Plant nutrients in soil

1026:, play a decisive role in the return of immobilized nitrogen to mineral forms. If the C/N of fresh residues is less than 15, mineral nitrogen is freed to the soil and directly available to plants. Bacteria may on average add 25 pounds (11 kg) nitrogen per acre, and in an unfertilised field, this is the most important source of usable nitrogen. In a soil with 5% organic matter perhaps 2 to 5% of that is released to the soil by such decomposition. It occurs fastest in warm, moist, well aerated soil. The mineralisation of 3% of the organic material of a soil that is 4% organic matter overall, would release 120 pounds (54 kg) of nitrogen as ammonium per acre. 496:, diffusion is needed to supplement mass flow. For the most part, nutrient ions must travel some distance in the soil solution to reach the root surface. This movement can take place by mass flow, as when dissolved nutrients are carried along with the soil water flowing toward a root that is actively drawing water from the soil. In this type of movement, the nutrient ions are somewhat analogous to leaves floating down a stream. In addition, nutrient ions continually move by diffusion from areas of greater concentration toward the nutrient-depleted areas of lower concentration around the root surface. That process is due to random motion, also called 657:. However, the rate at which plant roots remove nutrients may not cope with the rate at which they are replenished in the soil solution, stemming in nutrient limitation to plant growth. Plants derive a large proportion of their anion nutrients from decomposing organic matter, which typically holds about 95 percent of the soil nitrogen, 5 to 60 percent of the soil phosphorus and about 80 percent of the soil sulfur. Where crops are produced, the replenishment of nutrients in the soil must usually be augmented by the addition of fertilizer or organic matter. 681: 785: 630:

nutrients near the roots). The very steep concentration gradient is of greater influence in the movement of those ions than is the movement of those by mass flow. The movement by mass flow requires the transpiration of water from the plant causing water and solution ions to also move toward the roots. Movement by root interception is slowest, being at the rate plants extend their roots.

847:. Soil nitrogen typically decreases by 0.2 to 0.3% for every temperature increase by 10 °C. Usually, grassland soils contain more soil nitrogen than forest soils, because of a higher turnover rate of grassland organic matter. Cultivation decreases soil nitrogen by exposing soil organic matter to decomposition by microorganisms, most losses being caused by 460:. To be taken up by a plant, a nutrient element must be located near the root surface; however, the supply of nutrients in contact with the root is rapidly depleted within a distance of ca. 2 mm. There are three basic mechanisms whereby nutrient ions dissolved in the soil solution are brought into contact with plant roots: 1658:

when stimulation of plant growth by nitrogen increases the plant demand for sulfur. A 15-ton crop of onions uses up to 19 lb of sulfur and 4 tons of alfalfa uses 15 lb per acre. Sulfur abundance varies with depth. In a sample of soils in Ohio, United States, the sulfur abundance varied

127:

expresses that when the available form of a nutrient is not in enough proportion in the soil solution, then other nutrients cannot be taken up at an optimum rate by a plant. A particular nutrient ratio of the soil solution is thus mandatory for optimizing plant growth, a value which might differ from

1527:

Calcium is one percent by weight of soils and is generally available but may be low as it is soluble and can be leached. It is thus low in sandy and heavily leached soil or strongly acidic mineral soils, resulting in excessive concentration of free hydrogen ions in the soil solution, and therefore

1653:

Most sulfur is made available to plants, like phosphorus, by its release from decomposing organic matter. Deficiencies may exist in some soils (especially sandy soils) and if cropped, sulfur needs to be added. The application of large quantities of nitrogen to fields that have marginal amounts of

1424:

as fertilizers. Total phosphorus is about 0.1 percent by weight of the soil, but only one percent of that is directly available to plants. Of the part available, more than half comes from the mineralisation of organic matter. Agricultural fields may need to be fertilised to make up for the

1345:

and when soils are warm and slightly acidic, as currently happens in tropical areas. Denitrification may vary throughout a soil as the aeration varies from place to place. Denitrification may cause the loss of 10 to 20 percent of the available nitrates within a day and when conditions are

1269:

Protein material is easily broken down, but the rate of its decomposition is slowed by its attachment to the crystalline structure of clay and when trapped between the clay layers or attached to rough clay surfaces. The layers are small enough that bacteria cannot enter. Some organisms exude

629:

In the above table, phosphorus and potassium nutrients move more by diffusion than they do by mass flow in the soil water solution, as they are rapidly taken up by the roots creating a concentration of almost zero near the roots (the plants cannot transpire enough water to draw more of those

1449:

form, but soil pH levels, partly depending on the form of phosphorus in the fertiliser, strongly interact with this effect, in some cases resulting in increased zinc availability. Lack of phosphorus may interfere with the normal opening of the plant leaf

1519:. Under certain conditions, dependent on the soil texture, intensity of drying, and initial amount of exchangeable potassium, the fixed percentage may be as much as 90 percent within ten minutes. Potassium may be leached from soils low in clay. 1711:. They are generally available in the mineral component of the soil, but the heavy application of phosphates can cause a deficiency in zinc and iron by the formation of insoluble zinc and iron phosphates. Iron deficiency, stemming in plant 1502:

to its solubilization. When solubilised, half will be held as exchangeable cations on clay while the other half is in the soil water solution. Potassium fixation often occurs when soils dry and the potassium is bonded between layers of 2:1

1440:

or hydrous oxides of iron and aluminum. Phosphorus is largely immobile in the soil and is not leached but actually builds up in the surface layer if not cropped. The application of soluble fertilisers to soils may result in

830:

allow plants to get access to the organic nitrogen pool where and when mineral forms of nitrogen are poorly available. The total nitrogen content depends largely on the soil organic matter content, which in turn depends on

1270:

extracellular enzymes that can act on the sequestered proteins. However, those enzymes too may be trapped on the clay crystals, resulting in a complex interaction between proteins, microbial enzymes and mineral surfaces.

1528:

these soils require liming. Calcium is supplied to the plant in the form of exchangeable ions and moderately soluble minerals. There are four forms of calcium in the soil. Soil calcium can be in insoluble forms such as

165:

provide a more accessible reservoir of many plant nutrients (e.g. K, Ca, Mg, P, Zn). As plants absorb the nutrients from the soil water, the soluble pool is replenished from the surface-bound pool. The decomposition of

4461: 1391:

After nitrogen, phosphorus is probably the element most likely to be deficient in soils, although it often turns to be the most deficient in tropical soils where the mineral pool is depleted under intense

818:). Plants are commonly classified as ammonium or nitrate plants according to their preferential nitrogen nutrition. Usually, most of the nitrogen in soil is bound within organic compounds that make up the 1412:, the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues. While there is on average 1000 lb per acre (1120 kg per hectare) of phosphorus in the soil, it is generally in the form of 139:

of the soil water. Although minerals are the origin of most nutrients, and the bulk of most nutrient elements in the soil is held in crystalline form within primary and secondary minerals, they

151:, to soil seldom provides the necessary amounts of potassium and phosphorus at a rate sufficient for good plant growth, as most of the nutrients remain bound in the crystals of those minerals. 1196:

with host plants, since rhizobia supply the host with nitrogen and the host provides rhizobia with other nutrients and a safe environment. It is estimated that such symbiotic bacteria in the

641:) and hydroxide (OH) anions are exchanged for nutrient anions. As plant roots remove nutrients from the soil water solution, they are replenished as other ions move off of clay and humus (by 1474:

The amount of potassium in a soil may be as much as 80,000 lb per acre-foot, of which only 150 lb is available for plant growth. Common mineral sources of potassium are the mica

1645:. Soil magnesium concentrations are generally sufficient for optimal plant growth, but highly weathered and sandy soils may be magnesium deficient due to leaching by heavy precipitation. 1002:) and other nutrients. As long as the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of fresh residues in the soil is above 30:1, nitrogen will be in short supply for the nitrogen-rich microbal biomass ( 500:, of molecules within a gradient of decreasing concentration. By this means, plants can continue to take up nutrients even at night, when water is only slowly absorbed into the roots as 738:

concentration in the atmosphere is 0.03%, this can be the factor limiting plant growth. In a field of maize on a still day during high light conditions in the growing season, the CO

1383:, a novel combination of environmental threats (acidity and excess nitrogen) to which extant organisms are badly adapted, causing severe biodiversity losses in natural ecosystems. 703:. About 45% of a plant's dry mass is carbon; plant residues typically have a carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of between 13:1 and 100:1. As the soil organic material is digested by 1719:

acidification, may also result from excessive amounts of heavy metals or calcium minerals (lime) in the soil. Excess amounts of soluble boron, molybdenum and chloride are toxic.

1341:

limits free oxygen, forcing bacteria to use the oxygen in nitrate for their respiratory process. Denitrification increases when oxidisable organic material is available, as in

3525: 170:

by microorganisms is another mechanism whereby the soluble pool of nutrients is replenished – this is important for the supply of plant-available N, S, P, and B from soil.

660:

Because nutrient uptake is an active metabolic process, conditions that inhibit root metabolism may also inhibit nutrient uptake. Examples of such conditions include

99:. Nutrients that enhance the growth of plants but are not necessary to complete the plant's life cycle are considered non-essential, although some of them, such as 5040: 2067: 770:

concentration is 10 to 100 times that of atmospheric levels but may rise to toxic levels if the soil porosity is low or if diffusion is impeded by flooding.

5390: 4005:

Lodwig, Emma; Hosie, Arthur H. F.; Bourdès, Alexandre; Findlay, Kim; Allaway, David; Karunakaran, Ramakrishnan; Downie, J. Allan; Poole, Philip S. (2003).

