Epigraphy - Knowledge

557: 1666:, held great amounts of property, both real and portable, the latter taking the form either of more or less precious offerings dedicated in the temple and its surrounding buildings, or of coined money. The inscriptions accordingly record gifts and acquisitions of landed property, leases and assignments, payments of rent and fines for default, loans and interest and many other business transactions suitable to a great landed proprietor or to a bank. They therefore throw much light upon the social and economic conditions of ancient life, such as are nowhere else recorded. Again, the lists of offerings dedicated in the temple and other buildings enable us to realise almost visually the appearance of their contents. These are described as being on the floor, on the walls, on shelves or in cases; they consisted of vases and other objects suitable for use in the temple service; ornaments and jewels; statuettes, mostly in gold and silver; weapons and tools; coined money; and 1857: 2027:

the cities concerned, or in common religious centres such as Olympia and Delphi. The simplest form of treaty is merely an alliance for a certain term of years, usually with some penalty for any breach of the conditions. Often an oath was prescribed, to be taken by representatives on each side; it was also not unusual to appeal to the god in whose temple the treaty was exhibited. In other cases a list of gods by whom the two parties must swear is prescribed. Commercial clauses were sometimes added to treaties of alliance, and commercial treaties are also found, agreeing as to the export and import of merchandise and other things. In later days, especially in the time of the Hellenistic kings, treaties tend to become more complicated and detailed in their provisions.

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dedications of altars, records of building or of engineering works accomplished. The facts directly commemorated are rarely important." But when the information from hundreds of such inscriptions is collected together, "you can trace the whole policy of the Imperial Government in the matter of recruiting, to what extent and till what date legionaries were raised in Italy; what contingents for various branches of the service were drawn from the provinces, and which provinces provided most; how far provincials garrisoned their own countries, and which of them, like the British recruits, were sent as a measure of precaution to serve elsewhere; or, finally, at what epoch the empire grew weak enough to require the enlistment of barbarians from beyond its frontiers."

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and dances are also matters of constant reference, especially in connection with lyrical or musical contests; the victorious band or performer often dedicated the prize in honour of the god. A special form of contest was that in dramatic performances, of which many records have survived, both from Athens and from many other parts of the Greek world. The regulation of athletic festivals, and the records of victors in their contests, also form a numerous class of inscriptions. As regards mysteries, though there are numerous regulations affecting the arrangement of celebrations and the conduct of those participating, there is, as was to be expected, very little concerning the actual performances.

49: 2720:), either beginning with the lower and proceeding step by step to the higher, or in reverse order with the highest first. Religious and priestly offices are usually mentioned before civil and political ones. These might be exercised either in Rome itself, or in the various municipalities of the empire. There was also a distinction drawn between offices that might be held only by persons of senatorial rank, those that were assigned to persons of equestrian rank, and those of a less distinguished kind. It follows that when only a portion of an inscription has been found, it is often possible to restore the whole in accordance with the accepted order. 1074: 1990: 1444:

these were intended to preserve for all time the records which they contained; but others must have been of only temporary interest. It seems, therefore, the more remarkable that they should have been incised on permanent material such as bronze, marble or stone – and incised in the first instance, with a care and perfection of technique which have led to their survival to the present day, so as to preserve for us invaluable evidence as to the life and institutions of the people who made them. Temporary and permanent value are therefore often combined in the same inscription. For instance, any Athenian citizen, visiting the

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the inscription should be set up. The formulae and preambles of such decrees vary considerably from place to place, and from period to period. Those of Athens are by far the most exactly known, owing to the immense number that have been discovered; and they are so strictly stereotyped that can be classified with the precision of algebraic formulae, and often dated to within a few years by this test alone. Very full lists for this purpose have been drawn up by epigraphist Wilhelm Larfeld, in his work on the subject. It is usual to record the year (by the name of the eponymous archon), the day of the month and of the

37: 61: 1811:, it was prescribed that "no horse, ass, mule, nor any other animal with a bushy tail should enter, and that nobody should bring such animals in or wear shoes or any article produced from pigs. There is also a fine for driving in sheep." Other precincts were protected in a more general manner from any invasion or violation. It was prohibited to cut wood or to remove earth and stones, or to drive any beasts into some precincts; the right of erecting booths was either restricted or denied altogether. Sometimes more detailed prescriptions are given for the whole organisation of a festival; thus, at 1874:

regulations, which were duly recorded in inscriptions; they varied greatly both in purpose and in character. Many of them had a definitely religious purpose, in the worship of certain gods; sometimes an alien community was given special permission to worship its own god or gods in its own way. Other associations were more social in character and served as clubs, or as burial societies. An interesting feature about such associations is that the lists of members of many of them include the names of women and of slaves, thus contrasting with the paternal basis of established religion in Greece.

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his familiar surroundings, not to make him live in the memory of his successors. The information which we derive from such inscriptions is invaluable to us; but such was not the intention with which they were made. On the other hand, inscriptions which were intended to be seen by the public and to perpetuate a record of events, or to supply useful information, were usually placed in places of common resort, above all in temples and sacred precincts. Sometimes they were cut on convenient rock faces, sometimes upon the walls of temples or other buildings. Most frequently the slabs of marble (

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especially in Mesopotamian statues or reliefs, they are cut right across the figures without any regard to the artistic effect. In late Greek or Roman work it is usual to cut any inscription relative to a statue or relief upon the basis on which this is mounted; but short inscriptions such as dedications or artists' signatures are often placed in some inconspicuous position upon the work itself. In the case of painted vases, the inscriptions relative to the subject represented are usually painted; but dedications and other inscriptions are often incised after the vase has been fired.

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cases a priest or priestess was allowed to take up a collection on certain days. On the other hand, the duties of a priest are often recorded; he had to see to the cleaning and care of the temple and its contents, to provide flowers and garlands for decorations and to supply the regular daily service. Sacrifices on great occasions were usually provided by the State, as also were important repairs; but in some cases a priest undertook these on his own account, and was honoured accordingly – for instance, by being allowed to inscribe his name in the restored temple.

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board of officials to render to their successors an account of their stewardship, and of the resources and treasures which they handed over. In all cases of public works, the expenditure was ordered by the State, and detailed reports were drawn up and inscribed on stone at intervals while the work was being carried out. In many cases there is a detailed specification of building work which makes it possible, not only to realise all the technical details and processes employed, but also the whole plan and structure of a building. A notable instance is the

997: 1543:. The distinction between the two is not always easy to draw; for in almost all ancient civilisations religion was a part of the established service of the State, and was under public control, or at least was closely bound up with political administration. It follows that many inscriptions relating to religious matters take the form of political decrees or state documents, and therefore might, especially as far as form is concerned, be included in either category; but it is usually possible to classify them according to their contents and intention. 2018:

centuries, how what was originally a system of physical and military training for Athenian youths from age of 18 to 20, with outpost and police duties, was gradually transformed. In later times there were added to the instructors in military exercises others who gave lectures on what we should now call arts and science subjects; so that in the Hellenistic and Roman times, when youths from all parts of the civilised world flocked to Athens as an intellectual centre, the ephebic system became a kind of cosmopolitan university.

1461: 1293:. But the change was already in process in private inscriptions, and even in official documents Ionic forms are sometimes found earlier. Inscriptions are dated in various ways, mostly by giving the name of a king, magistrate or priest. In the case of kings, they only give an approximate date, unless the year of his reign is given also. But in the case of most independent cities, the date is given by the name of an annual magistrate, and thus the year is precisely indicated. At Athens, the name used was that of the 1763: 1127: 2342: 1750:, the torch-bearer, and others who took part in the celebration of the mysteries. At Olympia, in later Greek times, we find a remarkable list of officials, that is: three priests, three libation pourers, two prophets, three custodians (of keys), a flute-player, an interpreter, a priest for the daily sacrifice, a secretary, a wine-pourer, three dancers at libations, a woodman (to supply wood for the sacrifices), and a steward and cook – the last no sinecure, in view of the numerous sacrificial feasts. 1711: 310: 1386: 1723:

the purpose, either by election or by lot. The duties and privileges of priests are recorded in many inscriptions, and vary considerably from place to place. It is recorded, for instance, what portions of a victim at any sacrifice were to be received by the priest. In any important temple this must evidently have been far more than the priest or his family could consume, and accordingly it must have been sold, and so constituted a considerable source of income. Consequently, a

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construction. The same applies to leaden water pipes which frequently bear dates and names of officials. Terracotta lamps also frequently have their makers' names and other information stamped upon them. Arms, and especially shields, sometimes bear the name and corps of their owners. Leaden discs were also used to serve the same purpose as modern identification discs. Inscriptions are also found on sling bullets – Roman as well as Greek; there are also numerous classes of

282: 7541: 9238: 8254: 2550: 2741:. Another kind of artist's or artificer's signature that is commoner in Roman times is to be found in the signatures of potters upon lamps and various kinds of vessels; they are usually impressed on the mould and stand out in relief on the terracotta or other material. These are of interest as giving much information as to the commercial spread of various kinds of handicrafts, and also as to the conditions under which they were manufactured. 1567: 1333: 491: 1674:. In addition to such general lists, there are also innumerable records of various gifts and acquisitions, whether of land and houses, or of movable property of all sorts. Buildings and repairs are also recorded, sometimes by the State, sometimes by individuals, whose piety and generosity are suitably honoured. In form, these are often hardly to be distinguished from public works of a secular character, which must be mentioned later. 844: 2223:. Many of them have been collected, and they form an interesting addition to the Greek anthology. In later times it becomes usual to give more elaborate praise of the deceased; but this is hardly ever so detailed and fulsome as on more modern tombstones. The age and other facts about the deceased are occasionally given, but not nearly so often as on Latin tombstones, which offer valuable statistical information in this respect. 585: 22: 9248: 1040: 2636:; but we do not, as a rule, owe our knowledge of these to inscriptions, which are very rare in this earlier period. In imperial times, to which most Latin inscriptions belong, international relations were subject to the universal domination of Rome, and consequently the documents relating to them are concerned with reference to the central authority, and often take the form of orders from the emperor. 2807: 1154:, which first gave the clue to the interpretation of Egyptian writing, hieroglyphic, hieratic and Greek versions of the same decree are given side by side. Its date is 195 BC. The Mesopotamian linear symbols developed mainly for technical reasons, into a wedge-shaped or cuneiform system, which was adopted in modified forms and applied to different languages through some thousands of years, 1670:, mostly melted down from old offerings. The detailed care that was taken in this last case, to ensure that the full weight of these objects was preserved, whether made into a new vessel or not, is recorded in other inscriptions. These elaborate inventories were checked and revised by each successive board of administrators, and gave the best possible security against any robbery or 1754:

temple is recorded. It is often difficult to know whether such slaves were intended for the service of a temple, or, on the other hand, such service was either purely formal or was not required at all, the sale to the temple being intended as fictitious, so as to enable a slave to acquire his own freedom and at the same time to secure the protection of the god in his free status.

1102:), stone metal or other material upon which the inscriptions were incised were set up in convenient positions to be read, in any places of public resort. This was the method of publication of all laws, decrees and official notices, of treaties and contracts, of honours to officials or private citizens, of religious dedications and prescriptions of ritual. Inscribed 1065:, including Phoenician, read from right to left; and the earliest Greek inscriptions follow the same direction. But the direction from left to right became regular in Greece after the 6th century BC, and consequently is adopted by the Romans and in all European systems. The individual letters or symbols usually face in the same direction as the writing, as a whole. 1843:. Here have been found, on large slabs of inscription, compiled, in all probability, from earlier documents, lists of the cures effected by Apollo and Asclepius. The cures are of the most varied kinds, from painful diseases or surgical cases to a lost boy and a broken cup. The formula is in almost all cases the same: the consultant come to Epidaurus, sleeps in the 715:

century, usually exactly aligned with the letters above and below, as well as those on each side. At that time all the strokes were made of equal thickness, but in the 4th century BC and later there came in the custom of holding the chisel obliquely to the surface, thus producing a wedge-shaped stroke. A similar custom in Mesopotamia gave rise to the so-called

2427:. This is, however, not in the form of a ritual prescription, but a detailed record of the due performance of the rite. An important class of documents is the series of calendars that have been found in Rome and in the various Italian towns. These give notice of religious festivals and anniversaries, and also of the days available for various purposes. 1930:), or both. The circumstances or the reason of the resolution are then given, and finally the decision itself. Some other cities followed Athens in the form of their decrees, with such local variations as were required; others were more independent in their development, and different magistracies or forms of government had various results. In the 2496:

follows the text of the law; and finally the sanction, the statement that the law was passed. In decrees of the senate the formula differs somewhat. They begin with a preamble giving the names of the consulting magistrates, the place and conditions of the meeting; then comes the subject submitted for decision, ending with the formula

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those in which the inscription existed independently for its own sake, or for the sake of the information which it recorded, and the object on which it was inscribed was either made for the purpose, as a slab of marble or plate of bronze, or was made use of, as in the case of a convenient wall or the surface of a rock, or even a

1304:, which is familiar to us from later Greek and Roman writers, was rarely used in early Greece, except in connection with athletic victories. Many inscriptions are dated from various local eras, often based upon historical events, such as the foundation of a town or festival, the organisation of a province, or even a visit of an 7010: 1522:, of using again old Greek statues and placing new dedicatory inscriptions on them in Roman times, a sort of "recycling": for instance, one of the statues of Athenian knights of the 5th century BC placed at the entrance of the Acropolis, had a later inscription cut on its base to make it serve as an equestrian statue of 2278:. These are of great number and variety, and while some of them can be easily interpreted as belonging to well-known formulae, others offer considerable difficulty, especially to the inexperienced student. Often the same initial may have many different meanings according to the context. Some common formulae such as 1974:-slips at the different harbours of the Piraeus, and of the ships of the Athenian navy, with their names and condition. In short, there is no department of state economy and financial administration that is not abundantly illustrated by the record of inscriptions. A set of records of high historical value are the 662:. In this case the symbols were incised or impressed on specially prepared tablets when the clay was soft, and it was subsequently hardened by fire. In Greece, many inscriptions on vases were painted before firing, in that case often having reference to the scenes represented, or incised after firing; potsherds ( 1315:, or other indications or titles, as in the corresponding Latin inscriptions. In later times, the dating is commonly by "Indiction"; but as this only gives the number of the year within the 15-year period, but leaves that period undefined, such dating is very inconvenient except for merely temporary use. In the 2711:

Honorary inscriptions are extremely common in all parts of the Roman world. Sometimes they are placed on the bases of statues, sometimes in documents set up to record some particular benefaction or the construction of some public work. The offices held by the person commemorated, and the distinctions

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As regards the contents of inscriptions, there must evidently be a considerable difference between records of a number of independent city states and an empire including almost all the civilised world; but municipalities maintained much of their independent traditions in Roman times, and consequently

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verses were written, curving about among figures, and giving a description of each scene. The bases of statues and reliefs often had inscriptions cut upon them for identification and record. This was particularly the case with honorary statues and tombstones. In other cases, where there is an evident

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The position or place of inscriptions depends greatly upon their purpose or intention. When they have a direct relation to the sculptures, reliefs or paintings with which they are associated, they often form a kind of pattern to fill the background or vacant spaces between the figures; but sometimes,

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The direction of the writing varies greatly in different places and times. The letters or symbols may be arranged vertically below one another, and read from top to bottom, or horizontally, either from right to left or from left to right; they may also be arranged in a kind of pattern – in which case

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at Olympia. Occasionally, and more frequently in later times, the artist's signature was carved upon some portion of the statue itself. But in later copies of well-known works, it has to be considered whether the name is that of the original artist or of the copyist who reproduced his work. (see for

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in doubtful or difficult cases; there the exact method of procedure is sometimes recorded, as well as the response of the oracle. Forms of worship are often prescribed or recorded, especially hymns, which are sometimes inscribed together with their musical notation. The performance of songs or hymns

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Inscriptions may be roughly divided into two main classes: those in which the inscription was subservient to the use or purpose of the object on which it was inscribed, or at any rate had a direct relation to that object – for example, the name of the owner or the record of dedication to a god – and

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Some kind of punctuation is often found in inscriptions of all kinds. In Greek inscriptions a vertical line or a dot, or dots, sometimes indicates the separation between sentences or words, but words are seldom separated by spaces as in modern printing, so that the text is continuous and no division

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of which four volumes came out, again at Berlin, 1825–1877. This marked a first attempt at a comprehensive publication of Greek inscriptions copied from all over the Greek-speaking world. Only advanced students still consult it, for better editions of the texts have superseded it. The second, modern

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is added at the end, to indicate that the decree was passed. In imperial times, the emperor sometimes addressed a speech to the senate, advising them to pass certain resolutions, or else, especially in later times, gave orders or instructions directly, either on his own initiative or in response to

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were appointed by name to arbitrate, and when the decision was disputed, 31 from among them revised and confirmed it. In all such cases it was the custom for a full record to be preserved on stone and set up in the places concerned. In this case the initiative in referring the matter to arbitration

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It is to be noticed that this order of service contains a prohibition as well as a prescription. Such prohibitions are frequent, and often relate to the need of ceremonial purity in all worshippers entering a sacred precinct. They must for a certain time have abstained from certain prescribed means

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Inscriptions give much information as to priests and other religious officials. There are in the first place lists of priests, some of them covering long periods and even going back to mythical times; there are also lists of treasures and administrators, who were usually lay officials appointed for

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was often a kind of religious corporation under the control of the State; and its accounts and details of administration were made public at frequent intervals, usually annually, by means of inscriptions, exhibited to public view in its precinct. Many such inscriptions have been found, and supply a

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clasping hands, as representatives of their respective cities. In other cases, the arms or device of a city is carved on an inscription, almost like a seal on a document. In all these cases the figures and the inscription are part of a common design, whether carried out by the same hand or not. But

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In Egypt, inscriptions were often inscribed or painted upon inner walls of tombs, whether they referred to religious belief or ritual, or to the honours and possessions of the deceased; they were intended for his benefit and convenience rather than for the information of others, so as to perpetuate

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Apart from numerals, the use of initials in the place of complete words was not common in early times. It became, however, very frequent in Roman inscriptions, which sometimes are made up almost entirely of such abbreviations and can only be understood by those familiar with the formulae. A list of

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for units. The other Greek system followed that derived from the Phoenicians, using the letters of the alphabet in their conventional order from one to nine, 10 to 90 and 100 to 900; in this arrangement obsolete letters were retained in their original places so as to give the requisite number of 27

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Early inscriptions, which are often amateur work, are frequently very irregular in their cutting. But in almost all examples of later work, the inscriptions are evidently cut by professionals, and there are definite styles and methods belonging to various places and periods. In Egypt, for instance,

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The character of the writing, the subject of epigraphy, is a matter quite separate from the nature of the text, which is studied in itself. Texts inscribed in stone are usually for public view and so they are essentially different from the written texts of each culture. Not all inscribed texts are

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and many other works of public utility. In inscriptions of early period often nothing is given but the name of the person who built or restored the edifice and a statement that he had done so. But later it was usual to give more detail as to the motive of the building, the name of the emperor or a

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in Italy; it takes the form of a message from the magistrates, stating the authority on which they acted. Laws all follow a fixed formula, according to the body which has passed them. First there is a statement that the legislative body was consulted by the appropriate magistrate in due form; then

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In addition to inscriptions which are concerned with the internal affairs of various cities, there are many others recording treaties or other agreements of an international character between various cities and states. These were incised on bronze or stone, and set up in places of public resort in

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A very large number of inscriptions are in the form of decrees of various cities and peoples, even when their subject matter suggests that they should be classified under other headings. Almost all legislative and many administrative measures take this form; often a decree prescribes how and where

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Another elements in Greek religion which is known to us almost exclusively by means of inscriptions, is to be found in the religious associations that existed in many Greek cities, apart from the organisation of state religion, though sometimes recognised by it. These associations had each its own

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There were also many more menial offices in the service of temples which were carried out by slaves. Such slaves were often presented to the temple or acquired in some other way. There is a whole class of inscriptions, found on many sites, in which the sale of slaves to a temple or to the god of a

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was an office well paid and much sought after; and we actually find in later Greek times, especially in Asia Minor, that priesthoods were frequently sold, under proper guarantees and with due sureties as to the duties being carried out. Sometimes a fee to the priest had to be paid in cash; in some

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after his victories. Most of the great temples being of immemorial sanctity, it is hardly to be expected that any records of their foundation should be found in inscriptions. But on the other hand we have many accounts of the dedication of new temples, either by states or communities or by private

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chronicles of the victories or exploits of kings, as in Egypt and Mesopotamia, serve as a record of the events, and help to interpret the scenes. Such inscriptions are not common in Greek or Roman work; but frequently, especially in early Greek times, and on vases, the names of persons and even of

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are carefully and delicately cut in early times, and in later periods become more careless and conventional. In Greece, the best work was done in the 5th and 4th centuries BC in Athens; the letters were all exact and regular in shape, with no adventitious ornaments, and were, especially in the 5th

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These are very numerous; and the custom of placing the name of the dedicator in a conspicuous place on the building was prevalent, especially in the case of dedications by emperors or officials, or by public bodies. Restoration or repair was often recorded in the same manner. In the case of small

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These inscriptions are of special interest as throwing much light upon the history of art. The artist's name was usually, especially in earlier times, carved upon the base of the pedestal of a statue, and consequently was easily separated from it if the statue was carried off or destroyed. A case

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and of their guardians and instructors, but also decrees in honour of their services, especially in taking their due part in religious and other ceremonies, and resolutions of the ephebi themselves in honour of their officials. It is possible to trace in the inscriptions, which range over several

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and political decrees; regulations for all matters, civil and religious; accounts and contracts, public and private; treaties between states; records of public and private benefactions and dedications, and all matters of administration; honours to the living and to the memory of the dead. Many of

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In most alphabetic systems there are also found in inscriptions certain symbols which are not strictly alphabetic or phonetic in character. The commonest of these are the various systems of numerals that are used in different times and places. It is impossible here to give any full description of

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Another series of records of great historical interest is concerned with arbitration between various states on various questions, mainly concerned with frontiers. In cases of dispute it was not uncommon for the two disputants to appoint a third party as arbitrator. Sometimes this third party was

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It was customary to inscribe on stone all records of the receipt, custody and expenditure of public money or treasure, so that citizens could verify for themselves the safety and due control of the State in all financial matters. As in the case of temple accounts, it was usual for each temporary

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A special form of prayer consists of curses, which were often buried in the ground, probably with the intent to reach the infernal gods. Such curses often give the reason for their being made, usually some injury done to the author of the curse; sometimes they devote the offender to the infernal

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is arranged geographically: all inscriptions from Rome are contained in volume 6. This volume has the greatest number of inscriptions; volume 6, part 8, fascicle 3 was just recently published (2000). Specialists depend on such on-going series of volumes in which newly discovered inscriptions are

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These are probably the most numerous of all classes of inscriptions; and though many of them are of no great individual interest, they convey, when taken collectively, much valuable information as to the distribution and transference of population, as to trades and professions, as to health and

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A priesthood was frequently a political office and consequently is mentioned along with political honours in the list of a man's distinctions. The priesthoods that a man had held are usually mentioned first in inscriptions before his civil offices and distinctions. Religious offices, as well as

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Besides priests, we find many other officials of various ranks attached to temples and recorded in inscriptions. Some of these, especially those who were concerned with buildings or constructions, or with the inventories of temple treasures and the accounts of administration, were lay officials

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For us, accustomed as we are to a vast mass of books, newspapers and other printed or digital documents, it is difficult to realise the extensive use and great convenience assigned to inscriptions in ancient times. Not only were public announcements of all sorts, such as we should make known by

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The hieroglyphic symbols naturally tended to be conventionalised and simplified for convenience of cutting, in accordance with the materials and tools employed. In many cases they developed from a pictorial to a linear form. It is possible that some of these linear forms may not be derived from

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These vary greatly in content, and are among the most important documents concerning the administration of the Roman Empire. "They are numerous and of all sorts – tombstones of every degree, lists of soldiers' burial clubs, certificates of discharge from service, schedules of time-expired men,

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The earliest Phoenician inscriptions known date from about the 10th century BC, and the alphabet remained in use down to the 3rd century BC. Some believe this was modified and adopted by the Greeks at an uncertain date; the earliest Greek inscriptions are generally dated in the 7th century BC.

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Both Egyptian and Mesopotamian inscriptions go back to an extremely early date; it is at present uncertain which is the earlier, but both show, before 3500 BC and possibly much earlier, a complete, organised system of writing which implies many centuries of development behind it. The Egyptian

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in Crete. Here an inscription of great length is incised on the slabs of a theatre-shaped structure in 12 columns of 50 lines each; it is mainly concerned with the law of inheritance, adoption, etc. Doubtless similar inscriptions were set up in many places in Greece. An interesting series of

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The ritual appropriate to different divinities and temples varied greatly from place to place; and it was, therefore, necessary or desirable to set up notices in all public places of worship for the information and guidance of worshippers. The commonest and most essential act of worship was

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Most of what has been said about Greek inscriptions applies to Roman also. The commonest materials in this case also are stone, marble and bronze; but a more extensive use is made of stamped bricks and tiles, which are often of historical value as identifying and dating a building or other

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The great majority of these fall into one of the classes already referred to. But there are some instances in which an inscription is set up merely as a record. For instance, a victor in athletic or other contests may set up a list of his victories. The most famous historical record is the

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The various colleges for religious purposes were very numerous. Many of them, both in Rome and Italy, and in provincial municipalities, were of the nature of priesthoods. Some were regarded as offices of high distinction and were open only to men of senatorial rank; among these were the

2310:) offer little difficulty, but there are many which are not so obvious and leave room for conjecture. Often the only way to determine the meaning is to search through a list of initials, such as those given by modern Latin epigraphists, until a formula is found which fits the context. 1702:

individuals. In almost all such cases it was necessary to obtain sanction for the foundation from the State; thus the inscription often takes the form of a decree of the people authorising the foundation of the temple and often giving some privileges to the founder or founders.

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The science of epigraphy has been developing steadily since the 16th century. Principles of epigraphy vary culture by culture, and the infant science in Europe initially concentrated on Latin inscriptions. Individual contributions have been made by epigraphers such as

2703:, by a city or state. The relation was then recorded, usually on a bronze tablet placed in some conspicuous position in the town concerned. The patron probably also kept a copy in his house, or had a portable tablet which would ensure his recognition and reception. 631:, was white marble, which takes an admirably clear lettering, but is liable to weathering of the surface if exposed, and to wear if rebuilt into pavements or similar structures. Many other kinds of stone, both hard and soft, were often used, especially crystalline 8390: 2062:

of another State; his duties would then be to offer help and hospitality to any citizen of that other State who might be visiting his city, and to assist him in any dispute or in securing his legal rights. The office has been compared to the modern appointment of

1823:, the dress of the participants, the officials and policing, are very fully described. Similarly, in the Hall of the Iobacchi, at Athens, the order of proceedings, the officers and the characters in the sacred play, and various administrative details are ordered. 2565:

A very large number of inscriptions record the construction or repair of public buildings by private individuals, by magistrates, Roman or provincial, and by emperors. In addition to the dedication of temples, we find inscriptions recording the construction of

1133:

The study of inscriptions supplies an important contribution to the history of many lands and peoples. In some cases, as in Egypt and Mesopotamia, it forms almost the only source of information in the absence of literary records; in others, as in Greece and

2773:

Many of these inscriptions might well be assigned to one of the categories already considered. But there are some which were expressly made to commemorate an important event, or to preserve a record. Among the most interesting is the inscription of the

7745: 1043:) was used to indicate the beginning of an inscription, especially when its direction was erratic. Christian inscriptions sometimes begin with a cross, which doubtless had a symbolic meaning; and a leaf or other device was often placed at the end. 1897:

inscriptions deals with the conditions under which colonists were sent out from various cities, and the measures that were taken to secure their rights as citizens. A bronze tablet records in some detail the arrangements of this sort made when

1826:

When there is any doubt about any ritual or procedure, divination is often resorted to, and the results of such divination are recorded in inscriptions as a guidance for the future; it was also a common practice to consult Delphi or some other

6350: 2265:

inscriptions may be classified on much the same lines as Greek; but certain broad distinctions may be drawn at the outset. They are generally more standardised as to form and as to content, not only in Rome and Italy, but also throughout the

104:, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a 6338: 1963:, we have not only a detailed report on the unfinished state of the building in 409 BC, but also accounts of the expenditure and payments to the workmen employed in finishing it. Similar accounts have been preserved of the building of the 739:

Inscriptions vary greatly in size according to the position where they were intended to be read, their purpose, and the skill of the cutter. Some inscriptions are of great length, the longest, a statement of accounts of the temple at

4415:

Formed in 1974 by Professor Barry Fell of Harvard University and Professor Norman Totten of Bentley College, its journal, the Epigraphic Society Occasional Papers (ESOP), is shelved by numerous universities and research institutions

1452:, could satisfy themselves at first hand as to treaties or decrees of the people, public accounts or state income and expenditure. And at the same time these documents preserved for all time much history, both social and political. 1518:

in the case of owners' marks or names cut on vases or other objects, or of the dedication of such objects, the inscription is not necessarily contemporary; it may indeed be misleading, as in the case, mentioned with disapproval by

2087:

This class of inscription is in form not unlike the last, except that honours recorded are given for all sorts of services, private and public, to the State and to individuals. A frequent addition is an invitation to dine in the

3733: 650:; and inscriptions were often incised on vessels made of any of these metals. Inscriptions on metal were nearly always incised, not cast. An important class of inscriptions are the legends on coins; these were struck from the 6735: 2728:

When these are attached to statues, it is sometimes doubtful whether the name is that of the man who actually made the statue, or of the master whose work it reproduces. Thus there are two well-known copies of a statue of

2597:) and finally the appropriate verb for the work done, whether building, restoring, enlarging or otherwise improving. Other details are sometimes added, such as the name of the man under whose direction the work was done. 1534:

The majority of inscriptions are of independent value and interest, the object on which they are cut being either provided for the purpose or utilised as convenient and suitable. Such inscriptions may be classified as

727:

or ornamental ends to the strokes, a custom which prevails to the present day in our ordinary capital letters. The custom of making different strokes and different parts of curves of varying thickness became common in

171:) is any sort of text, from a single grapheme (such as marks on a pot that abbreviate the name of the merchant who shipped commodities in the pot) to a lengthy document (such as a treatise, a work of literature, or a 6977: 1934:, and later, the forms of independent government were, to a great extent, kept up, though little real power remained with the people. On the other hand, it is common thing to find letters from kings, and later from 2896:, this monument is not to pass to the heir). The person who has erected the monument and his relation to the deceased are often stated; or if a man has prepared the tomb in his lifetime, this also may be stated, 2483:(law) is usually applied to all decrees of the senate or other bodies, whether of legislative or of administrative character. It is therefore, best to consider all together under the heading of public decrees. 2327:

The classification of Roman inscriptions may, therefore, follow the same lines as the Greek, except that certain categories are absent, and that some others, not found in Greek, are of considerable importance.

7740: 1262:

in AD 1121. The series of Byzantine inscriptions continues practically without interruption to the present day; and Latin retains its use as a universal language in religious, public and private inscriptions.

6326: 2202:

This is by far the most numerous class of inscriptions, both Greek and Latin. In early times there is often no record beyond the name of the deceased in Athens, often with the name of his father and his

2790:; this, however, is not the original, but a later and somewhat modified version. A document of high importance is a summary of the life and achievements of Augustus, already mentioned, and known as the 1887:

Ancient writers state that the earliest laws of Athens were inscribed upon tablets of wood, put together in a pyramidal shape. These, owing to their material, have perished; but we have some very early

8459: 477:

was lost as a result of the Spanish Conquest of Central America. However, recent work by Maya epigraphers and linguists has yielded a considerable amount of information on this complex writing system.

2868:. These are followed by the name of the deceased, usually with his father's name and his tribe, by his honours and distinctions, sometimes by a record of his age. The inscription often concludes with 2207:. Sometimes a word or two of conventional praise is added, such as "a good and wise man". Occasionally the circumstances of death are alluded to, especially if it took place in battle or at sea. Such 1245:

colony. There are a few very early Roman inscriptions; but they do not become common until the 3rd century BC; from that time the letters took much the same forms as they preserve to the present day.

140:, however, to determine and interpret the events recorded by the inscription as document. Often, epigraphy and history are competences practised by the same person. Epigraphy is a primary tool of 7896: 7536: 1110:. Inscriptions commemorative of victories or other great events were only in exceptional cases erected upon the spot; more often such memorials were set up in some great religious centre such as 7005: 422:

arranged geographically under categories: decrees, catalogues, honorary titles, funeral inscriptions, various, all presented in Latin, to preserve the international neutrality of the field of

2100:. Later it became usual to give, in some detail, the reasons for the honours awarded; and in Hellenistic and Roman times, these became more and more detailed and fulsome in laudatory detail. 1922:(or presiding commission according to tribes), various secretaries, the presiding officials and the proposer of the decree. It is also stated whether the resolution is passed by the senate ( 1037:

of words exists. This is particularly the case with Greek inscriptions of the best period. In Roman inscriptions it was usual to separate the words by dots. In certain inscriptions a cross (

7936: 6123: 7112: 2583:

magistrate giving the date, the authority for the building and the names and distinctions of the builders; then follows a description of the building, the source of the expenditure (e.g.,

8954: 8329: 1849:, has dreams or sees visions, and comes out whole. In later times, when such faith-healing had probably become less efficacious, elaborate prescriptions of diet and hygiene are recorded. 8341: 6321: 2157:

of the work of these painters, and unsigned vases also have been grouped with the signed ones, so as to make an exact and detailed record of this branch of Greek artistic production.

383:, begun by Mommsen and other scholars, has been published in Berlin since 1863, with wartime interruptions. It is the largest and most extensive collection of Latin inscriptions. New 8385: 8054: 7107: 6740: 6299: 7022: 1308:. The number of these eras in later times, especially in Asia Minor, becomes very bewildering. In Attic decrees, and some others, it was also usual to give the day of the month. 8539: 8515: 8483: 8373: 2402:) is therefore often added. Bequests made under the wills of rich citizens are frequently recorded by inscriptions; these might either be for religious or for social purposes. 8527: 8422: 2071:

is always a citizen of the state in which he resides, not of that whose citizens and interests he assists. The decrees upon this matter frequently record the appointment of a

1427:. The walls of buildings are often covered with such inscriptions, especially if they are in a conspicuous or convenient position, and so offer an obvious means of publicity. 7126: 6723: 8586: 6091: 2194:, is a chronological record of Greek history, probably made for educational purposes, and valuable as giving the traditional dates of events from the earliest time down. 1502:

relation between the artistic representation and the inscription, the figures are subordinate and seem merely to illustrate the text, as when a treaty between Athens and

7855: 6432: 8768: 6287: 1791:

and to Apollo the leader of the Nymphs, the worshipper may, if he so choose, sacrifice a male and a female victim. It is not permissible to offer a sheep or a pig. No

985:– M, D, C, L, X, V, I (for 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 10, 5 and 1) is generally supposed to have arisen from the adaptation of those symbols in the Greek alphabet which the 8814: 8581: 7999: 5621: 1300:, and as an almost complete list of these has been drawn up from inscriptions and other sources, this means of dating is quite satisfactory. The custom of dating by 556: 1835:

Another interesting phase of Greek religion known to us mainly from inscriptions is offered by the shrines of healing. The most notable of these is the precinct of

6747: 6637: 6345: 6137: 1803:

of pollution, varying from place to place. The officials are sometimes ordered to erect notices giving information on this point; for instance, at the precinct of

1526:, probably in 18 AD when he visited Athens. In Egypt and Mesopotamia also it is not unusual to find the name of a later king of official cut upon an earlier work. 455:(Iranian inscriptions), "Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia" and "Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period" (Sumerian and Akkadian inscriptions) and so forth. 8796: 7519: 2529:

questions or references. The number and variety of such orders is such that no classification of them can be given here. One of the most famous is the edict of

918:), dots and lines are used for hundreds, tens and units, each being repeated as often as necessary; and a similar system for the lower denominations is used at 136:. Epigraphists are responsible for reconstructing, translating, and dating the trilingual inscription and finding any relevant circumstances. It is the work of 8591: 6704: 6555: 6538: 2075:, and the conferring on him of certain benefits and privileges in return for his services; they also contain resolutions of thanks from the city served by the 1106:

were set up over graves, which were usually placed along the chief roads leading out of a town, the most familiar example being the sacred way from Athens to

9088: 7654: 1493:

objects are written beside them for the purpose of identification, and sometimes a speech issues from the mouth of the figure. On the carved wooden chest of

1084:

D(is) M(anibus) / M(arco) Ogulnio / Iusto filio / pientissimo / vix(it) ann(os) XV mens(es) II d(ies) XXII / M(arcus) Ogulnius / Iustus pater / et sibi fecit

672:

handles, etc., and in these cases often supply valuable information as to the buildings to which they belong or the place from which they took their origin.

599:

Victoriae Augustorum exercitus, qui Laugaricione sedit, mil(ites) l(egiones) II DCCCLV. (Maximi)anus leg(atus leg)ionis II Ad(iutricis) cur(avit) f(aciendum)

7881: 1732:

appointed by the State, as in the case of political officers. But many others had specialised sacerdotal functions; for instance, in many places there were

635:, which do not easily take a smooth surface, and which, therefore, are often difficult to decipher, owing to accidental marks or roughness of the material. 6799: 6012: 2092:

at Athens. Some are inscribed on the bases of statues set up to the recipient. In early times these inscriptions are usually brief and simple. The bust of

721:

system. On metal inscriptions in Greece this same effect appears earlier than stone or marble. In the 3rd century and later it becomes common to introduce

2456:

in imperial times. The records of these colleges sometimes give no information beyond the names of members, but these are often of considerable interest.

8566: 8093: 7704: 7580: 5782: 1677:

The inscriptions on or belonging to special dedications are often of great historical interest – there need only be quoted the inscription on the famous

820:

or alphabets, took place in many different systems to various degrees. But the first people to invent a completely alphabetic system of writing were the

7145: 914:, doubtless owing to the habit of counting on the fingers. In some cases the symbols are simple and obvious, as in the Cretan script, where circles (or 7090: 2360:

objects the dedication is usually simple in form; it usually contains the name of the god or other recipient and of the donor, and a common formula is

1856: 1484:

Inscriptions having a direct relation to the object, or representation, on which they are inscribed, vary greatly in their contents. Those relating to

7162: 668:) were often used as a cheap writing material. Inscriptions were also often impressed from a mould upon wet clay before firing, in the case of tiles, 9082: 7370: 7150: 1967:, spread over 15 years; in the case of both the Parthenon and the Erechtheum, there are included the payments made to those who made the sculptures. 602:("Done by 855 Legionaries of the Augustus victorious army, who are stationed in Laugaricio. Done under supervision of Maximus legatus of II legion.") 9094: 8571: 8464: 8427: 8228: 7017: 462:, which was a multilingual stele in Classical Greek, Demotic Egyptian and Classical Egyptian hieroglyphs. The work was done by the French scholar, 3825: 8407: 8142: 5363: 3362: 2798:

constituted a record of the names of consuls, and other magistrates or high officials, and also of the triumphs accorded to conquering generals.

8726: 2477:

Our information as to these is not mainly drawn from inscriptions and, therefore, they need not here be considered. On the other hand, the word

8621: 8205: 8117: 6425: 2882:), or some similar formula, and also, frequently, with a statement of boundaries and a prohibition of violation or further use – for instance, 1142:

hieroglyphic system, as used in inscriptions, continued without any essential change of character until Roman times, though various systems of

3812:

p. 557, observes that it "is perhaps known to us more in detail than any other lost monument of antiquity." It was to hold the rigging of the

8944: 8716: 8576: 8363: 7860: 6615: 7781: 6386: 2298: 4155: 2932:) are frequently found, both of public and private property. A well-known instance is offered by those set up by the commissioners called 1277:

It is often possible to date an inscription approximately by the style of the lettering, or even by the alphabet used. Thus at Athens the

8703: 8309: 7978: 7680: 7131: 6605: 4194: 788:, which developed into a hieroglyphic system. Such systems appear to have originated independently in different parts of the world – in 642:: flat tablets of this were often made for affixing to the walls of temples and other buildings. Occasionally such tablets were made of 8888: 8556: 8510: 8149: 7446: 6698: 6149: 2697:

This custom belonged to Greece. What most nearly corresponded to it in Roman times was the adoption of some distinguished Roman as its

2491:

A certain number of these dating from republican times are of considerable interest. One of the earliest relates to the prohibition of

2282: 4217:(in Italian). Federazione Internazionale di Banche dati Epigrafiche presso il Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare "Beniamino Segre" – Roma 828:

borrowed (some scholars believe, but with no proving) it with certain modifications and improvements. From the Greeks was derived the

8505: 8500: 8195: 6865: 2832: 83: 8397: 6128: 3303: 9218: 7805: 7504: 6007: 4877: 8059: 3331: 8959: 8434: 7941: 7776: 7590: 7514: 7102: 6203: 3479: 2924:

Milliarium (milestones) have already been referred to, and may be regarded as records of the building of roads. Boundary stones (

7956: 6972: 8858: 8544: 8532: 8520: 8488: 8402: 8378: 8346: 8334: 8035: 8017: 7968: 7622: 6910: 6213: 5196: 4303: 3816:; and was so contrived that all its contents were visible from a central hall, and so liable to the inspection of the Athenian 3512: 2461: 1174:, by Greek. An independent hieroglyphic system, which also developed into various linear scripts, existed in Crete during the 9054: 8893: 8304: 7363: 6292: 4355: 3702: 3641: 1319:

the date from the creation of the world (5509 BC) is sometimes given; but the date of the Christian era is hardly ever used.

3725: 9039: 8883: 8651: 8190: 8159: 7629: 7560: 7276: 7212: 7190: 6871: 6114: 5394: 3391:

Orlandi, Silvia; Caldelli, Maria Letizia; Gregori, Gian Luca (November 2014). Bruun, Christer; Edmondson, Jonathan (eds.).

