944:
658:. The challenge in interpreting a language that was new to all lay in finding uses of less familiar words in other contexts to reach a definition. To make it harder, the hand copies of the inscription were not always accurate. PeppĂ©âs original copy had one minor omission but, when he passed it over to his assistant for more copies, other errors were made. Ambitious Pali scholars approached their translations with a passion that lead to competition and grandstanding, often when they were working from different texts. Throughout the following decade or so, epigraphists debated the precise meaning of the inscription.
1007:. In 1978, the Indian government allowed their share of the discovery to be exhibited in Sri Lanka and more than 10 million people paid homage. They were also exhibited in Mongolia in 1993, Singapore in 1994, South Korea in 1995, Thailand in 1996, and again in Sri Lanka in 2012. In February 2024, these bone Kapilavastu relics of the Lord Buddha traveled to Bangkok for the first time with the relics of two of the Buddha's disciples, Sariputta and Maha Moggallana from Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh. More than a million people paid their respects between Feb 24 and March 3, according to the Ministry of Culture.
100:
826:
511:
848:, had been ordained as a Buddhist monk in Sri Lanka and arrived at Piprahwa shortly after the discovery. He soon learned that W.C. Peppé had placed his finds at the disposal of the government. His eloquent arguments to persuade British government officials to donate the bone relics to the King of Siam to share with Buddhist communities in other countries received support from lower level British officials and worked their way up to the Viceroy. It was an obvious solution that might appease Buddhists who were upset that the recently discovered
577:
Kusinara, saying: "The
Blessed One was the greatest of our clan. We are worthy to receive a portion of the relics. We will erect a stupa over them and hold a festival in their honor." The Mallas replied 'The Blessed One has passed away in our township. We shall not part with any portion of the relics'. The Brahman, Dona, then intervened to remind them about the Buddhaâs teachings and suggested that they avoid 'strife, war and bloodshed' and split the relics between the eight kingdoms demanding a portion so that "far and wide Stupas may rise".
50:
621:
67:
818:
936:
269:
175:
762:âs conversion to Buddhism. Asoka the Great was a ruthless and bloody Emperor who ruled from around 268-232 BCE. He supposedly killed his brothers to ascend to the throne but, after the brutality of the Kalinga War where he slaughtered â100,000 men and animalsâ, he renounced all violence and embraced Buddhism. He then issued a decree to build 'stupas' and redistribute the Buddhaâs remains across his kingdom.
107:
74:
724:. Rather than it simply meaning container or reliquary box, Falk finds evidence to read it as meaning the whole stupa construction installed by the Sakyas for the relics of the Buddha. He concludes that the reliquary found at Piprahwa contained a portion of the ashes of the Buddha and that the inscription is authentic. In the catalogue for the Metropolitan Museum of Art's
766:
They discovered two soapstone casket containing fragments of small bone in two burnt brick chambers measuring 32 inches square and 14 inches deep. Some broken dishes that may have covered the caskets proved to be
Northern Black Polished Ware which dated this find to 400-500BCE, which is consistent with the 480 BCE date given for the Buddha's passing.
773:
Peppé unearthed the second Asokan phase which was characterized by well fired mud bricks made with rice and straw and laid in clay mortar in concentric circles. The stupa and the coffer it held show all the trademarks of high quality Asokan craftsmanship but the enlargement likely extended for years
765:
It was not until the 1970s that the evolution of the
Piprahwa stupa was established. K. M. Srivastava knew that âinstances are not wanting when relics of the same individual have been enshrined at two different levelsâ. He led an Archaeological Society of India expedition that dug deeper than PeppĂ©.
