128:
252:
Penutian. Recent appraisals of the
Penutian hypothesis find Plateau Penutian to be "well supported" by specialists (DeLancey & Golla (1997: 181); Campbell 1997), with DeLancey & Golla (1997: 180) cautiously stating "while all subgroupings at this stage of Penutian research must be considered provisional, several linkages show considerable promise" (Campbell 1997 likewise mentions similar caveats). Other researchers have pointed out promising similarities between Plateau Penutian and the
766:
Müller, André, Viveka
Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie
251:
The
Sahaptian grouping of Sahaptin and Nez Percé has long been uncontroversial. Several linguists have published mounting evidence in support of a connection between Klamath (a.k.a. Klamath-Modoc) and Sahaptian. Howard Berman provides rather convincing evidence to include Molala within Plateau
243:
branch); however, this language has little documentation and that which is documented is inadequately recorded. Thus, the status of Cayuse within
Penutian (or any other genealogical relation for that matter) may very well forever remain
877:(rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). . Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996).
3374:
3379:
3236:
957:
3369:
1338:
256:
family, although this proposal is still not completely demonstrated. A connection with Uto-Aztecan has also been suggested (Rude 2000).
923:
Uto-Aztecan: Structural, Temporal, and
Geographic Perspectives: Papers in Memory of Wick R. Miller by the Friends of Uto-Aztecan
812:
Pharris, Nicholas J. 2006. Winuunsi Tm
Talapaas: a grammar of the Molalla language. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
260:
862:. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2751:
2332:
2861:
3384:
3359:
1833:
3018:
905:
897:
882:
867:
834:
2994:
2233:
950:
17:
925:, edited by Eugene H. Casad and Thomas L. Willet, pp. 309–318. Hermosillo, Sonora, México: Editorial UniSon.
2152:
2088:
1331:
1106:
2765:
2007:
2516:
3231:
2878:
2013:
1838:
1624:
1618:
1542:
3241:
3226:
2925:
2226:
2213:
1984:
1945:
3364:
3221:
3215:
3000:
2273:
2191:
2164:
1868:
1858:
943:
2787:
2245:
2043:
1903:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1559:
1324:
1292:
1088:
803:. (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 31.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
3199:
3006:
2982:
2957:
2930:
2913:
1923:
1878:
1848:
1821:
1392:
1347:
1081:
3246:
3053:
2690:
2678:
2510:
1572:
1565:
1381:
1177:
790:, 292-324. Working Papers in Linguistics (UBCWPL). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
783:
2251:
2176:
1579:
1529:
1277:
847:
DeLancey, Scott; & Golla, Victor. (1997). The
Penutian hypothesis: Retrospect and prospect.
3265:
3113:
2908:
2684:
2637:
2267:
2184:
1843:
1827:
1635:
1536:
1399:
1375:
997:
325:
280:
184:
2903:
3311:
3209:
2898:
2701:
2491:
2480:
2442:
2049:
2023:
1928:
1918:
1601:
1517:
1368:
1269:
245:
3012:
2737:
306:
206:
3286:
3043:
2851:
2824:
2807:
2775:
2673:
2387:
2312:
2239:
2018:
1995:
1967:
1898:
1809:
1590:
1287:
259:
The coherence of
Plateau Penutian is also supposed in an automated computational analysis (
3171:
8:
3063:
2967:
2867:
2856:
2818:
2797:
2695:
2654:
2429:
2411:
2405:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2279:
2262:
2001:
1667:
1654:
1548:
1498:
1355:
1232:
1072:
1030:
974:
769:
300:
201:
100:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2919:
2888:
2883:
2836:
2830:
2781:
2726:
2649:
2533:
2497:
2458:
2400:
2207:
2202:
1913:
1672:
1641:
1607:
1595:
1554:
1429:
1035:
983:
966:
228:
159:
60:
3074:
3037:
932:(14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp. 138–141). London: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Ltd.