131:

Plant uptake of nutrients can only proceed when they are present in a plant-available form. In most situations, nutrients are absorbed in an ionic form by

4238:

Vogel, Cordula; Mueller, Carsten W.; Höschen, Carmen; Buegger, Franz; Heister, Katja; Schulz, Stefanie; Schloter, Michael; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid (2014).

1659:

with depths, 0–6 inches, 6–12 inches, 12–18 inches, 18–24 inches in the amounts: 1056, 830, 686, 528 lb per acre respectively.

480:

All three mechanisms operate simultaneously, but one mechanism or another may be most important for a particular nutrient. For example, in the case of

5874:

M’Sehli, Wissal; Youssfi, Sabah; Donnini, Silvia; Dell’Orto, Marta; De Nisi, Patricia; Zocchi, Graziano; Abdelly, Chedly; Gharsalli, Mohamed (2008).

4793:"Nitrogen deposition is negatively related to species richness and species composition of vascular plants and bryophytes in Swiss mountain grassland" 1262:

When bacteria feed on soluble forms of nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), they temporarily sequester that nitrogen in their bodies in a process called

2216:"Phosphorus efficiency of plants. II. Significance of root radius, root hairs and cation-anion balance for phosphorus influx in seven plant species" 1266:. At a later time when those bacteria die, their nitrogen may be released as ammonium by the process of mineralization, sped up by predatory fauna. 520:

Estimated relative importance of mass flow, diffusion and root interception as mechanisms in supplying plant nutrients to corn plant roots in soils

508:

closure. Finally, root interception comes into play as roots continually grow into new, undepleted soil. By this way roots are also able to absorb

2432:

Lin, Sijie; Reppert, Jason; Hu, Qian; Hudson, Joan S.; Reid, Michelle L.; Ratnikova, Tatsiana A.; Rao, Apparao M.; Luo, Hong; Ke, Pu Chun (2009).

1404:

is the most common mineral source of phosphorus, from which it can be extracted by microbial and root exudates, with an important contribution of

2495: 492:

sites in very acid soils (pH less than 4), mass flow alone can usually bring sufficient amounts to the root surface. However, in the case of

5483:"Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, magnesium, and calcium in North Island pastures in relation to plant and animal nutrition" 794:

Nitrogen is the most critical element obtained by plants from the soil, to the exception of moist tropical forests where phosphorus is the

1254:, previously emitted from the soil, may fall with precipitation as nitric acid at a rate of about five pounds nitrogen per acre per year. 742:

concentration drops very low, but under such conditions the crop could use up to 20 times the normal concentration. The respiration of CO

5033:

Efficiency of soil and fertilizer phosphorus use: reconciling changing concepts of soil phosphorus behaviour with agronomic information

766:

can be accumulated overnight within hollow stems of plants, to be further used for photosynthesis during the day. Within the soil, CO

718:) is released as a byproduct which then finds its way out of the soil and into the atmosphere. Nitrogen turnover (mostly involved in 1184:, parts of which are used by the rhizobia for the synthesis of their own biomass proteins, while other parts are transported to the 672:, excessively high or low soil temperatures, and above-ground conditions that result in low translocation of sugars to plant roots. 119:. With the exception of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are supplied by carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen, provided through 1204:

add 45 to 250 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year, which may be sufficient for the crop. Other, free-living nitrogen-fixing

633:

Plants move ions out of their roots in an effort to move nutrients in from the soil, an exchange process which occurs in the root

5245:

Meena, Vijay Singh; Maurya, Bihari Ram; Verma, Jai Prakash; Aeron, Abhinav; Kumar, Ashok; Kim, Kangmin; Bajpai, Vivek K. (2015).

4797: 3266: 1948: 1699:. The term refers to plants' needs, not to their abundance in soil. They are required in very small amounts but are essential to 4565: 6086: 5793: 5048: 3450: 2075: 3885: 2356: 1747:. As their importance is evaluated they may be added to the list of essential plant nutrients, as is the case for silicon. 5371:"About the effect of the contents and ratios of soil's available calcium, potassium and magnesium in liming of acid soils" 3373: 2266: 4087: 1466:

increases plant temperature. Phosphorus is most available when soil pH is 6.5 in mineral soils and 5.5 in organic soils.

5194:"Photosynthesis, transpiration, leaf temperature, and stomatal activity of cotton plants under varying water potentials" 2056: 946:, more especially in agricultural soils under high use of nutrient fertilizers. Ammonium may also be sequestered in 2:1 5958:

Pereira, B.F. Faria; He, Zhenli; Stoffella, Peter J.; Montes, Celia R.; Melfi, Adolpho J.; Baligar, Virupax C. (2012).

4536: 2772: 2390: 2367: 2277: 1842: 1364:. The application of ammonium fertiliser to such a field can result in volatilisation losses of as much as 30 percent. 1006:), and other bacteria will uptake ammonium and to a lesser extent nitrate and incorporate them into their cells in the 3683: 2895: 5615: 4989:

and rock phosphate amendment influence plant growth and microbial activity in the rhizosphere of Acacia holosericea"

4930:

Khorassani, Reza; Hettwer, Ursula; Ratzinger, Astrid; Steingrobe, Bernd; Karlovsky, Petr; Claassen, Norbert (2011).

1215:

live independently in the soil and release mineral forms of nitrogen when their dead bodies are converted by way of

6020: 5964: 5089: 4901: 2645:"Origins of root-mediated pH changes in the rhizosphere and their responses to environmental constraints: a review" 1349: 185:

groups on organic matter. However, despite the great capacity of humus to retain water once water-soaked, its high

3192:"An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material" 1018:

and some of the nitrogen is released as ammonium and nitrate. Predation of bacteria by soil fauna, in particular

5247:"Potassium solubilizing rhizobacteria (KSR): isolation, identification, and K-release dynamics from waste mica" 4517: 4109: 4082: 2523: 1781: 4996: 4305: 3791: 3374:"Cultivation effects on the amounts and concentration of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in grassland soils" 2817: 2267:"The role of root interception, mass flow and diffusion in regulating the uptake of ions by plants from soil" 1263: 1216: 1007: 899: 859: 823: 3827:"Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in natural and agro-ecosystems: the contribution of soil animals" 2144:

Hajnos, Mieczyslaw; Jozefaciuk, Grzegorz; Sokołowska, Zofia; Greiffenhagen, Andreas; Wessolek, Gerd (2003).

1400:

while, contrary to nitrogen, phosphorus reserves cannot be replenished from other sources. The soil mineral

197:

Plant nutrients, their chemical symbols, and the ionic forms common in soils and available for plant uptake

4704: 4457:"Reduced nitrate leaching and enhanced denitrifier activity and efficiency in organically fertilized soils" 2857: 699:, to which must be added the uptake of dissolved carbon from the soil solution and carbon transfer through 4518:"Nitrification and denitrification in humid tropical ecosystems: potential controls on nitrogen retention" 3310:"Patterns in decomposition rates among photosynthetic organisms: the importance of detritus C:N:P content" 193:. All in all, small amounts of humus may remarkably increase the soil's capacity to promote plant growth. 2499: 1547:

at the surface of mineral particles. Another form is when calcium complexes with organic matter, forming

1367:

All kinds of nitrogen losses, whether by leaching or volatilization, are responsible for a large part of

1727:

Nutrients which enhance the health but whose deficiency does not stop the life cycle of plants include:

1346:

favourable to that process, losses of up to 60 percent of nitrate applied as fertiliser may occur.

5822: 5816:

Lešková, Alexandra; Giehl, Ricardo F.H.; Hartmann, Anja; Fargašová, Agáta; von Wirén, Nicolaus (2017).

5198: 5145: 2851:

Fitter, Alastair H.; Graves, Jonathan D.; Watkins, N. K.; Robinson, David; Scrimgeour, Charlie (1998).

1871: 902:

by their incorporation into microbial living cells, where it is temporarily sequestered in the form of

661: 654: 2813:"Carbon isotopes as proof for plant uptake of organic nitrogen: relevance of inorganic carbon uptake" 464: 3441: 3260:; Yonker, Caroline M.; Parton, William J.; Cole, C. Vernon; Flach, Klaus; Schimel, David S. (1989). 1970: 6421: 3929:"Effects of temperature, soil water status, and soil type on swine slurry nitrogen transformations" 2503: 1908:

Pairault, Liliana-Adriana; Tritean, Naomi; Constantinescu-Aruxandei, Diana; Oancea, Florin (2022).

1766: 1544: 883: 723: 178: 3262:"Texture, climate, and cultivation effects on soil organic matter content in U.S. grassland soils" 1909: 1865:

Pavlovic, Jelena; Kostic, Ljiljana; Bosnic, Predrag; Kirkby, Ernest A.; Nikolic, Miroslav (2021).

826:

to the ammonium or nitrate form before it can be taken up by most plants. However, symbiosis with

143:

too slowly to support rapid plant growth. For example, the application of finely ground minerals,

910:. Nitrate may be lost from the soil to the atmosphere when bacteria metabolise it to the gases NH 5141:"Effects of phosphorus deficiency on the photosynthesis and respiration of leaves of sugar beet" 4341:"Interactions between proteins and soil mineral surfaces: environmental and health consequences" 4240:"Submicron structures provide preferential spots for carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils" 3634:

Barak, Phillip; Jobe, Babou O.; Krueger, Armand R.; Peterson, Lloyd A.; Laird, David A. (1997).

