Pneumothorax - Knowledge

1128: 1112: 1043:" (small air-filled lesions just under the pleural surface), which were presumed to be more common in those classically at risk of pneumothorax (tall males) due to mechanical factors. In PSP, blebs can be found in 77% of cases, compared to 6% in the general population without a history of PSP. As these healthy subjects do not all develop a pneumothorax later, the hypothesis may not be sufficient to explain all episodes; furthermore, pneumothorax may recur even after surgical treatment of blebs. It has therefore been suggested that PSP may also be caused by areas of disruption (porosity) in the pleural layer, which are prone to rupture. Smoking may additionally lead to 1140: 1164: 1152: 961: 557: 49: 1202:(top) of the lung with 3 cm differentiating between a "small" and a "large" pneumothorax. The latter method may overestimate the size of a pneumothorax if it is located mainly at the apex, which is a common occurrence. The various methods correlate poorly but are the best easily available ways of estimating pneumothorax size. CT scanning (see below) can provide a more accurate determination of the size of the pneumothorax, but its routine use in this setting is not recommended. 1230: 1420: 1523:(surgical opening of the chest) with identification of any source of air leakage and stapling of blebs followed by pleurectomy (stripping of the pleural lining) of the outer pleural layer and pleural abrasion (scraping of the pleura) of the inner layer. During the healing process, the lung adheres to the chest wall, effectively obliterating the pleural space. Recurrence rates are approximately 1%. Post-thoracotomy pain is relatively common. 1382:, at which time X-rays are repeated to confirm improvement, and advice given with regard to preventing recurrence (see below). Estimated rates of resorption are between 1.25% and 2.2% the volume of the cavity per day. This would mean that even a complete pneumothorax would spontaneously resolve over a period of about 6 weeks. There is, however, no high quality evidence comparing conservative to non conservative management. 1639:(AAIR) of PSP is thought to be three to six times as high in males as in females. Fishman cites AAIR's of 7.4 and 1.2 cases per 100,000 person-years in males and females, respectively. Significantly above-average height is also associated with increased risk of PSP – in people who are at least 76 inches (1.93 meters) tall, the AAIR is about 200 cases per 100,000 person-years. Slim build also seems to increase the risk of PSP. 1527: 1545:(VATS). The results from VATS-based pleural abrasion are slightly worse than those achieved using thoracotomy in the short term, but produce smaller scars in the skin. Compared to open thoracotomy, VATS offers a shorter in-hospital stays, less need for postoperative pain control, and a reduced risk of lung problems after surgery. VATS may also be used to achieve chemical pleurodesis; this involves insufflation of 1011:). Despite the low pressure in the pleural space, air does not enter it because there are no natural connections to air-containing passages, and the pressure of gases in the bloodstream is too low for them to be forced into the pleural space. Therefore, a pneumothorax can only develop if air is allowed to enter, through damage to the chest wall or to the lung itself, or occasionally because 1298: 1280: 1378:, and there is no underlying lung disease. It may be appropriate to treat a larger PSP conservatively if the symptoms are limited. Admission to hospital is often not required, as long as clear instructions are given to return to hospital if there are worsening symptoms. Further investigations may be performed as an 1241:

is not necessary for the diagnosis of pneumothorax, but it can be useful in particular situations. In some lung diseases, especially emphysema, it is possible for abnormal lung areas such as bullae (large air-filled sacs) to have the same appearance as a pneumothorax on chest X-ray, and it may not be

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The size of the pneumothorax (i.e. the volume of air in the pleural space) can be determined with a reasonable degree of accuracy by measuring the distance between the chest wall and the lung. This is relevant to treatment, as smaller pneumothoraces may be managed differently. An air rim of 2 cm

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beams being projected from the back (posteroanterior, or "PA"), and during maximal inspiration (holding one's breath), is the most appropriate first investigation. It is not believed that routinely taking images during expiration would confer any benefit. Still, they may be useful in the detection of

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Traumatic pneumothoraces may be classified as "open" or "closed". In an open pneumothorax, there is a passage from the external environment into the pleural space through the chest wall. When air is drawn into the pleural space through this passageway, it is known as a "sucking chest wound". A closed