2988:
2893:
2873:
2812:
2792:
2503:
2464:
2435:
2423:
2360:
2306:
2284:
2257:
2197:
2170:
1989:
1950:
1940:
1908:
1781:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1585:
1503:
1417:
1195:
1156:
1095:
1040:
901:
893:
878:
863:
830:
253:
211:
48:
3079:
3068:
3048:
1386:
3296:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3095:
3089:
3058:
2951:
2846:
2770:
2708:
2660:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2556:
2540:
2475:
2470:
2453:
2394:
2288:
2220:
2131:
2098:
2066:
1962:
1934:
1883:
1804:
1788:
1774:
1756:
1749:
1735:
1695:
1677:
1661:
1647:
1469:
1452:
1282:
1256:
1221:
1165:
1145:
1122:
1061:
1052:
1017:
127:
81:
3136:
3084:
2076:
3291:
3166:
3151:
3120:
2841:
2802:
2667:
2613:
2485:
2347:
2113:
2108:
1973:
1888:
1769:
1762:
1742:
1724:
1629:
1612:
1411:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1210:
1171:
1024:
788:
Papers for the 47th
International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages
330:
320:
284:
276:
264:
236:
193:
91:
55:
3301:
3161:
3130:
3101:
2732:
2618:
2601:
2551:
2546:
2417:
2354:
2124:
2118:
2038:
2033:
1979:
1956:
1701:
1523:
1480:
1463:
1457:
1435:
1423:
1307:
1215:
1204:
1184:
1136:
1129:
1115:
3353:
3185:
3125:
3107:
2623:
2607:
2561:
2318:
2138:
2103:
2093:
2071:
2028:
1893:
1474:
1406:
990:
1316:
2082:
232:
227:
Plateau
Penutian as originally proposed was one branch of the hypothetical
921:
Rude, Noel. (2000). Some Uto-Aztecan-Plateau Grammatical Comparisons. In
912:
770:
ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)
1729:
827:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
750:
151:
842:
The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment
935:
114:
930:
The encyclopædia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge
928:
Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In
3325:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
3306:
3204:
155:
163:
275:
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in
27:
Subgroup within the hypothetical Penutian language family
875:
Native languages and language families of North America
840:
Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979).
132:
Pre-contact distribution of Plateau Penutian languages
913:"Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences."
267:
lexical influence on the Plateau Penutian languages.
287:
263:
4) by Müller et al. (2013). The analysis also found
196:
188:
95:
85:
3375:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
767:Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013.
755:International Journal of American Linguistics, 62
3351:
150:) is a family of languages spoken in northern
1346:
1332:
951:
849:International Journal of American Linguistics
174:Plateau Penutian consists of four languages:
3335:Families with more than 30 languages are in
187:(a.k.a. Klamath-Modoc, Lutuami, Lutuamian)
1339:
1325:
958:
944:
751:The Position of Molala in Plateau Penutian
892:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
776:
14:
3352:
965:
239:(which was grouped with Molala into a
235:. The original proposal also included
3380:Indigenous languages of North America
1320:
939:
890:The languages of Native North America
829:. New York: Oxford University Press.
784:Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds
760:
916:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
844:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
154:, reaching through central-western
24:
3370:Indigenous languages of California
169:
25:
3396:
126:
819:
806:
793:
743:
13:
1:
858:Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996).
736:
270:
7:
10:
3401:
3385:Proposed language families
3360:Plateau Penutian languages
888:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
222:
3320:
3279:
3256:
3195:
3184:
3028:
2761:
2750:
2718:
2645:
2636:
2525:
2342:
2331:
2298:
2160:
2151:
2059:
1817:
1803:
1717:
1512:
1494:
1445:
1363:
1354:
1348:Primary language families
1301:
1268:
1231:
1194:
1155:
1105:
1071:
1051:
1007:
973:
700:g̣leg (sg.); čʼoˑqʼ (pl.)
125:
113:
108:
74:
56:Linguistic classification
54:
42:
37:
32:
2165:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
825:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
689:p’aʔst 's/he is eating'
568:N hasas 'nit, louse egg'
3332:have no living members.
873:Goddard, Ives. (1999).
799:Barker, M. A. R. 1963.
38:Shahapwailutan, Lepitan
3312:Unclassified languages
3266:list of sign languages
2234:Northeastern Tasmanian
231:phylum as proposed by
3287:Constructed languages
162:and central-northern
1834:Binanderean–Goilalan
911:Rude, Noel. (1987).