5085:"Cadmium and zinc in soil solution extracts following the application of phosphate fertilizers" 3436: 1965: 1405: 116: 1559:. Calcium is more available on the soil colloids than is potassium because the common mineral 5818:"Heavy metals induce iron deficiency responses at different hierarchic and regulatory levels" 4244: 3586: 3402: 2903: 1421: 987: 963: 935: 4739:"Nitrogen fertilizer losses from rice soils and control of environmental pollution problems" 3287: 2896:"Stoichiometric controls on carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in decomposing litter" 6029: 5973: 5893: 5494: 5428: 5304: 5258: 5098: 4932:"Citramalic acid and salicylic acid in sugar beet root exudates solubilize soil phosphorus" 4854: 4806: 4750: 4647: 4574: 4528: 4470: 4400: 4354: 4253: 4197: 4096: 4020: 3940: 3838: 3700: 3534: 3475:"Microbial biomass and mineralizable nitrogen distributions in no-tillage and plowed soils" 3390: 3323: 3275: 3208: 3099: 3003: 2912: 2866: 2658: 2314: 2157: 2111: 1957: 1622: 1556: 1455: 1417: 1314: 955: 700: 4897:"Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi in various cultivated and virgin Alberta soils" 2100:"Contribution of organic matter and clay minerals to the cation exchange capacity of soil" 1910:"Plant biostimulants based on nanoformulated biosilica recovered from silica-rich biomass" 954:, to the exception of wide areas of North America and West Europe where the excess use of 8: 3880: 2705: 1621:

is one of the dominant exchangeable cations in most soils (after calcium and potassium).

1393: 1003: 927: 863: 819: 799: 456:

Nutrients in the soil are taken up by the plant through its roots, and in particular its

167: 162: 136: 112: 96: 6096: 6033: 5977: 5897: 5498: 5432: 5308: 5262: 5102: 4858: 4810: 4754: 4651: 4578: 4474: 4404: 4358: 4257: 4201: 4184:

Violante, Antonio; de Cristofaro, Annunziata; Rao, Maria A.; Gianfreda, Liliana (1995).

4100: 4024: 3944: 3842: 3704: 3636:"Effects of long-term soil acidification due to nitrogen fertilizer inputs in Wisconsin" 3538: 3394: 3327: 3279: 3212: 3103: 3007: 2916: 2870: 2662: 2391:"Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion theory of chemical reactions. II" 2318: 2161: 2115: 1961: 177:

to hold nutrients and water is far greater than that of clay minerals, most of the soil

5909: 5844: 5552: 5523: 5444: 5382: 5320: 5222: 5193: 4960: 4931: 4870: 4766: 4663: 4493: 4456: 4418: 4345: 4276: 4239: 4213: 4186:"Physicochemical properties of protein-smectite and protein-Al(OH)x-smectite complexes" 4159: 4044: 3956: 3902: 3854: 3724: 3657: 3609: 3560: 3494: 3347: 3232: 3115: 3035: 3019: 2730: 2722: 2674: 2547: 2518: 2330: 2240: 1944:"On the origin of the theory of mineral nutrition of plants and the Law of the Minimum" 1771: 1579: 1533: 1479: 1397: 1376: 975: 967: 124: 6113: 6041: 5607: 5169: 5140: 4597: 4560: 4138:"Nitrogen mineralization by bacterial-feeding nematodes: verification and measurement" 3169: 2853:"Carbon transfer between plants and its control in networks of arbuscular mycorrhizas" 2571: 2411: 714:, the C/N decreases as the carbonaceous material is metabolized and carbon dioxide (CO 6119: 6082: 6076: 6045: 5989: 5960:"Nutrients and nonessential elements in soil after 11 years of wastewater irrigation" 5959: 5849: 5817: 5789: 5773: 5735: 5611: 5557: 5440: 5370: 5324: 5246: 5227: 5174: 5114: 5044: 4984: 4965: 4936: 4845: 4738: 4633: 4602: 4532: 4498: 4281: 4185: 4136:

Ferris, Howard; Venette, Robert C.; Van der Meulen, Hans R.; Lau, Serrine S. (1998).

4036: 3826: 3804: 3716: 3446: 3339: 3309: 3261: 3224: 3153: 3090: 3027: 2994: 2970: 2965: 2946: 2894:

Manzoni, Stefano; Trofymow, John A.; Jackson, Robert B.; Porporato, Amilcare (2010).

2879: 2852: 2768: 2644: 2625: 2620: 2601: 2578: 2552: 2455: 2398: 2145: 2099: 2071: 2018: 1890: 1838: 1832: 1552: 1437: 1273:

Ammonium fixation occurs mainly between the layers of 2:1 type clay minerals such as

1165: 895: 832: 827: 755: 120: 5913: 5448: 5386: 5110: 5084: 4770: 4667: 4217: 4163: 4006: 3960: 3906: 3858: 3613: 3564: 3520: 3498: 3351: 3154:"Nitrate and ammonium nutrition of plants: physiological and molecular perspectives" 3039: 2734: 2678: 2300: 2244: 6037: 6015: 5981: 5901: 5839: 5831: 5781: 5747: 5603: 5591: 5547: 5537: 5528: 5507: 5502: 5482: 5436: 5312: 5292: 5266: 5217: 5207: 5164: 5154: 5106: 5005: 4955: 4945: 4910: 4862: 4814: 4792: 4758: 4655: 4592: 4582: 4488: 4478: 4452: 4422: 4408: 4362: 4314: 4271: 4261: 4205: 4151: 4104: 4048: 4028: 4011: 3948: 3894: 3846: 3800: 3728: 3708: 3661: 3649: 3601: 3550: 3542: 3486: 3398: 3381: 3331: 3283: 3236: 3216: 3199: 3191: 3165: 3107: 3011: 2989: 2960: 2920: 2874: 2826: 2714: 2700: 2666: 2615: 2542: 2532: 2447: 2407: 2334: 2322: 2305: 2232: 2165: 2119: 2008: 1975: 1880: 1290: 1231: 719: 20: 6392: 6379: 6366: 6353: 6340: 6327: 6314: 6301: 6288: 6275: 6262: 6249: 6236: 6223: 5270: 5009: 4318: 4209: 3474: 2830: 2519:"Nitrogen regulation of transpiration controls mass-flow acquisition of nutrients" 2215: 2146:"Water storage, surface, and structural properties of sandy forest humus horizons" 680: 6210: 6197: 6184: 6171: 6158: 6145: 6132: 5774:"Phosphorus interactions with other nutrients and lime in field cropping systems" 3015: 2951: 2606: 2438: 1625:

is an essential element for plants, microbes and animals, being involved in many

1575: 1516: 1416:

with low solubility, except when linked to ammonium or calcium, hence the use of

1342: 1322: 1282: 923: 855: 848: 844: 795: 704: 665: 513: 497: 489: 5785: 4587: 2990:"Photosynthetic utilization of internal carbon dioxide by hollow-stemmed plants" 2434:"Uptake, translocation, and transmission of carbon nanomaterials in rice plants" 2013: 1996: 95:(Cl). Nutrients required for plants to complete their life cycle are considered 5884: 4818: 4638: 4462:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4366: 4142: 4007:"Amino-acid cycling drives nitrogen fixation in the legume–Rhizobium symbiosis" 3879:

Chen, Baoqing; Liu, EnKe; Tian, Qizhuo; Yan, Changrong; Zhang, Yanqing (2014).

3640: 2808: 2649: 2643:

Hinsinger, Philippe; Plassard, Claude; Tang, Caixian; Jaillard, Benoît (2003).

2223: 1980: 1943: 1776: 1668: 1583: 1548: 1504: 1459: 1446: 1413: 1380: 971: 943: 858:

are able to metabolise organic matter and release ammonium in a process called

779: 693: 689: 186: 5905: 5316: 4413: 4388: 4155: 3952: 3898: 3712: 3653: 2670: 2123: 123:, the nutrients derive originally from the mineral component of the soil. The 6416: 6410: 6123: 4950: 2764: 2064:

Plant nutrition for food security: a guide for integrated nutrient management

1907: 1885: 1866: 1499: 1495: 1463: 1372: 1353: 1338: 947: 875: 696: 669: 509: 501: 104: 4483: 3605: 2055:

Roy, R. N.; Finck, Arnold; Blair, Graeme J.; Tandon, Hari Lal Singh (2006).

851:, and soils under no-tillage maintain more soil nitrogen than tilled soils. 6049: 5993: 5853: 5561: 5231: 5178: 5118: 4969: 4841:"Litterfall, nutrient cycling, and nutrient limitation in tropical forests" 4606: 4502: 4285: 4040: 3720: 3587:"Ammonium fixation and release by clay minerals as influenced by potassium" 3343: 3257: 3228: 3086:"Litterfall, nutrient cycling, and nutrient limitation in tropical forests" 2974: 2629: 2556: 2459: 2451: 2169: 2022: 1894: 1700: 1286: 1227: 731: 708: 642: 4983:

Duponnois, Robin; Colombet, Aline; Hien, Victor; Thioulouse, Jean (2005).

4762: 4703:

Lallouette, Vincent; Magnier, Julie; Petit, Katell; Michon, Janik (2014).

3031: 1867:"Interactions of silicon with essential and beneficial elements in plants" 5985: 5927: 5542: 2537: 1761: 1756: 1716: 1642: 1630: 1512: 1491: 1278: 1239: 1197: 1181: 939: 931: 903: 727: 190: 5835: 5573: 5571: 5462: 5338: 4686: 4684: 4062: 4032: 3974: 3766: 2945:

Teskey, Robert O.; Saveyn, An; Steppe, Kathy; McGuire, Mary Ann (2007).

