus tauri modulates the dark state recovery of the domain"
675:
882:
57:
sensory system in plants that causes various environmental responses in plants. Phototropins specifically will cause stems to bend towards light and
388:
Kasahara, M., Kagawa, T., Olkawa, K., Suetsugu, N., Miyao, M., & Wada, M. (2002). Chloroplast avoidance movement reduces photodamage in plants.
46:
they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light environment. When phototropins are hit with blue light, they induce a
2865:
2227:
408:
Wilson, S., & Ruban, A. v. (2020). Rethinking the influence of chloroplast movements on non-photochemical quenching and photoprotection.
247:"Unexpected Roles for Cryptochrome 2 and Phototropin Revealed by High-resolution Analysis of Blue Light-mediated Hypocotyl Growth Inhibition"
2269:
1430:
733:
2378:
1116:
1003:
470:Ćabuz, J., Sztatelman, O., & Hermanowicz, P. (2022). Molecular insights into the phototropin control of chloroplast movements. In
443:Ćabuz, J., Sztatelman, O., & Hermanowicz, P. (2022). Molecular insights into the phototropin control of chloroplast movements. In
1391:
2364:
2183:
1829:
1425:
1415:
1410:
720:
702:
2466:
2347:
555:"Photoreceptors in plant photomorphogenesis to date. Five phytochromes, two cryptochromes, one phototropin, and one superchrome"
2053:
922:
2117:
1092:
2373:
2899:
2858:
907:
2105:
2430:
2545:
1362:
1352:
1037:
667:
2044:
2919:
2313:
1985:
1347:
1338:
286:
Brighton; et al. (2006). "Role of phototropin in the differential expression of blue light mediated mRNAs".
90:
2851:
2701:
1728:
1225:
1216:
873:
819:
2894:
2889:
916:
2904:
2884:
1940:
1758:
1254:
108:
Phototropins have two distinct light, oxygen, or voltage regulated domains (LOV1, LOV2) that each bind
154:
2909:
2802:
2789:
2776:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2686:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1890:
1685:
1460:
1056:
2696:
2650:
2593:
2153:
2144:
2095:
861:
706:
2598:
2453:
1876:
2619:
2538:
1152:
652:
318:
109:
23:
2691:
1719:
609:
120:
Light excitation will lead to a conformational change within the protein, which allows for
96:
8:
2655:
1828:
125:
47:
719:
613:
2914:
2588:
2330:
2284:
579:
554:
366:
341:
78:
layers in high light conditions. Phototropins may also be important for the opening of
2839:
1590:
1299:
697:
656:
627:
584:
371:
322:
268:
263:
246:
174:
2831:
2634:
2629:
2603:
2531:
1328:
1319:
1249:
1240:
1186:
1177:
834:
648:
617:
574:
566:
361:
353:
314:
258:
166:
113:
2681:
2665:
2578:
2009:
1080:
1075:
1070:
342:"A plant-specific protein essential for blue-light-induced chloroplast movements"
170:
2835:
2719:
2660:
598:"Mechanism of signal transduction of the LOV2-Jα photosensor from Avena sativa"
2878:
2823:
2624:
2583:
1065:
133:
1133:
101:
2573:
2004:
829:
660:
631:
588:
375:
326:
272:
178:
39:
31:
27:
357:
200:
2797:
2732:
2568:
2210:
1842:
1782:
1665:
1585:
1309:
242:
70:
54:
43:
38:. Phototropins can be found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with
570:
2298:
772:
622:
597:
537:
475:
448:
417:
397:
124:
activity. There is also evidence to suggest that phototropins undergo
2771:
2745:
1259:
516:
496:
1615:
1510:
1505:
1500:
50:
pathway that alters the plant cells' functions in different ways.
975:
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase
2274:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
1999:
1994:
1645:
1610:
849:
844:
839:
79:
58:
2784:
2554:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2388:
2383:
2257:
2242:
2193:
2188:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2110:
2088:
2083:
1975:
1950:
1625:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1420:
1264:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1167:
993:
988:
962:
957:
952:
942:
937:
927:
767:
698:
121:
35:
2758:
2400:
2393:
2303:
2200:
2100:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1915:
1895:
1772:
1767:
1748:
1743:
1733:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1620:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1455:
1405:
1400:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1230:
1162:
1157:
1106:
1101:
1027:
1022:
1017:
983:
777:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
94:
The crystal structure of the LOV2 domain of
Phototropin-2 of
153:
Veetil, S.K; Mittal, C; Ranjan, P; Kateriya, S (July 2011).
