117:
241:
Penutian. Recent appraisals of the
Penutian hypothesis find Plateau Penutian to be "well supported" by specialists (DeLancey & Golla (1997: 181); Campbell 1997), with DeLancey & Golla (1997: 180) cautiously stating "while all subgroupings at this stage of Penutian research must be considered provisional, several linkages show considerable promise" (Campbell 1997 likewise mentions similar caveats). Other researchers have pointed out promising similarities between Plateau Penutian and the
755:
Müller, André, Viveka
Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie
240:
The
Sahaptian grouping of Sahaptin and Nez Percé has long been uncontroversial. Several linguists have published mounting evidence in support of a connection between Klamath (a.k.a. Klamath-Modoc) and Sahaptian. Howard Berman provides rather convincing evidence to include Molala within Plateau
232:
branch); however, this language has little documentation and that which is documented is inadequately recorded. Thus, the status of Cayuse within
Penutian (or any other genealogical relation for that matter) may very well forever remain
866:(rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). . Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996).
3363:
3368:
3225:
946:
3358:
1327:
245:
family, although this proposal is still not completely demonstrated. A connection with Uto-Aztecan has also been suggested (Rude 2000).
912:
Uto-Aztecan: Structural, Temporal, and
Geographic Perspectives: Papers in Memory of Wick R. Miller by the Friends of Uto-Aztecan
801:
Pharris, Nicholas J. 2006. Winuunsi Tm
Talapaas: a grammar of the Molalla language. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
249:
851:. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2740:
2321:
2850:
3373:
3348:
1822:
3007:
894:
886:
871:
856:
823:
2983:
2222:
939:
914:, edited by Eugene H. Casad and Thomas L. Willet, pp. 309–318. Hermosillo, Sonora, México: Editorial UniSon.
2141:
2077:
1320:
1095:
2754:
1996:
2505:
3220:
2867:
2002:
1827:
1613:
1607:
1531:
3230:
3215:
2914:
2215:
2202:
1973:
1934:
3353:
3210:
3204:
2989:
2262:
2180:
2153:
1857:
1847:
932:
2776:
2234:
2032:
1892:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1548:
1313:
1281:
1077:
792:. (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 31.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
3188:
2995:
2971:
2946:
2919:
2902:
1912:
1867:
1837:
1810:
1381:
1336:
1070:
3235:
3042:
2679:
2667:
2499:
1561:
1554:
1370:
1166:
779:, 292-324. Working Papers in Linguistics (UBCWPL). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
772:
2240:
2165:
1568:
1518:
1266:
836:
DeLancey, Scott; & Golla, Victor. (1997). The
Penutian hypothesis: Retrospect and prospect.
3254:
3102:
2897:
2673:
2626:
2256:
2173:
1832:
1816:
1624:
1525:
1388:
1364:
986:
314:
269:
173:
2892:
3300:
3198:
2887:
2690:
2480:
2469:
2431:
2038:
2012:
1917:
1907:
1590:
1506:
1357:
1258:
234:
3001:
2726:
295:
195:
3275:
3032:
2840:
2813:
2796:
2764:
2662:
2376:
2301:
2228:
2007:
1984:
1956:
1887:
1798:
1579:
1276:
248:
The coherence of
Plateau Penutian is also supposed in an automated computational analysis (
3160:
8:
3052:
2956:
2856:
2845:
2807:
2786:
2684:
2643:
2418:
2400:
2394:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2268:
2251:
1990:
1656:
1643:
1537:
1487:
1344:
1221:
1061:
1019:
963:
758:
289:
190:
89:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2908:
2877:
2872:
2825:
2819:
2770:
2715:
2638:
2522:
2486:
2447:
2389:
2196:
2191:
1902:
1661:
1630:
1596:
1584:
1543:
1418:
1024:
972:
955:
217:
148:
49:
3063:
3026:
921:(14 ed.) (Vol. 5, pp. 138–141). London: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, Ltd.