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Death from pneumothorax is very uncommon (except in tension pneumothoraces). British statistics show an annual mortality rate of 1.26 and 0.62 deaths per million person-years in men and women, respectively. A significantly increased risk of death is seen in older patients and in those with secondary

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In traumatic pneumothorax, chest tubes are usually inserted. If mechanical ventilation is required, the risk of tension pneumothorax is greatly increased and the insertion of a chest tube is mandatory. Any open chest wound should be covered with an airtight seal, as it carries a high risk of leading

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Pneumothorax is more common in neonates than in any other age group. The incidence of symptomatic neonatal is estimated to be around 1-3 per 1000 live births. Prematurity, low birth weight and asphyxia are the major risk factors, and a majority of newborn infant cases occur during the first 72 hours

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on the most effective treatment is still conflicting in some areas, and there is variation between treatments available in Europe and the US. Not all episodes of pneumothorax require such interventions; the decision depends largely on estimation of the risk of recurrence. These procedures are often

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and inserting a needle connected to a three-way tap; up to 2.5 liters of air (in adults) are removed. If there has been significant reduction in the size of the pneumothorax on subsequent X-ray, the remainder of the treatment can be conservative. This approach has been shown to be effective in

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is usually required. In contrast, tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency and may be treated before imaging – especially if there is severe hypoxia, very low blood pressure, or an impaired level of consciousness. In tension pneumothorax, X-rays are sometimes required if there is doubt about the

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In secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, the estimated annual AAIR is 6.3 and 2.0 cases per 100,000 person-years for males and females, respectively, with the risk of recurrence depending on the presence and severity of any underlying lung disease. Once a second episode has occurred, there is a high

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The risk of contracting a first spontaneous pneumothorax is elevated among male and female smokers by factors of approximately 22 and 9, respectively, compared to matched non-smokers of the same sex. Individuals who smoke at higher intensity are at higher risk, with a "greater-than-linear" effect;

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Aspiration may also be considered in secondary pneumothorax of moderate size (air rim 1–2 cm) without breathlessness, with the difference that ongoing observation in hospital is required even after a successful procedure. American professional guidelines state that all large pneumothoraces –

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is incomplete and there is a direct connection between the two halves of the chest. Tension pneumothorax – the presence of which may be suspected due to rapidly deteriorating heart function, absent lung sounds throughout the thorax, and a barrel-shaped chest – is treated with an incision in the

1682:(then the most common cause), the concept of spontaneous pneumothorax in the absence of tuberculosis (primary pneumothorax) was reintroduced by the Danish physician Hans Kjærgaard in 1932. In 1941, the surgeons Tyson and Crandall introduced pleural abrasion for the treatment of pneumothorax. 1303: 1302: 1299: 1105:

a pneumothorax when clinical suspicion is high but yet an inspiratory radiograph appears normal. Also, if the PA X-ray does not show a pneumothorax but there is a strong suspicion of one, lateral X-rays (with beams projecting from the side) may be performed, but this is not routine practice.

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Non-human animals may experience both spontaneous and traumatic pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumothorax is, as in humans, classified as primary or secondary, while traumatic pneumothorax is divided into open and closed (with or without chest wall damage). The diagnosis may be apparent to the

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called the "Asherman seal" should be utilized, as it appears to be more effective than a standard "three-sided" dressing. The Asherman seal is a specially designed device that adheres to the chest wall and, through a valve-like mechanism, allows air to escape but not to enter the chest.

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safe to apply any treatment before the distinction is made and before the exact location and size of the pneumothorax is determined. In trauma, where it may not be possible to perform an upright film, chest radiography may miss up to a third of pneumothoraces, while CT remains very

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A small spontaneous pneumothorax will typically resolve without treatment and requires only monitoring. This approach may be most appropriate in people who have no underlying lung disease. In a larger pneumothorax, or if there is shortness of breath, the air may be removed with a

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is left in place until a chest tube can be inserted. Critical care teams are able to incise the chest to create a larger conduit as performed when placing a chest drain, but without inserting the chest tube. This is called a simple thoracostomy. If tension pneumothorax leads to

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Secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces (SSPs), by definition, occur in individuals with significant underlying lung disease. Symptoms in SSPs tend to be more severe than in PSPs, as the unaffected lungs are generally unable to replace the loss of function in the affected lungs.