2293:
2220:
2215:
2205:
2178:
1935:
1885:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1738:
1694:
1635:
1630:
1580:
1565:
1535:
1465:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1304:
1206:
1147:
1142:
1046:
1012:
897:
892:
887:
856:
824:
812:
807:
802:
792:
787:
75:
63:
2523:
152:
2262:
797:
782:
305:
Wada M, Kagawa T, Sato Y (2003). "Chloroplast movement".
34:
responses across many species of algae, fungi and higher
2452:
639:
Christie JM (2007). "Phototropin Blue-Light
Receptors".
340:
DeBlasio SL, Luesse DL, Hangarter RP (September 2005).
339:
2876:
595:
117:linkage, leading to a slower reversal reaction.
428:
304:
2859:
2539:
734:Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinases
683:
552:
69:Phototropins also regulate the movement of
2866:
2852:
2546:
2532:
1117:Goodpasture-antigen-binding protein kinase
690:
676:
1830:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
1004:(isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)) kinase
721:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
703:Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
621:
578:
365:
288:International Journal of Molecular Botany
262:
16:Class of photoreceptor proteins in plants
2365:Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase
653:10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103951
638:
433:(2 ed.). Fisher Press. p. 340.
319:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.135023
285:
132:Phototropins are typically found on the
89:
2348:Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase
333:
201:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00637
2877:
2527:
2451:
1827:
1093:Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase
718:
671:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
241:
226:
211:
2818:
2465:
2374:Bone morphogenetic protein receptors
596:Peter E, Dick B, Baeurle SA (2010).
553:Briggs WR, Olney MA (January 2001).
229:Molecular Basis of Botanical Biology
214:Molecular Basis of Botanical Biology
908:Dephospho-(reductase kinase) kinase
538:https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.00059
476:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac271
449:https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac271
437:
431:Fundamentals of Biomolecular Botany
418:https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.00549
398:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01213
298:
13:
1363:G-protein coupled receptor kinases
517:https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcs151
453:
231:. Phoenix Publishing. p. 213.
216:. Phoenix Publishing. p. 213.
85:
14:
2931:
1353:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase-2
1038:(tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) kinase
497:https://doi.org/10.1021/bi9009192
2822:
2045:Mitogen-activated protein kinase
546:
264:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01038.x
2431:Anti-MĂŒllerian hormone receptor
2314:(acetyl-CoA carboxylase) kinase
1986:(RNA-polymerase)-subunit kinase
1348:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase
1339:Beta adrenergic receptor kinase
521:
501:
480:
422:
402:
2054:Extracellular signal-regulated
641:Annual Review of Plant Biology
472:Journal of Experimental Botany
445:Journal of Experimental Botany
382:
279:
235:
220:
205:
185:
146:
1:
2118:P38 mitogen-activated protein
1217:cGMP-dependent protein kinase
1178:cAMP-dependent protein kinase
874:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
820:Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
139:
53:Phototropins are part of the
2838:. You can help Knowledge by
917:AMP-activated protein kinase
171:10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.04.008
7:
2553:
1832:(EC 2.7.11.21-EC 2.7.11.30)
10:
2936:
2900:Integral membrane proteins
2817:
1759:Elongation factor 2 kinase
723:(EC 2.7.11.1-EC 2.7.11.20)
193:Frontiers in Plant Science
2710:
2702:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
2674:
2643:
2612:
2561:
2461:
2447:
2363:
2346:
2329:
2312:
2283:
2154:MAP kinase kinase kinases
2143:
2043:
1984:
1875:
1841:
1837:
1823:
1781:
1757:
1718:
1686:Myosin light-chain kinase
1684:
1392:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
1390:
1361:
1337:
1318:
1239:
1215:
1176:
1132:
1115:
1091:
1057:Myosin-heavy-chain kinase
1055:
1036:
1002:
973:
906:
872:
732:
728:
714:
509:Plant and Cell Physiology
2594:Diffusion-limited enzyme
2454:Dual-specificity kinases
1877:Cyclin-dependent kinase
429:Smith, Garland (2010).
2920:Membrane protein stubs
2834:ârelated article is a
105:
24:photoreceptor proteins
2687:EadieâHofstee diagram
2620:Allosteric regulation
474:(Vol. 73, Issue 18).
447:(Vol. 73, Issue 18).