910:

these different systems; but a brief account may be given of the principles underlying them. Most of them are based upon a

6142: 3755: 3749: 2831:

longevity, and as to many other conditions of ancient life. The most interesting early series is that on the tombs of the

8169: 7947: 7825: 7815: 7605: 7451: 7286: 6488: 6218: 6168: 4910: 4157: 3446: 3292: 1272: 868:

hieroglyphs, but from purely conventional geometrical forms, such as widely used at all periods and places as owners' or

770: 733: 623:

hard stones were frequently used for the purpose, and the inscriptions are therefore well preserved and easy to read. In

8495: 6728: 2842:

About the end of the republic and the beginning of the empire, it became customary to head a tombstone with the letters

325: 9049: 8124: 7886: 7249: 7031: 6570: 4064:

Authority and Archaeology, Sacred and Profane: Essays on the Relation of Monuments to Biblical and Classical Literature

3927: 3909: 7524: 207:. Typically the material is durable, but the durability might be an accident of circumstance, such as the baking of a 8731: 7634: 7600: 7585: 6580: 6420: 6415: 6403: 5866: 4465: 3847: 3596: 3416: 3375: 3109: 2423:

Among the most interesting of these is the ancient song and accompanying dance performed by the priests known as the

1606: 1372: 538: 7688: 6671: 4365: 1047:

their order may be indeterminate, or in a wandering or curved line, or left to right and right to left alternately (

520: 8631: 8257: 7973: 7649: 7612: 7485: 7356: 6186: 6181: 5840: 4301: 3054: 2815: 1959:

which has been completely reconstructed on paper by architects from the building specification. In the case of the

65: 7810: 7756: 7617: 6176: 6017: 3437:"Faking Biblical History: How wishful thinking and technology fooled some scholars – and made fools out of others" 2910:). But there is an immense variety in the information that either a man himself or his friend may wish to record. 9251: 8673: 7716: 7698: 7531: 7222: 6191: 6044: 5574: 5192: 4005: 3953:

The Parian chronicle, or The chronicle of the Arundelian marbles; with a dissertation concerning its authenticity

2275: 2240: 1014: 432: 223:" were revealed to be largely used for economic and administrative record keeping. Informal inscribed texts are " 6533: 8853: 8845: 8808: 8790: 8611: 8444: 8299: 8154: 8102: 8075: 7837: 7434: 7232: 7043: 6898: 6610: 6565: 6550: 6074: 4101: 3257: 3165: 3048: 2236: 2232: 1779:

sacrifice; an example of the simplest form of prescription is to be seen in the inscription on the relief from

1588: 1354: 516: 378: 53: 5626: 1252:

times, and is still customary, classical forms being frequently imitated. The latest dated inscription in the

683:, usually with a square blade; early inscriptions were sometimes made on hard rock by successive blows with a 8949: 8917: 8840: 8646: 7673: 7565: 7439: 6560: 6483: 6437: 5132: 2267: 1970:

Naval and military expenditure is also fully accounted for; among other information there are records of the

183:. When compared to books, most inscriptions are short. The media and the forms of the graphemes are diverse: 149: 8353: 8009: 2031:

another State, sometimes a specified number of individuals. Thus, in a frontier dispute between Corinth and

1248:

The custom of putting inscriptions in Greek and in Latin on buildings and other monuments continued through

9278: 9140: 9002: 8819: 8449: 8417: 7906: 7058: 6118: 4949: 4870: 4307: 4136: 3957: 3252: 2761: 1979: 1686: 1635: 1025:

also occur in later Greek and Roman times, and become very common and very difficult to interpret in early

7766: 6818: 3527: 463: 9211: 9044: 8910: 8802: 8780: 7983: 7951: 7901: 7709: 7659: 7550: 7291: 7053: 6929: 6923: 6904: 6109: 5938: 5821: 5368: 3484: 3170: 2411:

civil, were restricted to certain classes, the highest to those of senatorial rank, the next to those of

1658:

great deal of information that can be obtained from no other source. Some great temples, such as that of

48: 7427: 7080: 4156:

Centre d'études épigraphiques et numismatiques de la faculté de Philosophie de l'Université de Beograd.

9131: 9008: 8985: 8870: 8773: 8711: 8683: 8319: 8132: 7865: 7639: 7296: 7227: 6882: 6752: 6681: 5826: 5660: 5650: 2108: 1584: 1350: 1073: 512: 8088: 7036: 6967: 6857: 4264: 2486: 832:, and from the two all the alphabets of European peoples. It is still a matter of dispute whether the 250:, but was later dismissed as being highly ideological. Epigraphic research overlaps with the study of 9156: 9066: 8412: 6764: 6245: 5787: 5616: 5268: 4724: 2699: 2692: 2154: 1982:

during the 5th century BC. These throw much light on her relations with them at various periods.(Cf.

1927: 7155: 4265:"Epigraphic Database Bari: Documenti epigrafici romani di committenza cristiana – Secoli III – VIII" 3562: 1186:, about 1500 BC. The Hittite hieroglyphs correspond to the period of the Hittite empire in northern 278:, as it confines itself to meaningful symbols containing messages, rather than dealing with images. 9151: 7931: 7911: 7468: 7402: 7237: 6812: 6282: 6069: 6026: 5817: 5514: 3882:

Le prossenie ateniesi del IV secolo a.C.: gli onorati asiatici (Fonti e studi di storia antica, 10)

3297: 501: 467: 369: 345: 7266: 1989: 36: 9241: 9146: 8641: 8083: 7320: 7259: 7185: 7048: 6829: 6585: 6398: 6393: 6371: 6333: 6313: 5947: 5943: 5760: 5633: 5596: 5579: 5399: 4863: 4839: 4638: 4537: 4520: 3287: 3277: 3242: 2534: 2167: 2064: 1577: 1343: 1311:

In Greek inscription of the Roman period the year of the emperor is defined by the number of his

1234: 766: 760: 505: 7458: 7422: 4302:

Greek Epigraphy Project, Cornell University; Epigraphical Center; Ohio State University (2009).

3840:

The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present

784:

Most of the forms of writing known to us originated in some system of picture-writing (cf. also

188: 8975: 8927: 8922: 7891: 7845: 7694: 7200: 6654: 6627: 6597: 6461: 6408: 6225: 6101: 5996: 5836: 5831: 5689: 5655: 5643: 5638: 5601: 5551: 5409: 5389: 5075: 5020: 4633: 4434: 4267:(in Italian). Association Internationale d'Épigraphie Grecque et Latine – AIEGL. Archived from 3821: 3441: 3222: 3130: 3069: 1923: 224: 145: 76: 8454: 6709: 3799: 3694: 3436: 1624: 60: 9283: 9099: 8990: 8970: 8835: 8785: 8678: 8668: 8358: 8324: 8233: 7244: 6982: 6877: 6804: 6676: 6079: 5796: 5750: 5745: 5694: 5358: 5339: 5155: 5050: 4563: 4525: 4458: 4198: 3777: 3549: 3408: 3103: 2744: 1640: 1556: 1254: 876:, but as has been noticed, the same tendency occurs in Greek inscriptions incised on bronze. 417: 333: 8903: 8314: 7850: 4428: 4419: 4038:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press – esp. "A text and translation of the Edict of Diocletian". 2415:; many minor offices, both in Rome and in the provinces, are enumerated in their due order. 2245: 1221:, and soon became universal in Greece. From the various Greek alphabets the different local 812:. The evidence for all of these is mainly to be found in inscriptions. The development from 9186: 8663: 8004: 7721: 7076: 6916: 6649: 6525: 6496: 6267: 5929: 5903: 5850: 5684: 5611: 5456: 5421: 5375: 5343: 5221: 4935: 4697: 4570: 3662: 3432: 3217: 3207: 3145: 2791: 2249: 2175: 353: 349: 293: 196: 121: 6957: 3332:"OPEN-ACCESS EPIGRAPHY. Electronic Dissemination of 3D-digitized. Archaeological Material" 2654: 2645: 320: 8: 8980: 7726: 7140: 6847: 6543: 5755: 5667: 5426: 5060: 5025: 4928: 4230: 3979: 3620: 3227: 2133: 1171: 1126: 890:

are alphabetic, and are apparently an independent invention on arbitrary lines, like the

833: 651: 8478: 8048: 7463: 7167: 5775: 3952: 996: 816:(or direct representation of an object or idea) to symbols of phonetic value, and so to 9273: 9206: 9201: 9136: 9019: 8932: 8763: 8439: 7771: 7555: 6620: 6575: 5934: 5890: 5845: 5468: 5414: 5335: 4906: 4834: 3793: 3588: 3581: 3450: 3262: 3232: 3212: 2975: 2451: 2271: 1690: 1552: 779: 729: 6476: 3489: 2537:. Copies of this in Greek as well as in Latin have been found in various parts of the 2021: 679:

used for making inscriptions varied with the material; most of them were some kind of

9024: 8878: 8626: 7923: 6934: 6773: 6198: 5957: 5896: 5855: 5672: 5557: 5493: 5404: 5381: 5325: 5233: 4966: 4767: 4650: 4351: 3923: 3905: 3843: 3770: 3698: 3687: 3637: 3602: 3592: 3412: 3371: 3267: 3150: 3140: 2567: 2153:

and other vase painters upon their vases. These have been made the basis of a minute

2138: 1694: 1226: 1195: 1159: 1155: 1062: 887: 837: 396: 129: 2737:, of which one is said to be the work of Lysippus, and the other states that it was 2096:

on the Acropolis held nothing but the names of Pericles himself and of the sculptor

2009:

An institution as to which our knowledge is mainly derived from inscriptions is the

872:' marks. The tendency of linear forms to become wedge-shaped is most conspicuous in 9191: 8898: 8721: 8697: 8658: 8238: 7395: 6785: 6644: 6632: 5924: 5884: 5879: 5704: 5591: 5526: 5353: 5348: 5330: 5188: 4989: 4942: 4844: 4762: 4719: 4692: 4478: 4451: 3961: 3404: 3400: 3237: 3097: 2487:

Laws and plebiscites, senatus consulta, decrees of magistrates or later of emperors

2412: 1222: 723: 474: 216: 6513: 4422:

a Virtual Exhibition on Epigraphy, presenting several aspects of it with examples.

1460: 1205:

In early times each Greek State had its own alphabet; but in the year 403 BC (the

1138:, it offers a most valuable supplement and comment to what is otherwise recorded. 860: 8616: 8223: 7797: 7473: 6837: 6659: 6444: 6208: 6034: 5679: 4994: 4680: 4592: 4505: 4095: 3392: 2927: 2836: 2823: 2353: 1931: 1217:, which is the one used now for Greek capital letters, was officially adopted by 1115: 856: 578: 357: 341: 289: 192: 6717: 1762: 8997: 8688: 8107: 7735: 7731: 7382: 7000: 6939: 6779: 6250: 6084: 5872: 5860: 5546: 5431: 5107: 5092: 5082: 4984: 4886: 4829: 4550: 4543: 4443: 4250:(in Italian). Association Internationale d'Épigraphie Grecque et Latine – AIEGL 3948:. Ankara: ISPRS Archives, volume XXXIV part 5/W12 Commission V. pp. 84–88. 3754:, Cambridge University Press – (undated, no author cited) Googlebook; see also 3576: 3475: 3010: 2777: 2751: 2715: 2633: 2424: 2341: 2262: 2174:, which was reproduced and set up in many places; it is generally known as the 2041: 1935: 1906: 1861: 1710: 1678: 1630: 1432: 1316: 1278: 1230: 1187: 1151: 903: 899: 829: 313: 30: 8937: 4161: 3993: 2864:), thus consecrating the tomb to the deceased as having become members of the 1118:. But boundary stones were necessarily placed on the line which they defined. 989:

did not want; an alternative theory is that it is simplified from a series of

403:

Greek epigraphy has unfolded in the hands of a different team, with different

361: 309: 9267: 9077: 9029: 8471: 8097: 6260: 5584: 5565: 5509: 5463: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5295: 5290: 5167: 5160: 4311: 3309: 3282: 3272: 3247: 2787: 2783: 2757: 2212: 2183: 1983: 1175: 1147: 1049: 1001: 982: 852: 789: 459: 157: 26: 4262: 4245: 3606: 1912: 1385: 7195: 6842: 6664: 6507: 6363: 5812: 5770: 5699: 5436: 5321: 5275: 5263: 5206: 5172: 3534: 3185: 3121: 2985: 2538: 1889: 1440: 1439:, thus placed before the public, but all kinds of records and enactments – 1404: 1135: 1026: 986: 848: 684: 589: 577:), 487 BC. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the 365: 271: 180: 2605: 281: 9196: 7478: 7120: 7096: 6466: 6454: 6376: 5952: 5765: 5569: 5305: 5253: 5228: 5211: 5150: 4675: 4645: 4512: 4369: 4036:

An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome Volume V: Rome and Italy of the Empire

3115: 3037: 2995: 2980: 2558: 2492: 2149:

A special class of artists' signatures is offered by the names signed by

1941: 1282: 1214: 1179: 1167: 1005: 869: 821: 817: 793: 785: 711: 658:.) Clay was very extensively used for inscriptions in Mesopotamia and in 655: 620: 615:, or wood (though this last material has hardly ever survived, except in 568: 404: 275: 267: 247: 208: 176: 172: 141: 8368: 4427: 4328: 3454: 1766:

Votive relief for the cure of a bad leg, inscription from the shrine of

744:, under Athenian administration, being nearly half as long as a book of 9034: 8041: 7684: 7254: 5916: 5504: 5258: 5216: 5202: 5070: 5055: 4796: 4791: 4729: 4685: 4665: 4529: 3180: 3160: 3088: 3042: 3005: 3000: 2919: 2839:, the exploits and distinctions of the various members of that family. 2561:) by Hans Lutz of Schussenried, from the early 16th century (1501–1519) 2530: 2457: 2150: 1960: 1747: 1739: 1724: 1671: 1591: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1523: 1394: 1357: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1194:

from about 2000 to 800 BC; from it, according to one theory, arose the

1191: 898:, which were extensively used in the same region, are derived from the 891: 813: 745: 612: 251: 109: 41: 4326: 2549: 7961: 7085: 6962: 6792: 6275: 5606: 5285: 5280: 5243: 5102: 5045: 5030: 4899: 4803: 4613: 4001: 3817: 3631: 3367: 3306:

is notable for the novel techniques used in reading the inscriptions.

