218:
480:
389:
230:
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55:
40:
191:
347:, whenever they judge the cause of sufficient moment. And therefore, though the people cannot be judge, so as to have, by the constitution of that society, any superior power, to determine and give effective sentence in the case; yet they have, by a law antecedent and paramount to all positive laws of men, reserved that ultimate determination to themselves which belongs to all mankind, where there lies no appeal on earth, viz. to judge, whether they have just cause to make their
1364:
437:. In 1775 and 1776, according to John R. Monsky, it was one of the most important flags in the colonies, and the central image of the pine tree stood for wealth and power, in part because the tall trees were so important to the Royal Navy, as masts for warships. Massachusetts adopted it as its first official flag and put it on their currency;
364:, saw the Declaration as being copied from that work. Locke was not only one of the most-cited political philosophers during the Founding Era (~1776 to 1779), but also the single most frequently-cited source in the years from 1760 to 1776 (the period leading up to the Declaration of Independence).
355:
Locke's enlightenment-age works on the topic of the philosophy of government were well-known and frequently quoted by colonial leaders in the 1760–1776 period prior to
American independence. Locke's writing that most influenced the American philosophy of government was his Two Treatises of
263:
in
September 1775 had used the Pine Tree flag as an ensign; in his letter, Reed described the banner he proposed as "the flag of our floating batteries." The six schooners commissioned by Congress beginning in October 1775 to intercept British ships entering Boston—the
367:
Prior to
Colonel Reed's suggestion and Massachusetts General Court establishing the Pine Tree flag as the standard of the Massachusetts navy, "an appeal to Heaven" or similar expressions had been invoked by the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in several resolutions,
552:
in 2023. This drew media attention because of the flag's use by "Stop the Steal" supporters. The justice stated that his wife had displayed the flag, referred to the historic background of the symbol, and refused to recuse himself from ongoing cases involving the
1309:
432:
from 1652 to 1682. The Pine Tree Flag was associated with the New
England Colonies long before it became depicted, for instance, on the famous handkerchief of George Washington on horseback surrounded by four different flags (1776–77), by
1169:"Another Provocative Flag Was Flown at Another Alito Home: The justice's beach house displayed an 'Appeal to Heaven' flag, a symbol carried on Jan. 6 and associated with a push for a more Christian-minded government"
449:, the "pine tree state", also featured a pine tree on a buff field with a blue star in the canton from 1901 to 1909. The flag was a popular regional New England flag and was used to muster troops during the
1271:
I recall that my wife did fly that flag for some period of time, but I do not remember how long it flew. And what is most relevant here, I had no involvement in the decision to fly that flag.
343:
And where the body of the people, or any single man, is deprived of their right, or is under the exercise of a power without right, and have no appeal on earth, then they have a liberty to
534:
420:. The term "pine tree" also referred to oaks, willows, and other trees. Colonists adopted the pine as a symbol on flags and currency in the 17th century, including variants of the
1338:
803:
255:, suggested a "flag with a white ground and a tree in the middle, the motto AN APPEAL TO HEAVEN" be used for the ships Washington commissioned. Two heavily armed American
1079:
377:
1138:
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472:, whose soldiers were recruited from present-day Maine. The regiment marched to Boston following the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and served in the
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1178:
217:
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495:
In 1968, the Pine Tree flag, or "Washington's
Cruisers Flag," was featured in the 6¢ Historic American Flags postage stamp series printed by the
1330:
856:
479:
312:
with a resolution stating: "...that the
Colours be a white Flag, with a green Pine Tree, and the Inscription, 'An Appeal to Heaven'."
1391:
811:
361:
454:
554:
388:
1110:
834:
468:
also cites the Appeal to Heaven flag as a historic military symbol of Maine, stating that it was presented in July 1775 to the
693:
674:
541:
244:
in the canton with a green pine tree in the first quarter", was used in New
England as early as 1704, and may have flown at
1087:
305:
167:
1130:
1027:
930:
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222:
54:
85:
A white field charged with a green pine tree, and the words "AN APPEAL TO HEAVEN" in capital letters above the tree.
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1368:
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380:. Subsequently, the phrase was used again by the Second Continental Congress in the Declaration of Independence.
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234:
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140:
20:
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248:
in 1775. It also appeared having a "white field with the motto 'An Appeal to Heaven' above the pine tree".
111:
with the motto "An Appeal to Heaven", or less frequently "An Appeal to God", was used by a squadron of six
1396:
1111:"S.F. removes controversial 'Appeal to Heaven' flag from Civic Center Plaza, saying it has been co-opted"
373:
330:
309:
1401:
417:
465:
211:
1331:"Alito rejects calls to quit Supreme Court cases on Trump and Jan. 6 because of flag controversies"
1220:
453:
before
Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes. The flag may have served as partial inspiration for
429:
252:
860:
1115:
1083:
666:
503:
1310:"Read Justice Alito's letters rejecting calls to recuse himself from Jan. 6 Supreme Court cases"
576:
887:
The
American Flag: An Encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. History, Culture, and Law
442:
356:
Government, and has been used to defend the secularization of
American political structures.