358:10.1104/pp.105.061887
110:flavin mononucleotide
93:
2697:LineweaverâBurk plot
1720:Phosphorylase kinase
159:Biochim Biophys Acta
97:Arabidopsis thaliana
26:(more specifically,
2895:Biological pigments
2890:Signal transduction
614:2010NatCo...1..122P
571:10.1104/pp.125.1.85
307:Annu Rev Plant Biol
126:autophosphorylation
114:noncovalently bound
48:signal transduction
2656:Enzyme superfamily
2589:Enzyme promiscuity
2331:Tropomyosin kinase
2285:Tau-protein kinase
623:10.1038/ncomms1121
112:(FMN). The FMN is
106:
2905:Molecular biology
2885:Sensory receptors
2847:
2846:
2812:
2811:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1300:Protein kinase N1
1255:Protein kinase Cζ
251:The Plant Journal
2927:
2910:Plant physiology
2868:
2861:
2854:
2832:membrane protein
2826:
2819:
2692:HanesâWoolf plot
2635:Enzyme activator
2630:Enzyme inhibitor
2604:Enzyme catalysis
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2463:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2096:C-Jun N-terminal
1839:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1329:Rhodopsin kinase
1320:Rhodopsin kinase
1250:Protein kinase C
1241:Protein kinase C
1226:Protein kinase G
1187:Protein kinase A
798:Protein kinase B
730:
729:
716:
715:
692:
685:
678:
669:
668:
664:
635:
625:
592:
582:
540:
530:Plant Physiology
525:
519:
505:
499:
484:
478:
468:
451:
441:
435:
434:
426:
420:
410:Plant Physiology
406:
400:
386:
380:
379:
369:
337:
331:
330:
302:
296:
295:
283:
277:
276:
266:
239:
233:
232:
224:
218:
217:
209:
203:
189:
183:
182:
150:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2720:Oxidoreductases
2706:
2682:Enzyme kinetics
2670:
2666:List of enzymes
2639:
2608:
2579:Catalytic triad
2557:
2552:
2522:
2509:
2457:
2435:
2359:
2342:
2325:
2308:
2279:
2139:
2039:
2010:P70-S6 Kinase 1
1980:
1871:
1833:
1811:
1777:
1753:
1714:
1680:
1386:
1357:
1333:
1314:
1235:
1211:
1172:
1128:
1111:
1087:
1081:Aurora C kinase
1076:Aurora B kinase
1071:Aurora A kinase
1051:
1032:
998:
969:
902:
868:
724:
710:
696:
549:
544:
543:
526:
522:
506:
502:
485:
481:
469:
454:
442:
438:
427:
423:
407:
403:
387:
383:
338:
334:
303:
299:
284:
280:
240:
236:
225:
221:
210:
206:
190:
186:
151:
147:
142:
134:plasma membrane
88:
86:Enzyme activity
30:) that mediate
22:are blue light
17:
12:
11:
5:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2827:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2644:Classification
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2370:
2368:
2367:(EC 2.7.11.30)
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2350:(EC 2.7.11.29)
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:(EC 2.7.11.28)
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:(EC 2.7.11.27)
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2287:(EC 2.7.11.26)
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2147:(EC 2.7.11.25)
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2050:
2048:
2047:(EC 2.7.11.24)
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1988:(EC 2.7.11.23)
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1879:(EC 2.7.11.22)
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1845:(EC 2.7.11.21)
1835:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1785:(EC 2.7.11.21)
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1761:(EC 2.7.11.20)
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1722:(EC 2.7.11.19)
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1688:(EC 2.7.11.18)
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1394:(EC 2.7.11.17)
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1365:(EC 2.7.11.16)
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1341:(EC 2.7.11.15)
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1322:(EC 2.7.11.14)
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1243:(EC 2.7.11.13)
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1219:(EC 2.7.11.12)
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1180:(EC 2.7.11.11)
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1137:
1136:(EC 2.7.11.10)
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
991:
986:
980:
978:
971:
970:
968:
967:
966:
965:
960:
955:
947:
946:
945:
940:
932:
931:
930:
925:
913:
911:
904:
903:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
879:
877:
870:
869:
867:
866:
865:
864:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
837:
827:
822:
817:
816:
815:
810:
805:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
737:
726:
725:
712:
711:
695:
694:
687:
680:
672:
666:
665:
636:
593:
548:
545:
542:
541:
520:
500:
479:
452:
436:
421:
401:
381:
332:
297:
294:(54): 672â691.
