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of an otherwise unexceptional leaf. Old World pitcher plants are typically characterized as having reduced and symmetrical pitchers with a comprehensive waxy coating on the surface of the inner pitcher wall. The plants themselves are often climbers, accessing the canopy of their habitats using the
559:
secreted by the plant itself. Pitcher trap fluids largely vary in their viscoelasticity and acidity, which then dictates which type of prey they can target. For example, increased viscoelasticity is associated with increased insect retention to help capture flying insects such as flies, whereas
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is not slippery so that tree shrews can easily get in and out; it provides more nectar than other pitcher plants. The shape of the pitcher rim and the position of the nectar ensure that the animal's hindquarters are over the rim while it feeds.
270:, which are popularly known as marsh pitchers (or erroneously as sun pitchers), have a simple rolled-leaf pitcher, at the tip of which is a spoon-like structure that secretes nectar. They are restricted to areas of high rainfall in
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is popularly known as the cobra plant, due to its possession of an inflated "lid" with elegant false-exits, and a forked "tongue", which serves to ferry ants and other prey to the entrance of the pitcher. The species in the genus
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is too poor in minerals and/or too acidic for most plants to survive. Pitcher plants supplement available nutrients and minerals (which plants normally obtain through their roots) with the constituents of their insect prey.
524:, likely use camouflage to trap insects, as their coloration matches that of the surrounding environment and the plants are often embedded in the substrate such that the traps are flush with the ground.
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The rim of the pitcher (peristome) is slippery when moistened by condensation or nectar, causing insects to fall into the trap. The walls of the pitfall may be covered with waxy scales, protruding
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264:. In this family, the entire leaf forms the pitcher, as opposed to Nepenthaceae, where the pitcher arises from the terminal portion of the leaf. The species of the genus
555:. They drown the insect, whose body is gradually dissolved. This may occur by bacterial action (the bacteria being washed into the pitcher by rainfall), or by digestive
447:
411:
879:"Carnivory in the Bromeliad Brocchinia reducta, with a Cost/Benefit Model for the General Restriction of Carnivorous Plants to Sunny, Moist, Nutrient-Poor Habitats"
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It is widely assumed pitfall traps evolved by epiascidiation (infolding of the leaf with the adaxial or upper surface becoming the inside of the pitcher), with
394:
637:), which feed on nectar that the plant produces but also defecate into the pitcher, providing nitrates and other nutrients. The plant and tree shrew have a
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the petiole is attached to the rear of the upper trap rim rather than to the base of the pitcher. The species occurs in only one location in southwestern
916:
Di Giusto, Bruno; Bessière, Jean-Marie; Guéroult, Michaël; Lim, Linda B. L.; Marshall, David J.; Hossaert-McKey, Martine; Gaume, Laurence (2010-04-28).
664:). The bats roost inside the pitchers and the plants derive much of their foliar nitrogen from the feces of the bats. Compared to other varieties of
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The New World pitcher plants (Sarraceniaceae), which comprise three genera, are ground-dwelling herbs whose pitchers arise from a horizontal
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increased fluid acidity can decrease insect killing-time, which can help capture crawling insects such as ants. Some pitcher plants contain
181:. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves. The plants attract and drown the prey with
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1231:
918:"Flower-scent mimicry masks a deadly trap in the carnivorous plant Nepenthes rafflesiana: Flower-scent mimicry in Nepenthes rafflesiana"
520:. Many pitcher plants exhibit patterns of ultraviolet coloration which may play a role in attracting insects. Some species, such as
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McAlpine, D.K. (1998). "Review of the
Australian stilt flies (Diptera: Micropezidae) with a phylogenetic analysis of the family".
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has elongated pitchers that can accommodate both single bats and mother-juvenile pairs. As well as its elongated shape,
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808:"Climate, soils and vicariance - their roles in shaping the diversity and distribution of Nepenthes in Southeast Asia"
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68:
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Albert, V.A.; Williams, S.E.; Chase, M.W. (1992). "Carnivorous Plants: Phylogeny and
Structural Evolution".
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has reduced volumes of pitcher fluid compared to other species, leaving more space to accommodate the bats.
