29:
772:
796:
784:
760:
857:
902:
457:
881:
667:
679:
869:
845:
703:
299:
691:
359:
1123:
1013:
530:
917:
1143:. The continued religious function of the site after the fall of the Roman Empire, evidenced by the reuse of monument remnants, attests to its importance. The Christian builders likely intended to "purify" this pagan site by constructing a church. The use of the blocks served a dual purpose: providing solid construction material and, by burying them in the foundations, removing them from view to make people forget the cult they represented. At about the same time,
415:
275:
1027:
394:. He asserted that he undertook the excavations only due to SAT's inaction. In contrast, the SAT stated that it intended to carry out the work and had allocated funds for this purpose. However, this was not possible due to an agreement between Father de La Croix and the municipality of Yzeures. Father de La Croix was repeatedly referred to as a "foreign archaeologist", alluding to his Belgian nationality.
941:. Alternatively, the god could be depicted in another posture, such as standing or on horseback, engaged in combat, accompanied by a prisoner or an Anguipede, as proposed by Gilbert Charles-Picard. In 1912, Émile Espérandieu proposed that his reconstruction of the Yzeures column be topped by a statue of Jupiter on horseback defeating the Anguipede, symbolizing the emperor's victory over Rome's enemies.
3777:
1065:. However, its function appears to be different since its decoration represents only gods or mythological heroes, in contrast to the sites at Glanum or Igel, where some sculptures depict secular scenes or representations of the deceased. The Yzeures pillar differs from the Pillar of the Nautes in that no Gallic deities are represented. Additionally, archaeologists and historians have noted that
503:
465:
blocks in the
Yzeures museum, including the pillar (21 or 25 blocks), temple (24 blocks), altar (2 blocks), and dedication (3 blocks). Thirteen large, undecorated blocks could not be associated with any of these monuments in the current state of knowledge. The results of these investigations suggest that the Yzeures monuments should be integrated into a
526:
successive setbacks, and is topped by a now-missing monumental statue. This interpretation concludes that the pillar takes the form of a very elongated step pyramid. The stylistic differences between the various levels of decoration indicate that multiple sculpting workshops were simultaneously producing the pillar's different tiers.
835:(In Gaul, Neptune was also the god of rivers and springs). It is also possible that a fifth character might be a dancer with crossed legs. This ensemble, on which some traces of polychrome paint are discernible, is preserved by the relief of the sculptures. However, it is too incompletely preserved for an overall interpretation.
999:, late 2nd and early 3rd centuries) is particularly challenging to interpret, as the location of its discovery in Yzeures is not specified. The dedication to Minerva, likely not linked to the pillar, is dated to the 2nd and 3rd centuries and exhibits technical similarities (same type of rock, painted decoration).
1205:
have some similarities. Both are potential secondary settlements near a watercourse that could facilitate the transport of goods. Both have a ford and are near the border of several territories. Furthermore, both are likely to have been endowed with an important cult center. This center would include
613:
The initial level of sculptures is square in plan, measuring 1.73 meters on each side and reaching a height of 1.85 meters (the only level whose height can be confirmed with certainty). Twelve identified blocks are attached to this level. It comprises three layers of superimposed blocks. Each face is
1238:
The documents published by Father de La Croix do not provide clarity regarding the number of additional blocks he extracted, in addition to those already removed by the contractor. Octave de
Rochebrune, however, indicates that Father de La Croix's excavations extracted 85 blocks in addition to those
1080:
through the allegories depicted in the scenes and characters. One of the functions of this pillar is likely to remind the conquered peoples of the imperial role and power, inscribed in permanence as suggested by the evocations of the
Dioscuri and the swan of Leda, symbols of eternity. The themes and
282:
In 1894, a decision was made to demolish the 12th-century church of
Yzeures-sur-Creuse, which was in disrepair and too small to accommodate the congregation. The decision was made to rebuild on a different site. The excavation started in 1895, uncovering and removing about ten sculpted blocks, which
401:
photographed the blocks and published his photographs along with drawings he had made. The blocks were left in their original state, under a simple shelter, without further study or observation, until the late 1960s. It appears that about ten or twenty (depending on the initial count) of the blocks
929:
The existence of a summit statue is highly probable, although it has not been discovered. Most similar monuments are likely to have had such statues, although few remnants can be found to attest to this. The general architecture of the pillar (tiers with successive setbacks up to the top) suggests
815:
plan and its dimensions, smaller than those of the other levels, cannot be precisely defined. Three of the octagon's eight faces are missing and cannot be reconstructed, and the lower-tier blocks are completely absent. However, it seems that the different scenes depicted complement each other and
1134:
Combining sacred and profane symbolism, the pillar is most probably part of the monumental adornment of an important ancient cult center, which also included at least one temple and an altar. This cult center was abandoned and then dismantled, perhaps several decades later. It was succeeded by a
481:
In 1895, the reconstruction of the Notre-Dame church was carried out without affecting the base of the north wall of the medieval nave, which was reused in the new building. Given the lack of surveys that permit the precise location of the
Merovingian church relative to later buildings, numerous
718:
This tier also has a square base, but it is smaller than the first (measuring 1.42 meters per side). Only two of the original three layers of blocks remain; the upper parts of each face are missing, making it impossible to determine the exact height. Seven blocks are known. Like the first tier,
464:
In 2014, a restoration of all the blocks on display at the museum was undertaken, accompanied by a meticulous study. It became evident that some blocks had been erroneously assembled in 1972 at the museum, which may have impeded their detailed examination. The investigations encompassed all the
525:
in the 1930s. This hypothesis is distinct from that proposed by Jean-Pierre Adam. Adam's reconstruction, proposed in 1972, is more aligned with the available evidence and suggests that the column, estimated to be nine meters high, consists of a bare base, three tiers of sculpted blocks with
261:, which is situated in the same commune as the excavation site where the blocks were discovered. In 1972, the pillar-related artifacts were subjected to a comprehensive examination; in 2014, they were integrated into a broader investigation of all the lapidary remains of Yzeures-sur-Creuse.
604:
The proposed reconstruction by Jean-Pierre Adam depicts a base comprising four layers of non-sculpted blocks, constructed with successive setbacks in a square plan and reaching a total height of about 1.70 meters. Among the thirteen non-sculpted blocks that have been preserved, none can be
330:
garden, but no records or in situ drawings were made. However, Father de La Croix took approximately one hundred photos of the blocks once extracted, which are currently held in the departmental archives of Vienne. He also created numerous drawings, which appear to have been lost. In 1896,
541:, decorated or plain, as observed in similar monuments. Four sculpted elements could be attributed to one such cornice, resulting in 25 preserved elements of the pillar. In addition to their aesthetic value, these cornices protect the blocks immediately below from rainwater runoff.