2977:
2882:
2862:
2801:
2781:
2492:
2453:
2424:
2412:
2349:
2295:
2273:
2246:
2186:
2159:
1978:
1939:
1929:
1897:
1770:
1696:
1678:
1672:
1574:
1492:
1406:
1184:
1145:
1084:
1029:
890:
882:
867:
852:
819:
242:
200:
37:
3068:
3057:
3037:
1375:
3285:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3084:
3078:
3047:
2940:
2835:
2759:
2697:
2649:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2545:
2529:
2464:
2459:
2442:
2383:
2277:
2209:
2120:
2087:
2055:
1951:
1923:
1872:
1793:
1777:
1763:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1684:
1666:
1650:
1636:
1458:
1441:
1271:
1245:
1210:
1154:
1134:
1111:
1050:
1041:
1006:
116:
70:
3125:
3073:
2065:
3280:
3155:
3140:
3109:
2830:
2791:
2656:
2602:
2474:
2336:
2102:
2097:
1962:
1877:
1758:
1751:
1731:
1713:
1618:
1601:
1400:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1199:
1160:
1013:
777:
Papers for the 47th
International Conference on Salish and neighbouring languages
319:
309:
273:
265:
253:
225:
182:
80:
44:
3290:
3150:
3119:
3090:
2721:
2607:
2590:
2540:
2535:
2406:
2343:
2113:
2107:
2027:
2022:
1968:
1945:
1690:
1512:
1469:
1452:
1446:
1424:
1412:
1296:
1204:
1193:
1173:
1125:
1118:
1104:
3342:
3174:
3114:
3096:
2612:
2596:
2550:
2307:
2127:
2092:
2082:
2060:
2017:
1882:
1463:
1395:
979:
1305:
2071:
221:
216:
Plateau
Penutian as originally proposed was one branch of the hypothetical
910:
Rude, Noel. (2000). Some Uto-Aztecan-Plateau Grammatical Comparisons. In
901:
759:
ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)
1718:
816:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
739:
140:
831:
The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment
924:
103:
919:
The encyclopædia britannica: A new survey of universal knowledge
917:
Sapir, Edward. (1929). Central and North American languages. In
3314:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
3295:
3193:
144:
152:
264:
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in
16:
Subgroup within the hypothetical Penutian language family
864:
Native languages and language families of North America
829:
Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979).
121:
Pre-contact distribution of Plateau Penutian languages
902:"Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences."
256:
lexical influence on the Plateau Penutian languages.
276:
252:
4) by Müller et al. (2013). The analysis also found
185:
177:
84:
74:
3364:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
756:Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013.
744:International Journal of American Linguistics, 62
3340:
139:) is a family of languages spoken in northern
1335:
1321:
940:
838:International Journal of American Linguistics
163:Plateau Penutian consists of four languages:
3324:Families with more than 30 languages are in
176:(a.k.a. Klamath-Modoc, Lutuami, Lutuamian)
1328:
1314:
947:
933:
740:The Position of Molala in Plateau Penutian
881:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
765:
3341:
954:
228:(which was grouped with Molala into a
224:. The original proposal also included
3369:Indigenous languages of North America
1309:
928:
879:The languages of Native North America
818:. New York: Oxford University Press.
773:Reconstructing Proto-Sahaptian Sounds
749:
905:Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics
833:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
143:, reaching through central-western
13:
3359:Indigenous languages of California
158:
14:
3385:
115:
808:
795:
782:
732:
1:
847:Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996).
725:
259:
7:
10:
3390:
3374:Proposed language families
3349:Plateau Penutian languages
877:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
211:
3309:
3268:
3245:
3184:
3173:
3017:
2750:
2739:
2707:
2634:
2625:
2514:
2331:
2320:
2287:
2149:
2140:
2048:
1806:
1792:
1706:
1501:
1483:
1434:
1352:
1343:
1337:Primary language families
1290:
1257:
1220:
1183:
1144:
1094:
1060:
1040:
996:
962:
689:g̣leg (sg.); čʼoˑqʼ (pl.)