606:
had decimated the region leaving the tenant farmers on his estate in need of work. Peppé led a team excavating what
Indologist Vincent Smith advised him was an unusually early example of an ancient Buddhist stupa âprobably dating from the era of Asoka the Great.â Having cleared away scrub and jungle,
576:
The history of the
Piprahwa stupa begins with the passing of the Buddha. The Mahaparinirvana Sutra tells us that an argument arose following his cremation around 480BCE. âThe Sakyas of Kapilavatthu came to know that at Kusinara the Blessed One had passed away. And they sent a message to the Mallas of
955:
is the
Eastern Monastery that measures 45.11m x 41.14m with a courtyard and more than thirty cells around it. The complex includes an additional Southern Monastery, Western Monastery, and Northern Monastery. He also found terracotta sealings and a pot which all bore the same legend in Kushan script:
728:
exhibition, Curator John Guy writes that 'it is reasonable to surmise that the
Piprahwa bone relics represent the Shakya clanâs share of the original division by the Brahmin Drona, as implicit in the reliquary inscription, and that the seven surviving reliquary containers and their precious-material
1961:
Allen, Charles (2012), "What happened at
Piprahwa: A chronology of events relating to the excavation in January 1898 of the Piprahwa Stupa in Basti District, North-Western Provinces and Oude (Uttar Pradesh), India, and the associated 'Piprahwa Inscription', based on newly available correspondence",
911:
W. C. Peppé was allowed to keep a number of 'duplicate items' which have been exhibited at the
Rietberg Museum in Zurich, the Rubin Museum in New York, the Asian Civilizations Museum in Singapore, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the National Museum of Korea in Seoul. Peppe also gave
769:
Srivastava concluded that the stupa was built in three phases. The first would have been undertaken by the Sakyas shortly after the Buddhaâs death. It most likely adhered to the Buddhaâs instruction to be buried under earth that was âheaped up as rice is heaped in an alms bowlâ and that the stupa
745:
noted the challenges that isolated finds present to paleographical study and to dating materials. He concluded that "the inscription may be confidently dated to the earlier half of the second century B.C." but noted that "the
Piprahwa vase, found in the Basti District, U.P. (Uttar Pradesh), has an
593:
For over 2000 years the stupa built by the Sakyas remained intact and covered with vegetation outside the village of Piprahwa on the Indian side of the border with Nepal. It even survived fifty years of stupa archaeology by the many Indophiles to be found in the British civil service. For all their
584:
In the centuries after the Sakyas built their stupa, all signs of Buddhism disappeared from the Buddhaâs homeland. A Brahmin Hindu revival saw the decline of Buddhism which migrated to Thailand, Sri Lanka, China, Cambodia etc. Statues were destroyed or decapitated during a succession of invasions
611:
which contained five small vases containing bone fragments, gold ornaments and intricately fashioned jewelry. These reliquaries together held the largest group of precious offerings ever recorded in a single deposit: around 1,800 gemstones and semi-precious stones (many shaped and drilled), rock
777:
During the third stage of construction the height of the stupa was raised and the base was squared off. Monastic buildings were also constructed around the stupa. This all happened at an unknown date, although most likely during the Kushan era, approximately two hundred and fifty years after the
1010:
In 2015, relics from the Peppé discovery that were donated to the Waskaduwe Vihara in Sri Lanka drew an estimated 2 million devotees. In October 2015, the same relics were exhibited at Nagpur in India to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Dr Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian Constitution. An
689:
This interpretation was firmly rejected by his contemporaries. Following such criticism Fleet wrote: "I now abandon my opinion". It took almost a decade to reach a consensus on the exact meaning of the inscription which resulted in it being subsequently labelled as âcontroversialâ. Ultimately
907:
The majority of the gold and jewelry relic offerings were placed by the Indian government in the Indian Museum, Kolkata. Today, a replica urn is all that is on display. Photographs of the relic offerings can be seen at the Kapilavastu Museum at Piprahwa that is visited by Buddhist pilgrims.
786:
Although there was initial uncertainty about the translation, there is no record of any challenge to the authenticity of the find itself at the time. However, in introducing the discovery to the members of the Royal Asiatic Society in April 1900, its secretary,
580:
The Buddhaâs own Sakya clan received a share as did seven other kingdoms. They deposited them in eight stupas with two further stupas being built over the ashes of the cremation pyre and over the vessel in which the bones and ashes had been gathered.
856:
control. It was also a gesture of goodwill to a country that was being courted by the French, Russian, and Dutch superpowers of the time. In 1899, a ceremony was held and the bone relics were handed off to an emissary of King Rama V and traveled to
915:
On 16 December 2554 ( 2011), a portion of these Kapilvatthu Buddha Relics was offered to the Sangha of Ratanawan Monastery. In January, 2012, some of these relics were enshrined in the Buddha Homage Reliquary Hall, Ratanawan Monastery, Thailand.
770:
be sited beside a crossroads so that passersby might pause to pay their respects and by their veneration gain in understanding and merit. The resulting circular mud adobe structure was 62 ft in diameter and 12 ft in height.
791:, stressed that 'the hypothesis of forgery in this case is simply unthinkable'. Over a century later there have been assumptions that such doubts must therefore have existed most likely because government archaeologist,
795:, had been working some eighteen miles away from Peppé on his own dig and was subsequently exposed as a plagiarist and forger. The possibility of forgery was explored by writer and historian Charles Allen in his book
716:'This enshrinement (nidhÄna) of the corporal remnants (ĆarÄ«ra) of the Buddha , the lord, (is to the credit) of the brothers of the âhighly famousâ, together with their sisters, with their sons and wives.'