278:
234:
227:Price (2009).
219:
212:Price (2009).
204:
184:
144:
143:
141:
138:
87:
84:
66:in the cell.
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2932:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:Enzyme family
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Cooperativity
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Oxyanion hole
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:(EC 2.7.11.9)
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:(EC 2.7.11.8)
1094:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:Aurora kinase
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:(EC 2.7.11.7)
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:(EC 2.7.11.6)
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:(EC 2.7.11.5)
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
977:(EC 2.7.11.4)
976:
972:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
910:(EC 2.7.11.3)
909:
905:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
876:(EC 2.7.11.2)
875:
871:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
830:EIF-2 kinases
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
738:
736:(EC 2.7.11.1)
735:
731:
727:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
673:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
629:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Plant Physiol
556:
551:
550:
547:Other sources
539:
535:
531:
524:
518:
514:
510:
504:
498:
494:
490:
483:
477:
473:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
450:
446:
440:
432:
425:
419:
415:
411:
405:
399:
395:
391:
385:
377:
373:
368:
363:
359:
355:
352:(1): 101â14.
351:
347:
346:Plant Physiol
343:
336:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
301:
293:
289:
282:
274:
270:
265:
260:
257:(5): 471â78.
256:
252:
248:
244:
238:
230:
223:
215:
208:
202:
198:
194:
188:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:(7): 675â82.
164:
160:
156:
149:
145:
137:
135:
130:
127:
123:
118:
115:
111:
103:
99:
98:
92:
83:
81:
77:
72:
67:
65:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
41:
40:cryptochromes
37:
33:
29:
28:flavoproteins
25:
21:
2840:expanding it
2829:
2814:
2798:Translocases
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2733:Transferases
2730:
2717:
2574:Binding site
2005:P70S6 kinase
644:
640:
605:
601:
562:
558:
533:
529:
523:
512:
508:
503:
492:
489:Biochemistry
488:
482:
471:
444:
439:
430:
424:
413:
409:
404:
393:
389:
384:
349:
345:
335:
310:
306:
300:
291:
287:
281:
254:
250:
243:Folta, Kevin
237:
228:
222:
213:
207:
196:
192:
187:
162:
158:
148:
131:
119:
107:
95:
71:chloroplasts
68:
52:
44:phytochromes
32:phototropism
20:Phototropins
19:
18:
2569:Active site
2456:(EC 2.7.12)
1843:Polo kinase
1783:Polo kinase
565:(1): 85â8.
55:phototropic
2879:Categories
2772:Isomerases
2746:Hydrolases
2613:Regulation
1134:IÎșB kinase
709:2.7.11-12)
608:(8): 122.
602:Nat Commun
313:: 455â68.
140:References
102:PDBe: 4EEP
2915:EC 2.7.11
2651:EC number
1260:PKC alpha
647:: 21â45.
76:mesophyll
2675:Kinetics
2599:Cofactor
2562:Activity
1616:KIAA0999
1511:MAPKAPK5
1506:MAPKAPK3
1501:MAPKAPK2
661:17067285
632:21081920
589:11154303
396:(6917).
376:16113226
327:14502999
273:11439133
245:(2001).
179:21554927
2785:Ligases
2555:Enzymes
2275:MAP3K14
2253:MAP3K11
2248:MAP3K10
2238:MAP3K13
2233:MAP3K12
2035:RPS6KC1
2030:RPS6KA1
2025:RPS6KA3
2020:RPS6KA2
2015:RPS6KB2
2000:RPS6KA4
1995:RPS6KA5
1646:Kalirin
1611:SNF1LK2
850:EIF2AK4
845:EIF2AK3
699:Kinases
610:Bibcode
580:1539332
367:1203361
199:(AUG).
80:stomata
59:stomata
2759:Lyases
2505:MAP2K7
2500:MAP2K6
2495:MAP2K5
2490:MAP2K4
2485:MAP2K3
2480:MAP2K2
2475:MAP2K1
2426:ACVRL1
2421:ACVR2B
2416:ACVR2A
2411:ACVR1C
2406:ACVR1B
2389:BMPR1B
2384:BMPR1A
2258:MAP3K7
2243:MAP3K9
2194:MAP3K8
2189:MAP3K7
2184:MAP3K6
2179:MAP3K5
2174:MAP3K4
2169:MAP3K3
2164:MAP3K2
2159:MAP3K1
2133:MAPK14
2128:MAPK13
2123:MAPK11
2111:MAPK10
2089:MAPK15
2084:MAPK12
1976:CDC2L1
1951:CDC2L5
1626:SNF1LK
1451:CAMK2G
1446:CAMK2D
1441:CAMK2B
1436:CAMK2A
1426:CAMK1G
1421:CAMK1D
1416:CAMK1B
1411:CAMK1A
1265:PRKCB1
1202:PRKACA
1197:PRKACB
1192:PRKACG
1168:IKBKAP
994:BCKDHB
989:BCKDHA
963:PRKAG3
958:PRKAG2
953:PRKAG1
943:PRKAB2
938:PRKAB1
928:PRKAA2
923:PRKAA1
768:STK38L
659:
630:
587:
577:
495:(32).