2788: 2478: 2476: 2183: 103:(Si), have been shown to improve nutrent availability, hence the use of 5293:"Selective sorption and fixation of cations by clay minerals: a review" 5212: 5159: 4915: 4896: 4874: 4659: 4266: 3850: 3546: 3519:

Mahvi, Amir H.; Nouri, Jafar; Babaei, Ali A.; Nabizadeh, Ramin (2005).

3490: 3335: 3119: 3023: 2726: 2236: 2143: 1708: 1696: 1634: 1587: 1205: 840: 711: 650: 646: 493: 457: 182: 140: 84: 44: 6099:. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona 5751: 3787:"Microbial immobilization of ammonium and nitrate in cultivated soils" 2924: 5568: 4681: 4613: 3986: 3555: 3314: 3220: 3133: 2517:

Matimati, Ignatious; Verboom, G. Anthony; Cramer, Michael D. (2014).

2473: 2326: 2195: 1732: 1712: 1676: 1626: 1618: 1294: 1223: 1193: 1169: 1023: 485: 470: 132: 108: 72: 60: 48: 24: 6075:

Donahue, Roy Luther; Miller, Raymond W.; Shickluna, John C. (1977).

5875: 5417:"Effects of organic matter and calcium on soil structural stability" 5416: 5031: 4929: 4866: 4300: 4137: 3928: 3786: 3635: 3424: 3111: 2812: 2699:

Chapin, F. Stuart III; Vitousek, Peter M.; Van Cleve, Keith (1986).

2433: 1942:

Van der Ploeg, Rienk R.; Böhm, Wolfgang; Kirkham, Mary Beth (1999).

4840: 4340: 3432: 3085: 2756: 2718: 1736: 1692: 1568: 1537: 1436:, if not taken up by plant roots these ions rapidly form insoluble 1318: 1301:

fraction. Only a small fraction of soil nitrogen is held this way.

1208: 1189: 1019: 951: 907: 867: 803: 634: 144: 92: 40: 32: 746:

by soil micro-organisms decomposing soil organic matter and the CO

4183: 3521:"Agricultural activities impact on groundwater nitrate pollution" 2299:

Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Shortle, Walter C. (1995).

1740: 1638: 1599: 1595: 1560: 1529: 1475: 1451: 1409: 1401: 1368: 1310: 1309:

Usable nitrogen may be lost from soils when it is in the form of

1212: 891: 879: 871: 836: 811: 802:

often limits plant growth. Plants can use nitrogen as either the

484:, which is generally plentiful in the soil solution, except when 481: 158: 148: 100: 56: 4791:

Roth, Tobias; Kohli, Lukas; Rihm, Beat; Achermann, Beat (2013).

684:

Measuring soil respiration in the field using an SRS2000 system.

5631: 4982: 3927:

Griffin, Timothy S.; Honeycutt, Charles W.; He, Zhijun (2002).

3190:

Hodge, Angela; Campbell, Colin D.; Fitter, Alastair H. (2001).

2893: 2602:"The apoplast and its significance for plant mineral nutrition" 1744: 1728: 1704: 1684: 1671:

essential in plant life, in their order of importance, include

1591: 1540: 1508: 1274: 1201: 959: 784: 637:. Hydrogen H is exchanged for other cations, and carbonate (HCO 88: 76: 52: 36: 28: 5876:"Root exudation and rhizosphere acidification by two lines of 5873: 5780:. Vol. 5. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 201–36. 5030:

Syers, John Keith; Johnston, A. Edward; Curtin, Denis (2008).

4634:"Ammonia volatilization from applied nitrogen in alkali soils" 4135: 3308:

Enríquez, Susana; Duarte, Carlos M.; Sand-Jensen, Kaj (1993).

2098:

Parfitt, Roger L.; Giltrap, Donna J.; Whitton, Joe S. (1995).

5815: 4705:"Agricultural practices and nitrates in aquatic environments" 4387:

Nieder, Rolf; Benbi, Dinesh K.; Scherer, Heinrich W. (2011).

3691: 3526:

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology

3372:

Tiessen, Holm; Stewart, John W. B.; Bettany, Jeff R. (1982).

2642: 1997:"Terrestrial plants require nutrients in similar proportions" 1688: 1633:. Primary minerals that weather to release magnesium include 1185: 505: 174: 68: 5939: 5715: 5703: 5667: 5350: 4702: 4450: 4081:

Hill, Robert D.; Rinker, Robert G.; Wilson, H. Dale (1980).

3423:

Philippot, Laurent; Hallin, Sara; Schloter, Michael (2007).

5083:

Lambert, Raphaël; Grant, Cynthia; Sauvé, Sébastien (2007).

4525:

Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems

3754: 2850: 1680: 1672: 1582:. Calcium is considered as an essential component of plant 1442: 1321:

which is easily fixed. Further losses of nitrogen occur by

1298: 155: 80: 64: 6016:"Got silicon? The non-essential beneficial plant nutrient" 5643: 4237: 4110:

10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0179:ANFBL>2.0.CO;2

3585:

Scherer, Heinrich W.; Feils, E.; Beuters, Patrick (2014).

3425:"Ecology of denitrifying prokaryotes in agricultural soil" 1864: 1567:, is more soluble than potassium-bearing minerals such as 1297:, but a small proportion of ammonium is also fixed in the 27:

are essential for plant growth and reproduction. They are

4004: 3518: 3307: 2944: 2214:

Föhse, Doris; Claassen, Norbert; Jungk, Albrecht (1991).

5957: 5192:

Pallas, James E. Jr; Michel, B.E.; Harris, D.G. (1967).

5064: 4389:"Fixation and defixation of ammonium in soils: a review" 4299:

Ruamps, Léo Simon; Nunan, Naoise; Chenu, Claire (2011).

3742: 3681: 3633: 3065: 2701:"The nature of nutrient limitation in plant communities" 2301:"A new mechanism for calcium loss in forest floor soils" 1941: 990:, microbes feed on organic matter, releasing ammonia (NH 5679: 5655: 5041:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

4451:

Kramer, Sasha B.; Reganold, John P.; Glover, Jerry D.;

3422: 2988:

Billings, William Dwight; Godfrey, Paul Joseph (1967).

2698: 2068:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1809: 1325:, the process whereby soil bacteria convert nitrate (NO 762:

respired by aboveground plant tissues. Root-respired CO

6074: 5933: 5691: 5577: 5468: 5344: 4790: 4690: 4619: 4068: 3992: 3980: 3772: 3682:

Van Egmond, Klaas; Bresser, Ton; Bouwman, Lex (2002).

3139: 3053: 2794: 2482: 2201: 2189: 1222:

Some amount of atmospheric nitrogen is transformed by

750:

respired by roots contribute an important amount of CO

5244: 4429: 4117: 3371: 3256: 2516: 2097: 894:

or related nitrogenous compounds in a process called

789:

Generalization of percent soil nitrogen by soil order

5414: 3881:"Soil nitrogen dynamics and crop residues: a review" 2947:"Origin, fate and significance of CO2 in tree stems" 2298: 2029: 1799: 1797: 1408:

fungi. The most common form of organic phosphate is

722:) is lesser than that of carbon (mostly involved in 5029: 3584: 3189: 2757:"Nutrient uptake by plants under stress conditions" 2054: 1030:Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio of Various Organic Materials 128:nutrient ratios calculated from plant composition. 5191: 4386: 3926: 2431: 2213: 5082: 4743:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2806: 2104:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 1794: 1010:process. In that form the nitrogen is said to be 950:. A small amount of nitrogen is added to soil by 6408: 6273: 6169: 6078:Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth 5637: 5592:"The dilution effect in plant nutrition studies" 5415:Wuddivira, Mark N.; Camps-Roach, Geremy (2007). 4737:Choudhury, Abu T.M.A.; Kennedy, Ivan R. (2005). 4736: 4559:Parkin, Timothy B.; Robinson, Joseph A. (1989). 4338: 4298: 4080: 3824: 2274:Limiting steps in ion uptake by plants from soil 1238:). Nitrogen dioxide is soluble in water to form 6014:Richmond, Kathryn E.; Sussman, Michael (2003). 6013: 5772:Summer, Malcolm E.; Farina, Mart P. W. (1986). 5590:Jarrell, Wesley M.; Beverly, Reuben B. (1981). 4301:"Microbial biogeography at the soil pore scale" 3825:Verhoef, Herman A.; Brussaard, Lijbert (1990). 2987: 2057:"Chapter 4: Soil fertility and crop production" 1994: 1428:When phosphorus does form solubilised ions of H 1352:occurs when ammonium reacts chemically with an 6208: 5589: 5522:White, Philip J.; Broadley, Martin R. (2003). 5480: 4558: 4339:Quiquampoix, Hervé; Burns, Richard G. (2007). 3878: 2041: 1917:Scientific Bulletin, Series F, Biotechnologies 1425:phosphorus that has been removed in the crop. 1014:. Later, when such bacteria die, they too are 5521: 4446: 4444: 3151: 1995:Knecht, Magnus F.; Göransson, Anders (2004). 6351: 6299: 5945: 5880:in response to lime-induced iron deficiency" 5771: 5721: 5709: 5673: 5487:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 4083:"Atmospheric nitrogen fixation by lightning" 3152:Forde, Bryan G.; Clarkson, David T. (1999). 2599: 734:, and so it builds up in the soil. Normal CO 688:Plants obtain their carbon from atmospheric 154:The nutrients adsorbed onto the surfaces of 6286: 6118:. United States Department of Agriculture. 5649: 5481:Smith, Garth S.; Cornforth, Ian S. (1982). 5138: 4561:"Stochastic models of soil denitrification" 2150:Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 1826: 1824: 730:, which are always richer in nitrogen than 6260: 6247: 5356: 5070: 4441: 3784: 1837:(15th ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Pearson. 1722: 874:as an intermediary step in the process of 653:of soil minerals, and are released by the 6396: 6383: 6370: 6364: 6357: 6344: 6331: 6318: 6305: 6292: 6279: 6266: 6253: 6240: 6227: 6214: 6201: 6188: 6175: 6162: 6149: 6136: 6111: 5843: 5551: 5541: 5506: 5221: 5211: 5168: 5158: 4959: 4949: 4914: 4632:Rao, Desiraju L.N.; Batra, Lalit (1983). 4596: 4586: 4515: 4492: 4482: 4412: 4275: 4265: 4108: 3760: 3554: 3440: 3071: 2964: 2878: 2619: 2546: 2536: 2012: 1979: 1969: 1884: 1830: 1574:Calcium uptake by roots is essential for 6390: 6182: 6143: 4838: 4631: 3403:10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400050015x 3083: 3059: 2388: 1821: 1654:sulfur may cause sulfur deficiency by a 1598:, and an intracellular messenger in the 1536:, in the soil solution in the form of a 783: 679: 6338: 6325: 6234: 6195: 6156: 6130: 5685: 5661: 5290: 4798:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 4435: 4123: 3748: 3288:10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300030029x 3267:Soil Science Society of America Journal 1949:Soil Science Society of America Journal 1578:, contrary to an old tenet that it was 1498:, contribute through the production of 934:if in the form of nitrate, acting as a 6409: 6312: 6115:Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957 5697: 5139:Terry, Norman; Ulrich, Albert (1973). 4566:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2264: 1815: 1462:and respiration rates while decreased 223:(mostly through leaf and root litter) 6377: 5733: 5368: 4894: 3472: 2357:"Phosphorus diffusion to plant roots" 2354: 1831:Weil, Ray R.; Brady, Nyle C. (2017). 758:plants, to which must be added the CO 726:) in the living, then dead matter of 524: 6221: 5934:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 5578:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 5469:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 5345:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 4691:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 4620:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 4069:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 3993:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 3981:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 3886:Agronomy for Sustainable Development 3785:Recous, Sylvie; Mary, Bruno (1990). 3773:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 3140:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 2795:Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977 2763:(2nd ed.). 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In Pessarakli, Mohammad (ed.). 1662: 1180:), which is rapidly converted to 966:by ammonia emission, stemming in 6021:Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6007: 5965:Journal of Environmental Quality 5951: 5867: 5809: 5765: 5727: 5441:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00861.x 5421:European Journal of Soil Science 5090:Science of the Total Environment 4902:Canadian Journal of Soil Science 2966:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02286.x 2880:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00206.x 2621:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00034.x 1285:, together with ions of similar 1257: 6112:Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). 6067: 5583: 5515: 5474: 5408: 5362: 5284: 5238: 5185: 5132: 5111:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.008 5076: 5023: 4976: 4923: 4888: 4832: 4784: 4730: 4696: 4625: 4552: 4509: 4380: 4332: 4292: 4231: 4177: 4129: 4074: 3998: 3920: 3872: 3818: 3778: 3675: 3627: 3578: 3512: 3466: 3429:Advances in Agronomy, Volume 96 3416: 3365: 3301: 3250: 3183: 3145: 3077: 2981: 2938: 2887: 2844: 2800: 2748: 2692: 2636: 2600:Sattelmacher, Burkhard (2001). 2593: 2563: 2510: 2488: 2425: 2382: 2348: 2292: 2258: 2207: 2137: 2091: 173:Gram for gram, the capacity of 5776:. In Stewart, Bobby A. (ed.). 5508:10.1080/00288233.1982.10417901 4393:Biology and Fertility of Soils 3933:Biology and Fertility of Soils 3479:Biology and Fertility of Soils 3431:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: 3427:. In Sparks, Donald L. (ed.). 3158:Advances in Botanical Research 2524:Journal of Experimental Botany 1988: 1935: 1901: 1858: 1782:Index of soil-related articles 1375:, with concomitant effects on 1091:Humus in warm cultivated soils 1: 6250:Soil Phosphorus and Fertility 6042:10.1016/S1369-5266(03)00041-4 5608:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60887-1 5271:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.065 5010:10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.09.016 4997:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 4516:Robertson, G. Philip (1989). 4319:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.10.010 4306:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 4210:10.1180/claymin.1995.030.4.06 3792:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 3170:10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60226-8 2831:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.03.006 2818:Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2412:10.1016/S0031-8914(56)80019-0 1787: 1602:, playing a role in cellular 1386: 886:are capable of metabolising N 504:has almost stopped following 6380:Living Organisms in the Soil 6341:Manganese and Soil Fertility 6263:Soil Potassium and Fertility 5638:Jordan & Reisenauer 1957 4527:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4455:; Mooney, Harold A. (2006). 3805:10.1016/0038-0717(90)90129-N 3684:"The European nitrogen case" 3016:10.1126/science.158.3797.121 1613: 1469: 7: 6237:Nitrogen and Soil Fertility 5786:10.1007/978-1-4613-8660-5_5 4839:Vitousek, Peter M. (1984). 4588:10.1128/AEM.55.1.72-77.1989 3594:Plant, Soil and Environment 3084:Vitousek, Peter M. (1984). 2755:Alam, Syed Manzoor (1999). 2500:Northern Arizona University 2265:Barber, Stanley A. (1966). 1750: 773: 476:Interception by root growth 10: 6438: 6274:Jordan & Reisenauer. " 6170:Richards & Richards. " 4819:10.1016/j.agee.2013.07.002 4523:. In Proctor, John (ed.). 4367:10.2113/GSELEMENTS.3.6.401 1981:10.2136/sssaj1999.6351055x 1872:Frontiers in Plant Science 1590:for inorganic and organic 1522: 1246:) dissociating in H and NO 777: 6328:Copper and Soil Fertility 6276:Sulfur and Soil Fertility 6097:"Arizona Master Gardener" 5906:10.1007/s11104-008-9638-9 5317:10.1346/CCMN.1972.0200208 5291:Sawhney, Brij L. (1972). 4414:10.1007/s00374-010-0506-4 3953:10.1007/s00374-002-0557-2 3899:10.1007/s13593-014-0207-8 3713:10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.72 2124:10.1080/00103629509369376 2014:10.1093/treephys/24.4.447 1648: 1337:O. This occurs when poor 1304: 1037: 1034: 675: 538: 535: 532: 527: 488:over competes calcium on 345:Fe, Fe (ferrous, ferric) 6315:Boron and Soil Fertility 6211:The Chemistry of Soil pH 6209:Coleman & Mehlich. " 5946:Stout & Johnson 1957 5778:Advances in soil science 5722:Stout & Johnson 1957 5710:Stout & Johnson 1957 5674:Seatz & Jurinak 1957 4985:"The mycorrhizal fungus 4951:10.1186/1471-2229-11-121 4895:Kucey, Reg M.N. (1983). 2389:Brinkman, H. C. (1940). 1886:10.3389/fpls.2021.697592 1767:Cation-exchange capacity 1629:and in the synthesis of 981: 884:Nitrogen-fixing bacteria 179:cation exchange capacity 16:Nutrient within the soil 6302:Zinc and Soil Fertility 6289:Iron and Soil Fertility 5734:Welsh, Ross M. (1995). 