712:
confirmed the same interpretation that these were the remains of the Buddha himself. Having spent time with the reliquary in the Indian Museum in Kolkata, Falk translated the inscription to mean:
720:
Where earlier translations had debated the word Sukirti as being either a proper name or a reference to the Buddha as âpossessed of good fameâ or âthe Well famed Oneâ, Falk focuses on the word
556:
Piprahwa is best known for its archaeological site and excavations that suggest that it was the burial place of the portion of the Buddha's ashes that were given to his own
698:"This receptacle of relics of the blessed Buddha of the ĆÄkyas (is the pious gift) of the brothers of SukÄ«rti, jointly with their sisters, with their sons and their wives."
951:
Srivastava continued his excavation of the surrounding area and discovered what is known today as the Piprahwa-Ganwaria monastic complex. The largest structure after the
564:
and the ruins of several monasteries as well as a museum are located within the site. Ancient residential complexes and shrines were uncovered at the adjacent mound of
545:, a scented and spicy variety of rice is grown in this area. It lies in the heart of the historical Buddha's homeland and is 9 miles from the world heritage site of
677:, a former epigraphist of the Government of India, published a translation that agreed with this interpretation. However, on assuming the role of Secretary of the
594:
efforts, they failed to find any reliquaries that claimed to hold the Buddha's relics. In 1897 a particularly large kot or earthen mound caught the attention of
746:
inscription scratched on the steatite stone in a careless manner. As the inscription refers to the remains of the Buddha, it was originally dated to the pre-
754:". Dani's dating of the inscription puts it around 250 years after the generally agreed 480 BCE death of the historical Buddha which suggests that the '
968:
spent the first 29 years of his life. Others suggest that the original site of Kapilavastu is located 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the northwest, at
678:
2266:
956:'Of the community of the monks of great Kapilavastu'. This led some scholars to believe that modern-day Piprahwa was the site of the ancient city of
1325:
1768:
2491:
2506:
685:"This is a deposit of relics of the brethren of Sukiti, kinsmen of Buddha the Blessed One, with their sisters, their children and wives."
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crystal, pearls, shell, coral, embossed sheet gold and silver, granulated gold, as well as bone and ash assumed to be of great sanctity
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engineer and landowner who had been inspired by the recent discovery of the Lumbini pillar that marked the birthplace of the Buddha. The
135:
2126:
1705:
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they set to work building a deep trench through the mound. After digging through 18 feet of solid brickwork, they came to a large stone
497:
2496:
2229:
648:"This relic-shrine of divine Buddha (is the donation) of the Sakya-Sukiti brothers, associated with their sisters, sons, and wives,
1909:
805:. He researches the unfolding of events at Piprahwa based on the 2008 release of letters between W.C. Peppé, Vincent Smith, and
2501:
99:
2521:
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1951:
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1814:
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1529:
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contents represent deposits at the time of the stupaâs rebuilding in brick during or shortly after the reign of Ashoka.'
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2011:
930:
2252:
2178:
187:
66:
2516:
980:. This question is especially important to scholars of Buddhist history, as Kapilavastu was the capital of the
490:
1030:
654:
This translation implied that the bone fragments were part of the remains of Gautama Buddha, the founder of
603:
709:
49:
2380:
2301:
2140:, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p. 868 â via
1333:
1004:
957:
943:
384:
825:
483:
369:
1855:
758:' itself was built after the Buddha's lifetime. The time difference is most likely explained by the
1776:
167:
595:
2395:
2275:
989:
931:
Further excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India and the location of ancient Kapilavastu
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after the Emperor's death. The base measured 116 ft in diameter and 22 ft in height.
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Sukiti-bhatinaáč sabhaginikanam sa-puta-dalanam iyaáč salila-nidhane Budhasa bhagavate sakiyanam
2104:
With a Note by V.A. Smith. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
806:
792:
2455:
2179:"Archaeological Excavations at PiprÄhwÄ and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu"
1982:
BĂŒhler, Georg (April 1898). "Preliminary note on a recently discovered Sakya inscription".
1409:
809:, and concludes that FĂŒhrer was unable to interfere with the discovery made by W.C. PeppĂ©.
674:
659:
625:
233:
2197:
Excavations at Piprahwa and Ganwaria (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No 94)
2061:
Jinavaravansa, P. C.; Jumsai, Sumet (2003). "The Ratna Chetiya Dipaduttamarama, Colombo".
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estimated 5 million worshippers were expected but 8 million people arrived to pay homage.