1150:
Nevertheless, no archaeological evidence allows for the precise location or extent of this cult center to be determined, nor for the consideration of other accompanying structures. The only remnants found are reused materials. About fifteen ancient sites, including at least three
190:
sarcophagi in the foundation trenches. Among the nearly one hundred blocks unearthed during the initial works (1895) and subsequent excavations (1896), twenty-one were identified as undoubtedly belonging to a monumental pillar. The blocks are organized into three levels of
586:
to the monument's faces for leveling purposes. The paint traces observed on the pillar indicate the presence of a polychrome decoration, comparable to that of the Igel mausoleum. A painted replica of this pillar, based on the original's remains, is on display at the
816:
that the entire level forms a single frieze. This may be why the various scenes are not separated by pilasters, in contrast to the lower levels. The sculptures exhibit even more pronounced relief than on the second level, to ensure optimal visibility.
976:
The theme, the style of the sculptures, with notable
Oriental influences in the representation of characters on the first two tiers, and the monument size collectively suggest a dating to the early 3rd century. The discovery of four coins of
1081:
techniques employed in the creation of this pillar demonstrate that, even in the third century, the influence of Greco-Roman sculptural art remained pervasive, even though the depictions of
Anguipedes are primarily Gallo-Roman creations.
719:
pilasters mark each corner. The relief of the sculptures is more pronounced than on the lower tier, which may be intended to facilitate the reading of the motifs, given that they are at a higher level and farther from the observer's eye.
1057:(constructed in the early 3rd century, contemporaneous with the Pillar of Yzeures), which influenced Jean-Pierre Adam's reconstruction. A comparison can also be made between the Pillar of Yzeures and other similar monuments, such as the
657:. These four deities might symbolize the victorious emperor in a coherent set with its symbolism, which could be called the "four-god stone". This is also the most immediately visible level for the observer, as it is at eye level.
326:, the discoverer of the ruins, conducted excavations from February 10 to 22, 1896, along the southern wall and the facade of the old nave. He identified approximately 85 or 95 blocks, extracted and stored haphazardly in the
510:
However, Louis-Auguste
Bosseboeuf and Octave de Rochebrune do not mention the hypothesis of a pillar and attribute all the sculpted blocks to the temple. Émile Espérandieu correctly identifies a pillar, but in 1912, in the
369:
A controversy arose between
Bosseboeuf and La Croix regarding their respective roles in the discovery and interpretation of the blocks, which were associated with several buildings, including a monumental pillar, a
473:, which are comparable in some aspects to Yzeures. In addition, the museum's layout was revised to correct the block assembly errors, improve the presentation of the remains, and enhance visitor information.
422:
In 1970, the blocks had to be relocated due to a street that was going to be created along the south of the church nave. From 1970 to 1972, the remains attributed to the pillar were meticulously studied by
3585:
Mémoire adressé à deux sections du ministère de l'Instruction publique et des Beaux-Arts: Comité des travaux historiques (section d'archéologie) et commission des monuments historiques (8 mai 1896)
2382:
2667:
Le centre carrier de l'Anglin (Indre et Vienne) et la carrière de sarcophages du haut Moyen Âge de Pied Griffé (Saint-Pierre-de-Maillé, Vienne), Campagne 2016. [Rapport de recherche]
2681:
1303:
Before the excavation ended, Father de La Croix wrote that he had identified the temple location, yet he could not continue his work and did not specify this location in his current notes.
2722:
3713:
2433:
Rapport à M. le Préfet sur une découverte de fragments antiques à Yzeures (Indre-et-Loire): supplément au bulletin de la société archéologique de
Touraine, premier trimestre 1896
2071:
Rapport à M. le Préfet sur une découverte de fragments antiques à Yzeures (Indre-et-Loire): supplément au bulletin de la société archéologique de Touraine, premier trimestre 1896
332:
303:
386:), which does not seem to relate to the pillar itself but more likely to the temple. Father de La Croix provided a detailed account of his disagreements with the SAT in a
315:
203:
heroes, likely topped by a now-lost statue. The recovered elements suggest a monument about nine meters high, probably built in the early 3rd century in honor of the
382:, and an altar associated with one of the former. Three blocks (out of five probable ones) permitted the reconstruction of a monumental inscription (dedication to
319:
1278:
2908:
3765:
3536:
3412:
3365:
3291:
3071:
2750:
2707:
2364:
2112:
795:
545:
3808:
991:, is not an indicator of precise dating, as the coins found likely continued to circulate long after Domitian's death. The discovery of a coin featuring
985:
at the end of the 1st century) on the excavation site, not grouped in a single deposit, does not contradict such a date. This element, which serves as a
2336:
942:
437:
Until the 2010s, despite the lack of further in-depth studies of the blocks of Yzeures, several publications reiterated the results obtained by Adam.
391:
783:
2386:
771:
450:
258:
85:
3632:
482:
historians hypothesize that in the intact foundations of this wall, which may overlap with that of the Merovingian church, other ancient blocks
3155:
522:
3653:
3567:
2984:
2572:
3737:
3603:
3380:
3333:
2544:
2497:
759:
1155:, have been identified in the territory of Yzeures-sur-Creuse. This territory was, in antiquity, at the border of the territories of the
1086:
3721:
3496:
3039:
3818:
2090:
Histoire des Francs, livres VII–X: texte du manuscrit de Bruxelles, Bibliothèque royale de Bruxelles, ms. 9403, avec index alphabétique
2088:
3261:
2998:
Martin, Stéphane (2015). "Circulation de la monnaie et données archéologiques. L'apport de la stratigraphie à l'histoire monétaire".
637:. Vulcan is shown with his anvil and tongs, although the face is not preserved. Mars is helmeted and armed in a style reminiscent of
3550:
3501:
3044:
2549:
1174:
linked to this cult center is highly plausible, despite the lack of formal confirmation based on the available evidence. An ancient
311:
97:
3798:
963:
However, in the absence of remains of the statue and a dedicatory inscription for the pillar itself, no hypothesis can be favored.
499:
Among the numerous blocks unearthed during the excavation, 21 have been identified as belonging to a monumental column or pillar.
856:
3462:
3813:
3803:
3118:
2963:
2875:
2528:
2294:
1182:
is attested at Yzeures, but the veracity of old mentions of ancient roads serving this territory, such as one connecting
3178:
2765:
28:
938:
1294:
The red paint traces applied to the engravings of the letters in the "dedication to Minerva" have also been preserved.
3661:
3094:
2916:
2636:
2319:
2250:
2053:
1248:
The same criticism was directed at Father de La Croix when he undertook the excavation of the site of Sanxay in 1882.
567:(fossils, flint nodules) remained in place, in relief, within the sculptures. Similar rock quarries, used for making
3699:
Yzeures-sur-Creuse (37). Les monuments romains: témoins de l'architecture religieuse d'une agglomération secondaire
2955:
2867:
2286:
430:, coinciding with the establishment of a local museum of ancient archaeology, founded in 1972 at the initiative of
253:
The preserved blocks of Yzeures-sur-Creuse, which were listed as protected objects in 1896 and integrated into the
1114:
buildings. They exhibit a similar iconographic symbolism to the Yzeures pillar, particularly on the second level.
1645:
Description du deuxième niveau sculpté: « cycles héroïques et épisodes des grandes luttes de l'Olympe »
1630:
Description du deuxième niveau sculpté: « cycles héroïques et épisodes des grandes luttes de l'Olympe »
453:
in Yzeures-sur-Creuse, which was constructed near the garden where the blocks were stored after their discovery.