3175: 3078: 3064: 2819: 2674: 2571: 2216: 2089: 2032: 1964: 1902: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1820: 1804: 1767: 1498: 1465: 1445: 1398: 1312: 1301: 1294: 1286: 1210: 1103: 1058: 1030: 1018: 990: 919: 873: 717: 632: 285: 255: 184: 137: 89: 4400: 3992:

A mere list of such initials and abbreviations occupies 68 pages in

2712:

conferred upon him are enumerated in a regularly established order (

1566: 1332: 490: 96: 'inscription') is the study of inscriptions, or epigraphs, as 8636: 7379: 5300: 5248: 4755: 4660: 4575: 4558: 4406: 4345: 3155: 3083: 2734: 2730: 2669: 2664: 2575: 2441: 2316: 2220: 2171: 2117: 2097: 2093: 2054: 2022:

Treaties and political and commercial agreements; arbitration, etc.

1956: 1898: 1816: 1494: 1477: 1469: 1424: 1290: 1249: 1143: 1022: 926:

the usual system was to indicate each denomination by its initial,

843: 809: 801: 593: 564: 560: 423: 297: 263: 259: 231: 220: 156:: epigraphic evidence formed part of the discussion concerning the 125: 105: 101: 4197:(in German, Italian, Spanish, English, and French). Archived from 387:

are still produced as the recovery of inscriptions continues. The

112:

composition. A person using the methods of epigraphy is called an

5087: 5065: 5015: 4919: 4855: 4587: 4474: 3806:. Vol. III. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 314. 3074: 2947: 2616: 2579: 2208: 2052:

A very large class of inscriptions deals with the institution of

2014: 2010: 1997: 1948: 1919: 1893: 1812: 1808: 1743: 1738:

or prophets, often of special families with hereditary skills in

1734: 1715: 1667: 1507: 1485: 1473: 1436: 1305: 1242: 1183: 1163: 1107: 911: 669: 664: 584: 200: 168: 153: 97: 4385: 4140: 1413:) combines with the image to convey the warning: remember death. 21: 5520: 5097: 5010: 4808: 4784: 4618: 4120:"EAGLE: Europeana Network of Ancient Greek and Latin Epigraphy" 4119: 3813: 3657: 3092: 3059: 2970: 2437: 2336: 2187: 2179: 2131:

where both statue and pedestal are preserved is offered by the

2036: 1971: 1952: 1828: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1698: 1682: 1659: 1654: 1648: 1519: 1510: 1489: 1390: 1297: 1259: 1218: 1206: 1111: 1098: 923: 880: 825: 688: 680: 643: 639: 628: 624: 204: 2806: 2082: 2058:. According to this a citizen of any State might be appointed 1905:; another inscription relates to the Athenian colonisation of 1868: 1039: 6155: 6052: 5913: 5035: 4750: 4582: 4499: 4344:

Reynolds, Joyce; Roueché, Charlotte; Bodard, Gabriel (2007).

4214: 3330:

Bozia, Eleni; Barmpoutis, Angelos; Wagman, Robert S. (2014).

3135: 2865: 2795: 2554: 2445: 2350: 2191: 2121: 2113: 1993: 1792: 1771: 1663: 1503: 1449: 1238: 1078: 971: 961: 951: 941: 931: 895: 884: 805: 797: 741: 659: 616: 572: 329: 4412: 4366:"The American Society for Greek and Latin Epigraphy (ASGLE)" 4177: 4020:

Victo(riae) Fl(avius) P/rimus cur(ator) / tur(mae) Maxi/mini

3634:

International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe

1198:, which continued in use until the 4th century BC or later. 611:

Inscriptions were commonly incised on stone, marble, metal,

5040: 4813: 4745: 4268: 2811: 2204: 1689:, with the list of the Greek States which took part in the 1514: 647: 384: 235: 175:

inscription). Epigraphy overlaps other competences such as

133: 2632:

There were many treaties between Rome and other states in

1860:

Athenian text concerning the administration of temples in

187:

in stone or metal, scratches on rock, impressions in wax,

4625: 4284: 4247: 3922:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–43. 3480:"Related Coverage on the James Ossuary and Forgery Trial" 1913:

Decrees of people and rulers, later of kings and emperors

1146:

modification were used at different times. On the famous

7503: 4215:"EAGLE: Electronic Archive of Greek and Latin Epigraphy" 3760:, Haskell House Publ., 1902 (no author cited) Googlebook 2168:

autobiographical account of the deeds and administration

8797:

Professionalization and institutionalization of history

4401:

Poinikastas: Epigraphic Sources For Early Greek Writing

4082:

MUSA Lapidaria: A Selection of Latin Verse Inscriptions

3879: 3625: 2510:); then comes the decision of the senate, opening with 2388:). Such dedications are often the result of a vow, and 1054: 748:; and many other inscriptions approach this in length. 3390: 2418: 2079:, and record honours consequently conferred upon him. 1942:

Public accounts, treasure lists, building inscriptions

394:

published, often in Latin, not unlike the biologists'

9089:

Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

4343: 3804:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

3329: 3118:, also known as "Maya glyphs" or "Maya hieroglyphics" 993:

representing the spread hand, the fingers and so on.

7937:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

3669:. Rome: Ist. Poligrafico dello Stato. pp. 87ff. 3661: 2320:

or tickets of admission to theatres or other shows.

2178:, because the most complete copy of it was found at 1819:, the arrangements for the celebration of the local 4425: 4409:

a journal of news and short reports on inscriptions

3946:

The Ancyra Project: the Temple of Augustus and Rome

3884:. Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso. pp. passim. 1693:; and that relating to the Roman arms dedicated by 1182:periods, from about 3000, probably, to the fall of 440:

Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae

7897:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 7755: 5537: 4263:International Federation of Epigraphic Databases. 4246:International Federation of Epigraphic Databases. 3943: 3899: 3866:The Ephebic Inscriptions of the Fourth Century B.C 3820:. Philon's arsenal was destroyed by the forces of 3797: 3686: 3632:Trudy, Robert; Sharon, Ring; Salkin, Boda (1996). 3580: 2782:in Rome, which records the great naval victory of 2324:their inscriptions often follow the old formulas. 2013:at Athens. There are not only records of lists of 1170:, until it was superseded, after the conquests of 1121: 638:The metal most commonly used for inscriptions was 8555: 4368:. Case Western Reserve University. Archived from 3837: 2472: 1799:it is not permissible to offer a goat or a pig." 9265: 4473: 2679:, "Glycon the Athenian made ") on statue (right) 1476:". Marble, Roman copy after a Greek original by 9121: 5364:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 4327:The Institute for Ancient History (1993–2009). 4079: 3917: 3363:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science 2270:. One of the chief difficulties in deciphering 1882: 1229:, were derived with various modifications. The 751: 3983:by C. V. Palisca & J. P. Burkholder, 2006. 3863: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3575: 3431: 2258:(Januarius paid for 870 square feet of mosaic) 1705: 8945:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 8815:Western European colonialism and colonization 7364: 4871: 4459: 2553:German inscription recording the building of 2544: 2252:, 4th-century mosaic with Latin inscription: 40:Inscription on the pedestal of the statue of 16:Study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing 7275: 4329:"Epigraphic database for ancient Asia Minor" 3920:The Art of Vase-Painting in Classical Athens 3800:"Philon, A very eminent architect at Athens" 3366:. Dekker Encyclopedias Series. Vol. 3. 2913: 2337:Dedications and foundations of temples, etc. 1978:, recording the quota paid to Athens by her 1649:Temples, their foundation and administration 1289:, 403 BC, according to a decree proposed by 7378: 4178:"Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents" 4056:S. R. Driver, D. G. Hogarth, F. L. Griffith 4033: 4018: 3684: 3673: 2941: 2934: 2925: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2859: 2852: 2844: 2775: 2749: 2713: 2610: 2592: 2585: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2478: 2449: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2305: 2296: 2289: 2280: 2253: 2083:Honours and privileges given to individuals 1869:Private associations for religious purposes 1529: 1468:bearing the inscription "Periander, son of 1408: 1082: 1013:the commonest of these will be found under 597: 519:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 458:Egyptian hieroglyphs were solved using the 450: 444: 438: 430: 415: 408: 388: 376: 7371: 7357: 4878: 4864: 4466: 4452: 4231:"Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (EDH)" 4195:"Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss-Slaby (EDCS)" 4134: 2958: 2723: 2627: 1506:has a relief at its head representing the 1417: 691:. Sometimes a circular punch was used for 588:A Roman inscription at the castle hill of 551: 8000:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4047: 4045: 4000:(repr. 1923). A selection is included in 3435:; Goren, Yuval (September–October 2003). 2467: 2067:, with the essential difference that the 1938:, inscribed and set up in public places. 1607:Learn how and when to remove this message 1373:Learn how and when to remove this message 539:Learn how and when to remove this message 446:Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum 144:when dealing with literate cultures. The 132:engraved on native rock at a location in 9219:Historical geographic information system 5985: 2805: 2801: 2743: 2604: 2548: 2405: 2349:, set by Flavius Primus, curator of the 2340: 2244: 2116:with stand, Attic, c. 570 BC. Signed by 2107: 2103: 1988: 1855: 1761: 1709: 1623: 1459: 1455: 1384: 1125: 1072: 995: 842: 583: 555: 319: 308: 280: 59: 47: 35: 20: 4074: 4072: 3902:The Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery 3788: 3786: 3744: 3742: 3613: 3200: 3025: 2768: 2004: 1877: 1714:Greek inscription at the south temple, 771:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 270:, usually in ink, is a separate field, 234:, that is inscriptions representing an 66:inscription of Xerxes I at Van Fortress 9266: 8859:English historical school of economics 6911:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 4965: 4347:Inscriptions of Aphrodisias (IAph2007) 4180:. Oxford: Oxford University. 1995–2009 4042: 3409:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336467.013.003 3397:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy 627:the favourite material, especially in 9175: 9120: 9055:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 8894:Historical reliability of the Gospels 8752: 8279: 7352: 7341: 5984: 5727: 5491: 5130: 4964: 4859: 4447: 4285:"Hispania Epigraphica Online (HEpOl)" 4158:"Inscriptions de la Mésie Supérieure" 3693:. Harvard University Press. pp. 3619:St. Clement of Alexandria | Stromata 3359: 2866:body of ghosts or spirits of the dead 2818:, erected around 150 BC, contains an 2600: 2226: 2197: 2160: 1546: 9247: 7342: 6872:More Irish than the Irish themselves 4069: 4034:E.R. Graser (1940). T. Frank (ed.). 3783: 3769:Cf. his classic work (downloadable) 3739: 3689:Greek Architecture And Its Sculpture 3031: 2964: 2535:fixing the prices of all commodities 1589:adding citations to reliable sources 1560: 1355:adding citations to reliable sources 1326: 1266: 1258:records the building of a bridge in 1233:was among these, being based on the 1068: 704: 517:adding citations to reliable sources 484: 7942:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 5131: 3447:Archaeological Institute of America 2893:hoc monumentum heredem non sequetur 2419:Regulations as to religion and cult 2307:hoc monumentum heredem non sequetur 2047: 1273:Dating methodologies in archaeology 734:dating methodologies in archaeology 246:was a scientific discipline in the 148:classifies epigraphy as one of the 100:; it is the science of identifying 13: 8955:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 6899:Fourth Italian War of Independence 4885: 4192: 4139:. Brown University. Archived from 4066:, Ulan Press (repr. 2012), p. 314. 3792:Built under the administration of 3751:An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy 3734:Poinikastas:"Thasos, inscriptions" 3474: 2609:Brick stamp with military record: 2274:lies in the very extensive use of 1281:was adopted in place of the early 152:. Epigraphy also helps identify a 14: 9295: 4388:(in German). Universität Salzburg 4111: 3904:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 3826:Roman conquest of Athens in 86 BC 3525: 3110:Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 2612:C(ohors) III BR(acaraugustanorum) 1926:) or the assembly of the people ( 1081:with inscription (CIL VI 23414): 9246: 9237: 9236: 8753: 8253: 8252: 8094:Palestinian expulsion and flight 6606:5000-year civilization assertion 6182:Nadir of American race relations 4248:"Epigraphic Database Roma (EDR)" 3880:Enrica Culasso Gastaldi (2004). 3868:. Leiden Brill. pp. passim. 3798:Smith, Sir William, ed. (1859). 2816:Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus 2673:(left) and copyist's signature ( 2653: 2644: 1565: 1331: 1038: 489: 326:Prüfening dedicatory inscription 254:, which deals with specimens of 199:on precious stones, painting on 9083:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 7957:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 7892:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 7699:Causes of the Armenian genocide 6008:Pyramid construction techniques 5575:Comparative historical research 5492: 5193:Library and information science 4304:"Searchable Greek Inscriptions" 4088: 4026: 4011: 4006:List of classical abbreviations 3986: 3967: 3936: 3888: 3872: 3856: 3831: 3763: 3718: 3650: 3166:Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions 2374:) often with additions such as 2241:List of classical abbreviations 2144:the statue of Hercules/Heracles 1892:preserved on stone, notably at 1576:needs additional citations for 1342:needs additional citations for 1122:Chief periods and nationalities 1015:list of classical abbreviations 452:Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum 433:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 400:– the raw material of history. 266:writing. The study of ancient 238:or concept, may also be called 54:Brihadeshwara temple, Thanjavur 9095:Gunpowder and gun transmission 9045:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 8854:Historical school of economics 8791:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 8229:Gunpowder and gun transmission 8103:Zionism as settler colonialism 7108:Limpieza de sangre controversy 6075:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 4102:University of California Press 3842:. Cambridge University Press. 3569: 3519: 3504: 3468: 3425: 3384: 3353: 3323: 3258:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 3049:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 2988:, the study of ancient writing 2835:at Rome, recording, mostly in 2331: 2255:IANUARI DEDEI DONO P * DCCCLXX 2237:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 2233:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 2155:historical and stylistic study 429:Other such series include the 410:Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum 407:. There are two. The first is 379:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 274:. Epigraphy also differs from 1: 8904:Opposition to Papal supremacy 8280: 6092:Indigenous population history 3944:P. Botteri; G. Fangi (2003). 3732:; see also classification on 3316: 2268:provinces of the Roman Empire 150:auxiliary sciences of history 8820:Desacralization of knowledge 7091:Carlism in the Francoist era 7059:Holodomor in modern politics 5728: 4426:Edwin Whitfield Fay (1920). 4308:Packard Humanities Institute 3445:. Vol. 56, no. 5. 3253:Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions 2943:agris iudicandis adsignandis 2762:Museum of Roman Civilization 2675: 2507:quid de ea re fieri placeret 2473:Codes of law and regulations 2137:, signed on its pedestal by 2000:list, Athens, 4th century BC 1883:Codes of law and regulations 1687:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1636:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1619: 1399: 752:Symbols and forms of writing 606: 466:, and the British scientist 108:and the artistic value of a 7: 9212:Historiographic metafiction 9176: 9122:Organizations, publications 8911:Proto-orthodox Christianity 7861:German resistance to Nazism 7717:Persian famine of 1917–1919 7127:Islamic revolution of Spain 7054:Holodomor genocide question 6930:Revisionism of Risorgimento 6924:Rerum italicarum scriptores 6905:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 6672:Self-Strengthening Movement 5822:decolonization of knowledge 4160:(in French). Archived from 3900:Joseph Veach Noble (1988). 3516:, Budapest / New York 2008. 3513:The Science of the Swastika 3485:Biblical Archaeology Review 3171:Roman lead pipe inscription 2953: 2739:made by Glycon (see images) 2706: 2430: 1706:Priests and other officials 443:(Crusaders' inscriptions), 10: 9300: 9009:Wissenschaft des Judentums 8986:Criticism of Protestantism 7866:Nazi foreign policy debate 7297:Second colonial occupation 7044:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 6682:Tibetan sovereignty debate 6226:Progressive-era historians 5661:Nationalization of history 5612:Historical-critical method 4350:. London: King's College. 4084:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 3838:Jeffrey M. Hurwit (2000). 3730:Relief Plaques from Thasos 2917: 2690: 2686: 2557:-Bolzano's Parish Church ( 2545:Records of buildings, etc. 2452:Sodales Divorum Augustorum 2291:votum solvit libens merito 2276:initials and abbreviations 2230: 2122: 1644:is seen in the background. 1550: 1322: 1270: 972: 962: 952: 942: 932: 922:in the 4th century BC. In 777: 573: 304: 82: 9231: 9182: 9171: 9127: 9116: 9065: 8869: 8828: 8759: 8748: 8604: 8290: 8286: 8275: 8247: 8216: 8180: 8074: 8028: 8014:Second Sino-Japanese War 7992: 7922: 7874: 7836: 7796: 7672: 7494: 7413: 7389: 7348: 7337: 7313: 7211: 7178: 7069: 6993: 6950: 6891: 6856: 6828: 6819:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 6763: 6690: 6596: 6524: 6238: 6167: 6100: 6062: 5995: 5991: 5980: 5805: 5738: 5734: 5723: 5500: 5487: 5314: 5181: 5143: 5139: 5126: 5003: 4977: 4973: 4960: 4893: 4822: 4738: 4712: 4603: 4492: 4485: 4135:Bodel, John (1997–2009). 4104:, 1983, Introd., pp. 3–6. 3998:Cours d'épigraphie Latine 3780:– Robarts Library, eBook. 3736:- IG vol. xii. 8 no. 358. 3726:Louvre Ma 696 (Sculpture) 3636:. Routledge. p. 66. 3360:Drake, Miriam A. (2003). 3055:Copper plate inscriptions 2914:Milestones and boundaries 2693:Patronage in ancient Rome 2464:were of equestrian rank. 1909:, in the 6th century BC. 1757: 464:Jean-François Champollion 437:(Etruscan inscriptions), 227:" in its original sense. 219:the deciphered texts of " 167:(not to be confused with 8769:Crisis of historiography 7932:Auschwitz bombing debate 7618:Indian Rebellion of 1857 7469:Late Bronze Age collapse 7403:List of military museums 7006:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 6978:Polish People's Republic 6813:Sybel-Ficker controversy 6177:African-American history 6150:Colonial Spanish America 5939:Second Thirty Years' War 4287:(in Spanish and English) 4137:"U.S. Epigraphy Project" 4080:Edward Courtney (1995). 3918:Martin Robinson (1992). 3298:Punic-Libyan Inscription 2738: 2143: 1901:established a colony in 1530:Independent inscriptions 1397:, Rome. The Greek motto 1393:from excavations in the 983:Roman system of numerals 346:Stefano Antonio Morcelli 242:. The German equivalent 232:ideographic inscriptions 7882:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 7741:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 7292:Porter–MacKenzie debate 7049:Causes of the Holodomor 6586:Problem of two emperors 6534:Catilinarian conspiracy 5761:Historical significance 5622:Indiscipline of history 5597:Historical anthropology 4840:List of writing systems 4551:Broussonetia papyrifera 4538:Folding-book manuscript 4521:Bamboo and wooden slips 4054:, "Roman Authority" in 3864:O. W. Reinmuth (1971). 3528:"What is Palaeography?" 3288:Shugborough inscription 3278:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 3243:Inscription of Abercius 2959:Related fields of study 2676:Glykon Athenaios epoiei 2638: 2628:Treaties and agreements 2570:, roads, especially on 2521:de ea re ita censuerunt 1746:we find records of the 1418:Purpose of inscriptions 1389:Inscription on a Roman 1008:, Crete, 5th century BC 552:Materials and technique 480: 449:(Celtic inscriptions), 288:epigraphy with various 8976:Protestant Reformation 8950:Second Vatican Council 8928:Succession to Muhammad 8923:Criticism of the Quran 8674:Religious perspectives 8408:Klemens von Metternich 8005:"Battle for Australia" 7887:Soviet offensive plans 7856:Broad vs. narrow front 7695:Late Ottoman genocides 6628:Century of humiliation 6409:Goguryeo controversies 6387:2,500-year celebration 6045:Double genocide theory 5832:Historical negationism 5656:Ancestral civilisation 5644:Historical materialism 5602:Historical determinism 5552:History of mentalities 4435:Encyclopedia Americana 4413:The Epigraphic Society 4094:Cf. Arthur E. Gordon, 4019: 3822:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 3772:Griechische Epigraphik 3583:Breaking the Maya Code 3557:Cite journal requires 3510:Mees, Bernard Thomas, 3223:Decree of Themistocles 3131:Monumental inscription 3070:Early Indian epigraphy 2942: 2935: 2926: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2827: 2794:. The various sets of 2776: 2765: 2750: 2714: 2620: 2611: 2593: 2586: 2562: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2479: 2450: 2398: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2306: 2297: 2290: 2281: 2259: 2254: 2127: 2001: 1865: 1775: 1719: 1645: 1481: 1414: 1409: 1130: 1088: 1083: 1009: 864: 759:This article contains 603: 598: 581: 473:The interpretation of 451: 445: 439: 431: 416: 409: 389: 377: 336: 317: 301: 292:Arabic scripts in the 146:US Library of Congress 69: 57: 45: 33: 9100:Torsion mangonel myth 9003:Modern Jewish history 8998:Jesuit historiography 8991:Protestant work ethic 8971:Hesychast controversy 8836:Industrial Revolution 8786:Library of Alexandria 8704:The Lord of the Rings 8354:Constantine the Great 8234:Torsion mangonel myth 8166:Sri Lankan Civil War 7245:Storm over the gentry 7146:Colonies or Provinces 6677:Sprouts of capitalism 5751:Historic preservation 5746:Change and continuity 4564:Corypha umbraculifera 4331:. Universität Hamburg 3778:University of Toronto 3433:Silberman, Neil Asher 3393:"Forgeries and Fakes" 3304:Antikythera mechanism 3104:Inscriptiones Graecae 2946:) in the time of the 2809: 2802:Inscriptions on tombs 2747: 2724:Signatures of artists 2608: 2552: 2406:Priests and officials 2344: 2248: 2111: 2104:Signatures of artists 1992: 1859: 1765: 1713: 1641:Obelisk of Theodosius 1627: 1557:Inscriptiones Graecae 1463: 1456:Relative inscriptions 1388: 1285:in the archonship of 1129: 1077:Roman marble funeral 1076: 999: 859:, on the 9th-century 847:An inscription using 846: 836:was derived from the 697:or a letter of which 587: 559: 418:Inscriptiones Graecae 334:Roman square capitals 323: 312: 284: 63: 51: 39: 24: 9187:Commemorative plaque 8403:Juan Manuel de Rosas 7851:"Blitzkrieg" concept 7722:Powder keg of Europe 7597:Franco-Prussian War 7267:Winter of Discontent 7250:Suffragette Campaign 6917:Italiani brava gente 6883:Revolutionary period 6705:Frankish Interregnum 6638:"Chineseness" debate 6571:Byzantine succession 6556:Fall of Western Rome 6497:Executed Renaissance 5986:By country or region 5930:Age of Enlightenment 5904:Vaticinium ex eventu 5851:Modernisation theory 5685:Quantitative history 5061:Historical documents 4429:"Inscriptions" 3685:Ian Jenkins (2006). 