3116:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3019:Tequiraca–Canichana
2862:Harákmbut–Katukinan
1625:Northwest Caucasian
1619:Northeast Caucasian
1543:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
749:Berman, H. (1996).
3365:Penutian languages
2738:Tarascan/Purépecha
2227:Northern Tasmanian
1985:South Bougainville
1946:North Bougainville
1293:Southern Tsimshian
967:Penutian languages
801:Klamath Dictionary
782:Rude, Noel. 2012.
3347:
3346:
3297:Language isolates
3275:
3274:
3180:
3179:
2746:
2745:
2632:
2631:
2327:
2326:
2274:Western Tasmanian
2192:Eastern Tasmanian
2147:
2146:
1869:East Geelvink Bay
1799:
1798:
1490:
1489:
1314:
1313:
1308:extinct languages
1089:Northern Kalapuya
732:
731:
697:*ƛaʔyáwi/*ƛʔayáwi
137:
136:
49:Pacific Northwest
16:(Redirected from
3392:
3193:
3192:
3147:Huaorani/Waorani
3031:(extant in 2000)
2995:Esmeralda–Yaruro
2766:Andoque–Urequena
2759:
2758:
2643:
2642:
2449:Plateau Penutian
2340:
2339:
2315:(Northern Daly?)
2158:
2157:
2044:Northwest Papuan
2008:Trans–New Guinea
1874:East New Britain
1849:Central Solomons
1815:
1814:
1560:Great Andamanese
1510:
1509:
1361:
1360:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1082:Central Kalapuya
960:
953:
946:
937:
936:
813:
810:
804:
797:
791:
780:
774:
764:
758:
747:
314:
313:
289:
198:
190:
180:Plateau Penutian
140:Plateau Penutian
130:
97:
87:
67:Plateau Penutian
33:Plateau Penutian
30:
29:
21:
18:Plateau Penutian
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3316:
3302:Mixed languages
3271:
3252:
3187:
3176:
3030:
3024:
2879:Katembri–Taruma
2753:
2742:
2714:
2628:
2521:
2334:
2323:
2294:
2143:
2055:
2014:Turama–Kikorian
1924:Lower Mamberamo
1879:East Strickland
1807:
1795:
1713:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1441:
1350:
1345:
1315:
1310:
1297:
1278:Coast Tsimshian
1264:
1227:
1190:
1178:Southern Patwin
1151:
1101:
1067:
1047:
1003:
969:
964:
822:
817:
816:
811:
807:
798:
794:
781:
777:
765:
761:
748:
744:
739:
321:Proto-Sahaptian
277:Proto-Sahaptian
273:
225:
220:
172:
170:Family division
133:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:Indo-Pakistani
3224:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Piaroa–Saliban
2923:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:Tequistlatecan
2688:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2214:Marrku–Wurrugu
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1573:Hurro-Urartian
1569:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
979:
977:
971:
970:
963:
962:
955:
948:
940:
934:
933:
926:
919:
909:
886:
871:
856:
845:
838:
821:
818:
815:
814:
805:
792:
775:
759:
741:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
723:
721:
717:
716:
713:
710:
708:
704:
703:
701:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
685:
682:
678:
677:
675:
672:
669:
665:
664:
661:
658:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
643:
639:
638:
635:
632:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
618:*kéweš; N kúus
616:
612:
611:
609:
606:
604:
600:
599:
597:
594:
592:
588:
587:
585:
582:
579:
575:
574:
572:
569:
566:
562:
561:
559:
556:
554:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
522:
521:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
467:
466:
463:
460:
458:
454:
453:
450:
447:
445:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
418:
414:
413:
410:
407:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
386:
383:
380:
378:
374:
373:
370:
367:
365:
361:
360:
357:
354:
352:
348:
347:
344:
341:
338:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
310:
309:
303:
296:
295:
272:
269:
224:
221:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
209:
199:
191:
176:
171:
168:
144:Shahapwailutan
135:
134:
131:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
109:Language codes
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
88:
76:
72:
71:
70:
69:
58:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3397:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Original Thai
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:Hibito–Cholón
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2517:Yuman–Cochimí
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:Southern Daly
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:Darwin Region
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:Demta–Sentani
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:Indo-European
1577:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:Austroasiatic
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
999:
998:Upper Chinook
995:
993:
992:
991:Lower Chinook
988:
986:
985:
981:
980:
978:
976:
972:
968:
961:
956:
954:
949:
947:
942:
941:
938:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
914:
910:
907:
906:0-521-29875-X
903:
899:
898:0-521-23228-7
895:
891:
887:
884:
883:0-8032-9271-6
880:
876:
872:
869:
868:0-16-048774-9
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
836:
835:0-19-509427-1
832:
828:
824:
823:
809:
802:
796:
789:
785:
779:
772:
771:
763:
756:
752:
746:
742:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
688:
686:
683:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
304:
302:
298:
297:
294:Abbreviations
293:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
268:
266:
262:
257:
255:
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
195:
192:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
175:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
129:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
107:
102:
99:
94:
93:
89:
84:
83:
82:Klamath–Modoc
79:
78:
77:
73:
68:
65:
64:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3336:
3329:
3328:Families in
3263:
3214:
3112:
3100:
2950:
2918:
2909:Pano-Tacanan
2866:
2829:
2817:
2788:Arutani–Sape
2780:
2725:
2707:
2700:
2685:Oto-Manguean
2683:
2666:
2659:
2606:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2539:
2532:
2509:
2502:
2490:
2463:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2353:
2346:
2305:
2272:
2268:Western Daly
2246:Pama–Nyungan
2244:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2190:
2185:Eastern Daly
2183:
2175:
2130:
2006:
1994:
1972:
1955:
1933:
1904:Kaure–Kosare
1864:Doso–Turumsa
1854:Chimbu–Wahgi
1844:Bulaka River
1828:Austronesian
1826:
1787:
1780:
1761:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1636:Sino-Tibetan
1634:
1617:
1600:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1547:
1537:Austronesian
1535:
1528:
1516:
1462:
1400:Nilo-Saharan
1398:
1391:
1376:Austronesian
1374:
1367:
1303:
1255:
1220:
1203:
1183:
1176:
1164:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:Coast Oregon
1094:
1087:
1080:
1060:
1023:
1016:
1008:
996:
989:
982:
929:
922:
915:
889:
874:
859:
852:
848:
841:
826:
820:Bibliography
808:
800:
795:
787:
778:
768:
762:
754:
745:
274:
258:
250:
246:unclassified
240:
233:Edward Sapir
226:
179:
173:
158:to northern
147:
143:
139:
138:
119:
90:
80:
75:Subdivisions
66:
45:distribution
3222:Germanosign
3126:Mura-Pirahã
3007:Lule–Vilela
2983:Bora-Witoto
2958:Uru–Chipaya
2931:Ticuna–Yuri
2914:Peba–Yaguan
2899:Nambikwaran
2702:Uto-Aztecan
2638:Mesoamerica
2492:Uto-Aztecan
2481:Tsimshianic
2443:Palaihnihan
2313:Malak-Malak
2050:Papuan Gulf
2024:West Papuan
1929:Lower Sepik
1919:Lakes Plain
1822:Arai–Samaia
1810:the Pacific
1518:Afroasiatic
1393:Niger–Congo
1369:Afroasiatic
1270:Tsimshianic
918:, 12:67-83.
542:N cq̓ám-qal
534:hastu(ː)qs
241:Waiilatpuan
3354:Categories
3216:Francosign
3064:Chiquitano
3044:Alacalufan
2852:Guaicuruan
2825:Chapacuran
2808:Cahuapanan
2776:Araucanian
2679:Mixe–Zoque
2674:Misumalpan
2388:Comecrudan
2240:Nyulnyulan
2019:Upper Yuat
1996:Torricelli
1968:Senu River
1899:Foja Range
1805:New Guinea
1730:Burushaski
1591:Kartvelian
1566:Hmong–Mien
1382:Khoe–Kwadi
855:, 171-202.
757:(1), 1-30.