390:Nature
374:
364:
325:
271:
177:
122:kinase
36:plants
2830:This
2711:Types
2467:MAP2K
2401:ACVR1
2394:BMPR2
2379:BMPR1
2304:GSK-3
2145:MAP3K
2106:MAPK9
2101:MAPK8
2079:MAPK7
2074:MAPK6
2069:MAPK4
2064:MAPK3
2059:MAPK1
1971:PFTK1
1966:PCTK3
1961:PCTK2
1956:PCTK1
1946:CDK12
1941:CDK10
1916:CDKL5
1896:CDKL2
1773:STK19
1768:EEF2K
1749:PHKG2
1744:PHKG1
1734:PHKA2
1729:PHKA1
1710:MYLK4
1705:MYLK3
1700:MYLK2
1676:DCLK1
1671:Titin
1661:TRIB3
1656:TRIB2
1651:TRIB1
1641:TSSK2
1621:STK40
1606:PSKH1
1601:PRKD3
1596:PRKD2
1576:PHKG2
1571:PHKG1
1561:OBSCN
1556:NUAK2
1551:NUAK1
1546:MKNK2
1541:MKNK1
1531:MARK4
1526:MARK3
1521:MARK2
1516:MARK1
1496:STK11
1491:DAPK3
1486:DAPK2
1481:DAPK1
1476:CHEK2
1471:CHEK1
1456:CAMK4
1431:CAMK2
1406:CAMK1
1401:BRSK2
1295:PRKCQ
1290:PRKCI
1285:PRKCG
1280:PRKCH
1275:PRKCE
1270:PRKCD
1231:PRKG1
1163:IKBKG
1158:IKBKE
1107:STK10
1102:FASTK
1028:IDH3G
1023:IDH3B
1018:IDH3A
984:BCKDK
778:ROCK1
763:STK38
758:MAST2
753:MAST1
748:LATS2
743:LATS1
536:(5).
515:(1).
416:(3).
64:mRNAs
2836:stub
2803:list
2796:EC7
2790:list
2783:EC6
2777:list
2770:EC5
2764:list
2757:EC4
2751:list
2744:EC3
2738:list
2731:EC2
2725:list
2718:EC1
2294:TPK1
2270:CDC7
2228:MLKs
2221:KSR2
2216:KSR1
2211:BRAF
2206:ARAF
2201:RAFs
1936:CDK9
1931:CDK8
1926:CDK7
1921:CDK6
1911:CDK5
1906:CDK4
1901:CDK3
1891:CDK2
1886:CDK1
1867:PLK4
1862:PLK3
1857:PLK2
1852:PLK1
1807:PLK4
1802:PLK3
1797:PLK2
1792:PLK1
1739:PHKB
1695:MYLK
1666:TRIO
1636:SPEG
1631:SNRK
1591:PKD1
1586:PIM2
1581:PIM1
1566:PASK
1536:MELK
1466:CASK
1461:MLCK
1382:GRK6
1377:GRK5
1372:GRK4
1310:PKN3
1305:PKN2
1207:PRKY
1153:TBK1
1148:IKK2
1143:CHUK
1047:STK4
1013:IDH2
898:PDK4
893:PDK3
888:PDK2
883:PDK1
862:WEE1
857:Wee1
825:mTOR
813:AKT3
808:AKT2
803:AKT1
793:SGK3
788:SGK2
657:PMID
628:PMID
585:PMID
372:PMID
323:PMID
269:PMID
175:PMID
163:1810
42:and
2299:TTK
2263:ZAK
840:HRI
835:PKR
783:SGK
773:CIT
649:doi
618:doi
575:PMC
567:doi
563:125
534:183
414:183
394:420
362:PMC
354:doi
350:139
315:doi
259:doi
167:doi
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