1580:. It may be advisable for someone to remain off work for up to a week after a spontaneous pneumothorax. If the person normally performs heavy manual labor, several weeks may be required. Those who have undergone pleurodesis may need two to three weeks off work to recover. 1282: 1272:

to the chest. Ultrasound may also provide a rapid diagnosis in other emergency situations, and allow the quantification of the size of the pneumothorax. Several particular features on ultrasonography of the chest can be used to confirm or exclude the diagnosis.

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recommended after the occurrence of a second pneumothorax. Surgery may need to be considered if someone has experienced pneumothorax on both sides ("bilateral"), sequential episodes that involve both sides, or if an episode was associated with pregnancy.

544:; it is often noted because of a sudden deterioration in condition. Recent studies have shown that the development of tension features may not always be as rapid as previously thought. Deviation of the trachea to one side and the presence of raised 362:

A primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) tends to occur in a young adult without underlying lung problems, and usually causes limited symptoms. Chest pain and sometimes mild breathlessness are the usual predominant presenting features. In newborns

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because the animal exhibits difficulty breathing in, or has shallow breathing. Pneumothoraces may arise from lung lesions (such as bullae) or from trauma to the chest wall. In horses, traumatic pneumothorax may involve both hemithoraces, as the

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and grunting are the most common presenting symptoms. People who are affected by a PSP are often unaware of the potential danger and may wait several days before seeking medical attention. PSPs more commonly occur during changes in

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is a procedure that permanently eliminates the pleural space and attaches the lung to the chest wall. No long-term study (20 years or more) has been performed on its consequences. Good results in the short term are achieved with a

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In a large PSP (>50%), or in a PSP associated with breathlessness, some guidelines recommend that reducing the size by aspiration is equally effective as the insertion of a chest tube. This involves the administration of

809:– have all been linked to familial pneumothorax. Generally, these conditions cause other signs and symptoms as well, and pneumothorax is not usually the primary finding. Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome is caused by mutations in the 1058:

Tension pneumothorax occurs when the opening that allows air to enter the pleural space functions as a one-way valve, allowing more air to enter with every breath but none to escape. The body compensates by increasing the

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in the pleural space produce gas. Once air enters the pleural cavity, the intrapleural pressure increases, resulting in the difference between the intrapulmonary pressure and the intrapleural pressure (defined as the

259:. A secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in the presence of existing lung disease. Smoking increases the risk of primary spontaneous pneumothorax, while the main underlying causes for secondary pneumothorax are 1373:

or tension pneumothorax, and generally resolve spontaneously. This approach is most appropriate if the estimated size of the pneumothorax is small (defined as <50% of the volume of the hemithorax), there is no

423:, or because some other mechanical injury to the lung compromises the integrity of the involved structures. Traumatic pneumothoraces have been found to occur in up to half of all cases of chest trauma, with only 4692: 4669: 1500:(PCP), as this condition is associated with prolonged air leakage. Bilateral pneumothorax (pneumothorax on both sides) is relatively common in people with pneumocystis pneumonia, and surgery is often required. 446:) may be diminished on the affected side, partly because air in the pleural space dampens the transmission of sound. Measures of the conduction of vocal vibrations to the surface of the chest may be altered. 1111: 3307:

Baumann MH, Strange C, Heffner JE, Light R, Kirby TJ, Klein J, et al. (February 2001). "Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement".

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men who smoke 10 cigarettes per day have an approximate 20-fold increased risk over comparable non-smokers, while smokers consuming 20 cigarettes per day show an estimated 100-fold increase in risk.