8:
2465:
973:
801:
704:
510:
258:
249:
2450:
2159:
2107:
2070:
2049:
2041:
1987:
1310:. Journal Of The Royal Asiatic Society Of Great Britain And Ireland For-1906. pp.
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997:
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1305:
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2007:
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period, but it has been brought down to the third century B.C. on a comparison with
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1999:
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The bone relics were immediately distributed across several locations, including
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The bone fragments recovered by Srivastava's team are currently located at the
993:
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550:
542:
526:
2037:
1282:
2485:
2296:
1105:
PeppĂ©, W. C. (July 1898). "The PiprÄhwÄ StĆ«pa, containing relics of Buddha".
920:
852:, believed to be the place of the Buddha's enlightenment, had remained under
845:
834:
751:
747:
691:
666:, and Emile Senart all translated the inscription to confirm that these were
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192:
150:
137:
1975:
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some pieces to Prince Prisdang and Prisdang's Buddhist master, Sri Subuthi.
2390:
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2350:
2083:
901:
817:
469:
379:
349:
2244:
2102:
Peppe, WC (July 1898), "The Piprahwa Stupa, containing relics of Buddha",
2470:
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2195:
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599:
419:
414:
2163:
2137:
2111:
2074:
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2006:(3rd ed.), New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 56,
1991:
935:
2410:
2385:
1390:
Barth, Auguste (October 1906). "The inscription on the Piprahwa vase".
969:
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288:
229:
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1682:
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Many senior monks participated in this auspicious ceremony including
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17:
2021:
1474:
The Legend of King AĆoka: A Study and Translation of the AĆokÄvadÄna
1266:
2435:
2370:
1854:
Trainor, K (2010). "Kapilavastu". In Keown, D; Prebish, CS (eds.).
893:
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853:
844:(aka Jinavaravansa), a former ambassador to Siam and cousin to the
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321:
1679:
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2026:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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by Persians, Arabs, Mongols, Mughals and assorted Hunas or Huns.
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374:
364:
298:
293:
2183:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
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Portion of the Piprahwa vase inscription. The inscription reads
2420:
2150:
Srivastava, KM (1979), "Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location",
1500:
1498:
1035:
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877:
608:
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514:
Piprahwa vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads
449:
316:
268:
2345:
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2168:
2141:
2116:
1611:
Smith, Vincent (1898). "Government Correspondence 1898/741".
977:
759:
755:
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from Thomas Rhys Davids, Fleet proposed a different reading:
667:
561:
217:
180:
1495:
1235:
Senart, Emile (1906). "Note sur l'inscription de Piprahwa".
1783:
1439:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 105â106.
1250:
Hoey, William (24 February 1898). "Piprahwa inscription".
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epigraphists of the time subscribed to the translation by
1453:
1415:
1147:
1145:
732:
1340:
1332:. National Portal and Digital Repository. Archived from
1086:
Guy, John (2023). "Buddha and the jewel filled casket".
1823:
1187:
1185:
1874:
1809:(1st ed.). London: Haus Publishing. p. 262.
1369:(1st ed.). London: Haus Publishing. p. 212.
1197:
1142:
588:
2090:, New Delhi: Society for Environmental Communications
1590:(1st ed.). London: Haus Publishing. p. 45.
1437:
Tree and Serpent: Early Buddhist Art in Ancient India
1411:
Secrets of the Dead: Bones of the Buddha - Transcript
1168:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 104.
1166:
Tree and Serpent: Early Buddhist Art in Ancient India
861:. Prisdangâs request to be involved was not granted.
702:
Over a hundred years later, in the 2013 documentary,
1738:
Smith, Vincent (1898). "Government Correspondence".
1524:(1st ed.). London: Haus Publishing. p. 9.
1182:
1126:
The Buddha and Dr. Fuhrer: An archaeological scandal
2060:
1944:
The Buddha and Dr FĂŒhrer: an archaeological scandal
1807:
The Buddha and Dr FĂŒhrer: an archaeological scandal
1688:
1588:
The Buddha and Dr FĂŒhrer: an archaeological scandal
1522:
The Buddha and Dr FĂŒhrer: an archaeological scandal
1367:
The Buddha and Dr FĂŒhrer: an archaeological scandal
1835:
2063:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka
1357:
1355:
1070:
1052:
2483:
2210:"Gautama Buddha, four bones and three countries"
1775:. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from
2084:"Kalanamak: the future of Indian scented rice?"
1719:Falk, Harry (2017). "The Ashes of the Buddha".
1545:Falk, Harry (2018). "The ashes of the Buddha".