3663:Margherita Guarducci 3218:Bryggen inscriptions 3208:Behistun Inscription 3201:Notable inscriptions 3146:Kannada inscriptions 3026:Types of inscription 2792:Monumentum Ancyranum 2748:Reproduction of the 2468:Political and social 2250:Basilica of Aquileia 2176:Monumentum Ancyranum 2126:, "Sophilos drew me" 2005:Ephebic inscriptions 1878:Political and social 1864:, dating from 363 BC 1716:Kom Aushim (Karanis) 1585:improve this article 1541:Political and Social 1351:improve this article 596:(178–179 AD). Text: 574:ΜΕΓΑΚΛΕΣ ΗΙΠΠΟΚΡΑΤΟΣ 513:improve this section 354:August Wilhelm Zumpt 350:Luigi Gaetano Marini 215:public, however: in 211:in a conflagration. 122:Behistun inscription 9279:Textual scholarship 9016:Schools of thought 8981:Proto-Protestantism 8850:School of Thoughts 8732:William Shakespeare 8717:Robert Falcon Scott 8622:Friedrich Nietzsche 8460:Cult of personality 8445:Neville Chamberlain 8305:Alexander the Great 8187:Russo-Georgian War 8160:Sovereignty dispute 8139:Iranian Revolution 7969:"Polish death camp" 7946:In relation to the 7655:Myth of English aid 7646:War of the Pacific 7423:Albigensian Crusade 6848:Indigenous Aryanism 6544:Constantinian shift 6080:Residential schools 5837:Historian's fallacy 5756:Historic recurrence 5254:Numismatics (Money) 5026:Archaeological site 4950:theories of history 4403:, Oxford University 4314:on 10 December 2009 3980:Epitaph of Seikilos 3589:Thames & Hudson 3492:on 7 September 2011 3228:Dipylon inscription 2760:(c. 260 BC) at the 2493:bacchanalian orgies 2211:were frequently in 1628:The ancient bronze 120:. For example, the 52:Tamil inscribed on 9207:Historical realism 9202:Historical fiction 9147:History institutes 9137:Historical society 9132:Heritage registers 9020:Biblical criticism 8933:Islamic golden age 8884:Early Christianity 8764:Bears in antiquity 8652:Medieval Christian 8450:Pedro II of Brazil 8398:José de San Martín 8202:Syrian revolution 8114:Malayan Emergency 8089:1948 Palestine war 7822:Spanish Civil War 7772:War guilt question 7581:American Civil War 7561:Invasion of Russia 7537:New Russian School 7321:Colonial Australia 7037:October Revolution 6800:Strukturgeschichte 6736:Location of Alésia 6655:Hua–Yi distinction 6576:Moscow, third Rome 6192:Reconstruction era 6013:Black Egypt Thesis 5935:European Civil War 5891:Translatio imperii 5846:Invented tradition 4967:Historical sources 4835:History of writing 4271:on 25 January 2010 4052:Francis Haverfield 3449:. pp. 20–29. 3293:Priene Inscription 3263:La Mojarra Stela 1 3233:Duenos Inscription 3213:Bitola inscription 2976:Leiden Conventions 2861:Dis Manibus sacrum 2828: 2769:Historical records 2766: 2621: 2601:Military documents 2563: 2357: 2345:Votive plaque for 2272:Latin Inscriptions 2260: 2227:Latin inscriptions 2198:Tombs and epitaphs 2161:Historical records 2128: 2123:ΣΟΦΙΛΟΣ ΜΕΓΡΑΦΣΕΝ 2035:, 151 citizens of 2002: 1866: 1776: 1720: 1646: 1553:Greek inscriptions 1547:Greek inscriptions 1497:, of about 600 BC 1482: 1415: 1131: 1089: 1010: 865: 780:History of writing 761:special characters 730:Roman inscriptions 604: 582: 337: 324:The high medieval 318: 302: 70: 58: 46: 34: 9261: 9260: 9227: 9226: 9167: 9166: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9025:Catholic theology 8879:Avestan geography 8744: 8743: 8740: 8739: 8727:Søren Kierkegaard 8600: 8599: 8511:Warren G. Harding 8271: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8070: 8069: 7948:Armenian genocide 7811:Polish–Soviet War 7806:Burning of Smyrna 7792: 7791: 7782:Reichstag inquiry 7705:Patriotic consent 7576: 7575: 7551:War in the Vendée 7515:French Revolution 7497:century conflicts 7486:Peloponnesian War 7447:Eighty Years' War 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7238:Westminster Stone 6935:Southern question 6774:Alltagsgeschichte 6724:Legendary Saracen 6426:Early settlements 6234: 6233: 6214:Political history 6199:Consensus history 5976: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5958:Continuity thesis 5897:Translatio studii 5783:Theory of history 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5673:Subaltern Studies 5558:Nouvelle histoire 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5395:Medieval churches 5382:Geistesgeschichte 5326:Paleoanthropology 5234:Encyclopaedistics 5122: 5121: 5118: 5117: 4990:Secondary sources 4853: 4852: 4708: 4707: 4651:Photographic film 4407:Current Epigraphy 4357:978-1-897747-19-3 4201:on 25 August 2011 4193:Clauss, Manfred. 3808:. E. A. Gardner, 3704:978-0-674-02388-8 3643:978-1-884964-02-2 3268:Malia altar stone 3196: 3195: 3151:Old Turkic script 3141:Ogham inscription 3021: 3020: 2413:equestrian status 2215:, usually either 1695:Pyrrhus of Epirus 1662:on the island of 1617: 1616: 1609: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1267:Methods of dating 1223:Italian alphabets 1196:Cypriot syllabary 1069:Position or place 1063:Semitic alphabets 767:rendering support 705:Styles of cutting 549: 548: 541: 397:Zoological Record 244:Sinnbildforschung 130:Achaemenid Empire 9291: 9250: 9249: 9240: 9239: 9192:Documentary film 9173: 9172: 9152:History journals 9118: 9117: 9091: 8963: 8899:Primacy of Peter 8846:Great Depression 8826: 8825: 8799: 8777: 8750: 8749: 8698:J. R. R. Tolkien 8553: 8552: 8548: 8536: 8524: 8506:Ulysses S. Grant 8501:Thomas Jefferson 8492: 8468: 8431: 8394: 8382: 8350: 8338: 8330:Chiang Ching-kuo 8320:Cato the Younger 8310:Amin al-Husseini 8288: 8287: 8277: 8276: 8256: 8255: 8239:War and genocide 8063: 8049:Résistancialisme 8036:Battle of France 8018:Nanjing Massacre 7872: 7871: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7713: 7663: 7545: 7528: 7501: 7500: 7428:Catharism debate 7414:pre-18th century 7396:Military history 7373: 7366: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7343:By war, conflict 7339: 7338: 7287:Cambridge School 7273: 7272: 7171: 7159: 7135: 7116: 7026: 7014: 6986: 6808: 6786:Historikerstreit 6756: 6744: 6732: 6713: 6699:Cordon sanitaire 6645:New Qing History 6633:Conquest dynasty 6624: 6539:Christianization 6522: 6521: 6441: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6308: 6296: 6288:Byzantine Empire 6143:Iquicha Royalism 6132: 6098: 6097: 6021: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5981: 5925:Age of Discovery 5914:Periodization of 5911: 5910: 5885:Transhistoricity 5880:Thirty-year rule 5791: 5779: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5724: 5705:Great Man theory 5668:People's history 5630: 5535: 5534: 5527:Three-age system 5489: 5488: 5189:Archival science 5141: 5140: 5128: 5127: 4995:Tertiary sources 4975: 4974: 4962: 4961: 4911:by area of study 4880: 4873: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4845:Written language 4763:Electronic media 4720:Electronic paper 4693:Textile printing 4490: 4489: 4479:writing material 4468: 4461: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4431: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4372:on 30 March 2010 4361: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4310:. Archived from 4296: 4294: 4292: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4105: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4015: 4009: 3990: 3984: 3977:the interesting 3971: 3965: 3962:Internet Archive 3958:Joseph Robertson 3949: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3915: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3835: 3829: 3807: 3790: 3781: 3767: 3761: 3746: 3737: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3692: 3682: 3671: 3670: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3586: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3488:. Archived from 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3401:Oxford Handbooks 3388: 3382: 3381: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3336: 3327: 3238:Edicts of Ashoka 3098:History of Latin 3032: 2965: 2945: 2938: 2936:III. viri A.I.A. 2931: 2909: 2907:vivus sibi fecit 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2781: 2778:Columna Rostrata 2755: 2752:Columna Rostrata 2719: 2678: 2657: 2648: 2634:republican times 2614: 2596: 2589: 2523: 2516: 2509: 2502: 2482: 2455: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2309: 2302: 2293: 2286: 2257: 2125: 2124: 2048:Proxenia decrees 1795:is sung. To the 1612: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1569: 1561: 1412: 1402: 1378: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1335: 1327: 1225:, including the 1087:– 1st century AD 1086: 1042: 975: 974: 965: 964: 955: 954: 945: 944: 935: 934: 879:In the north of 824:, from whom the 619:). In Egypt and 601: 576: 575: 544: 537: 533: 530: 524: 493: 485: 475:Maya hieroglyphs 454: 448: 442: 436: 421: 412: 392: 382: 217:Mycenaean Greece 93: 86: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9264: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9256: 9223: 9178: 9163: 9123: 9104: 9087: 9070: 9061: 8957: 8865: 8841:Great Recession 8824: 8795: 8771: 8755: 8736: 8627:H. P. Lovecraft 8596: 8558: 8551: 8542: 8530: 8518: 8486: 8462: 8435:Muammar Gaddafi 8425: 8413:Leonid Brezhnev 8388: 8376: 8359:Gregory Palamas 8344: 8342:Chiang Kai Shek 8332: 8292: 8282: 8263: 8262: 8243: 8224:Conflict thesis 8212: 8176: 8066: 8057: 8024: 7988: 7918: 7870: 7832: 7798:Interwar period 7788: 7758: 7751: 7743: 7727:Schlieffen Plan 7707: 7668: 7657: 7572: 7539: 7522: 7507: 7496: 7490: 7474:Dorian invasion 7459:Fall of Babylon 7415: 7409: 7408: 7385: 7377: 7344: 7325: 7301: 7278: 7271: 7233:Kingdom of Alba 7214: 7207: 7174: 7165: 7153: 7151:Spanish decline 7129: 7110: 7065: 7020: 7008: 6989: 6980: 6946: 6887: 6852: 6838:Greater Magadha 6824: 6802: 6759: 6750: 6738: 6726: 6707: 6686: 6660:Four Barbarians 6618: 6592: 6520: 6477:Götaland theory 6445:Lusotropicalism 6435: 6416:North Macedonia 6348: 6336: 6324: 6302: 6290: 6230: 6209:Frontier thesis 6204:Cyclical theory 6187:Neoabolitionism 6163: 6126: 6096: 6058: 6035:Greater Morocco 6015: 5987: 5964: 5915: 5909: 5801: 5785: 5773: 5730: 5711: 5624: 5539: 5533: 5515:Historical eras 5496: 5475: 5310: 5207:Writing systems 5177: 5135: 5133:Fields of study 5114: 5108:Service records 5093:Religious texts 4999: 4985:Primary sources 4969: 4956: 4955: 4889: 4884: 4854: 4849: 4830:Writing systems 4818: 4739:Carrier objects 4734: 4704: 4604:Other materials 4599: 4593:Cyperus papyrus 4506:Trema micrantha 4481: 4472: 4442: 4391: 4389: 4386:"Ubi Erat Lupa" 4384: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4334: 4332: 4317: 4315: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4253: 4251: 4236: 4234: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4164:on 25 July 2009 4146: 4144: 4143:on 7 April 2010 4125: 4123: 4122:. EAGLE project 4118: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4097:Latin Epigraphy 4093: 4089: 4077: 4070: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4031: 4027: 4016: 4012: 3991: 3987: 3972: 3968: 3960:1788, from the 3941: 3937: 3930: 3912: 3893: 3889: 3877: 3873: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3836: 3832: 3791: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3747: 3740: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3683: 3674: 3667:Epigrafia greca 3655: 3651: 3644: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3599: 3574: 3570: 3558: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3530: 3526:Brown, Julian. 3524: 3520: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3476:Shanks, Hershel 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3028: 3023: 3022: 2961: 2956: 2922: 2916: 2837:Saturnian Metre 2824:Saturnian Metre 2822:inscription in 2804: 2771: 2726: 2709: 2695: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2649: 2630: 2603: 2547: 2489: 2475: 2470: 2433: 2421: 2408: 2339: 2334: 2243: 2229: 2200: 2163: 2106: 2085: 2050: 2024: 2007: 1976:"tribute lists" 1944: 1932:Hellenistic Age 1915: 1885: 1880: 1871: 1760: 1718:, Faiyum, Egypt 1708: 1685:and now in the 1651: 1622: 1613: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1582: 1570: 1559: 1549: 1532: 1458: 1420: 1379: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1348: 1336: 1325: 1275: 1269: 1215:Ionian alphabet 1124: 1071: 904:Latin alphabets 857:Younger Futhark 782: 776: 775: 774: 765:Without proper 754: 707: 701:formed a part. 609: 579:Stoa of Attalus 554: 545: 534: 528: 525: 510: 494: 483: 358:Theodor Mommsen 342:Georg Fabricius 332:and stamped in 307: 191:on cast metal, 124:is an official 17: 12: 11: 5: 9297: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9244: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9149: 9144: 9134: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9114: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9085: 9080: 9074: 9072: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9000: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8973: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8896: 8891: 8881: 8875: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8805: 8800: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8766: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8671: 8666: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8617:Charles Darwin 8614: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8587:United Kingdom 8584: 8579: 8577:Modern Germany 8574: 8569: 8563: 8561: 8550: 8549: 8537: 8525: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8496:Thomas Aquinas 8493: 8481: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8383: 8371: 8366: 8364:Horatio Nelson 8361: 8356: 8351: 8339: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8296: 8294: 8284: 8283: 8273: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8196:Responsibility 8193: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8108:New Historians 8105: 8100: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7974:Responsibility 7971: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7954: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7769: 7763: 7761: 7750: 7738: 7732:Spirit of 1914 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7702: 7692: 7689:Fischer thesis 7678: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7652: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7632: 7630:Paraguayan War 7627: 7626: 7625: 7615: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7556:Napoleonic era 7553: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7534: 7529: 7520:Pre-revolution 7511: 7509: 7505:Coalition Wars 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7399: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7383:historiography 7376: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7353: 7346: 7345: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7270: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7201:Decline thesis 7198: 7191:Ottoman Empire 7188: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7117: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7018:Skeptic School 7003: 7001:Anti-Normanism 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6958:Golden Liberty 6954: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6940:Neo-Bourbonism 6932: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6815: 6810: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6780:Borussian myth 6777: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6714: 6702: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6625: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6251:Dealbanisation 6242: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6121: 6115:May Revolution 6106: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6085:Staples thesis 6082: 6077: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6010: 6001: 5999: 5989: 5988: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5917:modern history 5908: 5907: 5900: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5863: 5861:Paradigm shift 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5732: 5731: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5631: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5547:Annales school 5543: 5541: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5410:Constitutional 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5346: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5286:Postage stamps 5283: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5209: 5200: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5137: 5136: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5083:Oral tradition 5080: 5079: 5078: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4970: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4887:Historiography 4883: 4882: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4823:Related topics 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4585: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4547: 4544:Streblus asper 4535: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4496: 4494: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4441: 4440: 4423: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4382: 4362: 4356: 4341: 4324: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4281: 4260: 4243: 4211: 4190: 4174: 4153: 4132: 4115: 4113: 4112:External links 4110: 4107: 4106: 4087: 4068: 4041: 4025: 4010: 3985: 3966: 3935: 3929:978-0521338813 3928: 3911:978-0500050477 3910: 3887: 3871: 3855: 3848: 3830: 3782: 3762: 3757:Ancient Athens 3738: 3717: 3703: 3672: 3660:reference cf. 3649: 3642: 3624: 3612: 3597: 3577:Michael D. Coe 3568: 3559:|journal= 3518: 3503: 3467: 3424: 3417: 3383: 3376: 3352: 3339:Hypotheses.org 3321: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3113: 3100: 3095: 3086: 3081: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3011:Writing system 3008: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2918:Main article: 2915: 2912: 2803: 2800: 2770: 2767: 2725: 2722: 2716:cursus honorum 2708: 2705: 2688: 2685: 2663:Roman copy of 2662: 2661: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2626: 2602: 2599: 2546: 2543: 2488: 2485: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2432: 2429: 2425:Arval Brothers 2420: 2417: 2407: 2404: 2371:dedit, donavit 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2228: 2225: 2199: 2196: 2162: 2159: 2105: 2102: 2084: 2081: 2049: 2046: 2042:Achaean League 2040:came from the 2023: 2020: 2011:ephebic system 2006: 2003: 1980:subject allies 1943: 1940: 1936:Roman emperors 1914: 1911: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1759: 1756: 1707: 1704: 1679:Serpent Column 1650: 1647: 1631:Serpent Column 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1573: 1571: 1564: 1548: 1545: 1531: 1528: 1457: 1454: 1433:advertisements 1419: 1416: 1410:nosce te ipsum 1381: 1380: 1339: 1337: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1317:Eastern Empire 1283:Attic alphabet 1279:Ionic alphabet 1271:Main article: 1268: 1265: 1231:Roman alphabet 1152:British Museum 1123: 1120: 1070: 1067: 1033:inscriptions. 