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Staub LJ, Biscaro RR, Kaszubowski E, Maurici R (March 2018). "Chest ultrasonography for the emergency diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax and haemothorax: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Chest-wall defects are usually evident in cases of injury to the chest wall, such as stab or bullet wounds ("open pneumothorax"). In secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces, vulnerabilities in the

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Secondary pneumothoraces are only treated conservatively if the size is very small (1 cm or less air rim) and there are limited symptoms. Admission to the hospital is usually recommended.

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mutations and lung lesions have also been identified in familial cases of pneumothorax where other features of Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome are absent. In addition to the genetic associations, the

1455:, and larger tubes do not have an advantage. In traumatic pneumothorax, larger tubes (28 F, 9.3 mm) are used. When chest tubes are placed due to either blunt or penetrating trauma, 1590:

is considered unsafe after an episode of pneumothorax unless a preventive procedure has been performed. Professional guidelines suggest that pleurectomy be performed on both lungs and that

2935: 2905: 1568:. Results of chemical pleurodesis tend to be worse than when using surgical approaches, but talc pleurodesis has been found to have few negative long-term consequences in younger people. 1281: 1139: 1709:

in the early 20th century (after discovering the same procedure independently). Murphy used the (then) recently discovered X-ray technology to create pneumothoraces of the correct size.

1039:(tissue death) may precipitate episodes of pneumothorax, although the exact mechanism is unclear. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) has for many years been thought to be caused by " 1194:

means that the pneumothorax occupies about 50% of the hemithorax. British professional guidelines have traditionally stated that the measurement should be performed at the level of the

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animal's chest to relieve the pressure, followed by insertion of a chest tube. For spontaneous pneumothorax the use of CT for diagnosis has been described for dogs and Kunekune pigs.

1489:) at a high flow rate may be attempted, particularly in PSP; it is thought that this may accelerate the healing of the leak. Failing this, surgery may be required, especially in SSP. 1163: 1576:

If pneumothorax occurs in a smoker, this is considered an opportunity to emphasize the markedly increased risk of recurrence in those who continue to smoke, and the many benefits of

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over 50% of cases. Compared to tube drainage, first-line aspiration in PSP reduces the number of people requiring hospital admission, without increasing the risk of complications.

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illness, the presence of underlying lung disease, the estimated size of the pneumothorax on X-ray, and – in some instances – on the personal preference of the person involved.

577:, which occurs in someone with underlying lung disease. The cause of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is unknown, but established risk factors include being of the male sex, 3885:

Chang SH, Kang YN, Chiu HY, Chiu YH (May 2018). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Pigtail Catheter and Chest Tube as the Initial Treatment for Pneumothorax".

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Tension pneumothorax is generally considered to be present when a pneumothorax (primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, or traumatic) leads to significant impairment of

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is the space inside the chest that contains the lungs, heart, and numerous major blood vessels. On each side of the cavity, a pleural membrane covers the surface of lung (

3930:"Use of prophylactic antibiotic in preventing complications for blunt and penetrating chest trauma requiring chest drain insertion: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5214: 1647:

likelihood of subsequent further episodes. The incidence in children has not been well studied, but is estimated to be between 5 and 10 cases per 100,000 person-years.

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from ascending just 1 metre (3 ft) while breath-holding with their lungs fully inflated. An additional problem in these cases is that those with other features of

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Tension pneumothorax may also occur in someone who is receiving mechanical ventilation, in which case it may be difficult to spot as the person is typically receiving

1478:("re-expansion pulmonary edema"). The tube is left in place until no air is seen to escape from it for a period of time, and X-rays confirm re-expansion of the lung. 1462:

Chest tubes are required in PSPs that have not responded to needle aspiration, in large SSPs (>50%), and in cases of tension pneumothorax. They are connected to a

1004: 3723:"Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care" 3171:

Seow A, Kazerooni EA, Pernicano PG, Neary M (February 1996). "Comparison of upright inspiratory and expiratory chest radiographs for detecting pneumothoraces".