737:References
340:S łamtɨ́x̣
271:Vocabulary
160:Washington
152:California
43:Geographic
3247:Tanzanian
3188:languages
3085:Hodï/Joti
3029:Isolates
2968:Yanomaman
2904:Otomákoan
2868:Jirajaran
2857:Guajiboan
2819:Catacaoan
2798:Barbacoan
2727:Cuitlatec
2696:Totonacan
2655:Jicaquean
2534:Chimariko
2430:Muskogean
2412:Kalapuyan
2406:Iroquoian
2381:Chumashan
2374:Chinookan
2367:Chimakuan
2285:Yangmanic
2280:Worrorran
2263:Wagaydyic
2153:Australia
2002:Trans-Fly
1668:Yeniseian
1655:Tyrsenian
1549:Dravidian
1306:indicate
1233:Yok-Utian
1073:Kalapuyan
1036:Nez Perce
1031:Sahaptian
984:Kathlamet
975:Chinookan
860:Languages
581:N tewlikt
528:N weʔnikt
473:S nɨkʷɨ́t
307:Nez Percé
301:Sahaptian
207:Nez Percé
202:Sahaptian
115:Glottolog
101:Sahaptian
3280:See also
3257:Isolates
3232:Japanese
3172:Yuracaré
3054:Candoshi
3013:Macro-Jê
2978:Zaparoan
2973:Zamucoan
2963:Witotoan
2946:Tucanoan
2941:Tiniguan
2936:Timotean
2920:Quechuan
2889:Matacoan
2884:Mascoian
2874:Jivaroan
2837:Chibchan
2831:Charruan
2782:Arawakan
2719:Isolates
2650:Chibchan
2526:Isolates
2498:Wakashan
2459:Salishan
2401:Eskaleut
2307:Giimbiyu
2299:Isolates
2208:Jarrakan
2203:Iwaidjan
2060:Isolates
1914:Kutubuan
1782:Sumerian
1718:Isolates
1673:Yukaghir
1642:Tungusic
1608:Mongolic
1596:Koreanic
1555:Eskaleut
1446:Isolates
1430:Ubangian
1096:Yoncalla
1041:Sahaptin
671:*ʔɨškɨ́t
548:saka(ʔ)
545:wač̓aˑkʼ
487:N kikeʔt
465:taylaks
425:aʔpaːws
382:momʼoˑwč
229:Penutian
212:Sahaptin
61:Penutian
3330:italics
3307:Pidgins
3292:Creoles
3242:Swedish
3210:Chinese
3157:Urarina
3142:Puinave
3096:Itonama
3090:Irantxe
3059:Chimane
2989:Chimuan
2894:Nadahup
2813:Cariban
2793:Aymaran
2754:America
2596:Waikuri
2589:Tonkawa
2582:Timucua
2575:Takelma
2568:Siuslaw
2557:Kutenai
2541:Esselen
2504:Wintuan
2465:Shastan
2436:Na-Dene
2424:Maiduan
2361:Caddoan
2335:America
2289:Wagiman
2287:(incl.
2258:Tangkic
2198:Garawan
2171:Bunuban
2132:Tambora
2099:Maybrat
2067:Abinomn
1990:Teberan
1951:Pauwasi
1941:Mairasi
1909:Kiwaian
1789:Tambora
1775:Shompen
1757:Kusunda
1750:Kenaboi
1736:Elamite
1708:Siangic
1690:Kho-Bwa
1684:Hrusish
1602:Kra–Dai
1586:Japonic
1495:Eurasia
1470:Sandawe
1453:Bangime
1418:Songhay
1304:Italics
1288:Nisga’a
1283:Gitksan
1222:Nisenan
1196:Maiduan
1166:Nomlaki
1157:Wintuan
1146:Siuslaw
1062:Takelma
1053:Takelma
1018:Klamath
1009:Plateau
900:(hbk);
650:tqaʔnt
624:uq-n-s
603:flower
518:maqlag̣
512:person
479:neːwit
476:čʼoleˑk
439:similq
417:tongue
359:tałimt
326:Klamath
281:Klamath
254:Maiduan
223:History
185:Klamath
148:Lepitan
3205:BANZSL
3167:Yamana
3152:Trumai
3121:Movima
