Edward Sapir - Knowledge

1340:, where the family lived in poverty. As Jacob Sapir could not provide for his family, Sapir's mother, Eva Seagal Sapir, opened a shop to supply the basic necessities. They formally divorced in 1910. After settling in New York, Edward Sapir was raised mostly by his mother, who stressed the importance of education for upward social mobility, and turned the family increasingly away from Judaism. Even though Eva Sapir was an important influence, Sapir received his lust for knowledge and interest in scholarship, aesthetics, and music from his father. At age 14 Sapir won a Pulitzer scholarship to the prestigious 1485:, and included examples from Inuit and Native American languages, not at all familiar to a Germanicist. The thesis criticized Herder for retaining a Biblical chronology, too shallow to allow for the observable diversification of languages, but he also argued with Herder that all of the world's languages have equal aesthetic potentials and grammatical complexity. He ended the paper by calling for a "very extended study of all the various existing stocks of languages, in order to determine the most fundamental properties of language" – almost a program statement for the modern study of 1980:

individual personalities that make up a society. This made Sapir cultivate an interest in individual psychology and his view of culture was more psychological than many of his contemporaries. It has been suggested that there is a close relation between Sapir's literary interests and his anthropological thought. His literary theory saw individual aesthetic sensibilities and creativity to interact with learned cultural traditions to produce unique and new poetic forms, echoing the way that he also saw individuals and cultural patterns to dialectically influence each other.

1393: 1971:, Sapir began having problems with a heart condition that had been diagnosed a couple of years earlier. In 1938, he had to take a leave from Yale, during which Benjamin Lee Whorf taught his courses and G. P. Murdock advised some of his students. After Sapir's death in 1939, G. P. Murdock became the chair of the anthropology department. Murdock, who despised the Boasian paradigm of cultural anthropology, dismantled most of Sapir's efforts to integrate anthropology, psychology, and linguistics. 1836:. Sapir initially wrote to Benedict to commend her for her dissertation on "The Guardian Spirit", but soon realized that Benedict had published poetry pseudonymously. In their correspondence the two critiqued each other's work, both submitting to the same publishers, and both being rejected. They also were both interested in psychology and the relation between individual personalities and cultural patterns, and in their correspondences they frequently 1776: 3818: 3837: 1865:. The Sapir household continued to be managed largely by Grandmother Eva, until Sapir remarried in 1926. Sapir's second wife, Jean Victoria McClenaghan, was sixteen years younger than he. She had first met Sapir when a student in Ottawa, but had since also come to work at the University of Chicago's department of Juvenile Research. Their son Paul Edward Sapir was born in 1928. Their other son 1893:, where he became the head of the Department of Anthropology. He was invited to Yale to found an interdisciplinary program combining anthropology, linguistics and psychology, aimed at studying "the impact of culture on personality". While Sapir was explicitly given the task of founding a distinct anthropology department, this was not well received by the department of sociology who worked by 1462: 1560:, and Sapir set to work. Sapir worked first with Betty Brown, one of the language's few remaining speakers. Later he began work with Sam Batwi, who spoke another dialect of Yana, but whose knowledge of Yana mythology was an important fount of knowledge. Sapir described the way in which the Yana language distinguishes grammatically and lexically between the speech of men and women. 307: 1733: 1517: 1811:, where Edward continued to support him financially. Florence was hospitalized for long periods both for her depressions and for the lung abscess, and she died in 1924 due to an infection following surgery, providing the final incentive for Sapir to leave Canada. When the University of Chicago offered him a position, he happily accepted. 1767:

exacting nature of working with Sapir for his failure to recover. Sapir described the work: "I think I may safely say that my work with Ishi is by far the most time-consuming and nerve-racking that I have ever undertaken. Ishi's imperturbable good humor alone made the work possible, though it also at times added to my exasperation".

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anthropology, Sapir incited antagonism from those amateur ethnologists who felt that they had contributed important work. Unsatisfied with efforts by amateur and governmental anthropologists, Sapir worked to introduce an academic program of anthropology at one of the major universities, in order to professionalize the discipline.

1541:. Sapir's work on Takelma became his doctoral dissertation, which he defended in 1908. The dissertation foreshadowed several important trends in Sapir's work, particularly the careful attention to the intuition of native speakers regarding sound patterns that later would become the basis for Sapir's formulation of the 1807:, and a resulting depression. The Sapir household was largely run by Eva Sapir, who did not get along well with Florence, and this added to the strain on both Florence and Edward. Sapir's parents had by now divorced and his father seemed to develop psychosis, which made it necessary for him to leave Canada for 1528:

in the summer of 1905, funded by the Bureau of American Ethnology. This first experience with Native American languages in the field was closely overseen by Boas, who was particularly interested in having Sapir gather ethnological information for the Bureau. Sapir gathered a volume of Wishram texts,

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and Harlan I. Smith. Sapir insisted that the discipline of linguistics was of integral importance for ethnographic description, arguing that just as nobody would dream of discussing the history of the Catholic Church without knowing Latin or study German folksongs without knowing German, so it made

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had to go to press without Sapir's piece. Boas kept working to secure a stable appointment for his student, and by his recommendation Sapir ended up being hired by the Canadian Geological Survey, who wanted him to lead the institutionalization of anthropology in Canada. Sapir, who by then had given

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With his linguistic background, Sapir became the one student of Boas to develop most completely the relationship between linguistics and anthropology. Sapir studied the ways in which language and culture influence each other, and he was interested in the relation between linguistic differences, and

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in Ottawa. When he was hired, he was one of the first full-time anthropologists in Canada. He brought his parents with him to Ottawa, and also quickly established his own family, marrying Florence Delson, who also had Lithuanian Jewish roots. Neither the Sapirs nor the Delsons were in favor of the

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Tillohash became a good friend of Sapir, and visited him at his home in New York and Philadelphia. Sapir worked with his father to transcribe a number of Southern Paiute songs that Tillohash knew. This fruitful collaboration laid the ground work for the classical description of the Southern Paiute

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movement. In his paper "The Function of an International Auxiliary Language", he argued for the benefits of a regular grammar and advocated a critical focus on the fundamentals of language, unbiased by the idiosyncrasies of national languages, in the choice of an international auxiliary language.