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Not all pneumothoraces are uniform; some only form a pocket of air in a particular place in the chest. Small amounts of fluid may be noted on the chest X-ray (

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If after 2–4 days there is still evidence of an air leak, various options are available. Negative pressure suction (at low pressures of –10 to –20

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Tension pneumothorax is usually treated with urgent needle decompression. This may be required before transport to the hospital, and can be performed by an

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may be required if tube drainage is unsuccessful, or as a preventive measure, if there have been repeated episodes. The surgical treatments usually involve

1198:(where blood vessels and airways enter the lung) with 2 cm as the cutoff, while American guidelines state that the measurement should be done at the 354:(the surgical removal of pleural membranes). About 17–23 cases of pneumothorax occur per 100,000 people per year. They are more common in men than women. 1610:. Needle aspiration may reduce the need for a chest tube, however, the effectiveness and safety of both invasive procedures have not been fully studied. 1439:", where damage to internal organs can be avoided; this is delineated by a horizontal line at the level of the nipple and two muscles of the chest wall ( 1157:

Chest X-ray showing a pneumothorax on the right (left in the image), where the absence of lung markings indicates that there is free air inside the chest

232:, and the amount of air in the space between chest wall and lungs increases; this is called a tension pneumothorax. This can cause a steadily worsening 4553: 4523: 4493: 785:

11.5% of people with a spontaneous pneumothorax have a family member who has previously experienced a pneumothorax. Several hereditary conditions –

1939: 1822: 1055:, which account for the markedly increased risk of PSPs in smokers. Once air has stopped entering the pleural cavity, it is gradually reabsorbed. 4833: 2913: 482:. Tension pneumothorax tends to occur in clinical situations such as ventilation, resuscitation, trauma, or in people with lung disease. It is a 427:

being more common in this group. The pneumothorax can be occult (not readily apparent) in half of these cases, but may enlarge – particularly if

609:(COPD), which accounts for approximately 70% of cases. The following known lung diseases may significantly increase the risk for pneumothorax. 462:

with the intensity of the symptoms experienced by the victim, and physical signs may not be apparent if the pneumothorax is relatively small.

6037: 5678: 1265: 323: 1678:, who provided an extensive description of the clinical picture in 1819. While Itard and Laennec recognized that some cases were not due to 1249:

A further use of CT is in the identification of underlying lung lesions. In presumed primary pneumothorax, it may help to identify blebs or

3623:"The prehospital management of chest injuries: a consensus statement. Faculty of Pre-hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh" 3394:"Sensitivity of bedside ultrasound and supine anteroposterior chest radiographs for the identification of pneumothorax after blunt trauma" 4436: 2240: 1793: 1474:. They are not normally connected to a negative pressure circuit, as this would result in rapid re-expansion of the lung and a risk of 376:, explaining to some extent why episodes of pneumothorax may happen in clusters. It is rare for a PSP to cause a tension pneumothorax. 5433: 1431:(or intercostal drain) is the most definitive initial treatment of a pneumothorax. These are typically inserted in an area under the 2760:

Robinson PD, Cooper P, Ranganathan SC (September 2009). "Evidence-based management of paediatric primary spontaneous pneumothorax".

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setting by using a Heimlich valve, although research to demonstrate the equivalence to hospitalization has been of limited quality.

1253:(in anticipation of treatment, see below), and in secondary pneumothorax, it can help to identify most of the causes listed above. 775: 4577:"Use of computed tomography for evaluation of lung lesions associated with spontaneous pneumothorax in dogs: 12 cases (1999-2002)" 5457: 5229: 1622:

or thoracoscopy with pleurodesis) may be recommended after an episode of pneumothorax, with the intention to prevent recurrence.

923:, which results in their lungs containing gas at higher than atmospheric pressure. Divers breathing compressed air (such as when 886:

due to adverse events reported, including pneumothorax, leading to 60 injuries and 23 patient deaths as communicated by the FDA.