114:
102:
97:
63:
45:Linguistic classification
43:
31:
26:
21:
2154:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
814:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
678:p’aʔst 's/he is eating'
557:N hasas 'nit, louse egg'
3321:have no living members.
862:Goddard, Ives. (1999).
788:Barker, M. A. R. 1963.
27:Shahapwailutan, Lepitan
3301:Unclassified languages
3255:list of sign languages
2223:Northeastern Tasmanian
220:phylum as proposed by
3276:Constructed languages
151:and central-northern
1823:Binanderean–Goilalan
900:Rude, Noel. (1987).
3105:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3008:Tequiraca–Canichana
2851:Harákmbut–Katukinan
1614:Northwest Caucasian
1608:Northeast Caucasian
1532:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
738:Berman, H. (1996).
3354:Penutian languages
2727:Tarascan/Purépecha
2216:Northern Tasmanian
1974:South Bougainville
1935:North Bougainville
1282:Southern Tsimshian
956:Penutian languages
790:Klamath Dictionary
771:Rude, Noel. 2012.
3336:
3335:
3286:Language isolates
3264:
3263:
3169:
3168:
2735:
2734:
2621:
2620:
2316:
2315:
2263:Western Tasmanian
2181:Eastern Tasmanian
2136:
2135:
1858:East Geelvink Bay
1788:
1787:
1479:
1478:
1303:
1302:
1297:extinct languages
1078:Northern Kalapuya
721:
720:
686:*ƛaʔyáwi/*ƛʔayáwi
126:
125:
38:Pacific Northwest
3381:
3182:
3181:
3136:Huaorani/Waorani
3020:(extant in 2000)
2984:Esmeralda–Yaruro
2755:Andoque–Urequena
2748:
2747:
2632:
2631:
2438:Plateau Penutian
2329:
2328:
2304:(Northern Daly?)
2147:
2146:
2033:Northwest Papuan
1997:Trans–New Guinea
1863:East New Britain
1838:Central Solomons
1804:
1803:
1549:Great Andamanese
1499:
1498:
1350:
1349:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1071:Central Kalapuya
949:
942:
935:
926:
925:
802:
799:
793:
786:
780:
769:
763:
753:
747:
736:
303:
302:
278:
187:
179:
169:Plateau Penutian
129:Plateau Penutian
119:
86:
76:
56:Plateau Penutian
22:Plateau Penutian
19:
18:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3305:
3291:Mixed languages
3260:
3241:
3176:
3165:
3019:
3013:
2868:Katembri–Taruma
2742:
2731:
2703:
2617:
2510:
2323:
2312:
2283:
2132:
2044:
2003:Turama–Kikorian
1913:Lower Mamberamo
1868:East Strickland
1796:
1784:
1702:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1430:
1339:
1334:
1304:
1299:
1286:
1267:Coast Tsimshian
1253:
1216:
1179:
1167:Southern Patwin
1140:
1090:
1056:
1036:
992:
958:
953:
811:
806:
805:
800:
796:
787:
783:
770:
766:
754:
750:
737:
733:
728:
310:Proto-Sahaptian
266:Proto-Sahaptian
262:
214:
209:
161:
159:Family division
122:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Indo-Pakistani
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Piaroa–Saliban
2912:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:Tequistlatecan
2677:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2203:Marrku–Wurrugu
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1562:Hurro-Urartian
1558:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1010:
1002:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
983:
976:
968:
966:
960:
959:
952:
951:
944:
937:
929:
923:
922:
915:
908:
898:
875:
860:
845:
834:
827:
810:
807:
804:
803:
794:
781:
764:
748:
730:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
712:
710:
706:
705:
702:
699:
697:
693:
692:
690:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
674:
671:
667:
666:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
607:*kéweš; N kúus
605:
601:
600:
598:
595:
593:
589:
588:
586:
583:
581:
577:
576:
574:
571:
568:
564:
563:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:
548:
545:
543:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:
508:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
443:
442:
439:
436:
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:
412:
409:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
394:
390:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:
372:
369:
367:
363:
362:
359:
356:
354:
350:
349:
346:
343:
341:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
299:
298:
292:
285:
284:
261:
258:
213:
210:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
198:
188:
180:
165:
160:
157:
133:Shahapwailutan
124:
123:
120:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
98:Language codes
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
77:
65:
61:
60:
59:
58:
47:
41:
40:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3386:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Original Thai
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:Hibito–Cholón
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2506:Yuman–Cochimí
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:Southern Daly
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:Darwin Region
2163:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Demta–Sentani
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1569:Indo-European
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:Austroasiatic
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
988:
987:Upper Chinook
984:
982:
981:
980:Lower Chinook
977:
975:
974:
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
957:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
931:
930:
927:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:0-521-29875-X
892:
888:
887:0-521-23228-7
884:
880:
876:
873:
872:0-8032-9271-6
869:
865:
861:
858:
857:0-16-048774-9
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
824:0-19-509427-1
821:
817:
813:
812:
798:
791:
785:
778:
774:
768:
761:
760:
752:
745:
741:
735:
731:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
675:
672:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
552:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
421:
418:
417:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
325:
324:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
293:
291:
287:
286:
283:Abbreviations
282:
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
238:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
184:
181:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
164:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
118:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
96:
91:
88:
83:
82:
78:
73:
72:
71:Klamath–Modoc
68:
67:
66:
62:
57:
54:
53:
51:
48:
46:
42:
39:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3325:
3318:
3317:Families in
3252:
3203:
3101:
3089:
2939:
2907:
2898:Pano-Tacanan
2855:
2818:
2806:
2777:Arutani–Sape
2769:
2714:
2696:
2689:
2674:Oto-Manguean
2672:
2655:
2648:
2595:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2528:
2521:
2498:
2491:
2479:
2452:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2342:
2335:
2294:
2261:
2257:Western Daly
2235:Pama–Nyungan
2233:
2221:
2214:
2201:
2179:
2174:Eastern Daly
2172:
2164:
2119:
1995:
1983:
1961:
1944:
1922:
1893:Kaure–Kosare
1853:Doso–Turumsa
1843:Chimbu–Wahgi
1833:Bulaka River
1817:Austronesian
1815:
1776:
1769:
1750:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1625:Sino-Tibetan
1623:
1606:
1589:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1536:
1526:Austronesian
1524:
1517:
1505:
1451:
1389:Nilo-Saharan
1387:
1380:
1365:Austronesian
1363:
1356:
1292:
1244:
1209:
1192:
1172:
1165:
1153:
1133:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:Coast Oregon
1083:
1076:
1069:
1049:
1012:
1005:
997:
985:
978:
971:
918:
911:
904:
878:
863:
848:
841:
837:
830:
815:
809:Bibliography
797:
789:
784:
776:
767:
757:
751:
743:
734:
263:
247:
239:
235:unclassified
229:
222:Edward Sapir
215:
168:
162:
147:to northern
136:
132:
128:
127:
108:
79:
69:
64:Subdivisions
55:
34:distribution
3211:Germanosign
3115:Mura-Pirahã
2996:Lule–Vilela
2972:Bora-Witoto
2947:Uru–Chipaya
2920:Ticuna–Yuri
2903:Peba–Yaguan
2888:Nambikwaran
2691:Uto-Aztecan
2627:Mesoamerica
2481:Uto-Aztecan
2470:Tsimshianic
2432:Palaihnihan
2302:Malak-Malak
2039:Papuan Gulf
2013:West Papuan
1918:Lower Sepik
1908:Lakes Plain
1811:Arai–Samaia
1799:the Pacific
1507:Afroasiatic
1382:Niger–Congo
1358:Afroasiatic
1259:Tsimshianic
907:, 12:67-83.
531:N cq̓ám-qal
523:hastu(ː)qs
230:Waiilatpuan
3343:Categories
3205:Francosign
3053:Chiquitano
3033:Alacalufan
2841:Guaicuruan
2814:Chapacuran
2797:Cahuapanan
2765:Araucanian
2668:Mixe–Zoque
2663:Misumalpan
2377:Comecrudan
2229:Nyulnyulan
2008:Upper Yuat
1985:Torricelli
1957:Senu River
1888:Foja Range
1794:New Guinea
1719:Burushaski
1580:Kartvelian
1555:Hmong–Mien
1371:Khoe–Kwadi
844:, 171-202.