1216:Falk, Harry (2013). "The Ashes of the Buddha".
2193:
1860:. Milton Park, UK: Routledge. pp. 436â7.
1699:
1697:
1352:
992:lived at Kapilavastu, as did their son Prince
2260:
1964:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Indologie und SĂŒdasienstudien
812:
624:Handwritten note by discoverer W.C. PĂ©ppe to
491:
2230:"The Ancient City of Kapilvastu - Revisited"
2203:. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
1491:. Nagpur: Nagpur Buddhist Centre. p. 7.
821:The five reliquaries discovered in Piprahwa.
2274:
1916:. No. 5 March 2024. Bangkok Post Group
1703:
1694:
1623:
1559:
2267:
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2207:
2176:
2149:
1893:"Kapilavastu relics arrive in Sri Lanka".
1880:
1789:
1504:
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498:
484:
1946:(1st ed.). London: Haus Publishing.
1907:
2228:Tuladhar, Swoyambhu D. (November 2002),
2227:
1829:
942:
934:
824:
816:
619:
571:
509:
2127:"UP's Piprahwa is Buddha's Kapilvastu?"
1853:
1847:
1704:Nanayakkara, Rasika (25 January 2013).
2484:
2124:
2081:
2022:"The Inscription on the Piprahwa Vase"
1981:
1841:
1471:
1326:"Inscribed Relic Casket from Piprahwa"
1267:"Notes on three Buddhist Inscriptions"
1234:
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1058:
733:Dating the Reliquary Urn and the Stupa
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2101:
2019:
1960:
1938:
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1075:. Shannon, MS: Threefold Lotus Kwoon.
516:...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate...
1998:
1986:(Correspondence: Note 14): 387â389.
1718:
1670:
1566:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1544:
1489:Kapilavastu in Basti District of U.P
1459:
1307:The inscription on the Piprahwa vase
1271:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1249:
1215:
1107:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
549:that is believed to be the place of
2492:Villages in Siddharthnagar district
1908:Bangprapa, Mongkol (5 March 2024).
1655:
1434:
1163:
1085:
1071:Chamberlain-Nyudo, Sylvain (2007).
589:Excavation by William Claxton Peppé
13:
2507:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
1675:. Cornell University. p. 120.
615:
14:
2533:
2208:Srivathsan, A (20 August 2012),
267:
173:
106:
105:
98:
86:Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
73:
72:
65:
48:
2497:Buddhist sites in Uttar Pradesh
2125:Sharda, Shailvee (4 May 2015),
2082:Mishra, S (15 September 2005),
1901:
1886:
1795:
1746:
1731:
1712:
1689:Jinavaravansa & Jumsai 2003
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25:Village in Uttar Pradesh, India
1721:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
1660:. Routledge. pp. 106â110.
1547:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
1218:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
1157:
1117:
1098:
1079:
1064:
947:Walls of Building, Kapilavastu
1:
2502:Buddhist archaeological sites
1706:"Exposition of Sacred relics"
1656:Rey, Himanshu Prabha (2014).
1562:"Asoka and the Buddha relics"
1046:
1031:Relics associated with Buddha
833:"Relics of the Buddha Lord" (
2522:History of Buddhism in India
1560:Rhys Davids, Thomas (1901).
1265:Fleet, John (October 1905).
888:, Dipaduttamarama Temple in
708:, epigraphist Harry Falk of
7:
2136:Smith, V. A. (Oct., 1898),
1910:"Over 1m saw Buddha relics"
1637:. Reuters. 19 December 1898
1476:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
1128:. London: Haus Publishing.
1014:
628:about the inscription, 1898
518:"Relics of the Buddha Lord"
10:
2538:
1931:
1755:Rietberg Museum Newsletter
1487:Srivastava, K. M. (1978).
1005:National Museum, New Delhi
813:Distribution of the relics
632:On one of the vases was a
15:
2338:
2282:
2106:(Article XXIII): 573â88,
2038:10.1017/S0035869X00035541
1613:Government Correspondence
1283:10.1017/S0035869X00033748
797:The Buddha and Dr. Fuhrer
240:
223:
213:
208:
198:
186:
166:
131:
122:Show map of Uttar Pradesh
59:
47:
40:
30:
1857:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
1658:The Return of the Buddha
1041:
710:Freie UniversitÀt Berlin
636:which was translated by
604:Indian Famine of 1896-97
119:Piprahwa (Uttar Pradesh)
16:Not to be confused with
2330:(district headquarters)
2276:Siddharthnagar district
2194:Srivastava, KM (1996).
2177:Srivastava, KM (1980).