525:, a hyperresonant percussion note on examination of the affected side with reduced expansion and decreased movement, pain in the 6466: 1447:). Local anesthetic is applied. Two types of tubes may be used. In spontaneous pneumothorax, small-bore (smaller than 14 493:

The most common findings in people with tension pneumothorax are chest pain and respiratory distress, often with an increased

5204: 4215: 4147: 4122: 4035: 3820: 2973: 2888: 2863: 2725: 1466:

system that allows air to escape, but not to re-enter, the chest. This may include a bottle with water that functions like a

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The treatment of pneumothorax depends on a number of factors and may vary from discharge with early follow-up to immediate

3557: 1689:, pneumothoraces were intentionally caused by healthcare providers in people with tuberculosis in an effort to collapse a 1602:

For newborn infants with pneumothorax, different management strategies have been suggested including careful observation,

6367: 5890: 5673: 5428: 4826: 4711: 3527: 5683: 5479: 4163:

Bense L, Eklund G, Wiman LG (December 1987). "Smoking and the increased risk of contracting spontaneous pneumothorax".

408:, or other serious lung diseases should therefore prompt investigations to identify the possibility of a pneumothorax. 244:, which can be fatal unless reversed. Very rarely, both lungs may be affected by a pneumothorax. It is often called a " 806: 5880: 5660: 5160: 4855: 4850: 4430: 2936:"Avanos Medical Recalls Cortrak*2 Enteral Access System for Risk of Misplaced Enteral Tubes Could Cause Patient Harm" 2234: 2075: 1787: 1079:

The symptoms of pneumothorax can be vague and inconclusive, especially in those with a small PSP; confirmation with

1020:) to equal zero, which cause the lungs to deflate in contrast to a normal transpulmonary pressure of ~4 mm Hg. 6372: 5928: 255:

A primary spontaneous pneumothorax is one that occurs without an apparent cause and in the absence of significant

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is required. They are also encountered in people already receiving mechanical ventilation for some other reason.

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equivalent to a tension pneumothorax, which is determined mainly by the constellation of symptoms, hypoxia, and

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is discouraged for up to seven days after complete resolution of a pneumothorax if recurrence does not occur.

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Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in the setting of a variety of lung diseases. The most common is

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A schematic drawing of a bulla and a bleb, two lung abnormalities that may rupture and lead to pneumothorax

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Carson-Chahhoud KV, Wakai A, van Agteren JE, Smith BJ, McCabe G, Brinn MP, O'Sullivan R (September 2017).

3345:"Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST): results from an international consensus conference" 1552:

If a chest tube is already in place, various agents may be instilled through the tube to achieve chemical

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Tyson MD, Crandall WB (1941). "The surgical treatment of recurrent idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax".

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and CT scan normalize before diving is resumed. Aircraft pilots may also require assessment for surgery.

1243: 794: 1178:(the structure between the lungs that contains the heart, great blood vessels, and large airways) to be 505:) in the initial stages. Other findings may include quieter breath sounds on one side of the chest, low 306:

is usually used to confirm its presence. Other conditions that can result in similar symptoms include a

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Lateral inspired X-ray at the same time, more clearly showing the pneumothorax posteriorly in this case

714: 4545: 4515: 1814: 1357:, needle decompression or simple thoracostomy is performed as part of resuscitation as it may restore 1264:

is commonly used in the evaluation of people who have sustained physical trauma, for example with the

1067:(size of each breath), worsening the problem. Unless corrected, hypoxia (decreased oxygen levels) and 6387: 6105: 5688: 5313: 5287: 5012: 4913: 2964:

Neuman TS (2003). "Arterial gas embolism and pulmonary barotrauma". In Brubakk AO, Neuman TS (eds.).

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Small spontaneous pneumothoraces do not always require treatment, as they are unlikely to proceed to

685: 660: 582: 299: 779: 6504: 6001: 5993: 5464: 5292: 5277: 5270: 5175: 5136: 5083: 5061: 5019: 4947: 4722: 3838:"Simple aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults" 2550: 1636: 906: 677: 471: 5443: 1145:

Anteroposterior expired X-ray at the same time, more clearly showing the pneumothorax in this case

6589: 6555: 6232: 6227: 5592: 5234: 5150: 5025: 3208:"Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010" 2551:"Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010" 1671: 1623: 1444: 1440: 1268:. Ultrasound may be more sensitive than chest X-rays in the identification of pneumothorax after 1261: 1017: 890: 829: 771: 741: 545: 4114: 4027: 2989:

Vibede, Louise; Vibede, Emil; Bendtsen, Mette; Pedersen, Lia; Ebbesen, Finn (24 December 2016).