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and worked with Ishi over the summer of 1915, having to invent new methods for working with a monolingual speaker. The information from Ishi was invaluable for understanding the relation between the different dialects of Yana. Ishi died of his illness in early 1916, and Kroeber partly blamed the

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languages that were well known were Kwakiutl, described by Boas, Tshimshian and Haida. Sapir explicitly used the standard of documentation of European languages, to argue that the amassing knowledge of indigenous languages was of paramount importance. By introducing the high standards of Boasian

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Although still in college, Sapir was allowed to participate in the Boas graduate seminar on American Languages, which included translations of Native American and Inuit myths collected by Boas. In this way Sapir was introduced to Indigenous American languages while he kept working on his M.A. in

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Sapir's anthropological thought has been described as isolated within the field of anthropology in his own days. Instead of searching for the ways in which culture influences human behavior, Sapir was interested in understanding how cultural patterns themselves were shaped by the composition of

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each other. However, Sapir often showed little understanding for Benedict's private thoughts and feelings, and particularly his conservative gender ideology jarred with Benedict's struggles as a female professional academic. Though they were very close friends for a while, it was ultimately the

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The collaboration between Kroeber and Sapir was made difficult by the fact that Sapir largely followed his own interest in detailed linguistic description, ignoring the administrative pressures to which Kroeber was subject, among them the need for a speedy completion and a focus on the broader

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later said that Sapir's fascination with indigenous languages stemmed from the seminar with Boas in which Boas used examples from Native American languages to disprove all of Sapir's common-sense assumptions about the basic nature of language. Sapir's 1905 Master's thesis was an analysis of

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During his time in Canada, together with Speck, Sapir also acted as an advocate for Indigenous rights, arguing publicly for introduction of better medical care for Indigenous communities, and assisting the Six Nation Iroquois in trying to recover eleven

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belts that had been stolen from the reservation and were on display in the museum of the University of Pennsylvania. (The belts were finally returned to the Iroquois in 1988.) He also argued for the reversal of a Canadian law prohibiting the

1762:, and was not expected to live long. Sam Batwi, the speaker of Yana who had worked with Sapir, was unable to understand the Yahi variety, and Krober was convinced that only Sapir would be able to communicate with Ishi. Sapir traveled to 1440:

that were being developed into a more scientific framework than the traditional philological approach. He also took courses in Sanskrit, and complemented his language studies by studying music in the department of the famous composer

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he published what was then the most authoritative classification of Native American languages, and the first based on evidence from modern comparative linguistics. He was the first to produce evidence for the classification of the

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as his intellectual heir, although Harris was never a formal student of Sapir. (For a time he dated Sapir's daughter.) In 1936 Sapir clashed with the Institute for Human Relations over the research proposal by anthropologist

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Sapir emphasized language study in his college years at Columbia, studying Latin, Greek, and French for eight semesters. From his sophomore year he additionally began to focus on Germanic languages, completing coursework in

1646:, considered the Sapirs to be rural upstarts and were less than impressed with Sapir's career in an unpronounceable academic field. Edward and Florence had three children together: Herbert Michael, Helen Ruth, and Philip. 1567:

Disappointed at not being able to stay at Berkeley, Sapir devoted his best efforts to other work, and did not get around to preparing any of the Yana material for publication until 1910, to Kroeber's deep disappointment.

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While in Ottawa, he also collected and published French Canadian Folk Songs, and wrote a volume of his own poetry. His interest in poetry led him to form a close friendship with another Boasian anthropologist and poet,

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took its toll on the Canadian Geological Survey, cutting funding for anthropology and making the academic climate less agreeable. Sapir continued work on Athabascan, working with two speakers of the Alaskan languages

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Moore, Jerry D. 2009. "Edward Sapir: Culture, Language, and the Individual" in Visions of Culture: an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists, Walnut Creek, California: Altamira. pp. 88–104

1818:(1916), in which he laid out an approach to using historical linguistics to study the prehistory of Native American cultures. Particularly important for establishing him in the field was his seminal book 1860:

Settling in Chicago reinvigorated Sapir intellectually and personally. He socialized with intellectuals, gave lectures, participated in poetry and music clubs. His first graduate student at Chicago was

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As director of the Anthropological division of the Geological Survey of Canada, Sapir embarked on a project to document the Indigenous cultures and languages of Canada. His first fieldwork took him to

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than with documenting endangered languages, in effect becoming a theoretician. He was also growing to feel isolated from his American colleagues. From 1912 Florence's health deteriorated due to a

1508:, Old Saxon, Swedish, and Sanskrit. Having finished his coursework, Sapir moved on to his doctoral fieldwork, spending several years in short-term appointments while working on his dissertation. 1758:, who had grown up without contact with European-Americans, was monolingual in Yahi and was the last surviving member of his people. He had been adopted by the Kroebers, but had fallen ill with 1620: 1320:, and his father maintained his ties to Judaism through its music. The Sapir family did not stay long in Pomerania and never accepted German as a nationality. Edward Sapir's first language was 1848:, Benedict's protégé at Columbia. But Sapir's conservative ideas about marriage and the woman's role were anathema to Mead, as they had been to Benedict, and as Mead left to do field work in 1905:. Sapir never thrived at Yale, where as one of only four Jewish faculty members out of 569 he was denied membership to the faculty club where the senior faculty discussed academic business. 5529: 5659: 1445:(though it is uncertain whether Sapir ever studied with MacDowell himself). In his last year in college Sapir enrolled in the course "Introduction to Anthropology", with Professor 5283: 1814:

During his period in Canada, Sapir came into his own as the leading figure in linguistics in North America. Among his substantial publications from this period were his book on

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conference in 1951. He directed the Association from 1930 to 1931, and was a member of its Consultative Counsel for Linguistic Research from 1927 to 1938. Sapir consulted with

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was the head of a project under the California state survey to document the Indigenous languages of California. Kroeber suggested that Sapir study the nearly extinct

3850: 1179:, maintaining that studying the nature of relationships between different individual personalities is important for the ways in which culture and society develop. 2775: 2702: 2621: 2561: 2509: 1941:, who proposed a study of the black community of Indianola, Mississippi. Sapir argued that her research should be funded instead of the more sociological work of 5694: 1183: 116: 1824:(1921), which was a layman's introduction to the discipline of linguistics as Sapir envisioned it. He also participated in the formulation of a report to the 5524: 1356:

Sapir entered Columbia in 1901, still paying with the Pulitzer scholarship. Columbia at this time was one of the few elite private universities that did not

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At Pennsylvania, Sapir was urged to work at a quicker pace than he felt comfortable. His "Grammar of Southern Paiute" was supposed to be published in Boas'

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Malkiel, Yakov. 1981. Drift, Slope, and Slant: Background of, and Variations upon, a Sapirian Theme. Language, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Sep., 1981), pp. 535–570

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Richard J. Preston. 1966. Edward Sapir's Anthropology: Style, Structure, and Method. American Anthropologist , New Series, Vol. 68, No. 5, pp. 1105–1128

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In 1906 he finished his coursework, having focused the last year on courses in anthropology and taking seminars such as Primitive Culture with Farrand,

5654: 1852:, the two separated permanently. Mead received news of Sapir's remarriage while still in Samoa, and burned their correspondence there on the beach. 4656: 1820: 1564:

classification issues. In the end Sapir didn't finish the work during the allotted year, and Kroeber was unable to offer him a longer appointment.