1000:Ancient Greek 912:decimal system 769:, you may see 757: 756: 755: 753: 750: 706: 703: 608: 605: 571:(inscription: 553: 550: 547: 546: 497: 495: 488: 482: 479: 328:, composed in 314:Jiroft culture 306: 303: 31:British Museum 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9296: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9253: 9245: 9243: 9235: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9174: 9170: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9119: 9115: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9078:Merton thesis 9076: 9075: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9030:Panbabylonism 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8961: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8751: 8747: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8592:United States 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8554: 8546: 8541: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8526: 8522: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8472:Bolivarianism 8470: 8466: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8455:Simon Bolivar 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8387: 8386:Joseph Stalin 8384: 8380: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8274: 8259: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181:Post-Cold War 8179: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8155:Falklands War 8153: 8151: 8150:Iran–Iraq War 8148: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8098:Ongoing Nakba 8095: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8061: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029:Western Front 8027: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8010:Bengal famine 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7924:The Holocaust 7921: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875:Eastern Front 7873: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7835: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7754: 7747: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7607: 7606:Paris Commune 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7591:Turning point 7589: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7543: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7495:18th and 19th 7493: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7440:Islamic views 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7374: 7369: 7367: 7362: 7360: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7336: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7210: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7164: 7163:Ser de España 7161: 7157: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7133: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7024: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581:Ottoman claim 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561:Prosopography 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6515: 6514:Trưng sisters 6512: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6352: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6261:Habsburg myth 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6169:United States 6166: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6102:Latin America 6099: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6019: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5789: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5722: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5695:Transnational 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5585:Decoloniality 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566:Historiometry 5564: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5536: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5510:Periodization 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5296:Sigillography 5294: 5292: 5291:Prosopography 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Local history 5166: 5162: 5161:Human history 5159: 5158: 5157: 5156:World history 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4737: 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3273:Phaistos Disc 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3248:Kedukan Bukit 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2930: 2929: 2921: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Carthaginians 2785: 2784:Gaius Duilius 2780: 2779: 2763: 2759: 2758:Gaius Duilius 2754: 2753: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2656: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2607: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2494: 2484: 2481: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2428: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2386: 2385:libens merito 2381: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:metrical form 2210: 2206: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184:Marmor Parium 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2119: 2115: 2112:Black-figure 2110: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2045: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2019: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1984:Delian League 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1875: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1729: 1726: 1717: 1712: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1611: 1608: 1600: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1579: 1574:This section 1572: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1480:, 4th century 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1400:gnōthi sauton 1396: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1374: 1366: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1340:This section 1338: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:Rosetta Stone 1145: 1139: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1050:boustrophedon 1044: 1041: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1007: 1004:inscription, 1003: 1002:boustrophedon 998: 994: 992: 988: 984: 981:symbols. The 979: 969: 959: 949: 939: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 862: 861:Rök runestone 858: 854: 853:Elder Futhark 850: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 781: 772: 768: 764: 762: 749: 747: 743: 737: 735: 731: 726: 725: 720: 719: 713: 702: 700: 696: 695: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 666: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 600: 595: 591: 586: 580: 570: 566: 562: 558: 543: 540: 532: 522: 518: 514: 508: 507: 503: 498:This section 496: 492: 487: 486: 478: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 460:Rosetta Stone 456: 453: 447: 441: 435: 434: 427: 425: 420: 419: 411: 406: 401: 399: 398: 391: 386: 381: 380: 373: 372:(1904–1985). 371: 368:(1868–1947); 367: 364:(1834–1901); 363: 360:(1817–1903); 359: 356:(1815–1877); 355: 352:(1742–1815); 351: 348:(1737–1822); 347: 344:(1516–1571); 343: 335: 331: 327: 322: 315: 311: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 230:The study of 228: 226: 222: 218: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 161: 159: 158:James Ossuary 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 85: 81: 78: 77:Ancient Greek 74: 67: 62: 55: 50: 43: 38: 32: 28: 27:Rosetta Stone 23: 19: 9284:Inscriptions 9007: 8809:The Simpsons 8807: 8754:Other topics 8702: 8679:Christianity 8669:Resurrection 8300:Adolf Hitler 8129:Six-Day War 8125:Algerian War 8096: / 8055:Vichy France 8047: 8040: 7950: / 7838:World War II 7734: / 7401: 7394: 7196:Ghaza thesis 7119: 7095: 7081:White legend 7079: / 7077:Black legend 7032:Soviet Union 6922: 6915: 6903: 6866:Great Famine 6843:Indocentrism 6817: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6772: 6718:Grand Siècle 6716: 6697: 6665:Sinocentrism 6526:Ancient Rome 6506: 6364:Aryan Kartli 6362: 6154: 6117: / 6051: 5948:19th century 5946: / 5937: / 5902: 5895: 5894: / 5889: 5865: 5839: / 5813:Black legend 5771:Historiology 5568: / 5556: 5519: 5457:Quantitative 5380: 5376:Intellectual 5342: / 5338: / 5324: / 5322:Anthropology 5276:Phaleristics 5269:preservation 5264:Oral history 5238: 5205: / 5191: / 5173:Microhistory 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4918: 4909: / 4905: 4898: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4655: 4610:Animal skin 4591: 4574: 4562: 4549: 4542: 4530: 4511: 4504: 4433: 4390:. Retrieved 4374:. Retrieved 4370:the original 4346: 4333:. Retrieved 4316:. Retrieved 4312:the original 4289:. Retrieved 4273:. Retrieved 4269:the original 4252:. Retrieved 4235:. Retrieved 4219:. Retrieved 4203:. Retrieved 4199:the original 4182:. Retrieved 4166:. Retrieved 4162:the original 4145:. Retrieved 4141:the original 4124:. Retrieved 4096: 4090: 4081: 4063: 4059: 4035: 4028: 4013: 3997: 3988: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3951: 3945: 3938: 3919: 3901: 3895: 3890: 3881: 3874: 3865: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3809: 3803: 3771: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3729: 3720: 3708:. Retrieved 3688: 3666: 3652: 3633: 3627: 3615: 3582: 3571: 3550:cite journal 3540:21 September 3538:. Retrieved 3535:UMassAmherst 3521: 3511: 3506: 3494:. Retrieved 3490:the original 3483: 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3440: 3427: 3396: 3386: 3361: 3355: 3345:21 September 3343:. Retrieved 3338: 3325: 3190: 3186:Tamil-Brahmi 3122:Memento mori 3108: 3102: 3047: 3015: 2986:Palaeography 2933: 2923: 2897: 2883: 2869: 2851: 2843: 2841: 2829: 2772: 2727: 2710: 2698: 2696: 2668: 2631: 2622: 2584: 2564: 2539:Roman Empire 2525: 2511: 2497: 2490: 2476: 2434: 2422: 2409: 2399:votum solvit 2389: 2375: 2361: 2358: 2346: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2312: 2295: 2279: 2261: 2201: 2164: 2148: 2132: 2129: 2086: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2029: 2025: 2008: 1975: 1969: 1945: 1916: 1890:codes of law 1886: 1872: 1851: 1844: 1834: 1825: 1801: 1777: 1774:, Ægean Sea. 1752: 1733: 1730: 1721: 1676: 1652: 1639: 1629: 1603: 1594: 1583:Please help 1578:verification 1575: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1483: 1441:codes of law 1429: 1421: 1405:know thyself 1369: 1360: 1349:Please help 1344:verification 1341: 1310: 1276: 1255:Greek Corpus 1253: 1247: 1204: 1200: 1140: 1132: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1048: 1045: 1035: 1011: 977: 967: 957: 947: 937: 927: 915: 908: 888:inscriptions 878: 866: 849:cipher runes 800:, among the 783: 758: 738: 722: 716: 708: 698: 693: 692: 676: 674: 663: 637: 610: 535: 526: 511:Please help 499: 472: 468:Thomas Young 457: 428: 402: 395: 374: 370:Louis Robert 366:Franz Cumont 338: 316:inscriptions 294:Myrtle Court 272:palaeography 256:pictographic 243: 239: 229: 213: 181:palaeography 173:hagiographic 164: 162: 117: 113: 90: 87: 80: 72: 71: 18: 9197:Hagiography 8958: [ 8918:Early Islam 8772: [ 8664:Historicity 8642:Historicity 8632:Jane Austen 8612:The Beatles 8582:Netherlands 8543: [ 8540:Zhuge Liang 8531: [ 8519: [ 8516:Yuan Shikai 8487: [ 8484:Sun Yat Tse 8463: [ 8426: [ 8389: [ 8377: [ 8374:Jiang Zemin 8345: [ 8333: [ 8325:Che Guevara 8058: [ 7993:Pacific War 7777:Article 231 7767:Reparations 7744: [ 7708: [ 7685:Color books 7674:World War I 7658: [ 7635:War of 1812 7540: [ 7523: [ 7508:(1792–1815) 7479:Sea Peoples 7464:Gallic Wars 7166: [ 7154: [ 7141:Revisionist 7130: [ 7121:Reconquista 7111: [ 7103:Inquisition 7097:Convivencia 7021: [ 7009: [ 6981: [ 6878:Revisionism 6803: [ 6751: [ 6739: [ 6727: [ 6708: [ 6650:Golden ages 6619: [ 6616:Wunu School 6611:Archaeology 6484:Switzerland 6467:Kosovo Myth 6455:Great Union 6436: [ 6421:Philippines 6404:Nationalist 6377:Ages of Man 6349: [ 6337: [ 6325: [ 6303: [ 6291: [ 6127: [ 6124:Revisionist 6016: [ 5953:Renaissance 5818:Coloniality 5786: [ 5774: [ 5766:Historicity 5690:Revisionist 5680:Pop history 5651:Nationalist 5625: [ 5570:Cliometrics 5538:Approaches, 5494:Methodology 5390:Linguistics 5340:Environment 5306:Vexillology 5229:Diplomatics 5212:Chorography 5151:Big History 5103:War diaries 5076:Illuminated 5071:Manuscripts 5056:Hieroglyphs 4936:historicity 4780:Inscription 4713:Impermanent 4676:Clay tablet 4646:Oracle bone 4513:Ficus aurea 4493:Plant-based 4392:22 November 4376:22 November 4335:22 November 4318:22 November 4275:22 November 4254:22 November 4233:. 1986–2012 4221:22 November 4184:22 November 4168:22 November 4147:22 November 3994:René Cagnat 3950:; see also 3496:27 February 3442:Archaeology 3116:Maya script 3038:Abecedarium 2996:Orthography 2981:Numismatics 2594:sua pecunia 2559:South Tyrol 2448:; also the 2190:, found in 1691:Persian War 1180:Late Minoan 1053:, or as an 1006:Gortyn code 822:Phoenicians 818:syllabaries 794:Mesopotamia 786:pictography 712:hieroglyphs 687:or pointed 656:numismatics 621:Mesopotamia 569:Hippocrates 362:Emil Hübner 276:iconography 268:handwriting 264:logographic 260:ideographic 252:petroglyphs 248:Third Reich 209:clay tablet 177:numismatics 142:archaeology 118:epigraphist 64:Trilingual 9268:Categories 9252:Multimedia 9071:Technology 9035:Urreligion 8938:Kharijites 8889:Background 8557:Historical 8528:Zhou Enlai 8423:Mao Zedong 8418:Louis Riel 8191:Background 8042:Guilty Men 7984:Uniqueness 7907:Background 7902:Winter War 7826:Background 7759:Versailles 7613:Great Game 7260:Ricardians 7255:Tudor myth 6973:Partitions 6566:Succession 5856:Narratives 5841:Presentism 5797:Philosophy 5617:Humanistic 5505:Case study 5437:Indigenous 5415:Diplomatic 5359:Capitalism 5259:Onomastics 5217:Chronology 5046:Facsimiles 5031:Chronicles 4929:historians 4900:Historians 4797:Palimpsest 4792:Manuscript 4785:Bas-relief 4730:Skywriting 4686:Wax tablet 4666:Petroglyph 4526:Birch bark 4416:worldwide. 4017:It reads: 3587:. London: 3317:References 3181:Stoichedon 3161:Petroglyph 3089:Hero stone 3043:Chronogram 3006:Typography 3001:Papyrology 2920:milliarium 2886:H.M.H.N.S. 2691:See also: 2572:milestones 2531:Diocletian 2458:Haruspices 2299:H.M.H.N.S. 2231:See also: 1961:Erechtheum 1787:: "To the 1748:hierophant 1740:divination 1725:priesthood 1681:, once at 1672:peculation 1551:See also: 1524:Germanicus 1474:Corinthian 1395:Appian Way 1243:Chalcidian 1207:archonship 1192:Asia Minor 1160:Babylonian 1104:tombstones 991:ideographs 936:(10,000), 892:Morse code 855:, and the 834:Phoenician 814:Ideographs 778:See also: 746:Thucydides 633:limestones 613:terracotta 414:corpus is 240:ideography 185:engravings 138:historians 114:epigrapher 75:(from 44:from Paris 42:Michel Ney 9274:Epigraphy 9040:Perennial 8829:Economics 8781:Feudalism 8567:Australia 8315:Aurangzeb 8291:Political 8281:By person 7962:Pius Wars 7757:Treaty of 7416:conflicts 7223:Poor Laws 7086:Hispanism 6963:Sarmatism 6793:Sonderweg 6551:Expansion 6276:Litvinism 6110:Argentina 5944:Long 18th 5827:Dark Ages 5607:Historism 5405:Political 5344:Geography 5281:Philology 5244:Genealogy 5239:Epigraphy 5182:By source 5021:Artifacts 4804:Microform 4698:Silk text 4614:Parchment 4571:Palm leaf 4291:14 August 4237:23 August 4205:15 August 4002:Knowledge 3818:democracy 3368:CRC Press 3176:Runestone 3079:headstone 3065:Ex libris 2879:Hic iacet 2820:Old Latin 2786:over the 2576:basilicas 2574:, baths, 2568:aqueducts 2332:Religious 2217:hexameter 2142:example, 2090:Prytaneum 2033:Epidaurus 1965:Parthenon 1903:Naupactus 1841:Epidaurus 1837:Asclepius 1821:Eleusinia 1805:Alectrona 1768:Asclepius 1620:Religious 1597:July 2019 1537:Religious 1499:hexameter 1466:Periander 1446:Acropolis 1363:July 2019 1313:consulate 1302:Olympiads 1295:Eponymous 1287:Eucleides 1211:Eucleides 1172:Alexander 1150:, in the 1059:ploughing 1031:Byzantine 1027:Christian 1023:monograms 1019:Compendia 946:(1,000), 920:Epidaurus 874:cuneiform 863:in Sweden 718:cuneiform 607:Materials 567:, son of 529:July 2019 500:does not 385:fascicles 286:Arabesque 189:embossing 102:graphemes 91:epigraphḗ 73:Epigraphy 68:in Turkey 9242:Category 9157:template 8871:Religion 8722:Socrates 8637:Muhammed 8559:rankings 8440:Napoleon 8258:Category 8076:Cold War 7979:Slovakia 7566:Waterloo 7435:Crusades 7380:Military 7228:Scotland 7186:Kemalist 6508:Nam tiến 6503:Vietnam 6493:Ukraine 6451:Romania 6433:Portugal 6359:Georgia 6334:Medieval 6283:Bulgaria 6272:Belarus 6257:Austria 6063:Americas 6031:Morocco 6027:Ethiopia 5806:Specific 5729:Concepts 5634:Leninist 5592:Feminist 5580:Critical 5427:Feminism 5400:Military 5354:Business 5349:Economic 5331:Cultural 5315:By topic 5301:Toponymy 5249:Heraldry 5197:template 5144:By scale 5066:Logbooks 5051:Features 5016:Archives 4756:Notebook 4672:Tablets 4661:Geoglyph 4639:Stamping 4634:Intaglio 4576:Borassus 4559:Ola leaf 4486:Enduring 3975:int. al. 3896:int. al. 3794:Lycurgus 3710:29 March 3665:(1995). 3656:For the 3607:26605966 3579:(1992). 3460:27 April 3455:41658744 3156:Ostracon 3084:Graffiti 2954:See also 2735:Lysippus 2731:Hercules 2707:Honorary 2670:Hercules 2665:Lysippus 2580:porticos 2442:Fetiales 2431:Colleges 2354:Maximini 2347:Victoria 2317:tesserae 2283:V.S.L.M. 2221:elegiacs 2209:epitaphs 2172:Augustus 2139:Paeonius 2118:Sophilos 2098:Kresilas 2094:Pericles 2077:proxenos 2073:proxenos 2069:proxenos 2060:proxenos 2055:proxenia 1996:with an 1957:Peiraeus 1928:Ecclesia 1899:Locrians 1817:Messenia 1495:Cypselus 1478:Kresilas 1470:Cypselus 1464:Bust of 1425:potsherd 1291:Archinus 1250:medieval 1235:alphabet 1227:Etruscan 1164:Assyrian 1156:Sumerian 1144:hieratic 1061:). 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