5650:Holmes & Brown 1957 5297:Clays and Clay Minerals 4484:10.1073/pnas.0600359103 4156:10.1023/A:1004318318307 3654:10.1023/A:1004297607070 3473:Doran, John W. (1987). 2671:10.1023/A:1022371130939 1723:Non-essential nutrients 1458:resulting in decreased 926:. Nitrogen may also be 6352:Stout & Johnson. " 6300:Seatz & Jurinak. " 5251:Ecological Engineering 5071:Olsen & Fried 1957 4453:Bohannan, Brendan J.M. 2452:10.1002/smll.200801556 2170:10.1002/jpln.200321161 1494:bacteria, also called 1406:arbuscular mycorrhizal 1350:Ammonia volatilisation 1194:symbiotic relationship 796:limiting soil nutrient 791: 685: 649:), are added from the 117:Biodynamic agriculture 6287:Holmes & Brown. " 5369:Loide, Valli (2004). 4763:10.1081/css-200059104 4245:Nature Communications 3606:10.17221/202/2014-PSE 2904:Ecological Monographs 2581:, Agronomy Department 2355:Olsen, S. R. (1965). 1422:monocalcium phosphate 964:atmospheric pollution 787: 778:Further information: 683: 181:arising from charged 6248:Olsen & Fried. " 5986:10.2134/jeq2011.0047 5596:Advances in Agronomy 4529:Blackwell Scientific 3435:. pp. 249–305. 2767:. pp. 285–313. 1557:structural stability 1555:which contribute to 1456:stomatal conductance 1418:diammonium phosphate 1329:) to nitrogen gas, N 1067:Clover, mature sweet 956:nitrogen fertilizers 922:O, a process called 878:, and oxidise it to 701:mycorrhizal networks 309:(ammonium, nitrate) 6159:Physical Properties 6034:2003COPB....6..268R 5978:2012JEnvQ..41..920P 5898:2008PlSoi.312..151M 5836:10.1104/pp.16.01916 5524:"Calcium in plants" 5499:1982NZJAR..25..373S 5433:2007EuJSS..58..722W 5309:1972CCM....20...93S 5263:2015EcEng..81..340M 5103:2007ScTEn.378..293L 4987:Glomus intraradices 4859:1984Ecol...65..285V 4811:2013AgEE..178..121R 4755:2005CSSPA..36.1625C 4652:1983PlSoi..70..219R 4579:1989ApEnM..55...72P 4475:2006PNAS..103.4522K 4405:2011BioFS..47....1N 4359:2007Eleme...3..401Q 4258:2014NatCo...5.2947V 4202:1995ClMin..30..325V 4101:1980JAtS...37..179H 4033:10.1038/nature01527 4025:2003Natur.422..722L 3945:2002BioFS..36..442T 3843:1990Biogc..11..175V 3705:2002Ambio..31...72V 3539:2005JEST....2...41M 3395:1982AgrJ...74..831T 3328:1993Oecol..94..457E 3280:1989SSASJ..53..800B 3213:2001Natur.413..297H 3104:1984Ecol...65..285V 3008:1967Sci...158..121B 2917:2010EcoM...80...89M 2871:1998FuEco..12..406F 2706:American Naturalist 2663:2003PlSoi.248...43H 2366:. Vienna, Austria: 2319:1995Natur.378..162L 2276:. Vienna, Austria: 2162:2003JPNSS.166..625H 2116:1995CSSPA..26.1343P 1962:1999SSASJ..63.1055V 1627:catalytic reactions 1188:of the host plant. 1059:Clover, green sweet 1031: 1004:nitrogen deficiency 820:soil organic matter 800:nitrogen deficiency 521: 198: 168:soil organic matter 163:soil organic matter 111:(both silica-rich) 97:essential nutrients 5936:, pp. 136–37. 5543:10.1093/aob/mcg164 5471:, pp. 135–36. 5359:, pp. 101–04. 5347:, pp. 134–35. 5213:10.1104/pp.42.1.76 5160:10.1104/pp.51.1.43 4916:10.4141/cjss83-068 4749:(11–12): 1625–39. 4660:10.1007/BF02374782 4267:10.1038/ncomms3947 4071:, pp. 128–29. 3983:, pp. 129–30. 3851:10.1007/BF00004496 3775:, pp. 128–31. 3763:, pp. 152–55. 3547:10.1007/BF03325856 3491:10.1007/BF00264349 3336:10.1007/BF00566960 2858:Functional Ecology 2797:, pp. 123–28. 2538:10.1093/jxb/ert367 2237:10.1007/BF00010407 2192:, pp. 123–31. 2070:. pp. 43–90. 1818:, pp. 123–25. 1772:Soil contamination 1580:luxury consumption 1480:potassium feldspar 1438:calcium phosphates 1398:mineral weathering 1377:soil acidification 1313:, as it is easily 1172:bacteria convert N 1029: 986:In the process of 976:aquatic ecosystems 968:soil acidification 938:if it reaches the 792: 686: 668:resulting in poor 536:Root interception 519: 196: 125:Law of the Minimum 6133:We Seek; We Learn 6088:978-0-13-821918-5 6081:. Prentice-Hall. 5878:Medicago ciliaris 5795:978-1-4613-8660-5 5752:10.1080/713608066 5375:Agronomy Research 5050:978-92-5-105929-6 4937:BMC Plant Biology 3751:, pp. 85–94. 3452:978-0-12-374206-3 2925:10.1890/09-0179.1 2579:Purdue University 2496:"Plant nutrition" 2370:. pp. 130–42 2110:(9–10): 1343–55. 2077:978-92-5-105490-1 2038:, pp. 80–81. 1553:organic compounds 1545:exchangeable form 1507:minerals such as 1166:nitrogen fixation 1162: 1161: 1147:Straw, cornstalks 1035:Organic Material 896:nitrogen fixation 890:into the form of 862:. Others, called 828:mycorrhizal fungi 756:photosynthesising 627: 626: 449: 448: 121:nitrogen fixation 6429: 6400: 6397:Stefferud (1957) 6387: 6384:Stefferud (1957) 6374: 6371:Stefferud (1957) 6361: 6358:Stefferud (1957) 6348: 6345:Stefferud (1957) 6335: 6332:Stefferud (1957) 6322: 6319:Stefferud (1957) 6309: 6306:Stefferud (1957) 6296: 6293:Stefferud (1957) 6283: 6280:Stefferud (1957) 6270: 6267:Stefferud (1957) 6257: 6254:Stefferud (1957) 6244: 6241:Stefferud (1957) 6231: 6228:Stefferud (1957) 6218: 6215:Stefferud (1957) 6205: 6202:Stefferud (1957) 6192: 6189:Stefferud (1957) 6185:Growth of Plants 6179: 6176:Stefferud (1957) 6166: 6163:Stefferud (1957) 6153: 6150:Stefferud (1957) 6140: 6137:Stefferud (1957) 6127: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6092: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5847: 5823:Plant Physiology 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5529:Annals of Botany 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5225: 5215: 5199:Plant Physiology 5189: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5162: 5146:Plant Physiology 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5038: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4993: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4963: 4953: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4718:(December): 1–16 4709: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4600: 4590: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4486: 4448: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4279: 4269: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4019:(6933): 722–26. 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3688: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3591: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3558: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3444: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3382:Agronomy Journal 3378: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3258:Burke, Ingrid C. 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3221:10.1038/35095041 3207:(6853): 297–99. 3196: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3002:(3797): 121–23. 2985: 2979: 2978: 2968: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2900: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2807:Rasmussen, Jim; 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2623: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2550: 2540: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2502:. Archived from 2492: 2486: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2395: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2361: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2327:10.1038/378162a0 2313:(6553): 162–65. 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2280:. pp. 39–45 2271: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2220: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2061: 2052: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2016: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1973: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1914: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1879:(697592): 1–19. 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1828: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1445:deficiencies as 1291:hydration energy 1232:nitrogen dioxide 1099:Legume-grass hay 1032: 1028: 720:protein turnover 522: 518: 516:organic matter. 452:Uptake processes 208:Ion or molecule 199: 195: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6422:Plant nutrition 6407: 6406: 6405: 6102: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5892:(151): 151–62. 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5652:, pp. 111. 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5569: 5520: 5516: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5367: 5363: 5357:Reitemeier 1957 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5243: 5239: 5190: 5186: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5039:. Rome, Italy: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4991: 4981: 4977: 4928: 4924: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4867:10.2307/1939481 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4469:(12): 4522–27. 4449: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4297: 4293: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3831:Biogeochemistry 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3442:10.1.1.663.4557 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3112:10.2307/1939481 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 2986: 2982: 2952:New Phytologist 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2809:Kuzyakov, Yakov 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2641: 2637: 2607:New Phytologist 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2515: 2511: 2506:on 14 May 2013. 2494: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2446:(10): 1128–32. 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2406:(1–5): 149–55. 