1897:'s "Evolutionary sociology", which was anathema to Sapir's Boasian approach, nor by the two anthropologists of the Institute for Human Relations 3687:

Darnell, R. (1998), Camelot at Yale: The Construction and Dismantling of the Sapirian Synthesis, 1931–39. American Anthropologist, 100: 361–372.

5684: 5519: 4621: 1107:, in what is now northern Poland. His family emigrated to the United States of America when he was a child. He studied Germanic linguistics at 1595:, who proved to be the perfect informant. Tillohash's strong intuition about the sound patterns of his language led Sapir to propose that the 4605: 1097:, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the development of the discipline of linguistics in the United States. 1746:

In 1915 Sapir returned to California, where his expertise on the Yana language made him urgently needed. Kroeber had come into contact with

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little sense to approach the study of Indigenous folklore without knowledge of the indigenous languages. At this point the only Canadian

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New perspectives in language, culture, and personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1–3 October 1984)

1348:, and saving the scholarship money for his college education. Through the scholarship Sapir supplemented his mother's meager earnings. 1324:, and later English. In 1888, when he was four years old, the family moved to Liverpool, England, and in 1890 to the United States, to 5629: 5539: 5473: 3791: 3574:

Gelya Frank. 1997. Jews, Multiculturalism, and Boasian Anthropology. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 99, No. 4, pp. 731–745

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is not just an abstraction existing at the structural level of language, but in fact has psychological reality for speakers.

1433: 1309: 1449:, who taught the Boas "four field" approach to anthropology. He also enrolled in an advanced anthropology seminar taught by 5574: 4649: 3874: 3325:. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 1, no. 9. Berkeley: University Press. ( 1825: 1360:

with implicit quotas around 12 percent—approximately 40% of incoming students at Columbia were Jewish. Sapir earned both a

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Spiegel memorial volume. Papers on Iranian subjects written by various scholars in honour of the late Dr. Frederic Spiegel

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for fifteen years, where he came into his own as one of the most significant linguists in North America, the other being

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Sapir, Edward (1908). "On the etymology of Sanskrit asru, Avestan asru, Greek dakru". In Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji (ed.).

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Tony Tillohash with family. Tillohash was Sapir's collaborator on the famous description of the Southern Paiute language

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up the hope of working at one of the few American research universities, accepted the appointment and moved to Ottawa.

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that are not considered to have been adequately demonstrated, but which continue to generate investigation such as

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Richard Handler. 1984. Sapir's Poetic Experience. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 416–417

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Although noted for his work on American linguistics, Sapir wrote prolifically in linguistics in general. His book

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Falk, Julia S. "Words without grammar: linguists and the international language movement in the United States",

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Haas, M. R. (1953), Sapir and the Training of Anthropological Linguists. American Anthropologist, 55: 447–450.

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Sapir, Edward. (2005). In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. www.credoreference.com/entry/wileycs/sapir_edward

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or the "Sapir–Whorf" hypothesis. In anthropology Sapir is known as an early proponent of the importance of

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Sapir, Edward (1933). "La réalité psychologique des phonèmes (The psychological reality of phonemes)".

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provides everything from a grammar-typological classification of languages (with examples ranging from

1874: 1572: 1345: 1040: 1014: 657: 637: 565: 2000:...most fascinating of all languages ever invented." Sapir also studied the languages and cultures of 1215: 5408: 5008: 4915: 4755: 2481: 730: 469: 404: 1799:. Sapir was now more preoccupied with testing hypotheses about historical relationships between the 5514: 5333: 941: 931: 921: 896: 817: 647: 489: 464: 414: 4573: 4978: 4905: 4760: 4156: 3996: 2931: 2753: 2680: 2449: 2422: 2310: 2075: 1668: 1659: 1529:

published 1909, and he managed to achieve a much more sophisticated understanding of the Chinook

1478: 1437: 1210: 1206: 966: 832: 764: 680: 560: 452: 389: 354: 344: 322: 317: 3193: 2729: 1336:. His father had difficulty keeping a job in a synagogue and finally settled in New York on the 5224: 5068: 5003: 4665: 4076: 3961: 2648: 2589: 2337: 1525: 1260: 1198: 906: 707: 692: 632: 540: 479: 94: 3171: 5199: 5179: 5114: 4998: 4780: 4458: 4434: 4402: 4351: 4012: 3678:

Morris Swadesh. 1939. "Edward Sapir" Language Vol. 15, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1939), pp. 132–135

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Nootka Texts: Tales and ethnological narratives, with grammatical notes and lexical materials

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Sapir, Edward (1947). "The relation of American Indian linguistics to general linguistics".

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differences in cultural world views. This part of his thinking was developed by his student

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regarding the standardization of orthographic principles for writing Indigenous languages.

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Sapir, Edward (1925). "Memorandum on the problem of an international auxiliary language".

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language published in 1930, and enabled Sapir to produce conclusive evidence linking the

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became a linguist and anthropologist specializing in West African Languages, especially

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In the years 1910–25 Sapir established and directed the Anthropological Division in the

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in the summer of 1909. Also in the summer of 1909, Sapir went to Utah with his student

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languages, a family which especially fascinated him. In a private letter, he wrote: "

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were equally valid when applied to indigenous languages. In the 1929 edition of

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differences in worldview and personality that led their friendship to fray.

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Before Sapir it was generally considered impossible to apply the methods of

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Sapir, Edward; Darnell, Regna; Irvine, Judith T.; Handler, Richard (1999).

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In the summer of 1937 while teaching at the Linguistic Institute of the

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Sapir ended up leaving California early to take up a fellowship at the

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match. The Delsons, who hailed from the prestigious Jewish center of

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Sapir, Edward (1915). "The Na-dene languages: a preliminary report".

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Sapir, Edward (1911). "Some aspects of Nootka language and culture".