283:
appeared to serve as foundations for a building measuring 10 Ă— 5 meters. This vanished building may have been a
3453:
Charles-Picard, Gilbert (1994). "Le vicus du Gué de Sciaux à Antigny (Vienne) en Poitou et son mini capitole".
2378:
1147:, the emperor of Rome from 424 to 455, ordered the destruction of pagan symbols to replace them with churches.
588:
2146:
Normand, Charles (1896). "Les fouilles d'Yzeures (Indre-et-Loire) et la Gigantomachie récemment découverte".
1041:
The pillar at Yzeures-sur-Creuse appears to exhibit a pronounced structural parallelism with votive funerary
486:
from the Yzeures monuments may be found. Some even suggest that only 50% of the blocks have been discovered.
163:
with shell inclusions. Some remnants were discovered in and near the foundations of the former church of the
2492:
746:
giants for control of Olympus. The 1972 study suggests that these scenes are an allegory of the victorious
2934:
Apollon, Mars et Minerve en Gaule centrale: approche Ă©pigraphique, iconographique et mythologique du divin
2093:(in Latin). Vol. VIII. Paris: Gaston Collon. p. 199. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024
880:
666:
406:, which, according to archaeologists and historians, reduces the archaeological significance of the loss.
945:
suggests that this representation might symbolize eternity, with death depicted as the defeated monster.
901:
678:
868:
844:
702:
2827:
Béal, Jean-Claude (1996). "Un nouveau pilier votif gallo-romain: le monument de Saint-Just d'Ardèche".
960:, whether endowed with the attributes of the god of gods or not, could be the subject of the statue.
934:
811:
This level of the sculptures is the least well-preserved, with only two blocks identified. It has an
2521:
Le sanctuaire du Gué-de-Sciaux à Antigny (Vienne, FR): genèse et évolution d'un lieu de culte picton
690:
579:
456:
3684:. Memoria Momenti (in French). Vol. 26. Chauvigny: Association des publications chauvinoises.
3428:
Gués et ponts antiques dans le territoire de la cité des Turons: mémoire de maîtrise en archéologie
295:. Camille de La Croix posited that these blocks appeared to delineate the location of this church.
3701:. Memoria Momenti (in French). Vol. 32. Chauvigny: Association des publications chauvinoises.
1925:
Deuxième niveau sculpté: « cycles héroïques et épisodes des grandes luttes de l'Olympe »
1277:
of the Yzeures temple might be more accurately described as an irregular polygon, similar to the
343:
he considered "the largest temple in Gaul." He proposed reconstructing the facade in a "classic"
3759:
3620:
3382:
Atlas Archéologique de Touraine: 53e Supplément à la Revue archéologique du Centre de la France
3335:
Atlas Archéologique de Touraine: 53e Supplément à la Revue archéologique du Centre de la France
3135:
3087:
Architecture et Urbanisme en Gaule romaine, t. I: L'architecture et les villes en Gaule romaine
2665:
2452:(in French). Vol. IV: Lyonnaise – deuxième partie. Imprimerie nationale. pp. 126–138.
575:
431:
398:
3598:
513:
3545:
3530:
3285:
3065:
2358:
1058:
735:
3593:
2482:
1265:
are not the most common in France. However, they are represented in Poitou, particularly at
1072:
The decorative elements allow the restored monument to be interpreted as a votive column to
2631:. L'Histoire par les documents (in French). Saint-Jean-d'Angély: Bordessoules. p. 85.
2314:. L'Histoire par les documents (in French). Saint-Jean-d'Angély: Bordessoules. p. 84.
982:
402:
extracted by Father de La Croix have since been lost. These were likely large, undecorated
372:
363:
348:
336:
1615:
Description du premier niveau sculpté: « une gigantesque pierre à quatre dieux »
335:
published a rough plan of the location of the remains based on de La Croix's indications.
8:
3782:
1111:
1091:
1066:
1046:
1018:
828:
568:
564:
358:
323:
298:
284:
240:
187:
144:
133:
933:
The statue may represent Jupiter, who may be depicted seated on his throne, as with the
3406:
3359:
2744:
2106:
992:
987:
626:
168:
164:
75:
3685:
3657:
3559:
3510:
3474:
3386:
3339:
3230:
3203:
3147:
3114:
3090:
3021:
2959:
2912:
2871:
2844:
2790:
2701:
2632:
2524:
2315:
2290:
2246:
2049:
1095:
996:
824:
583:
243:
236:
3714:"Photographs of the 1895-1896 excavations, Fonds Camille de La Croix (16 J 3 / 163)"
1122:
460:
Dedication to Minerva (partial view), attributed to the temple at Yzeures-sur-Creuse
445:
The elements of the pillar, which were protected in 1896, have been included in the
3466:
3195:
3011:
3003:
2836:
2782:
1140:
956:
found with the pillar remains and appears on the pillar itself. Alternatively, the
820:
630:
560:
470:
427:
288:
160:
52:
1600:
Description du premier niveau: « une gigantesque pierre à quatre dieux »
1103:
1012:
1220:
1215:
1202:
1175:
1144:
1099:
908:
469:. This aligns with recent investigations on the ancient site of Gué-de-Sciaux in
200:
196:
183:
529:
2981:
Carte archéologique de la Gaule: Carte et texte du département d'Indre-et-Loire
2952:
Jupiter dans les Gaules et les Germanies: Du capitole au cavalier à l'anguipède
2864:
Jupiter dans les Gaules et les Germanies: Du capitole au cavalier à l'anguipède
2569:
Carte archéologique de la Gaule: Carte et texte du département d'Indre-et-Loire
1156:
556:
172:
3225:(Ethnohistoire et archéologie, actes du colloque (7-8 mai 1983)) (in French).
2936:(PhD thesis) (in French). Paris: Univ. Paris I-Panthéon Sorbonne. p. 157.
2523:. MĂ©moires (in French). Chauvigny: Association des publications chauvinoises.
916:
544:
The rock used, homogeneous from one block to the next, is a locally extracted
347:
with eight columns, with the sculpted stones serving as bases for some of the
182:
church of Notre Dame, which started in 1895, led to the discovery of numerous
3792:
3689:
3563:
3514:
3478:
3390:
3343:
3234:
3221:
Audin, Pierre (1984). "La réutilisation des sites antiques par les églises".
3207:
3151:
3025:
2848:
2794:
1206:
monuments with comparable symbolism, such as pillars dedicated to four gods.
1077:
1073:
957:
537:
The transition from one tier of decorated blocks to another may be marked by
291:. Additional blocks were discovered in the trenches but temporarily retained
204:
112:
99:
3470:
3199:
2786:
2954:. Archéologie et culture (in French). Preface by Gérard Moitrieux. Rennes:
2728:
2488:
747:
550:
518:
446:
409:
344:
327:
254:
3430:(in French). Vol. 1. Tours: Université François-Rabelais. p. 54.