336:
245:
74:
47:
434:
159:, though the script was removed in 1971. It was used by state navy vessels in addition to
19:
This article is about the American Revolution-era flag. For the former flag of Maine, see
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as part of a collection of historic American flags. It is also displayed at
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In a letter dated October 20, 1775, General Washington's secretary, Colonel
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39:
131:
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activists and enthusiasts of the American Revolution to commemorate the
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135:
1166:
73:
Used on American vessels by October 20, 1775; formally adopted by the
1285:"US Supreme Court Justice Alito's home flew another provocative flag"
954:"From the Collection: Finding America in Its First Political Textile"
160:
108:
969:
890:
413:
174:, one of the first acts of resistance by the American colonists to
112:
908:
992:"Maine's once forgotten original state flag is making a comeback"
929:. Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Archived from
194:
American school textbook, 1885, depicting the flag alongside the
320:
The phrase "Appeal to Heaven" is a particular expression of the
1363:
1131:"Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company | Museum & Armory"
521:
In the 2020s, the flag was flown at events attended by various
511:
488:
335:
The work was published in 1690 and rejected the theory of the
1257:"Letter from Justice Alito to Senators Durbin and Whitehouse"
712:"Nashua Says No to Displaying Historic N.H. Pine Tree Flag"
256:
1314:
804:"John Locke's Appeal to Heaven: Its Continuing Relevance"
378:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
1139:
Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts
742:
Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association
516:
Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts
396:
with the Pine Tree Flag, or "Washington's Cruisers Flag"
1167:
Kantor, Jodi; Toler, Aric; Tate, Julie (May 22, 2024).
835:"The Appeal to Heaven and Our New Revolutionary War"
240:
A flag with a pine tree on it, "a red flag with the
792:- Chapter 3 Sect. 20-21 & Chapter 14 Sect. 168
1214:Examiner, Brady Knox, Washington (May 23, 2024).
1162:
1160:
857:"John Locke – A Philosophical Founder of America"
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
1383:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
620:Standards and Colors of the American Revolution
441:shows it in his 1785 painting of the events at
412:The pine tree symbol may have been used by the
1157:
641:
502:From 1964 to 2024, the flag was flown outside
178:royal authority eventually culminating in the
1328:
1216:"What are the flags Alito is under fire for?"
691:http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq122-1.htm
599:
315:
1241:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1199:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
540:In May 2024, news outlets reported that the
1050:"1968 U.S. Postage Stamp Issues Identifier"
1020:"Maine Army Guard Shoulder Sleeve Insignia"
304:The following year, on April 29, 1776, the
259:, or "floating batteries," launched on the
134:. The phrase "appeal to heaven" appears in
923:"Massachusetts Pine Tree Shilling, "1652""
832:
616:
689:Naval History Center FAQ. Retrieved from
130:The pine tree is a traditional symbol of
1213:
765:
763:
555:2020 United States presidential election
478:
399:
387:
372:in his Liberty or Death speech, and the
228:
216:
189:
880:
878:
658:
103:) was one of the flags used during the
1384:
1282:
1080:"6c Washington's Cruisers Flag single"
951:
833:Littlejohn, Brad (February 23, 2021).
801:
782:
709:
185:
1014:
1012:
945:
788:"Second Treatise on Civil Government"
760:
735:
984:
884:
875:
404:Pine Tree Flag being displayed at a
1376:History of An Appeal to Heaven flag
859:. December 29, 2016. Archived from
470:31st Massachusetts Regiment of Foot
233:A modern rendition of the original
144:, where it is used to describe the
13:
1009:
223:Chase & Sanborn Coffee Company
14:
1418:
1357:
1341:from the original on May 29, 2024
1181:from the original on May 26, 2024
1054:U.S. Stamp Catalog and Identifier
885:Vile, John R. (October 5, 2018).
1392:Flags of the American Revolution
1362:
1108:
710:Graham, Michael (June 4, 2024).
625:University of Pennsylvania Press
497:Bureau of Engraving and Printing
53:
38:
1322:
1302:
1276:
1249:
1207:
1123:
1102:
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1042:
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802:Benner, Dave (April 16, 2017).
16:American Revolutionary-era flag
1329:Sherman, Mark (May 29, 2024).
927:Legendary Coins & Currency
826:
795:
776:
729:
703:
683:
617:Richardson, Edward W. (1982).
225:American history booklet, 1898
1:
1283:Kruzel, John (May 22, 2024).
1082:. Collections Search Center,
889:. Santa Barbara, California:
592:
331:Second Treatise on Government
157:Commonwealth of Massachusetts
141:Second Treatise on Government
107:. The flag, which featured a
324:used by British philosopher
308:established the flag of the
163:sailing from Massachusetts.
7:
662:Flag: An American Biography
560:
374:Second Continental Congress
362:Declaration of Independence
127:beginning in October 1775.
10:
1423:
771:Washington's Cruisers Flag
416:before the arrival of the
383:
316:Appeal to Heaven and Locke
301:—used the Pine Tree flag.
221:Illustration of the flag,
18:
736:Homer, Harlan H. (1915).