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MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J, et al. (BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group) (August 2010).

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Chest X-ray showing the features of pneumothorax on the left side of the person (right in image)

6428: 6237: 6074: 6069: 5718: 5571: 5532: 5447: 5400: 5099: 4942: 4420: 3979:"Ambulatory treatment in the management of pneumothorax: a systematic review of the literature" 1686: 1497: 1411:

traumatic pneumothoraces (due to medical procedures) may initially be treated with aspiration.

1028: 932: 902: 875: 694: 645: 428: 180: 151: 4762: 3764:"Conservative versus interventional management for primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults" 3721:

Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al. (November 2010).

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to the chest wall. The most common mechanism is the penetration of sharp bony points at a new

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can both be noticeably decreased. Importantly, the volume of the pneumothorax may not be well

6617: 6594: 6509: 6452: 6416: 6202: 6162: 6006: 5976: 4980: 4952: 2224: 1777: 1549:, which activates an inflammatory reaction that causes the lung to adhere to the chest wall. 1448: 1008: 506: 447: 319: 4106: 3343:

Scalea TM, Rodriguez A, Chiu WC, Brenneman FD, Fallon WF, Kato K, et al. (March 1999).

2847: 6584: 6524: 6377: 6016: 5921: 5597: 5549: 5537: 5351: 5309: 4908: 1747: 1706: 967:

of the chest showing a pneumothorax on the person's left side (right side on the image). A

943:; this can lead to a small pneumothorax rapidly enlarging and causing features of tension. 710: 690: 435: 411:

Traumatic pneumothorax most commonly occurs when the chest wall is pierced, such as when a

373: 291: 156: 5209: 4788: 1003:. The lungs are fully inflated within the cavity because the pressure inside the airways ( 8: 6579: 6212: 6182: 5865: 5832: 5578: 5527: 5155: 4975: 4842: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4696: 1482: 1452: 1375: 1370: 1187: 964: 940: 83: 1985: 6543: 6489: 6347: 6326: 6285: 6152: 5723: 5588: 5544: 5376: 5297: 5224: 5094: 4637: 4401: 4335: 4284: 4267: 4188: 4082: 4020: 3954: 3929: 3910: 3862: 3837: 3788: 3763: 3698: 3671: 3647: 3622: 3596: 3466: 3423: 3374: 3075: 3050: 3026: 2825: 2813: 2684: 2659: 2635: 2610: 2450: 2413:"Neonatal pneumothorax: symptoms, signs and timing of onset in the post-surfactant era" 2205: 2162: 2137:

Wolf SJ, Bebarta VS, Bonnett CJ, Pons PT, Cantrill SV (August 2009). "Blast injuries".

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CT with the identification of underlying lung lesion: an apical bulla on the right side

1218: 1068: 856: 706: 439: 392:(accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood) is sometimes encountered; this may cause 315: 87: 77: 4618:"Spontaneous Pneumothorax in a Companion Kunekune Pig due to Pulmonary Bullae Rupture" 4362: 3739: 3722: 3273: 3248: 2180:

Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D (April 2012). "Pneumothorax in the critically ill patient".

2150: 882:'s feeding tube placement system, the CORTRAK* 2 EAS, was recalled in May 2022 by the 6533: 6197: 6192: 6147: 5845: 5089: 4918: 4879: 4811: 4733: 4641: 4598: 4467: 4426: 4405: 4393: 4289: 4248: 4211: 4180: 4143: 4118: 4107: 4086: 4074: 4069: 4052: 4031: 4000: 3959: 3902: 3867: 3816: 3793: 3744: 3703: 3652: 3588: 3501: 3458: 3415: 3410: 3393: 3366: 3361: 3344: 3325: 3278: 3229: 3188: 3153: 3107: 3080: 3018: 3010: 2969: 2884: 2859: 2848: 2817: 2777: 2721: 2689: 2640: 2572: 2454: 2442: 2434: 2390: 2316: 2230: 2209: 2197: 2154: 2108: 2071: 2048: 1999: 1902: 1783: 1659:

An early description of traumatic pneumothorax secondary to rib fractures appears in

1587: 1577: 1206: 1179: 916: 627: 483: 479: 241: 233: 170: 131: 61: 6444: 4705: 4701: 4192: 3600: 3470: 3378: 3051:"Needle aspiration versus intercostal tube drainage for pneumothorax in the newborn" 3049:

Bruschettini M, Romantsik O, Zappettini S, O'Donnell CP, Calevo MG (February 2019).