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language. Apart from Sapir the division had two other staff members,

1530: 1493: 1453:, a course that would completely change the direction of his career. 1413: 1191: 1144: 1104: 827: 822: 754: 238: 3827: 2703:"Time Perspective in Aboriginal American culture: A Study in Method" 2562:"Noun Reduplication in Comox, a Salish Language of Vancouver Island" 2444: 2024:. His research on Southern Paiute, in collaboration with consultant 1305: 60: 5428: 5119: 4740: 4700: 3831: 2967: 2892: 2852: 2794: 2721: 2640: 2580: 2528: 2357: 1996:

is probably the son-of-a-bitchiest language in America to actually

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documenting the indigenous languages there. He was employed by the

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Interlingua: Communication Sin Frontiera. Biographia, Edward Sapir

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Murray, Stephen O (1991). "The Canadian Winter' of Edward Sapir".

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Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture, A Study in Method

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Noun reduplication in Comox, a Salish language of Vancouver island

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Reports from the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages

2340:; Sapir, Edward; Sparkman, Philip Stedman (January–March 1908). 5284:

An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

5219: 3139:

Sapir, Edward; Kroeber, Alfred L.; Golla (ed.), Victor (1984).

2622:"A Sketch of the Social Organization of the Nass River Indians" 1716: 1688: 1504:. He also maintained his Indo-European studies with courses in 1313: 839: 165: 74: 30: 1081: 4705: 2156:

A sketch of the social organization of the Nass River Indians

1873:. Sapir also exerted influence through his membership in the 1849: 1708: 1643: 5530:

Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United States

3038:

Cowan, William; Foster, Michael K.; Koerner, Konrad (1986).

2332: 1461: 2021: 1993: 1755: 1747: 1740: 1516: 1072: 849: 1988:

Sapir's special focus among American languages was in the

5660:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

2826:

Sapir, Edward (1924). "The grammarian and his language".

2445:"The problem of noun incorporation in American languages" 2097:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ASIN: B0006CWB2W. 1205:

because they were believed to be more primitive than the

3363:

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

306: 3138: 2954:

Sapir, Edward (1944). "Grading: a study in semantics".

2837:

Sapir, Edward (1924). "Culture, Genuine and Spurious".

2051:

studies (his first language) in the United States (cf.

1844:

Before departing Canada, Sapir had a short affair with

1732: 1587:. Intending originally to work on Hopi, he studied the 1089:; January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939) was an American 3361:

Sapir, Edward (1930). "The Southern Paiute language".

3018: 2385:"Some fundamental characteristics of the Ute language" 2256:

Selected writings in language, culture and personality

1184:

classification of Indigenous languages of the Americas

3792:

Robert Throop and Lloyd Gordon Ward: Mead Project 2.0

2910:"The function of an international auxiliary language" 2482:"Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztekan" 2110: 1069: 5590:

Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

3086:

Southern Paiute and Ute: linguistics and ethnography

3083: 2877:

Sapir, Edward (1925). "Sound patterns in language".

2751:

Sapir, Edward (1917). "Do we need a superorganic?".

2227: 1948:

During his tenure at Yale, Sapir was elected to the

1332:. Here Edward Sapir lost his younger brother Max to 1283:, and he also was invested in the development of an 1182:

Among his major contributions to linguistics is his

1078: 2277: 1889:From 1931 until his death in 1939, Sapir taught at 1816:

Time Perspective in the Aboriginal American Culture

1209:. Sapir was the first to prove that the methods of 1075: 5580:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 3039: 2114:Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths 1675:Sapir enlisted the assistance of fellow Boasians: 5680:Linguists of indigenous languages of the Americas 3758:International Languages: a matter for Interlingua 1548:In 1907–1908 Sapir was offered a position at the 1500:and courses in Chinese language and culture with 1312:where his father, Jacob David Sapir, worked as a 5491: 3241:Allyn, Bobby"DeWitt Clinton's Remarkable Alumni" 3063:Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist 2210:Language: An introduction to the study of speech 2106:. Bombay: British India Press. pp. 156–159. 1821:Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech 16:American linguist and anthropologist (1884–1939) 3561: 3559: 2280:The psychology of culture: A course of lectures 2253:Sapir, Edward (1949). Mandelbaum, David (ed.). 2238:. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America. 2043:to Nootka) to speculation on the phenomenon of 1983: 3735:Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique 1533:than Boas. In the summer of 1906 he worked on 5695:Members of the American Philosophical Society 4650: 3858: 3021:Edward Sapir: Appraisals of his life and work 2783:Museum Bulletin (Geological Survey of Canada) 2629:Museum Bulletin (Geological Survey of Canada) 1649: 1143:. Among his many students were the linguists 1041: 5525:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent 3556: 3249:, July 21, 2009. Accessed September 2, 2014. 3110:The collected works of Edward Sapir: culture 2068:International Auxiliary Language Association 1908:At Yale, Sapir's graduate students included 5690:Presidents of the American Folklore Society 3596:, Sapir's biographer (p.c. to Bruce Nevin). 3019:Koerner, E. F. K.; Koerner, Konrad (1985). 172:The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon 117:Classification of Native American languages 5374:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 4664: 4657: 4643: 3865: 3851: 3227: 3225: 2066:He was the first Research Director of the 1974: 1267:. Later in his career he also worked with 1048: 1034: 29: 3726: 2944: 2802: 2588: 2536: 2462: 2402: 2365: 2323: 2213:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 2078:to develop the research program of IALA. 1190:, greatly advancing the understanding of 5655:Linguistic Society of America presidents 3586: 2111:Sapir, Edward; Curtin, Jeremiah (1909). 2081: 1774: 1731: 1515: 1460: 1391: 1135:. He was offered a professorship at the 3611:American Academy of Arts & Sciences 3222: 3084:Sapir, Edward; Bright, William (1992). 3060: 2489:Journal de la Société des Américanistes 1877:, and his friendship with psychologist 1119:. While finishing his Ph.D. he went to 1111:, where he came under the influence of 5492: 3787:National Academy of Sciences biography 3431: 2297: 2278:Sapir, Edward; Irvine, Judith (2002). 1295: 5685:20th-century American anthropologists 5520:People from the Province of Pomerania 4638: 3846: 3773:, 15(3): pp. 241–259. Pergamon, 1995. 3732: 3524: 3360: 2982: 2953: 2924: 2907: 2876: 2867: 2836: 2825: 2773: 2750: 2700: 2677: 2619: 2559: 2507: 2479: 2442: 2419: 2382: 2303: 2252: 2206: 2185: 2181:. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau. 2174: 2170:. Ottawa: Government Printing Office. 2163: 2159:. Ottawa: Government Printing Office. 2152: 2131: 2101: 2092: 1950:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1621:Handbook of American Indian Languages 3875:American Anthropological Association 3760:. British Interlingua Society, 1990. 3234: 2985:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 2710:Memoir (Geological Survey of Canada) 2569:Memoir (Geological Survey of Canada) 2517:Memoir (Geological Survey of Canada) 2510:"Abnormal Types of Speech in Nootka" 1826:American Anthropological Association 1550:University of California at Berkeley 1456: 1358:limit admission of Jewish applicants 1782:decades after her affair with Sapir 1724:ceremony of the West Coast tribes. 1524:Sapir's first fieldwork was on the 13: 5625:Linguists of Uto-Aztecan languages 5560:Columbia College (New York) alumni 3533:. University of California Press. 1511: 1483:Treatise on the Origin of Language 1436:, Sapir was exposed to methods of 14: 5706: 5650:DeWitt Clinton High School alumni 5535:Jewish American social scientists 3780: 3132: 2840:The American Journal of Sociology 1750:, the last native speaker of the 1727: 5630:Linguists of Chinookan languages 5540:Linguists from the United States 3835: 2060:international auxiliary language 1855: 1579:, and the two undertook work on 1300:Sapir was born into a family of 1285:International Auxiliary Language 1065: 305: 5665:People from the Lower East Side 5640:Linguists of Penutian languages 5635:Linguists of Wakashan languages 5615:Linguists of Salishan languages 3763: 3750: 3741: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3648: 3624: 3599: 3577: 3568: 3547: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 2342:"Notes on California folk-lore" 2095:Herder's "Ursprung der Sprache" 2053:Notes on Judeo-German phonology 1489:, and a very Boasian approach. 1247:He specialized in the study of 217:Canadian Museum of Civilization 5595:Linguists of Na-Dene languages 5314:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 3819:Works by or about Edward Sapir 3279: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3213: 3204: 3186: 3067:University of California Press 3012: 2730:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t4xh0677f 2261:University of California Press 1958:American Philosophical Society 1699:. Sapir initiated work on the 1432:. Through Germanics professor 1151:, and anthropologists such as 1115:, who inspired him to work on 995:Anthropologists by nationality 1: 5610:Linguists of Siouan languages 5565:University of Chicago faculty 5195:Principle of compositionality 3179: 3046:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 3023:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 2997:10.1086/soutjanth.3.1.3628530 2946:10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040 2767:10.1525/aa.1917.19.3.02a00150 2694:10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080 2649:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t0qr4xq6w 2590:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1td9v139 2464:10.1525/aa.1911.13.2.02a00060 2436:10.1525/aa.1911.13.1.02a00030 2282:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 2138:. Berkeley University Press. 1965:Linguistic Society of America 36: 5620:Linguists of Hokan languages 5605:Linguists of Algic languages 5344:Philosophical Investigations 2346:Journal of American Folklore 2325:10.1525/aa.1907.9.3.02a00100 2192:. Boston: The Gorham Press. 2070:(IALA), which presented the 1984:Breadth of languages studied 1954:National Academy of Sciences 1770: 1632: 1552:, where Boas' first student 1384:which he completed in 1909. 