212:Flag of the United States
89:
81:
69:
61:
46:
37:
33:
21:Flag of Maine (1901–1909)
1221:Colorado Springs Gazette
952:Monsky, John R. (2002).
696:October 4, 2012, at the
544:at the vacation home of
430:Massachusetts Bay Colony
153:official maritime ensign
101:An Appeal to Heaven Flag
1116:San Francisco Chronicle
1084:Smithsonian Institution
514:, in the Museum of the
504:San Francisco City Hall
1407:Flags of Massachusetts
808:Tenth Amendment Center
659:Leepson, Marc (2005).
577:American Enlightenment
492:
483:The flag displayed in
409:
397:
353:
237:
226:
214:
1371:at Wikimedia Commons
527:Christian nationalist
482:
443:Battle of Bunker Hill
403:
391:
341:
337:divine right of kings
306:Massachusetts Council
232:
220:
193:
75:Massachusetts Council
958:Winterthur Portfolio
769:Wyatt, Rick (2002).
667:St. Martin's Griffin
466:Maine National Guard
1145:on January 19, 2024
933:on November 7, 2016
863:on January 13, 2014
738:"The American Flag"
698:Library of Congress
627:. pp. 59, 90.
567:Flag of New England
542:flag had been flown
525:groups including a
451:American Revolution
422:flag of New England
322:right of revolution
242:cross of St. George
186:Design and adoption
180:American Revolution
166:It is also used by
146:right of revolution
115:commissioned under
105:American Revolution
30:
1397:1775 introductions
1174:The New York Times
1060:on August 27, 2018
669:. pp. 14–15.
546:U.S. Supreme Court
493:
410:
408:protest, July 2020
406:Black Lives Matter
398:
360:, a signer of the
350:
346:
238:
227:
215:
121:commander-in-chief
28:
1402:Christian symbols
1367:Media related to
1030:on March 31, 2023
996:Bangor Daily News
814:on March 10, 2021
676:978-0-312-32309-7
439:Jonathan Trumbull
358:Richard Henry Lee
348:
344:
339:. In chapter 14:
117:George Washington
93:
92:
77:on April 29, 1776
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1086:. Archived from
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428:produced by the
349:appeal to heaven
345:appeal to heaven
208:Bunker Hill flag
200:Grand Union Flag
151:The flag is the
125:Continental Army
119:'s authority as
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31:
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1318:. May 29, 2024.
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1135:www.ahac.us.com
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893:. p. 255.
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572:1901 Maine Flag
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474:Siege of Boston
414:Iroquois League
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235:1901 Maine Flag
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24:
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1378:, Wallbuilders
1369:Pine Tree Flag
1359:
1358:External links
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1109:Swan, Rachel.
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978:10.1086/381643
970:10.1086/381643
964:(4): 239–264.
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1263:. Retrieved
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1225:. Retrieved
1219:
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1183:. Retrieved
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1147:. Retrieved
1143:the original
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1114:
1104:
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1088:the original
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1058:the original
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1028:the original
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999:. Retrieved
995:
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935:. Retrieved
931:the original
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917:
886:
865:. Retrieved
861:the original
851:
839:. Retrieved
837:. Providence
828:
816:. Retrieved
812:the original
807:
797:
778:
745:
741:
731:
719:. Retrieved
715:
705:
685:
665:. New York:
661:
619:
550:Samuel Alito
539:
537:" movement.
531:Donald Trump
520:
508:Faneuil Hall
501:
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485:Faneuil Hall
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366:
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196:Gadsden Flag
165:
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96:
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1001:October 19,
867:January 13,
748:: 108–121.
435:John Hewson
253:Joseph Reed
246:Bunker Hill
204:New England
132:New England
1386:Categories
909:2018010859
818:August 27,
784:John Locke
716:NH Journal
634:0812278399
593:References
529:strand of
394:U.S. stamp
326:John Locke
310:state navy
210:, and the
206:flag, the
161:privateers
136:John Locke
62:Proportion
841:April 20,
523:far-right
113:schooners
109:pine tree
1339:Archived
1237:cite web
1195:cite web
1179:Archived
1034:June 10,
937:July 12,
891:ABC-CLIO
754:42890036
694:Archived
561:See also
548:Justice
418:Pilgrims
286:Harrison
280:Franklin
155:for the
99:(or the
1345:May 30,
1294:May 27,
1289:Reuters
1265:May 29,
1227:May 28,
1185:May 30,
1149:May 31,
1094:May 28,
1064:May 24,
721:June 6,
426:coinage
384:History
376:in the
328:in his
268:Hancock
176:British
168:liberty
123:of the
70:Adopted
976:
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773:(U.S.)
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512:Boston
491:, 2010
489:Boston
445:. The
298:Warren
295:, and
198:, the
82:Design
52:Other
1260:(PDF)
974:JSTOR
750:JSTOR
392:1968
292:Lynch
257:scows
1347:2024
1296:2024
1267:2024
1243:link
1229:2024
1201:link
1187:2024
1151:2024
1096:2024
1066:2024
1036:2024
1003:2018
939:2020
905:LCCN
895:ISBN
869:2014
843:2024
820:2020
723:2024
671:ISBN
629:ISBN
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464:The
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