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Grafe, T. Ulmar; Schöner, Caroline R.; Kerth, Gerald; Junaidi, Anissa; Schöner, Michael G. (2011-06-23).
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cells, to help prevent escape. The small bodies of liquid contained within the pitcher traps are called
1700:
1155:
Owen Jr, T.P.; Lennon, K.A. (1999). "Structure and
Development of Pitchers from the Carnivorous Plant
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The curious world of carnivorous plants : a comprehensive guide to their biology and cultivation
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Digestive fluid from interior of pitcher, in pocket-like depression of epidermis, opening downwards.
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292:, which prevents excess accumulation of rainwater in most of the species. The single species in the
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712:. Some pitcher plant families (such as Nepenthaceae) are placed within clades consisting mostly of
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such as flies are attracted to a cavity formed by the cupped leaf, often by visual lures such as
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aforementioned tendrils, although others are found on the ground in forest clearings, or as
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848:. Translated by Michael Ashdown (English language ed.). Portland, Ore.: Timber Press.
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298:
82:
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1242:"Fluid physico-chemical properties influence capture and diet in Nepenthes pitcher plants"
959:"Fluid physico-chemical properties influence capture and diet in Nepenthes pitcher plants"
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Givnish, Thomas J.; Burkhardt, Elizabeth L.; Happel, Ruth E.; Weintraub, Jason D. (1984).
8:
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Krol, E.; Plancho, B. J.; Adamec, L.; Stolarz, M.; Dziubinska, H.; Trebacz, Kgv. (2011).
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Bazile, Vincent; Le Moguédec, Gilles; Marshall, David J.; Gaume, Laurence (2015-03-01).
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Bazile, Vincent; Le Moguédec, Gilles; Marshall, David J.; Gaume, Laurence (2015-03-01).
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Whatever the mechanism of digestion, the prey items are converted into a solution of
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235:, containing over 100 species and numerous hybrids and cultivars. In this genus of
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608:). Like all carnivorous plants, pitcher plants all grow in locations where the
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1235:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 663–665.
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Pritchard; et al. (2002). "Evolutionary adaptations in pitcher plants".
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342:. This species has a small (2–5 cm) pitcher similar in form to those of
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The
Australian pitcher plant is the only member of the Australian genus
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1310:. Second Edition. Timber Press, Portland, Ore., ISBN 9780881925401.
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600:, from which the plant obtains its mineral nutrition (particularly
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441:) use window-like areolae to lure insects into their hollow leaves.
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families, but similar pitfall traps are employed by the monotypic
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readily hybridize, making their classification a complex matter.
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a uses flower-scent mimicry to attract insects to its pitchers.
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Olfactory cues can also play a role in attraction. For example,
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are the trumpet pitchers, which have a more complex trap than
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The term "pitcher plant" generally refers to members of the
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pitchers hang from tendrils. (This specimen is cultivated.)
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folds, downward-pointing hairs, or guard-cell-originating
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Carnivorous plants can photosynthesise, so why eat flies?
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How does a pitcher plant attract, catch and trap insects
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time. The pitcher trap evolved independently in three
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Most North
American pitcher plants belong to the genus
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is a monotypic family with but one genus and species,
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are the most species-rich families of pitcher plants.
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pitcher plants, the pitchers are borne at the end of
1297:Juniper, B.E., R.J. Robins & D.M. Joel (1989).
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1107:
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1308:Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada
696:pressure favouring more deeply cupped leaves over
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818:(1–2). Springer International Publishing: 37–51.
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162:Pitcher plants growing in a bog in Pennsylvania
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1204:International Journal of Evolutionary Biology
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135:Honey-glands from attractive surface of lid.
668:that do not exhibit this form of mutualism,
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728:– A nature preserve for pitcher plants in
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806:Clarke, Charles; Moran, Jonathan (2015).
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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568:, which feed on trapped prey, and whose
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1686:International Carnivorous Plant Society
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1706:List of carnivorous plant periodicals
1696:North American Sarracenia Conservancy
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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225:The Nepenthaceae contains a single
173:that have modified leaves known as
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1041:Pitcher Plant Doubles as Toilet
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143:Transverse section of the same.