7: 5575:Columbia University faculty 5185:Modality (natural language) 3834:(public domain audiobooks) 3531:California Indian Languages 3434:Historiographia Linguistica 1875:Chicago School of Sociology 1639:Geological Survey of Canada 1613:Uto-Aztecan language family 1397:Columbia University library 1351: 1129:Geological Survey of Canada 125:Anthropological linguistics 10: 5711: 5324:Language, Truth, and Logic 5064:Theological noncognitivism 4949:Contrast theory of meaning 4944:Causal theory of reference 4675:Index of language articles 3771:Language and Communication 2916:(11): 4–15. Archived from 2404:10.1126/science.31.792.350 1884: 1650:Canada's Geological Survey 1591:; he decided to work with 1573:University of Pennsylvania 1387: 1376:, before embarking on his 1346:DeWitt Clinton High School 1015:List of indigenous peoples 5550:Anthropological linguists 5464: 5409:Philosophy of information 5396: 5245: 5097: 5009:Mediated reference theory 4934: 4681: 4672: 4533: 4386: 4175: 3980: 3881: 1117:Native American languages 760:Cross-cultural comparison 280: 230: 208: 194: 189: 179: 164: 139: 134: 130: 112: 102: 83: 46: 28: 21: 5585:Yale Sterling Professors 5334:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 2086: 2058:Sapir was active in the 1589:Southern Paiute language 1526:Wishram Chinook language 932:Historical particularism 5570:Yale University faculty 5135:Use–mention distinction 4979:Direct reference theory 4157:Alfred Irving Hallowell 3997:Marshall Howard Saville 3794:at spartan.ac.brocku.ca 3198:Encyclopædia Britannica 3061:Darnell, Regna (1989). 2932:American Anthropologist 2804:2027/uc1.31822007179245 2754:American Anthropologist 2681:American Anthropologist 2538:2027/uc1.32106013085003 2450:American Anthropologist 2423:American Anthropologist 2367:2027/uc1.31822005860226 2338:Waterman, Thomas Talbot 2311:American Anthropologist 2076:Alice Vanderbilt Morris 1975:Anthropological thought 1479:Johann Gottfried Herder 1438:comparative linguistics 1342:Horace Mann high school 1290: 1216:Encyclopædia Britannica 1211:comparative linguistics 1207:Indo-European languages 765:Participant observation 5675:Jewish anthropologists 5670:20th-century linguists 5069:Theory of descriptions 5004:Linguistic determinism 4666:Philosophy of language 4077:John Montgomery Cooper 3962:William Curtis Farabee 3525:Golla, Victor (2011). 3267:Darnell 1990:11–12, 14 2925:Sapir, Edward (1936). 2908:Sapir, Edward (1931). 2443:Sapir, Edward (1911). 2383:Sapir, Edward (1910). 2304:Sapir, Edward (1907). 2207:Sapir, Edward (1921). 2186:Sapir, Edward (1917). 2175:Sapir, Edward (1916). 2164:Sapir, Edward (1915). 2153:Sapir, Edward (1915). 2132:Sapir, Edward (1910). 2093:Sapir, Edward (1907). 1783: 1743: 1685:Alexander Goldenweiser 1521: 1472:Germanic linguistics. 1468: 1400: 1199:historical linguistics 1167:into the principle of 907:Cross-cultural studies 95:New Haven, Connecticut 5180:Mental representation 5115:Linguistic relativity 4999:Inquisitive semantics 4574:Virginia R. Domínguez 4459:Nancy Oestreich Lurie 4435:William C. Sturtevant 4352:Anthony F. C. Wallace 4013:George Grant MacCurdy 3828:Works by Edward Sapir 3810:Works by Edward Sapir 3321:Sapir, Edward. 1910. 2956:Philosophy of Science 2501:10.3406/jsa.1913.2866 2334:Kroeber, Alfred Louis 2082:Selected publications 1895:William Graham Sumner 1778: 1735: 1519: 1464: 1395: 1316:. The family was not 1310:Province of Pomerania 1169:linguistic relativity 1137:University of Chicago 213:University of Chicago 121:Linguistic relativity 5645:Historical linguists 5545:Linguists of Yiddish 5364:Naming and Necessity 5274:De Arte Combinatoria 5073:Definite description 5034:Semantic externalism 4360:Joseph B. Casagrande 3930:Roland Burrage Dixon 3914:William Henry Holmes 3898:Frederic Ward Putnam 3660:search.amphilsoc.org 3656:"APS Member History" 3506:Darnell 1990:1972–83 3446:10.1075/hl.8.1.04mur 2829:The American Mercury 2014:Colorado River Numic 1952:, the United States 1939:Hortense Powdermaker 1879:Harry Stack Sullivan 1701:Athabascan languages 1691:, the Iroquois, the 1605:Shoshonean languages 1308:(now Lębork) in the 1249:Athabascan languages 1157:Hortense Powdermaker 1000:Anthropology by year 937:Boasian anthropology 912:Cultural materialism 897:Actor–network theory 495:Paleoanthropological 5600:Linguists of Navajo 5414:Philosophical logic 5404:Analytic philosophy 5210:Sense and reference 5089:Verification theory 5044:Situation semantics 4427:Conrad M. Arensberg 4312:Frederica de Laguna 4280:Morris Edward Opler 4085:Elsie Clews Parsons 3922:Jesse Walter Fewkes 3756:Gopsill, F. Peter. 2298:Essays and articles 2273:. ASIN: B000PX25CS. 2248:. ASIN: B000EB54JC. 2223:. ASIN: B000NGWX8I. 2127:. ASIN: B000855RIW. 1611:– establishing the 1487:linguistic typology 1296:Childhood and youth 1253:Chinookan languages 1232:. He proposed some 952:Performance studies 845:Kinship and descent 785:Cultural relativism 435:Paleoethnobotanical 410:Ethnoarchaeological 221:Columbia University 146:Columbia University 135:Academic background 5510:People from Lębork 5264:Port-Royal Grammar 5160:Family resemblance 5079:Theory of language 5054:Supposition theory 4550:Elizabeth Brumfiel 4395:Walter Goldschmidt 4192:Wendell C. Bennett 4184:William W. Howells 3890:William John McGee 3873:Presidents of the 3803:2010-07-07 at the 3553:Darnell 1990:204-7 3495:Dreams & Gibes 3485:Darnell 1990:83–86 3458:Darnell 1990:74–79 3413:Darnell 1990:44–48 3351:Darnell 1990:29–31 3342:Darnell 1990:24–29 3294:Darnell 1990:13–14 3246:The New York Times 3200:. 31 January 2024. 3170:has generic name ( 2870:The Romanic Review 2774:Sapir, E. (1923). 2701:Sapir, E. (1916). 2620:Sapir, E. (1915). 2560:Sapir, E. (1915). 2508:Sapir, E. (1915). 2480:Sapir, E. (1913). 1914:Benjamin Lee Whorf 1784: 1744: 1522: 1469: 1447:Livingston Farrand 1401: 1370:Germanic philology 1281:Germanic languages 1203:indigenous peoples 1165:Benjamin Lee Whorf 1133:Leonard Bloomfield 1100:Sapir was born in 972:Post-structuralism 731:Research framework 65:Kingdom of Prussia 5487: 5486: 4989:Dynamic semantics 4632: 4631: 4443:M. Margaret Clark 4411:Francis L. K. Hsu 4272:Sherwood Washburn 4232:E. Adamson Hoebel 3814:Project Gutenberg 3636:www.nasonline.org 3285:Darnell 1990:9–15 3124:978-3-11-012639-6 3115:Walter de Gruyter 3099:978-3-11-013543-5 3090:Walter de Gruyter 3076:978-0-520-06678-6 3053:978-90-272-4522-9 3030:978-90-272-4518-2 2289:978-3-11-017282-9 2270:978-0-520-01115-1 2245:978-0-404-11893-8 2220:978-4-87187-529-5 2199:978-0-548-56941-2 2145:978-1-177-11286-4 2124:978-0-404-58152-7 1801:Na-Dene languages 1457:Influence of Boas 1434:William Carpenter 1234:language families 1230:Na-Dene languages 1058: 1057: 957:Political economy 780:Thick description 577:Political economy 440:Zooarchaeological 400:Bioarchaeological 284: 283: 231:Doctoral students 5702: 5449:Formal semantics 5397:Related articles 5389: 5379: 5369: 5359: 5349: 5339: 5329: 5319: 5309: 5299: 5289: 5279: 5269: 5259: 5029:Relevance theory 5024:Phallogocentrism 4659: 4652: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4598:Alisse Waterston 4593: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4507:Yolanda T. Moses 4502: 4494: 4486: 4483:Jane E. Buikstra 4478: 4470: 4462: 4454: 4446: 4438: 4430: 4422: 4414: 4406: 4403:Richard N. Adams 4398: 4379: 4376:Ernestine Friedl 4371: 4368:Edward H. Spicer 4363: 4355: 4347: 4339: 4336:George M. Foster 4331: 4323: 4315: 4307: 4299: 4296:Alexander Spoehr 4291: 4283: 4275: 4267: 4259: 4251: 4243: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4211: 4203: 4195: 4187: 4168: 4160: 4152: 4149:Harry L. Shapiro 4144: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4104: 4096: 4093:Alfred V. 