3379:
Hervé, Christèle (2014). "Les agglomérations secondaires gallo-romaines".
2840:
1117:
722:
The sculptures are dedicated to heroic traditions and battles on Olympus:
582:. The relatively poor quality of the base material needed to apply a
1152:
1054:
1032:
634:
571:
424:
211:
representations. The pillar is likely part of a complex of monuments and
63:
3007:
3016:
2341:
1282:
1136:
619:
440:
3332:
Hervé, Christèle (2014). "De la cité des Turons au diocèse de Tours".
2449:
Recueil général des bas-reliefs, statues et bustes de la Gaule romaine
1570:
Le « pilier d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse » ou pilier votif à Jupiter
3052:: CXI. November 29, 1865. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024
953:
414:
403:
224:
3652:. Carte archéologique de la Gaule (in French). Vol. 37. Paris:
521:, proposes a reconstruction that is not considered very credible by
302:
Plan of the former Yzeures church, based on an annotated drawing by
2447:
1910:
Premier niveau: « une gigantesque pierre à quatre dieux »
1195:
1160:
1050:
978:
743:
723:
650:
638:
615:
352:
208:
157:
625:
The first level of sculpture depicts four Roman deities: Jupiter,
274:
3743:
2222:
de Rochebrune, Octave (1989). "Restitution du temple d'Yzeures".
1187:
949:
832:
812:
739:
731:
727:
654:
646:
633:, and Apollo. Jupiter is depicted as a god of thunder, holding a
538:
390:
he sent in 1896 to several scientific authorities, including the
383:
220:
3089:. Les Hespérides (in French). Paris: Errance. pp. 160–161.
1026:
3186:
2773:
2731:. pp. 429–434. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024
1266:
1179:
1164:
1107:
1042:
642:
483:
387:
340:
247:
216:
192:
179:
42:
952:, who seems significant in Yzeures as she is mentioned in the
1171:
1062:
466:
378:
232:
228:
2345:(in French). Archived from the original on December 24, 2022
930:
that the summit statue was a major element of the monument.
1002:
339:, who examined the remains that year, attributed them to a
212:
3455:
Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France
3085:
Bedon, Robert; Chevallier, Raymond; Pinon, Pierre (1988).
2245:. Les Hespérides (in French). Paris: Errance. p. 53.
713:
2688:(in French). Archived from the original on April 23, 2019
2006:
Yzeures-sur-Creuse: une probable agglomération secondaire
1742:
Yzeures-sur-Creuse: une probable agglomération secondaire
3113:(in French). Chambray-lès-Tours: CLD. 1888. p. 75.
2435:(in French). Vol. VIII. Tours: Deslis. pp. IV.
2073:(in French). Vol. VIII. Tours: Deslis. pp. II.
823:, accompanied by the swan whose form Jupiter has taken,
502:
410:
First study of the pillar blocks during their relocation
2629:
L'Indre-et-Loire: la Touraine, des origines Ă nos jours
2312:
L'Indre-et-Loire: la Touraine, des origines Ă nos jours
1135:
Christian foundation around the mid-5th century during
1118:
Cult center within an undiscovered secondary settlement
269:
971:
264:
250:
elements of the ancient monuments in its foundations.
3272:(2): 282. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024
1201:
The sites of Yzeures-sur-Creuse and Gué-de-Sciaux at
622:. This level depicts four deities, one on each face.
494:
434:, with the intention of housing and showcasing them.
3772:
3084:
2184:(in French). Niort: Éditions du Terroir. p. 30.
806:
441:
Museum renovation and study of all lapidary deposits
1858:Histoire des découvertes: des sociétés savantes au
1839:Histoire des découvertes: des sociétés savantes au
1757:Histoire des découvertes: des sociétés savantes au
235:. The site's religious function continued into the
3625:Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, FERACF
2627:Audin, Pierre (1982). "La période gallo-romaine".
2310:Audin, Pierre (1982). "La période gallo-romaine".
2243:Les temples de tradition celtique en Gaule romaine
2048:(in French). Chambray-lès-Tours: CLD. p. 68.
922:Jupiter rider with Anguiped (Musée Lorrain, Nancy)
738:by attacking a serpent-like monster, and Mars and
608:
449:since 1992. They are currently on display at the
156:is an ancient monumental column constructed from
3790:
3764:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3535:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3411:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3364:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3290:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3262:"Note sur les monuments gallo-romains d'Yzeures"
3070:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2907:. Civilisations et cultures (in French). Paris:
2749:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2706:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2363:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2111:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1483:Le pilier d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse (Indre-et-Loire):
257:in 1992, have been on display since 1972 at the
33:Leda, the swan, Castor and Pollux (level 3)
3682:Le pilier d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse (Indre-et-Loire)
3133:
2283:L'architecture romaine dans l'Ouest de la Gaule
2021:D'Yzeures-sur-Creuse au Gué-de-Sciaux (Antigny)
1988:Troisième niveau sculpté: Léda et les Dioscures
1940:Troisième niveau sculpté: Léda et les Dioscures
1824:Les monuments romains d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse (37)
1707:Yzeures-sur-Creuse (37). Les monuments romains:
645:is shown with musical instruments, including a
476:
3452:
3176:
2866:. Archéologie et culture (in French). Rennes:
2763:
966:
3746:. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024
3670:
3546:"Le temple gallo-romain de Minerve Ă Yzeures"
3517:. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024
3393:. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024
3346:. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024
2663:
2651:
2221:
2209:
2167:
1794:Présentation générale des vestiges lapidaires
1727:Présentation générale des vestiges lapidaires
891:
599:
3495:Adam, Jean-Pierre; Jambon, Fabienne (1972).
2046:La Touraine disparue et ses abords immédiats
1069:does not seem to be represented at Yzeures.
3654:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
3591:
3582:
3543:
3440:
3259:
3247:
2985:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
2890:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
2445:
2418:
2194:
2128:
594:
392:Committee for Historic and Scientific Works
3809:Buildings and structures in Indre-et-Loire
3494:
3140:Revue archéologique du Centre de la France
2664:Morleghem, Daniel; Husi, Philippe (2016).
2430:
2068:
1472:
1460:
1439:
1424:
1405:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1355:
1343:
1328:
1076:, which would be a symbolic homage to the
935:chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia
215:buildings that also includes at least one
27:
3015:
2949:
2861:
2720:
2280:
2270:(in French). Niort: Terroir. p. 116.