34:needs additional citations for
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369:A few species of bromeliads (
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152:Scanning electron micrograph
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1691:Insectivorous Plant Society
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1701:List of carnivorous plants
1161:American Journal of Botany
842:Wilhelm Barthlott (2007).
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310:The purple pitcher plant,
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824:10.1007/s11104-015-2696-x
322:Newfoundland and Labrador
617:Feces-trapping symbiosis
438:Darlingtonia californica
205:and some members of the
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1577:Protocarnivorous genera
1366:protocarnivorous plants
1232:Encyclopædia Britannica
1134:10.1126/science.1523408
883:The American Naturalist
658:Hardwicke's woolly bats
522:Cephalotus follicularis
339:Cephalotus follicularis
128:Nepenthes distillatoria
1300:The Carnivorous Plants
1226:"Pitcher Plants"
1070:10.1098/rsbl.2010.1141
639:symbiotic relationship
169:are several different
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1016:Invertebrate Taxonomy
688:Evolution of the form
666:Nepenthes rafflesiana
650:Nepenthes rafflesiana
382:Catopsis berteroniana
243:that extend from the
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1306:Schnell, D. (2003).
710:convergent evolution
662:Kerivoula hardwickii
529:Nepenthes rafflesian
43:improve this article
1126:1992Sci...257.1491A
1120:(5076): 1491–1495.
572:the plant absorbs.
402:Nepenthes muluensis
320:of the province of
313:Sarracenia purpurea
1737:Plant common names
1732:Carnivorous plants
1373:Carnivorous genera
1258:10.1093/aob/mcu266
975:10.1093/aob/mcu266
922:Journal of Ecology
775:10.1093/aob/mcr249
473:Nepenthes truncata
376:Brocchinia reducta
171:carnivorous plants
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1167:(10): 1382–1390.
1159:(Nepenthaceae)".
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704:lineages and one
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1662:Proboscidea
1613:Drymocallis
1567:Utricularia
1494:Heliamphora
1375:(†extinct)
1362:Carnivorous
1210:(3): 62–81.
629:tree shrews
582:amino acids
562:mutualistic
514:anthocyanin
487:Pitcher of
373:), such as
286:Heliamphora
267:Heliamphora
125:Pitcher of
1726:Categories
1648:Passiflora
1585:Aracamunia
1538:Sarracenia
1524:Pinguicula
1420:Cephalotus
1399:Brocchinia
1383:Aldrovanda
741:References
606:phosphorus
590:phosphates
543:crystals,
504:Attraction
456:Cephalotus
420:Sarracenia
352:Cephalotus
324:, Canada.
305:Sarracenia
294:California
288:, with an
281:Sarracenia
252:on trees.
69:newspapers
1669:Stylidium
1517:Philcoxia
1501:Nepenthes
1266:0305-7364
1078:1744-9561
983:0305-7364
694:selection
576:Digestion
545:cuticular
359:Australia
348:Nepenthes
344:Nepenthes
316:, is the
290:operculum
250:epiphytes
237:Old World
232:Nepenthes
99:July 2024
1679:See also
1655:Plumbago
1634:Lathraea
1627:Ibicella
1620:Geranium
1606:Dipsacus
1592:Capsella
1553:Triantha
1531:Roridula
1487:Genlisea
1413:Catopsis
1284:25672361
1189:10523280
1096:21270023
1001:25672361
944:82299236
903:84947503
864:71189676
793:21937485
720:See also
682:elongata
674:elongata
654:elongata
643:N. lowii
627:attract
602:nitrogen
594:ammonium
586:peptides
541:aldehyde
241:tendrils
1441:Drosera
1434:Dionaea
1275:4343297
1181:2656921
1142:1523408
1122:Bibcode
1114:Science
1087:3097880
992:4343297
784:3241575
706:monocot
702:eudicot
570:excreta
564:insect
557:enzymes
535:Capture
510:insects
262:rhizome
83:scholar
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183:nectar
179:liquid
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1177:JSTOR
940:S2CID
899:S2CID
680:var.
672:var.
652:var.
350:, in
227:genus
189:Types
90:JSTOR
76:books
1364:and
1280:PMID
1262:ISSN
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860:OCLC
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610:soil
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1270:PMC
1254:doi
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