2393: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2066:. Rome, Italy: 2059: 2053: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2001:Tree Physiology 1993: 1989: 1971:10.1.1.475.7392 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1912: 1906: 1902: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1829: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1795: 1790: 1753: 1725: 1665: 1656:dilution effect 1651: 1616: 1576:plant nutrition 1566: 1543:or retained in 1525: 1517:montmorillonite 1489: 1485: 1472: 1447:zinc phosphates 1435: 1431: 1389: 1363: 1359: 1356:, converting NH 1343:organic farming 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323:denitrification 1307: 1283:montmorillonite 1260: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1179: 1175: 1001: 997: 994:), ammonium (NH 993: 984: 944:flows over land 924:denitrification 921: 917: 913: 889: 856:micro-organisms 849:denitrification 845:soil management 817: 810:) or the anion 809: 790: 782: 776: 769: 765: 761: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 717: 705:micro-organisms 678: 666:soil compaction 640: 514:nanoparticulate 498:Brownian motion 490:cation exchange 454: 433: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 323: 308: 304: 278: 274: 270: 256: 252: 248: 234:H, HOH (water) 222: 105:stinging nettle 17: 12: 11: 5: 6435: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6388: 6375: 6367:Organic Matter 6362: 6354:Trace Elements 6349: 6336: 6323: 6310: 6297: 6284: 6271: 6258: 6245: 6232: 6219: 6206: 6193: 6180: 6167: 6154: 6146:What Soils Are 6141: 6109: 6093: 6087: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6006: 5950: 5948:, p. 107. 5938: 5926: 5885:Plant and Soil 5866: 5830:(3): 1648–68. 5808: 5794: 5764: 5726: 5724:, p. 141. 5714: 5712:, p. 146. 5702: 5700:, p. 121. 5690: 5688:, p. 128. 5678: 5676:, p. 115. 5666: 5664:, p. 135. 5654: 5642: 5640:, p. 107. 5630: 5616: 5582: 5580:, p. 136. 5567: 5536:(4): 487–511. 5514: 5473: 5461: 5407: 5361: 5349: 5337: 5283: 5237: 5184: 5131: 5097:(3): 293–305. 5075: 5063: 5049: 5022: 5004:(8): 1460–68. 4975: 4922: 4887: 4831: 4783: 4729: 4695: 4693:, p. 131. 4680: 4639:Plant and Soil 4624: 4622:, p. 130. 4612: 4551: 4538:978-0632025596 4537: 4508: 4440: 4428: 4379: 4331: 4291: 4230: 4176: 4143:Plant and Soil 4128: 4116: 4073: 4061: 3997: 3995:, p. 145. 3985: 3973: 3919: 3871: 3837:(3): 175–211. 3817: 3777: 3765: 3761:Broadbent 1957 3753: 3741: 3674: 3641:Plant and Soil 3626: 3577: 3511: 3465: 3451: 3415: 3364: 3300: 3249: 3182: 3144: 3142:, p. 128. 3132: 3076: 3074:, p. 153. 3072:Broadbent 1957 3064: 3052: 2980: 2937: 2886: 2843: 2825:(7): 1586–87. 2799: 2787: 2774:978-0824719487 2773: 2747: 2719:10.1086/284466 2691: 2650:Plant and Soil 2635: 2592: 2570:Mengel, Dave. 2562: 2509: 2487: 2485:, p. 126. 2472: 2424: 2381: 2347: 2291: 2257: 2224:Plant and Soil 2206: 2204:, p. 125. 2194: 2182: 2136: 2090: 2076: 2040: 2028: 1987: 1956:(5): 1055–62. 1934: 1900: 1857: 1844:978-0133254488 1843: 1820: 1808: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1777:Soil fertility 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1724: 1721: 1669:micronutrients 1664: 1663:Micronutrients 1661: 1650: 1647: 1615: 1612: 1584:cell membranes 1564: 1549:covalent bonds 1524: 1521: 1505:expansive clay 1487: 1483: 1471: 1468: 1460:photosynthesis 1433: 1429: 1414:orthophosphate 1388: 1385: 1381:eutrophication 1371:pollution and 1361: 1357: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1317:, contrary to 1306: 1303: 1264:immobilization 1259: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1217:mineralization 1177: 1176:to ammonia (NH 1173: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1008:immobilization 999: 998:), nitrate (NO 995: 991: 988:mineralisation 983: 980: 972:eutrophication 919: 915: 911: 887: 860:mineralisation 839:, vegetation, 822:, and must be 815: 807: 788: 780:Nitrogen cycle 775: 772: 767: 763: 759: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 715: 694:photosynthetic 690:carbon dioxide 677: 674: 638: 625: 624: 621: 618: 615: 611: 610: 607: 604: 601: 597: 596: 593: 590: 587: 583: 582: 579: 576: 573: 569: 568: 565: 562: 559: 555: 554: 551: 548: 545: 541: 540: 537: 534: 530: 529: 526: 478: 477: 474: 468: 453: 450: 447: 446: 445:Cl (chloride) 443: 440: 436: 435: 431: 428: 425: 421: 420: 417: 414: 410: 409: 406: 403: 399: 398: 395: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 365: 362: 358: 357: 354: 351: 347: 346: 343: 340: 336: 335: 332: 329: 325: 324: 321: 318: 315: 311: 310: 306: 302: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 285: 281: 280: 276: 272: 268: 265: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 235: 232: 229: 225: 224: 220: 217: 214: 210: 209: 206: 203: 189:decreases its 187:hydrophobicity 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6434: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6261:Reitemeier. " 6259: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6172:Soil Moisture 6168: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6110: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6028:(3): 268–72. 6027: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6010: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5972:(3): 920–27. 5971: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5870: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5619: 5617:9780120007349 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5572: 5563: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493:(3): 373–87. 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427:(3): 722–27. 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5303:(2): 93–100. 5302: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5073:, p. 96. 5072: 5067: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4990: 4988: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4912: 4909:(4): 671–78. 4908: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4853:(1): 285–98. 4852: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4646:(2): 219–28. 4645: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4445: 4438:, p. 90. 4437: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4353:(6): 401–06. 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4320: 4316: 4313:(2): 280–86. 4312: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4252:(2947): 1–7. 4251: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4196:(4): 325–36. 4195: 4191: 4190:Clay Minerals 4187: 4180: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4150:(2): 159–71. 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4132: 4126:, p. 87. 4125: 4120: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4095:(1): 179–92. 4094: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939:(6): 442–46. 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893:(2): 429–42. 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3806: 3802: 3799:(7): 913–22. 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3600:(7): 325–31. 3599: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3454: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389:(5): 831–35. 3388: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3322:(4): 457–71. 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3274:(3): 800–05. 3273: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098:(1): 285–98. 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3062:, p. 41. 3061: 3060:Wadleigh 1957 3056: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911:(1): 89–106. 2910: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2890: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2865:(3): 406–12. 2864: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2847: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2791: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2765:Marcel Dekker 2762: 2758: 2751: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2614:(2): 167–92. 2613: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2531:(1): 159–68. 2530: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2351: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2261: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231:(2): 261–72. 2230: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156:(5): 625–34. 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2037: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2007:(4): 447–60. 2006: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1938: 1922: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1812: 1806:, p. 80. 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1657: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1500:organic acids 1497: 1496:rhizobacteria 1493: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1464:transpiration 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:air pollution 1370: 1365: 1355: 1354:alkaline soil 1351: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339:soil aeration 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1258:Sequestration 1255: 1250:. Ammonia, NH 1241: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1171: 1167: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131:Manure, human 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123:Manure, horse 1122: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1083:Forest litter 1082: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 989: 979: 977: 974:of soils and 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948:clay minerals 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 885: 881: 877: 876:nitrification 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 825: 821: 813: 805: 801: 797: 786: 781: 771: 757: 733: 729: 725: 721: 713: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:carboxylation 695: 691: 682: 673: 671: 670:soil aeration 667: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 636: 631: 622: 619: 616: 613: 612: 608: 605: 602: 599: 598: 594: 591: 588: 585: 584: 580: 577: 574: 571: 570: 566: 563: 560: 557: 556: 552: 549: 546: 543: 542: 531: 523: 517: 515: 511: 510:nanomaterials 507: 503: 502:transpiration 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 462: 461: 459: 444: 441: 438: 437: 429: 426: 423: 422: 418: 415: 412: 411: 407: 404: 401: 400: 396: 393: 390: 389: 366: 363: 360: 359: 355: 352: 349: 348: 344: 341: 338: 337: 333: 330: 327: 326: 319: 316: 313: 312: 300: 297: 294: 293: 289: 286: 283: 282: 279:(phosphates) 266: 263: 260: 259: 244: 241: 238: 237: 233: 230: 227: 226: 218: 215: 212: 211: 207: 204: 201: 200: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 169: 164: 160: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6365:Broadbent. " 6114: 6101:. Retrieved 6077: 6068:Bibliography 6053:. Retrieved 6025: 6019: 6009: 5997:. Retrieved 5969: 5963: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917:. Retrieved 5889: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5857:. Retrieved 5827: 5821: 5811: 5799:. Retrieved 5777: 5767: 5755:. Retrieved 5746:(1): 49–82. 