3739:Reconstitution du pilier (Musée Minerve)
3425:
3111:Histoire de Touraine et d'Indre-et-Loire
2978:
2566:
2518:
2148:L'Ami des monuments et des arts français
2086:
1121:
1003:Votive pillar to Jupiter and the Emperor
528:
501:
455:
413:
357:
318:, were informed of the discovery of the
297:
273:
231:, all belonging to a still unidentified
3696:
3679:
3647:
3319:
2814:
2686:Voyages du patrimoine mondial en Europe
2469:
2268:Les ruines d'Herbord. Commune de Sanxay
2265:
2240:
2182:Les ruines d'Herbord, commune de Sanxay
2179:
2145:
2016:
2001:
1983:
1968:
1953:
1935:
1920:
1905:
1890:
1872:
1853:
1834:
1819:
1804:
1789:
1771:
1752:
1737:
1722:
1698:La double parenté du monument d'Yzeures
1693:
1683:La double parenté du monument d'Yzeures
1678:
1658:
1640:
1625:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1565:
1545:
1535:DĂ©couverte et historique des recherches
1530:
1515:DĂ©couverte et historique des recherches
1510:
1500:DĂ©couverte et historique des recherches
1495:
948:Other subjects for this statue include
819:Only four characters are identifiable:
714:Second level: Heroic battles of Olympus
362:Artist's view of the Yzeures temple by
3791:
3303:
3301:
2997:
2945:
2943:
2931:
2902:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2550:La Nouvelle RĂ©publique du Centre-Ouest
2334:
2043:
605:definitively attributed to this base.
351:columns, and topped with a triangular
3718:Archives départementales de la Vienne
3618:
3378:
3331:
3307:
3220:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2562:
2560:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2309:
2205:
2203:
2163:
2161:
1997:
1995:
1949:
1947:
1886:
1884:
1785:
1783:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1654:
1652:
1585:Complément à la restitution du pilier
1561:
1559:
1557:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1435:
1433:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1366:
1364:
1339:
1337:
801:Minerva fighting the giant Anguipedes
533:Potential element of a pillar cornice
2826:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2124:
2122:
2082:
2080:
2039:
2037:
1718:
1716:
270:Fortuitous discovery and excavations
3544:Bosseboeuf, Louis-Auguste (1896a).
3298:
3134:Bryant-Villerio, Christine (1999).
2940:
2801:
972:Monument from the early 3rd century
265:Discovery and chronology of studies
13:
3635:from the original on June 12, 2024
3606:from the original on June 12, 2024
3570:from the original on June 12, 2024
3266:Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest
3158:from the original on June 12, 2024
2829:Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise
2727:(in French). Vol. II. Paris:
2670:(in French). CITERES. p. 102.
2615:
2557:
2500:from the original on June 12, 2024
2456:
2431:Bosseboeuf, Louis-Auguste (1896).
2393:
2200:
2158:
2069:Bosseboeuf, Louis-Auguste (1896).
1992:
1944:
1881:
1780:
1667:
1649:
1554:
1519:
1445:
1430:
1411:
1361:
1334:
1239:already removed by the contractor.
1061:and the Pillar of Saint-Landry in
939:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
789:Mars fighting the giant Anguipedes
742:in separate "tables" fighting the
495:General appearance of the monument
312:Archaeological Society of Touraine
14:
3830:
3819:Roman religious remains in France
3706:
3551:Société archéologique de Touraine
3502:Société archéologique de Touraine
3463:Société des Antiquaires de France
3045:Société archéologique de Touraine
2134:
2119:
2077:
2034:
1713:
1273:has a regular octagon shape. The
807:Third level: An incomplete frieze
3775:
3673:Le temple gallo-romain d'Yzeures
3497:"Le pilier d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse"
3446:
3434:
3419:
3372:
3325:
3313:
3177:Charles-Picard, Gilbert (1977).
2956:Presses Universitaires de Rennes
2868:Presses Universitaires de Rennes
2764:Charles-Picard, Gilbert (1977).
2724:Histoire de la sculpture grecque
2287:Presses Universitaires de Rennes
2010:
1025:
1011:
915:
907:Figure of the statue of Zeus at
900:
879:
867:
855:
843:
794:
782:
770:
758:
701:
689:
677:
665:
506:Color copy of the Igel mausoleum
3799:1895 archaeological discoveries
3488:
3253:
3241:
3214:
3170:
3127:
3103:
3078:
3040:"Communication orale en séance"
3032:
2991:
2972:
2925:
2896:
2884:
2855:
2820:
2757:
2714:
2674:
2657:
2645:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2537:
2512:
2475:
2439:
2424:
2412:
2377:
2371:
2335:Bartel, Paul (March 13, 1896).
2328:
2303:
2274:
2259:
2234:
2215:
2188:
2173:
1977:
1962:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1866:
1847:
1828:
1813:
1798:
1765:
1746:
1731:
1687:
1663:Description du troisième niveau
1634:
1619:
1604:
1589:
1574:
1539:
1466:
1399:
1388:
1376:
1349:
1316:Le pilier d'Yzeures-sur-Creuse:
1297:
1288:
1251:
1242:
1232:
1198:), has not been substantiated.
609:First level: Four major deities
3671:de Rochebrune, Octave (1897).
2545:"Des visites au musée Minerve"
2062:
1504:
1489:
1322:
1139:' episcopate, as mentioned by
1084:Sculpted blocks discovered at
589:Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier
489:
376:-type temple with a polygonal
1:
3675:(in French). Vannes: Lafolye.
3587:(in French). Poitiers: Blais.
3583:de La Croix, Camille (1896).
3260:de La Croix, Camille (1895).
2983:(in French). Vol. XIII.
2682:"Igeler Säule (Colonne Igel)"
2571:(in French). Vol. XIII.
1309:
3814:Monumental columns in France
3804:3rd-century Roman sculptures
3385:(in French). Tours: FERACF.
3338:(in French). Tours: FERACF.
477:Potential future discoveries
154:pillar of Yzeures-sur-Creuse
22:Pillar of Yzeures-sur-Creuse
7:
3720:(in French). Archived from
3697:Tendron, Graziella (2014).
3680:Tendron, Graziella (2010).
3602:(in French) (XX): 211–215.
3592:Espérandieu, Émile (1912).
3002:(in French) (99): 157–173.
2950:Blanchard, Florian (2015).
2862:Blanchard, Florian (2015).
2553:(in French). July 31, 2014.
2519:Bertrand, Isabelle (2018).
2446:Espérandieu, Émile (1911).
2385:(in French). Archived from
2087:de Tours, Grégoire (1893).
1209:
967:Interpretation and function
563:of such hardness that some
239:with the construction of a
10:
3835:
2979:Boussard, Jacques (1960).
2721:Collignon, Maxime (1897).
2567:Boussard, Jacques (1960).
2493:French Ministry of Culture
2241:Fauduet, Isabelle (1993).
1126:Yzeures-sur-Creuse in the
1106:) have been identified as
892:Crowning: A missing statue
777:Perseus rescuing Andromeda
600:Base: Layers of bare stone
178:The reconstruction of the
16:Ancient monumental column.
3619:Hervé, Christèle (1999).
3426:Courtois, Julien (2004).
2337:"La découverte d'Yzeures"
765:Hercules rescuing HĂ©sione
314:(SAT) and its president,
140:
128:
91:
81:
69:
58:
48:
38:
26:
21:
3648:Provost, Michel (1988).
2932:Damour, Vincent (2005).
2487:Open heritage platform,
2281:Maligorne, Yvan (2006).
1226:
595:Iconography of the decor
316:Louis-Auguste Bosseboeuf
287:church as referenced by
219:, possibly dedicated to
195:sculptures representing
3471:10.3406/bsnaf.1994.9753
3200:10.3406/galia.1977.1557
2903:Coulon, GĂ©rard (2006).