746:(1), 1-30.
726:References
329:S łamtɨ́x̣
260:Vocabulary
149:Washington
141:California
32:Geographic
3236:Tanzanian
3177:languages
3074:Hodï/Joti
3018:Isolates
2957:Yanomaman
2893:Otomákoan
2857:Jirajaran
2846:Guajiboan
2808:Catacaoan
2787:Barbacoan
2716:Cuitlatec
2685:Totonacan
2644:Jicaquean
2523:Chimariko
2419:Muskogean
2401:Kalapuyan
2395:Iroquoian
2370:Chumashan
2363:Chinookan
2356:Chimakuan
2274:Yangmanic
2269:Worrorran
2252:Wagaydyic
2142:Australia
1991:Trans-Fly
1657:Yeniseian
1644:Tyrsenian
1538:Dravidian
1295:indicate
1222:Yok-Utian
1062:Kalapuyan
1025:Nez Perce
1020:Sahaptian
973:Kathlamet
964:Chinookan
849:Languages
570:N tewlikt
517:N weʔnikt
462:S nɨkʷɨ́t
296:Nez Percé
290:Sahaptian
196:Nez Percé
191:Sahaptian
104:Glottolog
90:Sahaptian
3269:See also
3246:Isolates
3221:Japanese
3161:Yuracaré
3043:Candoshi
3002:Macro-Jê
2967:Zaparoan
2962:Zamucoan
2952:Witotoan
2935:Tucanoan
2930:Tiniguan
2925:Timotean
2909:Quechuan
2878:Matacoan
2873:Mascoian
2863:Jivaroan
2826:Chibchan
2820:Charruan
2771:Arawakan
2708:Isolates
2639:Chibchan
2515:Isolates
2487:Wakashan
2448:Salishan
2390:Eskaleut
2296:Giimbiyu
2288:Isolates
2197:Jarrakan
2192:Iwaidjan
2049:Isolates
1903:Kutubuan
1771:Sumerian
1707:Isolates
1662:Yukaghir
1631:Tungusic
1597:Mongolic
1585:Koreanic
1544:Eskaleut
1435:Isolates
1419:Ubangian
1085:Yoncalla
1030:Sahaptin
660:*ʔɨškɨ́t
537:saka(ʔ)
534:wač̓aˑkʼ
476:N kikeʔt
454:taylaks
414:aʔpaːws
371:momʼoˑwč
218:Penutian
201:Sahaptin
50:Penutian
3319:italics
3296:Pidgins
3281:Creoles
3231:Swedish
3199:Chinese
3146:Urarina
3131:Puinave
3085:Itonama
3079:Irantxe
3048:Chimane
2978:Chimuan
2883:Nadahup
2802:Cariban
2782:Aymaran
2743:America
2585:Waikuri
2578:Tonkawa
2571:Timucua
2564:Takelma
2557:Siuslaw
2546:Kutenai
2530:Esselen
2493:Wintuan
2454:Shastan
2425:Na-Dene
2413:Maiduan
2350:Caddoan
2324:America
2278:Wagiman
2276:(incl.