2172:(subscription required)
2145:(subscription required)
2120:(subscription required)
1124:Allen, Charles (2008).
972:, in what is currently
902:Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
896:, and the Marichiwatta
799:and in his documentary
531:Siddharthnagar district
151:27.443000°N 83.127800°E
2167: â via
2115: â via
2088:Down To Earth magazine
1631:"The relics of Buddha"
948:
940:
892:, Waskaduwe Vihara in
838:
822:
718:
700:
687:
652:
644:of the time, to mean:
629:
519:
2517:Ancient Indian cities
2020:Fleet, J. F. (1907).
1753:"Next stop Nirvana".
1671:Loos, Tamara (2016).
1472:Strong, John (1989).
1073:Mahaparinirvana Sutra
960:, the capital of the
946:
938:
828:
820:
714:
696:
683:
679:Royal Asiatic Society
646:
640:, a leading European
623:
596:William Claxton Peppé
572:Passing of the Buddha
513:
311:Four Additional Sites
214: âą Official
2216:, Colombo, Sri Lanka
1673:Bones around my neck
1304:Fleet, John (1906).
1000:at 29 years of age.
626:Vincent Arthur Smith
156:27.443000; 83.127800
2004:Indian Palaeography
1392:Journal des Savants
1349:, pp. 129â130.
1239:(JanâFeb): 132â136.
974:Kapilvastu District
894:Kalutara, Sri Lanka
866:Golden Mount Temple
802:Bones of the Buddha
705:Bones of the Buddha
527:Siddharthnagar city
278:The Four Main Sites
260:Buddha's Holy Sites
147: /
2451:Ramwapur Jagat Ram
2138:The PiprÄhwÄ StĆ«pa
1773:Kapilavastu Museum
1742:(740 /III-2790-2).
1507:, pp. 103â10.
1435:Guy, John (2023).
1206:, pp. 584â85.
1164:Guy, John (2023).
1154:, pp. 573â88.
994:Siddhartha Gautama
966:Siddhartha Gautama
949:
941:
939:Southern monastery
890:Colombo, Sri Lanka
839:
823:
789:Thomas Rhys Davids
741:and archaeologist
664:Thomas Rhys Davids
630:
525:is a village near
520:
2479:
2478:
2331:
2214:Colombo Telegraph
1953:978-1-905791-93-4
1897:. 19 August 2012.
1867:978-0-415-55624-8
1816:978-1-905791-93-4
1792:, pp. 61â74.
1779:on 15 March 2016.
1597:978-1-905791-93-4
1531:978-1-905791-93-4
1446:978-1-58839-693-8
1376:978-1-905791-93-4
1237:Journal Asiatique
1175:978-1-58839-693-8
1135:978-1-905791-93-4
886:Mandalay, Myanmar
870:Bangkok, Thailand
778:reign of Ashoka.
508:
507:
244:
243:
89:Show map of India
54:Stupa at Piprahwa
2529:
2461:Tilgadiya Buzurg
2361:Betnar Mustahkam
2356:Barhya Lal Singh
2329:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2204:
2202:
2190:
2173:
2166:
2146:
2133:
2121:
2114:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2078:
2057:
2016:
1995:
1978:
1957:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1757:. November 2018.
1750:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1336:on 22 June 2015.
1330:Museums of India
1322:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1056:
925:Ajahn Viradhammo
878:Rangoon, Myanmar
874:Shwedagon pagoda
743:Ahmad Hasan Dani
726:Tree and Serpent
662:, William Hoey,
600:British colonial
551:Gautama Buddha's
500:
493:
486:
271:
261:
252:
246:
245:
179:
177:
176:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
152:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
123:
109:
108:
102:
90:
76:
75:
69:
52:
28:
27:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2431:Mahtinya Buzurg
2334:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2243:
2232:
2219:
2217:
2200:
2171:
2144:
2119:
2093:
2091:
2014:
1954:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1881:Srivathsan 2012
1879:
1875:
1868:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:, pp. 1â7.
1828:
1824:
1817:
1800:
1796:
1790:Srivastava 1979
1788:
1784:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1740:British Library
1736:
1732:
1717:
1713:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1581:
1577:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1515:
1511:
1505:Srivastava 1980
1503:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1229:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1122:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1017:
998:left the palace
964:kingdom, where
933:
842:Prince Prisdang
815:
784:
735:
670:of the Buddha.