2787:10.3406/galia.1977.1557
2483:"Notice No. PM37000620"
2044:Leveel, Pierre (1994).
1130:of the Turones (in red)
653:, and accompanied by a
517:and on a suggestion by
3594:"La colonne d'Yzeures"
3179:"Imperator Caelestium"
2766:"Imperator Caelestium"
1973:Une dédicace à Minerve
1473:Adam & Jambon 1972
1461:Adam & Jambon 1972
1440:Adam & Jambon 1972
1425:Adam & Jambon 1972
1406:Adam & Jambon 1972
1395:Adam & Jambon 1972
1383:Adam & Jambon 1972
1371:Adam & Jambon 1972
1356:Adam & Jambon 1972
1344:Adam & Jambon 1972
1329:Adam & Jambon 1972
1261:type with a polygonal
1131:
1110:in the foundations of
580:Saint-Pierre-de-Maillé
534:
507:
461:
432:Gilbert Charles-Picard
419:
366:
310:In November 1895, the
307:
279:
186:stone blocks and some
3742:(Video) (in French).
2841:10.3406/ran.1996.1470
2266:Pillard, Guy (1982).
2180:Pillard, Guy (1982).
1895:Pierre et polychromie
1125:
750:serving the emperor.
532:
505:
459:
417:
361:
301:
278:Old church of Yzeures
277:
3621:"Yzeures-sur-Creuse"
2911:. pp. 188–189.
1172:secondary settlement
1170:The hypothesis of a
1059:Pillar of the Nautes
730:from a sea monster,
467:secondary settlement
364:Octave de Rochebrune
337:Octave de Rochebrune
233:secondary settlement
223:, as evidenced by a
113:46.78611°N 0.87056°E
3783:Ancient Rome portal
3599:Revue Archéologique
3008:10.4000/pallas.3073
2224:Revue du Bas-Poitou
1958:Un temple polygonal
1877:Un temple polygonal
1809:Un temple polygonal
1776:Un temple polygonal
1279:temple of Trégouzel
1269:, where the temple
1047:mausoleum of Glanum
1019:Mausoleum of Glanum
754:Second level blocks
576:Angles-sur-l'Anglin
514:Revue archéologique
324:Camille de La Croix
109: /
2893:, pp. 212–214
2652:de Rochebrune 1897
2588:, pp. 345–348
2210:de Rochebrune 1897
2168:de Rochebrune 1897
1774:, pp. 32–33:
1643:, pp. 10–11:
1358:, pp. 100–101
1153:Gallo-Roman villas
1132:
988:terminus post quem
839:Third-level blocks
661:First-level blocks
535:
508:
462:
420:
367:
308:
280:
169:Yzeures-sur-Creuse
76:Yzeures-sur-Creuse
3120:978-2-8544-3157-5
2965:978-2-7535-3594-7
2905:Les Gallo-Romains
2877:978-2-7535-3594-7
2530:979-1-0905-3444-5
2389:on June 12, 2024.
2296:978-2-7535-0277-2
2029:Other references:
1331:, pp. 99–100
997:Septimius Severus
862:Leda and the swan
825:Castor and Pollux
561:oolitic limestone
399:Émile Espérandieu
237:Early Middle Ages
150:
149:
118:46.78611; 0.87056
3826:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3769:
3763:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3724:on April 4, 2019
3702:
3693:
3676:
3667:
3650:L'Indre-et Loire
3644:
3642:
3640:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3540:
3534:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3483:
3482:
3450:
3444:
3441:Bosseboeuf 1896a
3438:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3257:
3251:
3248:Bosseboeuf 1896a
3245:
3239:
3238:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2900:
2894:
2891:Espérandieu 1912
2888:
2882:
2881:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2624:
2613:
2610:Espérandieu 1912
2607:
2601:
2598:Espérandieu 1912
2595:
2589:
2586:Bosseboeuf 1896a
2583:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2419:de La Croix 1896
2416:
2410:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2195:de La Croix 1896
2192:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2132:
2129:de La Croix 1896
2126:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2023:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1141:Gregory of Tours
1029:
1015:
919:
904:
883:
871:
859:
847:
798:
786:
774:
762:
705:
693:
681:
669:
554:
428:Jean-Pierre Adam
289:Gregory of Tours
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
53:Shelly limestone
31:
19:
18:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3712:
3709:
3664:
3638:
3636:
3631:(17): 155–158.
3609:
3607:
3573:
3571:
3528:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3491:
3486:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3424:
3420:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3377:
3373:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3219:
3215:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3136:"Saint-Ambroix"
3132:
3128:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3083:
3079:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3037:
3033:
2996:
2992:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2948:
2941:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2860:
2856:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2802:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2719:
2715:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2625:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2565:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2394:
2376:
2372:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2239:
2235:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2144:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1952:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1919:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1889:
1882:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1788:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1736:
1732:
1721:
1714:
1703:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1668:
1657:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1605:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1575:
1564:
1555:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1494:
1490:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1257:Temples of the
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:Roman mythology
1216:Greek mythology
1212:
1145:Valentinian III
1120:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1005:
974:
969:
927:
926:
925:
924:
923:
920:
912:
911:
905:
894:
887:
884:
875:
872:
863:
860:
851:
848:
809:
802:
799:
790:
787:
778:
775:
766:
763:
716:
709:
706:
697:
694:
685:
682:
673:
670:
614:decorated with
611:
602:
597:
548:
497:
492:
479:
443:
412:
333:Charles Normand
320:ruins of Sanxay
304:Charles Normand
272:
267:
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
74:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3787:
3786:
3771:
3770:
3734:
3708:
3707:External links
3705:
3704:
3703:
3694:
3677:
3668:
3662:
3645:
3616:
3589:
3580:
3541:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3445:
3433:
3418:
3371:
3324:
3312:
3297:
3252:
3240:
3213:
3194:(1): 103–104.
3169:
3126:
3119:
3102:
3095:
3077:
3031:
2990:
2971:
2964:
2958:. p. 33.
2939:
2924:
2917:
2895:
2883:
2876:
2870:. p. 32.
2854:
2819:
2800:
2756:
2713:
2673:
2656:
2644:
2637:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2556:
2536:
2529:
2511:
2474:
2455:
2438:
2423:
2411:
2392:
2370:
2327:
2320:
2302:
2295:
2289:. p. 59.