2247:Tangkic
2187:Garawan
2160:Bunuban
2121:Tambora
2088:Maybrat
2056:Abinomn
1979:Teberan
1940:Pauwasi
1930:Mairasi
1898:Kiwaian
1778:Tambora
1764:Shompen
1746:Kusunda
1739:Kenaboi
1725:Elamite
1697:Siangic
1679:Kho-Bwa
1673:Hrusish
1591:Kra–Dai
1575:Japonic
1484:Eurasia
1459:Sandawe
1442:Bangime
1407:Songhay
1293:Italics
1277:Nisga’a
1272:Gitksan
1211:Nisenan
1185:Maiduan
1155:Nomlaki
1146:Wintuan
1135:Siuslaw
1051:Takelma
1042:Takelma
1007:Klamath
998:Plateau
889:(hbk);
639:tqaʔnt
613:uq-n-s
592:flower
507:maqlag̣
501:person
468:neːwit
465:čʼoleˑk
428:similq
406:tongue
348:tałimt
315:Klamath
270:Klamath
243:Maiduan
212:History
174:Klamath
137:Lepitan
3194:BANZSL
3156:Yamana
3141:Trumai
3110:Movima
3064:Fulniô
3027:Aikanã
2941:Tupian
2836:Chonan
2760:Arauan
2698:Xincan
2650:Lencan
2603:Yokuts
2500:Yukian
2465:Tanoan
2460:Siouan
2443:Pomoan
2384:Coosan
2210:Mirndi
2103:Porome
2098:Pawaia
1952:Senagi
1924:Madang
1873:Eleman
1828:Border
1759:Nihali
1752:Minoan
1732:Hattic
1714:Basque
1685:Mijiic
1667:Digaro
1651:Uralic
1637:Turkic
1488:Europe
1345:Africa
1246:Ohlone
1230:Yokuts
1200:Konkow
1161:Patwin
1112:Coosan
1105:Alsean
1014:Molala
893:
885:
870:
855:
822:
775:. In
649:g̣eˑla
644:earth
631:stone
623:lolog̣
604:water
554:louse
504:*tenén
479:ǰeg̣le
473:blood
419:mouth
401:taʔnf
393:tooth
382:*núšnu
374:taːps
361:tuːns
335:laʔwi
320:Molala
274:Molala
272:, and
226:Cayuse
183:Molala
145:Oregon
131:(also
81:Molala
3151:Warao
3120:Nukak
3091:Kunza
3069:Guató
3058:Cofán
3038:Camsá
2831:Choco
2792:Boran
2741:South
2722:Huave
2657:Mayan
2608:Yuchi
2591:Washo
2541:Karuk
2536:Haida
2475:Utian
2407:Keres
2344:Alsea
2337:Algic
2322:North
2114:Taiap
2108:Sulka
1963:Sepik
1878:Engan
1619:Ongan
1602:Nivkh
1470:Shabo
1453:Jalaa
1447:Hadza
1401:Mande
1240:Miwok
1235:Utian
1205:Maidu
1194:Chico
1174:Wintu
1126:Miluk
1119:Hanis
673:N ké-
657:road
652:laŋs
626:teːc
618:fire
610:ʔambo
585:tʼapq
580:leaf
567:tree
542:fish
520:seˑss
514:name
496:pupt
493:qaqʼo
490:*pípš
487:bone
459:meat
446:foot
441:teːs
433:hand
422:S ɨ́m
411:baˑwč
388:piłs
379:nose
340:hair
326:head
306:gloss
254:Algic
153:Idaho
3326:bold
3253:See
3189:Arab
3175:Sign
3126:Páez
3103:Maku
3097:Leco
2613:Zuni
2597:Yana
2551:Seri
2308:Tiwi
2128:Wiru
2093:Mpur
2083:Kuot
2066:Anêm
2061:Abun
2028:Yuat
2023:Yawa
1969:Skou
1946:Ramu
1797:and
1691:Miju
1513:Ainu
1493:Asia
1491:and
1464:Laal
1425:Kadu
1413:Ijaw
1376:Kx'a
891:ISBN
883:ISBN
868:ISBN
853:ISBN
820:ISBN
717:kiː
709:you
704:ina
683:die
670:eat
636:qday
597:leˑw
573:g̣oˑ
560:kʼoY
547:kyem
528:dog
482:ałp
438:nʼep
366:ear
358:lolb
353:eye
345:lag̣
294:N =
288:S =
250:ASJP
109:None
2078:Kol
2072:Ata
2018:Yam
1883:Fas
1396:Tuu
663:sdo
451:peč
425:som
398:dot
385:psi
332:nʼo
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2280:)?
842:63
840:,
742:.
714:ʔi
701:ni
696:I
279:.
268:,
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