5743: 5739: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5686:Reuther 1957 5681: 5669: 5662:Sherman 1957 5657: 5645: 5633: 5621:. Retrieved 5599: 5595: 5585: 5533: 5527: 5517: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5464: 5452:. Retrieved 5424: 5420: 5410: 5398:. Retrieved 5381:(1): 71–82. 5378: 5374: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5328:. Retrieved 5300: 5296: 5286: 5274:. Retrieved 5254: 5250: 5240: 5206:(1): 76–88. 5203: 5197: 5187: 5153:(1): 43–47. 5150: 5144: 5134: 5122:. Retrieved 5094: 5088: 5078: 5066: 5054:. Retrieved 5032: 5025: 5013:. Retrieved 5001: 4995: 4986: 4978: 4944:(121): 1–8. 4941: 4935: 4925: 4906: 4900: 4890: 4878:. Retrieved 4850: 4844: 4834: 4822:. Retrieved 4802: 4796: 4786: 4774:. Retrieved 4746: 4742: 4732: 4720:. Retrieved 4715: 4711: 4698: 4671:. Retrieved 4643: 4637: 4627: 4615: 4573:(1): 72–77. 4570: 4564: 4554: 4542:. Retrieved 4524: 4511: 4466: 4460: 4436:Allison 1957 4431: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4350: 4344: 4334: 4322:. Retrieved 4310: 4304: 4294: 4249: 4243: 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4193: 4189: 4179: 4167:. Retrieved 4147: 4141: 4131: 4124:Allison 1957 4119: 4092: 4086: 4076: 4064: 4052:. Retrieved 4016: 4010: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3964:. Retrieved 3936: 3932: 3922: 3910:. Retrieved 3890: 3884: 3874: 3862:. Retrieved 3834: 3830: 3820: 3808:. Retrieved 3796: 3790: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3749:Allison 1957 3744: 3732:. Retrieved 3699:(2): 72–78. 3696: 3690: 3677: 3665:. Retrieved 3648:(1): 61–69. 3645: 3639: 3629: 3617:. Retrieved 3597: 3593: 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3533:(1): 41–47. 3530: 3524: 3514: 3502:. Retrieved 3485:(1): 68–75. 3482: 3478: 3468: 3456:. Retrieved 3428: 3418: 3406:. Retrieved 3386: 3380: 3367: 3355:. Retrieved 3319: 3313: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3271: 3265: 3252: 3240:. Retrieved 3204: 3198: 3185: 3173:. Retrieved 3161: 3157: 3147: 3135: 3123:. Retrieved 3095: 3089: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043:. Retrieved 2999: 2993: 2983: 2959:(1): 17–32. 2956: 2950: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2908: 2902: 2889: 2862: 2856: 2846: 2834:. Retrieved 2822: 2816: 2802: 2790: 2778:. Retrieved 2760: 2750: 2738:. Retrieved 2713:(1): 48–58. 2710: 2704: 2694: 2682:. Retrieved 2657:(1): 43–59. 2654: 2648: 2638: 2611: 2605: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2565: 2528: 2522: 2512: 2504:the original 2490: 2463:. Retrieved 2443: 2437: 2427: 2415:. Retrieved 2403: 2397: 2384: 2372:. Retrieved 2363: 2350: 2338:. Retrieved 2310: 2304: 2294: 2282:. Retrieved 2273: 2260: 2248:. Retrieved 2228: 2222: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173:. Retrieved 2153: 2149: 2139: 2127:. Retrieved 2107: 2103: 2093: 2081:. Retrieved 2063: 2031: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1953: 1947: 1937: 1925:. Retrieved 1920: 1916: 1903: 1876: 1870: 1860: 1850:24 September 1848:. Retrieved 1833: 1811: 1726: 1701:plant health 1666: 1655: 1652: 1617: 1607: 1603: 1573: 1526: 1473: 1454:, decreased 1427: 1390: 1366: 1348: 1308: 1287:ionic radius 1272: 1268: 1261: 1228:nitric oxide 1221: 1198:root nodules 1163: 1015: 1011: 985: 866:, take free 853: 793: 732:plant litter 709:saprophagous 687: 662:waterlogging 659: 643:ion exchange 632: 628: 479: 473:within water 455: 434:(molybdate) 172: 153: 130: 18: 6391:Flemming. " 6183:Wadleigh. " 6144:Simonson. " 6055:10 December 5999:10 December 5698:Russel 1957 5602:: 197–224. 5124:26 November 5056:26 November 5015:26 November 4880:26 November 4824:26 November 4776:26 November 4722:26 November 4673:26 November 4544:26 November 4399:(1): 1–14. 4372:17 November 4324:17 November 4223:19 November 4169:19 November 4054:12 November 3966:12 November 3912:12 November 3864:12 November 3810:12 November 3734:12 November 3667:12 November 3619:12 November 3570:12 November 3504:12 November 3458:12 November 3408:12 November 3357:12 November 3293:12 November 3242:12 November 3175:12 November 3164:(C): 1–90. 3125:12 November 1816:Russel 1957 1762:Sodic soils 1757:Alkali soil 1717:rhizosphere 1643:vermiculite 1631:chlorophyll 1513:vermiculite 1492:Rhizosphere 1279:vermiculite 1240:nitric acid 1226:in gaseous 1182:amino acids 1115:Manure, cow 1016:mineralised 1012:immobilised 962:has caused 940:water table 932:vadose zone 904:amino acids 900:immobilized 824:mineralized 728:decomposers 724:respiration 191:wettability 113:macerations 6411:Categories 6339:Sherman. " 6326:Reuther. " 6235:Allison. " 6196:Allaway. " 6157:Russell. " 6131:Kellogg. " 5919:3 December 5859:3 December 5801:3 December 5757:3 December 5623:3 December 5454:3 December 5400:3 December 5330:3 December 5276:3 December 5257:: 340–47. 4805:: 121–26. 3045:5 November 2930:5 November 2836:5 November 2780:29 October 2740:29 October 2684:29 October 2585:22 October 2465:15 October 2417:15 October 2374:15 October 2340:15 October 2284:15 October 1923:(1): 49–58 1788:References 1709:metabolism 1697:molybdenum 1635:hornblende 1588:counterion 1387:Phosphorus 1224:lightnings 1206:diazotroph 1038:C:N Ratio 864:nitrifiers 843:, age and 841:topography 806:cation (NH 712:soil fauna 651:weathering 647:desorption 614:Molybdenum 558:Phosphorus 539:Diffusion 533:Mass flow 494:phosphorus 458:root hairs 424:Molybdenum 261:Phosphorus 183:carboxylic 137:absorption 85:molybdenum 45:phosphorus 19:Seventeen 6313:Russel. " 6124:704186906 5325:101201217 4712:The Brief 3556:1807/9114 3437:CiteSeerX 3315:Oecologia 2250:8 October 2175:8 October 2129:8 October 2083:8 October 2036:Dean 1957 1966:CiteSeerX 1927:1 October 1804:Dean 1957 1733:strontium 1713:chlorosis 1677:manganese 1623:Magnesium 1619:Magnesium 1614:Magnesium 1470:Potassium 1295:potassium 1230:(NO) and 1170:rhizobium 1139:Oat straw 1024:nematodes 936:pollutant 930:from the 572:Potassium 525:Nutrient 486:aluminium 471:Diffusion 465:Mass flow 391:Manganese 350:Magnesium 284:Potassium 245:O, OH, CO 133:diffusion 109:horsetail 91:(Ni) and 73:manganese 61:magnesium 49:potassium 25:nutrients 6378:Clark. " 6050:12753977 5994:22565273 5914:12585193 5854:28500270 5562:12933363 5449:97426847 5391:Archived 5387:28238101 5232:16656488 5179:16658294 5119:17400282 4970:21871058 4771:44014545 4668:24724207 4607:16347838 4503:16537377 4346:Elements 4286:24399306 4218:94630893 4164:20632698 4041:12700763 3961:19377528 3907:18024074 3859:96922131 3721:12078012 3614:55200516 3565:94640003 3499:44201431 3433:Elsevier 3352:22732277 3344:28313985 3229:11565029 3040:13237417 2975:18028298 2811:(2009). 2735:84381961 2679:23929321 2630:33874640 2557:24231035 2460:19235197 2245:28489187 2023:14757584 1895:34249069 1751:See also 1737:vanadium 1693:chlorine 1604:learning 1569:feldspar 1551:between 1538:divalent 1534:dolomite 1394:leaching 1319:ammonium 1293:such as 1289:and low 1209:bacteria 1192:share a 1190:Rhizobia 1051:Bacteria 1020:protozoa 952:rainfall 908:proteins 868:ammonium 804:ammonium 774:Nitrogen 692:through 635:apoplast 544:Nitrogen 512:such as 506:stomatal 467:of water 439:Chlorine 295:Nitrogen 228:Hydrogen 159:colloids 145:feldspar 93:chlorine 41:nitrogen 33:hydrogen 21:elements 6222:Dean. " 6030:Bibcode 5974:Bibcode 5894:Bibcode 5845:5490887 5553:4243668 5495:Bibcode 5429:Bibcode 5305:Bibcode 5259:Bibcode 5223:1086491 5099:Bibcode 4961:3176199 4875:1939481 4855:Bibcode 4846:Ecology 4807:Bibcode 4751:Bibcode 4648:Bibcode 4575:Bibcode 4494:1450204 4471:Bibcode 4423:7284269 4401:Bibcode 4355:Bibcode 4277:3896754 4254:Bibcode 4198:Bibcode 4097:Bibcode 4049:4429613 4021:Bibcode 3941:Bibcode 3839:Bibcode 3729:1114679 3701:Bibcode 3662:2410167 3535:Bibcode 3391:Bibcode 3324:Bibcode 3276:Bibcode 3237:4423745 3209:Bibcode 3120:1939481 3100:Bibcode 3091:Ecology 3032:6054809 3024:1722393 3004:Bibcode 2995:Science 2913:Bibcode 2867:Bibcode 2727:2461646 2659:Bibcode 2548:3883293 2399:Physica 2335:4365594 2315:Bibcode 2158:Bibcode 2112:Bibcode 1958:Bibcode 1741:silicon 1639:biotite 1600:cytosol 1596:vacuole 1594:in the 1561:calcite 1530:calcite 1523:Calcium 1482:, KAlSi 1476:biotite 1452:stomata 1410:phytate 1402:apatite 1369:aquifer 1315:leached 1311:nitrate 1213:archaea 1202:legumes 1155:Sawdust 1043:Alfalfa 928:leached 892:ammonia 880:nitrate 872:nitrite 837:climate 833:texture 812:nitrate 754:to the 586:Calcium 482:calcium 383:, B(OH) 328:Calcium 202:Element 149:apatite 141:weather 101:silicon 57:calcium 6395:". In 6382:". In 6369:". In 6356:". In 6343:". In 6330:". In 6317:". In 6304:". In 6291:". In 6278:". In 6265:". In 6252:". In 6239:". In 6226:". In 6213:". In 6200:". In 6187:". In 6174:". In 6161:". In 6148:". In 6135:". In 6122: 6103:27 May 6085: 6048: 5992: 5912: 5852: 5842: 5792: 5614: 5560: 5550: 5447: 5385: 5323: 5230: 5220: 5177: 5170:367354 5167: 5117: 5047: 4968: 4958: 4873: 4769: 4666: 4605: 4598:184056 4595: 4535: 4501: 4491: 4421: 4284: 4274: 4216: 4162: 4047: 4039: 4012:Nature 3959: 3905: 3857: 3727: 3719: 3660: 3612: 3563: 3497: 3449: 3439: 3350: 3342: 3235: 3227: 3200:Nature 3118: 3038: 3030: 3022: 2973: 2771: 2733: 2725: 2677: 2628: 2555: 2545: 2458: 2333: 2306:Nature 2243: 2074: 2021: 1968: 1893: 1841: 1745:nickel 1729:cobalt 1705:enzyme 1685:copper 1649:Sulfur 1608:memory 1592:anions 1563:, CaCO 1541:cation 1509:illite 1305:Losses 1275:illite 1126:16–45 960:manure 798:, and 676:Carbon 600:Sulfur 402:Copper 314:Sulfur 239:Oxygen 213:Carbon 205:Symbol 89:nickel 87:(Mo), 83:(Zn), 79:(Cu), 77:copper 75:(Mn), 67:(Fe), 63:(Mg), 59:(Ca), 53:sulfur 37:oxygen 29:carbon 5910:S2CID 5445:S2CID 5394:(PDF) 5383:S2CID 5321:S2CID 5037:(PDF) 4992:(PDF) 4871:JSTOR 4767:S2CID 4708:(PDF) 4664:S2CID 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