2273:
2258:
2251:
2233:
2214:
2199:
2187:
2172:
2157:
2133:
2118:
2076:
2061:
2054:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2019:, p. 67:
2009:
1991:
1986:, p. 61:
1976:
1971:, p. 27:
1961:
1956:, p. 25:
1943:
1938:, p. 60:
1928:
1923:, p. 56:
1913:
1908:, p. 52:
1898:
1893:, p. 51:
1880:
1875:, p. 37:
1865:
1856:, p. 11:
1846:
1837:, p. 17:
1827:
1812:
1807:, p. 29:
1797:
1792:, p. 22:
1779:
1764:
1755:, p. 15:
1745:
1730:
1725:, p. 21:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1696:, p. 13:
1686:
1681:, p. 14:
1666:
1661:, p. 12:
1648:
1633:
1628:, p. 10:
1618:
1603:
1588:
1583:, p. 49:
1573:
1553:
1538:
1518:
1503:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1444:
1429:
1410:
1398:
1387:
1375:
1360:
1348:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1250:
1241:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1157:Bituriges Cubi
1119:
1116:
1049:(dated to the
1031:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1001:
973:
970:
968:
965:
921:
914:
913:
906:
899:
898:
897:
896:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
878:
876:
873:
866:
864:
861:
854:
852:
849:
842:
840:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
793:
791:
788:
781:
779:
776:
769:
767:
764:
757:
755:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
700:
698:
695:
688:
686:
683:
676:
674:
671:
664:
662:
610:
607:
601:
598:
596:
593:
557:Upper Jurassic
496:
493:
491:
488:
478:
475:
451:Minerva Museum
442:
439:
418:Minerve Museum
411:
408:
271:
268:
266:
263:
259:Minerva Museum
173:Indre-et-Loire
165:French commune
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
93:
89:
88:
86:Minerva Museum
83:
79:
78:
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:Period/culture
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3831:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3760:cite AV media
3745:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3663:2-8775-4002-2
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3634:
3630:
3627:(in French).
3626:
3622:
3617:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:(in French).
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:(in French).
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:(in French).
3456:
3449:
3443:, p. 336
3442:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3408:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3361:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3310:, p. 158
3309:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3287:
3271:
3268:(in French).
3267:
3263:
3256:
3250:, p. 337
3249:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:(in French).
3189:
3188:
3180:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:(17): 33–38.
3145:
3142:(in French).
3141:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3096:2-9034-4278-9
3092:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3051:
3048:(in French).
3047:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2987:. p. 16.
2986:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2918:2-8777-2331-3
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2831:(in French).
2830:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:(in French).
2776:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2746:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2638:2-9035-0040-1
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2612:, p. 212
2611:
2606:
2600:, p. 211
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2575:. p. 15.
2574:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2499:
2496:(in French).
2495:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2409:, p. 157
2408:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2321:2-9035-0040-1
2317:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2285:(in French).
2284:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2252:2-8777-2074-8
2248:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2226:(in French).
2225:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2150:(in French).
2149:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2055:2-8544-3253-3
2051:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2004:, p. 7:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1740:, p. 6:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1613:, p. 9:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1598:, p. 8:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1568:, p. 6:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1551:
1548:, p. 2:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1533:, p. 5:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1513:, p. 4:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1498:, p. 3:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1475:, p. 102
1474:
1469:
1463:, p. 106
1462:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1442:, p. 103
1441:
1436:
1434:
1427:, p. 105
1426:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1408:, p. 104
1407:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1385:, p. 100
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1346:, p. 101
1345:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Saint-Ambroix
1089:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
989:
984:
980:
964:
961:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
943:GĂ©rard Coulon
940:
937:, one of the
936:
931:
918:
910:
903:
882:
877:
870:
865:
858:
853:
846:
841:
838:
837:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
814:
797:
792:
785:
780:
773:
768:
761:
756:
753:
752:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
704:
699:
692:
687:
680:
675:
668:
663:
660:
659:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
606:
592:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
547:
542:
540:
531:
527:
524:
520:
516:
515:
504:
500:
487:
485:
474:
472:
468:
458:
454:
452:
448:
438:
435:
433:
429:
426:
425:archaeologist
416:
407:
405:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
374:
365:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
276:
262:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Roman deities
194:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3748:. Retrieved
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3722:the original
3717:
3698:
3681:
3672:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3628:
3624:
3608:. Retrieved
3597:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3555:
3549:
3531:cite journal
3519:. Retrieved
3506:
3500:
3489:Bibliography
3458:
3454:
3448:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3395:. Retrieved
3381:
3374:
3348:. Retrieved
3334:
3327:
3322:, p. 21
3320:Provost 1988
3315:
3286:cite journal
3274:. Retrieved
3269:
3265:
3255:
3243:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3191:
3185:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3143:
3139:
3129:
3110:
3105:
3086:
3080:
3066:cite journal
3054:. Retrieved
3049:
3043:
3034:
2999:
2993:
2980:
2974:
2951:
2933:
2927:
2904:
2898:
2886:
2863:
2857:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2817:, p. 30
2815:Provost 1988
2778:
2772:
2759:
2733:. Retrieved
2729:Firmin Didot
2723:
2716:
2690:. Retrieved
2685:
2676:
2666:
2659:
2647:
2628:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2568:
2548:
2539:
2520:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2489:Palissy base
2486:
2477:
2472:, p. 29
2470:Provost 1988
2448:
2441:
2432:
2426:
2414:
2387:the original
2373:
2359:cite journal
2347:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2311:
2305:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2151:
2147:
2095:. Retrieved
2089:
2070:
2064:
2045:
2020:
2017:Tendron 2014
2012:
2005:
2002:Tendron 2014
1987:
1984:Tendron 2014
1979:
1972:
1969:Tendron 2014
1964:
1957:
1954:Tendron 2014
1939:
1936:Tendron 2014
1931:
1924:
1921:Tendron 2014
1916:
1909:
1906:Tendron 2014
1901:
1894:
1891:Tendron 2014
1876:
1873:Tendron 2014
1868:
1857:
1854:Tendron 2014
1849:
1838:
1835:Tendron 2014
1830:
1823:
1820:Tendron 2014
1815:
1808:
1805:Tendron 2014
1800:
1793:
1790:Tendron 2014
1775:
1772:Tendron 2014
1767:
1756:
1753:Tendron 2014
1748:
1741:
1738:Tendron 2014
1733:
1726:
1723:Tendron 2014
1706:
1697:
1694:Tendron 2010
1689:
1682:
1679:Tendron 2010
1662:
1659:Tendron 2010
1644:
1641:Tendron 2010
1636:
1629:
1626:Tendron 2010
1621:
1614:
1611:Tendron 2010
1606:
1599:
1596:Tendron 2010
1591:
1584:
1581:Tendron 2010
1576:
1569:
1566:Tendron 2010
1550:Introduction
1549:
1546:Tendron 2010
1541:
1534:
1531:Tendron 2010
1514:
1511:Tendron 2010
1506:
1499:
1496:Tendron 2010
1491:
1482:
1468:
1401:
1390:
1378:
1373:, p. 99
1351:
1324:
1315:
1299:
1290:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1244:
1234:
1200:
1191:
1183:
1169:
1149:
1133:
1127:
1085:
1083:
1071:
1055:that at Igel
1045:such as the
1040:
993:Julia Mamaea
986:
975:
962:
947:
932:
928:
818:
810:
748:Roman legion
721:
717:
624:
612:
603:
543:
536:
523:Henry Auvray
519:Franz Cumont
512:
509:
498:
480:
463:
447:Palissy base
444:
436:
421:
396:
377:
371:
368:
345:Roman temple
309:
292:
281:
255:Palissy base
252:
177:
153:
151:
132:Listed as a
129:Registration
3558:: 335–353.