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Goodman 4556: 4548: 4540: 4529: 4523:Louise Lamphere 4521: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4489: 4481: 4473: 4465: 4457: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4425: 4417: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4318: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4171: 4163: 4155: 4147: 4141:Clyde Kluckhohn 4139: 4131: 4123: 4115: 4109:Robert Redfield 4107: 4099: 4091: 4083: 4075: 4069:Diamond Jenness 4067: 4059: 4051: 4045:Herbert Spinden 4043: 4035: 4029:Fay-Cooper Cole 4027: 4021:John R. Swanton 4019: 4011: 4003: 3995: 3987: 3976: 3968: 3960: 3952: 3944: 3936: 3928: 3920: 3912: 3904: 3896: 3888: 3877: 3871: 3836: 3805:Wayback Machine 3783: 3778: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3731: 3727: 3723:Krauss 1986:157 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3638: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476:Darnell 1990:81 3475: 3471: 3467:Darnell 1990:59 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3430: 3426: 3422:Darnell 1990:50 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404:Darnell 1990:42 3403: 3399: 3395:Darnell 1990:34 3394: 3390: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3320: 3316: 3312:Darnell 1990:26 3311: 3307: 3303:Darnell 1990:23 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3143: 3135: 3125: 3100: 3077: 3054: 3031: 3015: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2778: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2705: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2624: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2564: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2512: 2484: 2300: 2290: 2271: 2246: 2230:Swadesh, Morris 2228:Sapir, Edward; 2221: 2200: 2146: 2125: 2089: 2084: 2002:Wishram Chinook 1986: 1977: 1922:Charles Hockett 1891:Yale University 1887: 1858: 1788:First World War 1773: 1730: 1658:to work on the 1652: 1635: 1514: 1512:Early fieldwork 1502:Berthold Laufer 1459: 1410:Old High German 1390: 1354: 1338:Lower East Side 1302:Lithuanian Jews 1298: 1293: 1265:Southern Paiute 1068: 1064: 1054: 1025: 1024: 990: 982: 981: 962:Practice theory 902:Alliance theory 892: 884: 883: 879:Postcolonialism 808: 800: 799: 733: 723: 722: 688:Anthropological 683: 673: 672: 576: 526: 525: 505: 504: 455: 445: 444: 375: 365: 364: 335: 327: 273: 271:Charles Hockett 269: 265: 261: 259:Robert Redfield 257: 255:Leslie A. White 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 225:Yale University 223: 219: 215: 201: 123: 119: 98: 92: 88: 79: 72: 71: 58: 52: 50: 42: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5708: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5380: 5370: 5360: 5350: 5340: 5330: 5320: 5310: 5300: 5290: 5280: 5270: 5260: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5190:Presupposition 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4969:Deconstruction 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4594: 4586: 4582:Leith Mullings 4578: 4570: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4511: 4503: 4495: 4491:Annette Weiner 4487: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4431: 4423: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4364: 4356: 4348: 4344:Charles Wagley 4340: 4332: 4324: 4316: 4308: 4304:John P. Gillin 4300: 4292: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4244: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4216:George Murdock 4212: 4208:John Otis Brew 4204: 4196: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4165:Ralph L. Beals 4161: 4153: 4145: 4137: 4129: 4121: 4113: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4073: 4065: 4057: 4053:Nels C. Nelson 4049: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4017: 4009: 4001: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3958: 3950: 3946:Alfred Kroeber 3942: 3934: 3926: 3918: 3910: 3902: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3781:External links 3779: 3776: 3775: 3762: 3749: 3740: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3647: 3632:"Edward Sapir" 3623: 3607:"Edward Sapir" 3598: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3555: 3546: 3539: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3327:Online version 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3258:Darnell 1990:5 3251: 3233: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194:"Edward Sapir" 3184: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3134: 3133:Correspondence 3131: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3104: 3098: 3081: 3075: 3058: 3052: 3035: 3029: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3009: 2980: 2968:10.1086/286828 2951: 2939:(2): 224–235. 2922: 2920:on 2009-10-28. 2914:Romanic Review 2905: 2893:10.2307/409004 2874: 2872:(16): 244–256. 2865: 2853:10.1086/213616 2847:(4): 401–429. 2834: 2823: 2795:10.4095/104978 2771: 2761:(3): 441–447. 2748: 2722:10.4095/103486 2698: 2688:(3): 765–773. 2675: 2641:10.4095/104974 2617: 2581:10.4095/103493 2557: 2529:10.4095/103492 2505: 2495:(2): 379–425. 2477: 2457:(2): 250–282. 2440: 2417: 2380: 2358:10.2307/534527 2330: 2318:(3): 533–544. 2299: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2275: 2269: 2250: 2244: 2225: 2219: 2204: 2198: 2183: 2172: 2161: 2150: 2144: 2129: 2123: 2117:. E.J. Brill. 2108: 2099: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2045:language drift 2026:Tony Tillohash 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1910:Morris Swadesh 1886: 1883: 1871:Jola languages 1867:J. David Sapir 1857: 1854: 1838:psychoanalyzed 1772: 1769: 1737:Alfred Kroeber 1729: 1728:Work with Ishi 1726: 1664:Marius Barbeau 1651: 1648: 1634: 1631: 1593:Tony Tillohash 1585:J. Alden Mason 1554:Alfred Kroeber 1513: 1510: 1458: 1455: 1389: 1386: 1364:(1904) and an 1353: 1350: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1149:Morris Swadesh 1125:Alfred Kroeber 1091:anthropologist 1056: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1038: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 991: 988: 987: 984: 983: 980: 979: 977:Systems theory 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 917:Culture theory 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 825: 820: 815: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 751: 750: 740: 734: 729: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 684: 679: 678: 675: 674: 671: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 527: 524: 523: 518: 512: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 500:Primatological 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 456: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 373:Archaeological 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 340:Archaeological 336: 333: 332: 329: 328: 326: 325: 320: 314: 311: 310: 302: 301: 295: 294: 282: 281: 278: 277: 267:J. David Sapir 263:Stanley Newman 243:Morris Swadesh 232: 