618:
616:The inscription
591:
574:
504:
475:
474:
440:Ramagrama stupa
345:
337:
336:
312:
304:
303:
279:
259:
250:
174:
172:
155:
153:
149:
146:
141:
138:
136:
134:
133:
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
114:
110:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
77:
55:
43:
36:
33:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:Khajuria Sarki
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:Siddharthnagar
2324:
2319:
2317:Mahadev Ghurhu
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2225:
2205:
2191:
2174:
2158:(1/4): 61â74,
2147:
2134:
2131:Times of India
2122:
2099:
2079:
2058:
2017:
2013:978-8121500289
2012:
1996:
1979:
1958:
1952:
1940:Allen, Charles
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1900:
1885:
1873:
1866:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1815:
1803:Allen, Charles
1794:
1782:
1760:
1745:
1730:
1711:
1693:
1691:, p. 214.
1678:
1663:
1648:
1622:
1603:
1596:
1584:Allen, Charles
1575:
1552:
1537:
1530:
1518:Allen, Charles
1509:
1494:
1479:
1464:
1452:
1445:
1427:
1401:
1382:
1375:
1363:Allen, Charles
1351:
1339:
1317:
1296:
1277:(4): 679â691.
1257:
1242:
1227:
1208:
1196:
1194:, p. 388.
1181:
1174:
1156:
1141:
1134:
1116:
1097:
1078:
1063:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1026:Bimaran casket
1023:
1016:
1013:
984:kingdom. King
932:
929:
814:
811:
783:
780:
734:
731:
617:
614:
590:
587:
573:
570:
560:clan. A large
543:Kalanamak rice
506:
505:
503:
502:
495:
488:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
264:
263:
255:
254:
242:
241:
238:
237:
227:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
206:
205:
203:Siddharthnagar
200:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
170:
164:
163:
129:
128:
118:
112:
111:
104:
103:
97:
96:
95:
94:
85:
79:
78:
71:
70:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
38:
37:
34:
31:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2534:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Barhani Bazar
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2238:
2237:Ancient Nepal
2231:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2189:(1): 103â110.
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:East and West
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1830:Tuladhar 2002
1826:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1708:. The Island.
1707:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1113:(3): 573â588.
1112:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
945:
937:
928:
926:
922:
921:Ajahn Sumedho
917:
913:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:Arakan pagoda
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
835:Brahmi script
832:
827:
819:
810:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
761:
760:Emperor Asoka
757:
753:
752:Asokan Brahmi
749:
744:
740:
730:
727:
723:
717:
713:
711:
707:
706:
699:
695:
693:
692:Auguste Barth
686:
682:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
660:Vincent Smith
657:
651:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:Brahmi script
627:
622:
613:
610:
605:
601:
597:
586:
582:
578:
569:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Uttar Pradesh
536:
532:
528:
524:
517:
512:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
481:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Kesaria Stupa
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
360:Barabar Caves
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
341:
340:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
270:
266:
265:
262:
257:
256:
253:
251:Pilgrimage to
248:
247:
239:
235:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
207:
204:
201:
197:
194:
193:Uttar Pradesh
191:
189:
185:
182:
171:
169:
165:
160:
132:Coordinates:
130:
101:
68:
58:
51:
46:
39:
29:
23:
19:
2440:
2391:Domaria Ganj
2376:Bridgmanganj
2351:Baidaulagarh
2236:
2218:, retrieved
2213:
2196:
2186:
2182:
2155:
2151:
2130:
2103:
2092:, retrieved
2087:
2066:
2062:
2029:
2025:
2003:
1983:
1967:
1963:
1943:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:Bangkok Post
1913:
1903:
1895:Daily Mirror
1894:
1888:
1876:
1856:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1806:
1797:
1785:
1777:the original
1772:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:The Standard
1634:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1521:
1512:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1462:, Chapter 3.
1455:
1436:
1430:
1419:, retrieved
1410:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1366:
1342:
1334:the original
1329:
1320:
1306:
1299:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1199:
1165:
1159:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1088:Orientations
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1054:
1009:
1002:
952:
950:
918:
914:
910:
906:
897:
863:
840:
830:
800:
796:
785:
782:Authenticity
776:
772:
768:
764:
736:
725:
721:
719:
715:
703:
701:
697:
688:
684:
672:
653:
649:
647:
638:Georg BĂŒhler
631:
592:
583:
579:
575:
555:
535:Indian state
522:
521:
515:
470:Vikramashila
429:
380:Ellora Caves
22:
2471:Wasa Dargah
2322:Shohratgarh
2307:Domariaganj
2283:Cities and
2220:29 November
2094:29 November
2069:: 213â236.
2032:: 105â130.
1842:Sharda 2015
1769:"The Stupa"
1641:14 February
1252:The Pioneer
1192:BĂŒhler 1898
1094:(4): 35â45.