3223:Cæsarodunum
3017:2066/149923
2835:(26): 142.
2654:, p. 9
2421:, p. 3
2212:, p. 8
2197:, p. 7
2170:, p. 3
2131:, p. 5
1112:Merovingian
1033:Igel Column
641:' statues.
635:thunderbolt
574:, exist in
569:Merovingian
549: [
490:Description
285:Merovingian
241:Merovingian
209:allegorical
188:Merovingian
145:Gallo-Roman
116: /
92:Coordinates
64:3rd century
3793:Categories
3509:: 99–106.
3308:Hervé 1999
2781:(1): 101.
2407:Hervé 1999
2383:"13, 3075"
2342:Le Gaulois
1310:References
1283:Douarnenez
1163:, and the
1137:Eustochius
620:scrollwork
572:sarcophagi
565:inclusions
328:presbytery
193:bas-relief
101:46°47′10″N
70:Discovered
3690:1294-5870
3564:1153-2521
3515:1153-2521
3479:0081-1181
3407:cite book
3391:1760-5709
3360:cite book
3344:1760-5709
3235:0245-5196
3208:0016-4119
3152:0245-5196
3026:2272-7639
2849:2117-5683
2795:0016-4119
2745:cite book
2692:April 23,
2107:cite book
1098:) and at
1087:Ernodurum
995:(wife of
954:epigraphy
831:with his
813:octagonal
744:Anguipede
736:Andromeda
734:rescuing
726:rescuing
616:pilasters
584:lime wash
546:Rauracian
404:brickwork
397:In 1911,
322:. Father
227:, and an
225:epigraphy
175:in 1895.
161:limestone
104:0°52′14″E
3750:June 12,
3728:June 12,
3639:June 12,
3633:Archived
3610:June 12,
3604:Archived
3574:June 12,
3568:Archived
3521:June 12,
3397:June 12,
3350:June 12,
3276:June 12,
3162:June 12,
3156:Archived
3056:June 12,
2735:June 12,
2702:cite web
2504:June 12,
2498:Archived
2349:June 12,
2097:June 12,
1210:See also
1196:Poitiers
1184:Avaricum
1161:Pictones
1094:–
1053:era) or
1051:Augustan
979:Domitian
724:Hercules
651:plectrum
639:Lysippos
618:bearing
578:or near
539:cornices
353:pediment
207:through
158:Jurassic
49:Material
3744:Youtube
3465:: 309.
2909:Errance
1203:Antigny
1192:Limonum
1188:Bourges
1178:on the
1165:Turones
1128:civitas
1100:Antigny
1078:emperor
1074:Jupiter
1067:Mercury
1043:pillars
983:emperor
958:emperor
950:Minerva
909:Olympia
886:Neptune
833:trident
829:Neptune
740:Minerva
732:Perseus
728:Hesione
672:Jupiter
655:griffin
647:cithara
471:Antigny
384:Minerva
349:pronaos
306:in 1896
293:in situ
221:Minerva
205:emperor
184:ancient
141:Culture
3688:
3660:
3562:
3513:
3507:XXXVII
3477:
3389:
3342:
3233:
3229:: 67.
3206:
3187:Gallia
3150:
3117:
3093:
3024:
3000:Pallas
2962:
2915:
2874:
2847:
2793:
2774:Gallia
2635:
2527:
2318:
2293:
2249:
2154:: 295.
2052:
1862:siècle
1843:siècle
1761:siècle
1267:Sanxay
1180:Creuse
1159:, the
1108:reused
1104:Vienne
874:Pollux
850:Castor
827:, and
708:Apollo
684:Vulcan
643:Apollo
627:Vulcan
484:reused
388:memoir
341:temple
248:reused
244:church
217:temple
180:parish
136:(1896)
62:Early
43:Column
3182:(PDF)
3050:XVIII
2769:(PDF)
1275:cella
1271:cella
1263:cella
1259:fanum
1227:Notes
1190:) to
1063:Paris
553:]
379:cella
373:fanum
246:that
229:altar
201:Greek
171:, in
82:Place
3766:link
3752:2024
3730:2024
3686:ISSN
3658:ISBN
3641:2024
3612:2024
3576:2024
3560:ISSN
3537:link
3523:2024
3511:ISSN
3475:ISSN
3459:1992
3413:link
3399:2024
3387:ISSN
3366:link
3352:2024
3340:ISSN
3292:link
3278:2024
3231:ISSN
3204:ISSN
3192:XXXV
3164:2024
3148:ISSN
3115:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3072:link
3058:2024
3022:ISSN
2960:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2845:ISSN
2833:XXIX
2791:ISSN
2779:XXXV
2751:link
2737:2024
2708:link
2694:2019
2633:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2506:2024
2365:link
2351:2024
2316:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2113:link
2099:2024
2050:ISBN
1860:xxie
1841:xxie
1759:xxie
1176:ford
1096:Cher
821:Leda
696:Mars
649:and
631:Mars
213:cult
199:and
152:The
73:1895
39:Type
3467:doi
3270:VII
3227:XIX
3196:doi
3012:hdl
3004:doi
2837:doi
2783:doi
2379:CIL
1281:in
167:of
3795::
3762:}}
3758:{{
3716:.
3656:.
3623:.
3596:.
3566:.
3548:.
3533:}}
3529:{{
3499:.
3473:.
3461:.
3409:}}
3405:{{
3362:}}
3358:{{
3300:^
3288:}}
3284:{{
3264:.
3202:.
3184:.
3154:.
3138:.
3068:}}
3064:{{
3042:.
3020:.
3010:.
2942:^
2843:.
2803:^
2789:.
2771:.
2747:}}
2743:{{
2704:}}
2700:{{
2684:.
2617:^
2559:^
2547:.
2491:,
2485:.
2458:^
2395:^
2381:.
2361:}}
2357:{{
2339:.
2228:11
2202:^
2160:^
2136:^
2121:^
2109:}}
2105:{{
2079:^
2036:^
1994:^
1946:^
1883:^
1822::
1782:^
1715:^
1669:^
1651:^
1556:^
1521:^
1447:^
1432:^
1413:^
1363:^
1336:^
1167:.
629:,
591:.
559:)
551:fr
355:.
134:MH
3768:)
3754:.
3732:.
3692:.
3666:.
3643:.
3629:1
3614:.
3578:.
3556:X
3539:)
3525:.
3481:.
3469::
3415:)
3401:.
3368:)
3354:.
3294:)
3280:.
3237:.
3210:.
3198::
3166:.
3144:1
3123:.
3099:.
3074:)
3060:.
3028:.
3014::
3006::
2968:.
2921:.
2880:.
2851:.
2839::
2797:.
2785::
2753:)
2739:.
2710:)
2696:.
2641:.
2533:.
2508:.
2367:)
2353:.
2324:.
2299:.
2255:.
2230:.
2152:X
2115:)
2101:.
2058:.
1285:.
1194:(
1186:(
1102:(
1090:(
981:(
555:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