3075:Fulniô
3038:Aikanã
2952:Tupian
2847:Chonan
2771:Arauan
2709:Xincan
2661:Lencan
2614:Yokuts
2511:Yukian
2476:Tanoan
2471:Siouan
2454:Pomoan
2395:Coosan
2221:Mirndi
2114:Porome
2109:Pawaia
1963:Senagi
1935:Madang
1884:Eleman
1839:Border
1770:Nihali
1763:Minoan
1743:Hattic
1725:Basque
1696:Mijiic
1678:Digaro
1662:Uralic
1648:Turkic
1499:Europe
1356:Africa
1257:Ohlone
1241:Yokuts
1211:Konkow
1172:Patwin
1123:Coosan
1116:Alsean
1025:Molala
904:
896:
881:
866:
833:
786:. In
660:g̣eˑla
655:earth
642:stone
634:lolog̣
615:water
565:louse
515:*tenén
490:ǰeg̣le
484:blood
430:mouth
412:taʔnf
404:tooth
393:*núšnu
385:taːps
372:tuːns
346:laʔwi
331:Molala
285:Molala
283:, and
237:Cayuse
194:Molala
156:Oregon
142:(also
92:Molala
3162:Warao
3131:Nukak
3102:Kunza
3080:Guató
3069:Cofán
3049:Camsá
2842:Choco
2803:Boran
2752:South
2733:Huave
2668:Mayan
2619:Yuchi
2602:Washo
2552:Karuk
2547:Haida
2486:Utian
2418:Keres
2355:Alsea
2348:Algic
2333:North
2125:Taiap
2119:Sulka
1974:Sepik
1889:Engan
1630:Ongan
1613:Nivkh
1481:Shabo
1464:Jalaa
1458:Hadza
1412:Mande
1251:Miwok
1246:Utian
1216:Maidu
1205:Chico
1185:Wintu
1137:Miluk
1130:Hanis
684:N ké-
668:road
663:laŋs
637:teːc
629:fire
621:ʔambo
596:tʼapq
591:leaf
578:tree
553:fish
531:seˑss
525:name
507:pupt
504:qaqʼo
501:*pípš
498:bone
470:meat
457:foot
452:teːs
444:hand
433:S ɨ́m
422:baˑwč
399:piłs
390:nose
351:hair
337:head
317:gloss
265:Algic
164:Idaho
3337:bold
3264:See
3200:Arab
3186:Sign
3137:Páez
3114:Maku
3108:Leco
2624:Zuni
2608:Yana
2562:Seri
2319:Tiwi
2139:Wiru
2104:Mpur
2094:Kuot
2077:Anêm
2072:Abun
2039:Yuat
2034:Yawa
1980:Skou
1957:Ramu
1808:and
1702:Miju
1524:Ainu
1504:Asia
1502:and
1475:Laal
1436:Kadu
1424:Ijaw
1387:Kx'a
902:ISBN
894:ISBN
879:ISBN
864:ISBN
831:ISBN
728:kiː
720:you
715:ina
694:die
681:eat
647:qday
608:leˑw
584:g̣oˑ
571:kʼoY
558:kyem
539:dog
493:ałp
449:nʼep
377:ear
369:lolb
364:eye
356:lag̣
305:N =
299:S =
261:ASJP
120:None
2089:Kol
2083:Ata
2029:Yam
1894:Fas
1407:Tuu
674:sdo
462:peč
436:som
409:dot
396:psi
343:nʼo
3356::
2291:)?
853:63
851:,
753:.
725:ʔi
712:ni
707:I
290:.
279:,
248:.
166:.
146:,
3339:.
3249:?
3133:?
3092:?
3071:?
3040:?
3021:?
3015:?
3009:?
3003:?
2997:?
2991:?
2985:?
2254:?
2217:?
2180:?
2167:?
2134:?
2127:?
2121:?
2085:?
2079:?
2052:?
2046:?
1791:?
1777:?
1765:?
1752:?
1710:?
1704:?
1698:?
1692:?
1686:?
1680:?
1506:)
1497:(
1483:?
1477:?
1438:?
1432:?
1426:?
1420:?
1414:?
1403:?
1340:e
1333:t
1326:v
959:e
952:t
945:v
908:.
885:.
870:.
837:.
773:.
288:†
197:†
189:†
96:†
86:†
63:?
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)