228: 227: 210: 206: 205: 196: 192: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 168: 162: 161: 143: 137: 136: 132: 131: 128: 127: 114: 113:Known for 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 93: 91:(aged 55) 85: 81: 80: 59: 48: 44: 43: 35:Edward Sapir, 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5707: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5434:Scholasticism 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5049:Structuralism 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974:Descriptivism 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4954:Contrastivism 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590:Monica Heller 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499:James Peacock 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4475:Roy Rappaport 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419:Paul Bohannan 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4264:Gordon Willey 4261: 4257: 4256:Margaret Mead 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133:Ruth Benedict 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005:Alfred Tozzer 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989:Aleš Hrdlička 3986: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954:Clark Wissler 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3772: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3595: 3594:Regna Darnell 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3560: 3550: 3542: 3540:9780520266674 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3273: 3264: 3255: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3216: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962:(2): 93–116. 2961: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2832:(1): 149–155. 2831: 2830: 2824: 2814:on 2019-08-08 2810: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2739:on 2019-08-08 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2666:on 2019-08-08 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2608:on 2019-08-08 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2548:on 2019-08-08 2544: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352:(80): 35–42. 2351: 2347: 2343: 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P. 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Hill 4328:Cora Du Bois 4320:Irving Rouse 4288:Leslie White 4240:Harry Hoijer 4125:Ralph Linton 4101:Leslie Spier 4061:Edward Sapir 4060: 4037:Robert Lowie 3970:Walter Hough 3770: 3765: 3757: 3752: 3743: 3737:(in French). 3734: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3663:. Retrieved 3659: 3650: 3639:. Retrieved 3635: 3626: 3615:. Retrieved 3613:. 2023-02-09 3610: 3601: 3592:Reported by 3588: 3579: 3570: 3565:Darnell 1998 3549: 3530: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3440:(1): 63–68. 3437: 3433: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3369:(1): 1–730. 3366: 3362: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3322: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3244: 3236: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3168:|last3= 3160:cite journal 3151: 3147: 3109: 3085: 3065:. Berkeley: 3062: 3041: 3020: 2988: 2984: 2959: 2955: 2936: 2930: 2918:the original 2913: 2887:(2): 37–51. 2884: 2878: 2869: 2844: 2838: 2827: 2816:. Retrieved 2809:the original 2786: 2782: 2758: 2752: 2741:. 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W. Hodge 3932:(1913–1914) 3924:(1911–1912) 3916:(1909–1910) 3908:(1907–1908) 3900:(1905–1906) 3892:(1902–1904) 3013:Biographies 2072:Interlingua 1677:Frank Speck 1577:Frank Speck 1498:Archaeology 1496:with Boas, 1226:Uto-Aztecan 875:Colonialism 818:Development 775:Reflexivity 743:Ethnography 693:Descriptive 551:Development 490:Nutritional 465:Biocultural 390:Battlefield 199:Linguistics 103:Citizenship 40: 1910 5494:Categories 5479:Discussion 5474:Task Force 5424:Pragmatics 5215:Speech act 5145:Categories 5059:Symbiosism 5014:Nominalism 4926:Watzlawick 4806:Bloomfield 4726:Chrysippus 4451:Dell Hymes 4224:Emil Haury 4200:Fred Eggan 3906:Franz Boas 3696:Moore 2009 3665:2023-05-25 3641:2023-05-25 3617:2023-05-25 3323:Yana Texts 3180:References 3113:. Berlin: 3088:. Berlin: 2991:(1): 1–4. 2818:2019-08-08 2743:2019-08-08 2670:2019-08-08 2612:2019-08-08 2552:2019-08-08 2135:Yana Texts 1990:Athabaskan 1956:, and the 1930:Semiticist 1681:Paul Radin 1466:Franz Boas 1451:Franz Boas 1368:(1905) in 1173:psychology 1153:Fred Eggan 1121:California 1113:Franz Boas 855:Prehistory 708:Historical 681:Linguistic 593:Historical 561:Ecological 453:Biological 355:Linguistic 345:Biological 195:Discipline 184:Franz Boas 141:Alma mater 53:1884-01-26 5456:Semiotics 5444:Semantics 5294:Alciphron 5230:Statement 5165:Intension 5105:Ambiguity 4984:Dramatism 4964:Cratylism 4716:Eubulides 4711:Aristotle 4691:Confucius 4566:Setha Low 4467:June Helm 4387:1976–2001 4176:1951–1975 4117:Neil Judd 3981:1925–1950 3882:1902–1924 2976:120492809 2861:145455225 2657:131590414 2599:126745281 2473:162838136 2430:: 15–28. 2055:, 1915). 1969:Ann Arbor 1918:Mary Haas 1771:Moving on 1633:In Ottawa 1494:Ethnology 1418:Icelandic 1414:Old Saxon 1306:Lauenburg 1192:phonology 1145:Mary Haas 1105:Pomerania 828:Evolution 823:Ethnicity 755:Ethnology 633:Political 541:Cognitive 480:Molecular 239:Mary Haas 61:Lauenburg 5469:Category 5429:Rhetoric 5254:Cratylus 5225:Sentence 5200:Property 5120:Language 5098:Concepts 4936:Theories 4901:Strawson 4886:Davidson 4876:Hintikka 4871:Anscombe 4816:Vygotsky 4771:Mauthner 4741:Averroes 4731:Zhuangzi 4721:Diodorus 4701:Cratylus 4624:(2021– ) 3832:LibriVox 3801:Archived 3383:20026309 3154:: 1–509. 3005:61608089 2880:Language 2413:17738737 2232:(1939). 2037:Language 1722:Potlatch 1707:and the 1695:and the 1626:Handbook 1374:Columbia 1352:Columbia 1330:Virginia 1326:Richmond 1318:Orthodox 1242:Penutian 1109:Columbia 1095:linguist 1010:Journals 927:Feminism 713:Semiotic 653:Symbolic 648:Religion 583:Feminist 571:Economic 521:Cultural 475:Forensic 430:Maritime 425:Forensic 420:Feminist 395:Biblical 385:Aviation 350:Cultural 291:a series 289:Part of 5236:more... 5140:Concept 4881:Dummett 4856:Gadamer 4851:Chomsky 4836:Derrida 4826:Russell 4811:Bergson 4796:Tillich 4756:Leibniz 4696:Gorgias 4248:Sol Tax 3821:at the 3329:at the 2789:: iii. 2390:Science 2049:Yiddish 2041:Chinese 2030:phoneme 2018:Takelma 1885:At Yale 1797:Ingalik 1793:Kutchin 1703:of the 1697:Wyandot 1607:to the 1597:phoneme 1581:Catawba 1543:phoneme 1535:Takelma 1426:Swedish 1399:in 1903 1388:College 1322:Yiddish 1277:Chinese 1269:Yiddish 1261:Wishram 1257:Takelma 1188:phoneme 865:Society 813:Culture 628:Musical 623:Museums 618:Medical 603:Kinship 556:Digital 531:Applied 323:History 318:Outline 5388:(1988) 5378:(1982) 5368:(1980) 5358:(1967) 5348:(1953) 5338:(1951) 5328:(1936) 5318:(1921) 5308:(1905) 5298:(1732) 5288:(1668) 5278:(1666) 5268:(1660) 5258:(n.d.) 5220:Symbol 4921:Searle 4911:Putnam 4861:Kripke 4846:Austin 4831:Carnap 4776:Ricœur 4761:Herder 4751:Hobbes 4453:(1983) 4445:(1982) 4437:(1981) 4429:(1980) 4421:(1979) 4413:(1978) 4405:(1977) 4397:(1976) 4378:(1975) 4370:(1974) 4362:(1973) 4354:(1972) 4346:(1971) 4338:(1970) 4330:(1969) 4322:(1968) 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