1059:Mishra 2005
1021:Bhattiprolu
958:Kapilavastu
846:King Rama V
807:A.A. FĂŒhrer
793:A.A. FĂŒhrer
739:epigraphist
642:epigraphist
420:Pataliputra
385:Kapilavastu
370:Chandavaram
344:Other Sites
154: /
2486:Categories
2411:Karhi Khas
2386:Dokam Amya
2239:(151): 1â7
1347:Fleet 1907
1204:Peppe 1898
1152:Peppe 1898
1047:References
988:and Queen
986:Ćuddhodana
970:Tilaurakot
675:John Fleet
460:Tilaurakot
435:Pushpagiri
289:Kushinagar
142:83°07âČ40âłE
139:27°26âČ35âłN
2446:Qadirabad
2381:Dhanghata
2366:Bharariya
2054:250345482
1460:Dani 1997
1291:162620321
996:until he
850:Bodh Gaya
737:In 1997,
673:In 1905,
455:Udayagiri
445:Ratnagiri
400:Lalitgiri
355:Amaravati
327:Shravasti
284:Bodh Gaya
230:UTC+05:30
225:Time zone
209:Languages
35:Piprahava
18:Piprahawa
2441:Piprahwa
2436:Mirwapur
2371:Bitharia
2339:Villages
2302:Biskohar
2164:29756506
2112:25208010
2075:23731479
2046:25210369
2002:(1997),
2000:Dani, AH
1992:25207982
1976:64218646
1970:: 1â19,
1942:(2008).
1805:(2008).
1586:(2008).
1520:(2008).
1421:16 April
1365:(2008).
1224:: 43â76.
1015:See also
990:MÄyÄdevÄ«
656:Buddhism
566:Ganwaria
523:Piprahwa
465:Varanasi
430:Piprahwa
332:Vaishali
322:Sankissa
199:District
113:Piprahwa
80:Piprahwa
32:Piprahwa
2512:Shakyas
2406:Ijrahwa
2401:Hallaur
2065:. New.
1932:Sources
1920:5 March
859:Bangkok
748:Mauryan
722:nidhane
553:birth.
547:Lumbini
533:of the
410:Nalanda
405:Mathura
395:Kosambi
375:Devdaha
365:Bharhut
299:Sarnath
294:Lumbini
168:Country
42:village
2426:Latiya
2421:Khunwa
2162:
2110:
2073:
2052:
2044:
2010:
1990:
1974:
1950:
1864:
1813:
1619:(741).
1594:
1572:: 398.
1528:
1443:
1398:: 124.
1373:
1289:
1172:
1132:
1036:Sanchi
982:Shakya
962:Shakya
668:relics
609:coffer
558:Shakya
450:Sanchi
350:Ajanta
317:Rajgir
178:
2456:Sagra
2396:Gauri
2346:Agyaa
2292:Bansi
2285:towns
2233:(PDF)
2201:(PDF)
2169:JSTOR
2160:JSTOR
2142:JSTOR
2117:JSTOR
2108:JSTOR
2071:JSTOR
2050:S2CID
2042:JSTOR
1988:JSTOR
1727:: 53.
1549:: 45.
1287:S2CID
1042:Notes
978:Nepal
953:stupa
898:stupa
854:Hindu
756:stupa
562:stupa
415:Nasik
218:Hindi
188:State
181:India
2466:Uska
2312:Itwa
2222:2014
2096:2014
2008:ISBN
1972:OCLC
1948:ISBN
1922:2024
1862:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1643:2019
1592:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1423:2015
1371:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1130:ISBN
923:and
598:, a
425:PÄvÄ
2034:doi
1617:741
1570:XIV
1416:PBS
1312:149
1279:doi
976:in
900:in
884:in
876:in
868:in
537:of
529:in
234:IST
2488::
2235:,
2212:,
2187:13
2185:.
2181:.
2156:29
2154:,
2129:,
2086:,
2067:48
2048:.
2040:.
2030:39
2028:.
2024:.
1968:29
1966:,
1912:.
1771:.
1725:27
1723:.
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1681:^
1633:.
1615:.
1568:.
1564:.
1497:^
1414:,
1396:36
1394:.
1354:^
1328:.
1314:-.
1285:.
1275:37
1273:.
1269:.
1222:27
1220:.
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1144:^
1111:30
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541:.
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2056:.
2036::
1994:.
1956:.
1924:.
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1870:.
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1819:.
1645:.
1600:.
1534:.
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1379:.
1293:.
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1138:.
1061:.
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