2829: 2675: 2166: 2120: 1914: 6574: 6342: 6306: 5788: 5781: 5645: 5566: 5405: 5341: 5190: 4629: 4588: 4459: 4385: 4358: 4331: 4279: 4240: 4172: 4064: 3990: 3949: 3941: 3914: 3894: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3734: 3693: 3683: 3642: 3634: 3580: 3493: 3450: 3427: 3405: 3356: 3317: 3268: 3260: 3219: 3180: 3143: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3030: 3002: 2809: 2769: 2679: 2671: 2630: 2622: 2562: 2424: 2380: 2306: 2189: 2146: 2100: 2038: 2030: 1989: 1981: 1894: 1399: 1329: 1229: 1214: 1210: 1097: 1060: 920: 451: 393: 295: 229: 70: 4309:

Traité de l'auscultation médiate et des maladies des poumons et du coeur – part II

3995: 3978: 2429: 2412: 863:, which damages lung tissue. Traumatic pneumothorax may also be observed in those 6538: 6528: 5914: 5810: 5762: 5650: 5601: 5522: 5438: 5246: 4727: 3584: 3497: 2311: 2294: 2017:

Morjaria JB, Lakshminarayana UB, Liu-Shiu-Cheong P, Kastelik JA (November 2014).

1702: 1701:. This was known as "resting the lung". It was introduced by the Italian surgeon 1504: 1475: 1467: 1436: 1117:

Anteroposterior inspired X-ray, showing subtle left-sided pneumothorax caused by

1080: 1040: 996: 992: 988: 786: 745: 702: 635: 405: 272: 4244: 3898: 3672:"Complications associated with pre-hospital open thoracostomies: a rapid review" 3099: 1675: 6399: 6394: 6217: 6084: 5748: 5410: 5321: 5241: 5051: 5046: 4799: 4738: 4633: 3688: 3549: 2773: 1358: 1354: 1118: 972: 936: 897:

samples from lung tissue, may also lead to pneumothorax. The administration of

879: 802: 790: 763: 510: 420: 4686: 4682: 3945: 3519: 3454: 3264: 3184: 2091:

Slade M (December 2014). "Management of pneumothorax and prolonged air leak".

2016: 1407:

even those due to PSP – should be treated with a chest tube. Moderately sized

971:

is in place (small black mark on the right side of the image), the air-filled

593:

increases the risk. The various suspected underlying mechanisms are discussed

6611: 6479: 6433: 6316: 6280: 6275: 6137: 6079: 5971: 5840: 5554: 5265: 4266:

Kaya SO, Karatepe M, Tok T, Onem G, Dursunoglu N, Goksin I (September 2009).

3014: 2903: 2438: 2034: 1603: 1471: 1321: 1195: 1012: 817: 749: 514: 416: 209: 4678: 4617: 4593: 4576: 4176: 3762:

Ashby M, Haug G, Mulcahy P, Ogden KJ, Jensen O, Walters JA (December 2014).

3638: 3321: 3224: 3207: 3048: 2626: 2567: 919:

who breathe from an underwater apparatus are supplied with breathing gas at

48: 6475: 6411: 6311: 6270: 6260: 6255: 5961: 5956: 5730: 5115: 5067: 4936: 4602: 4471: 4293: 4252: 4078: 4004: 3963: 3906: 3871: 3797: 3748: 3707: 3656: 3592: 3505: 3462: 3419: 3370: 3329: 3282: 3233: 3157: 3111: 3084: 3022: 2821: 2781: 2693: 2644: 2576: 2446: 2394: 2320: 2201: 2158: 2112: 2104: 2052: 2003: 1906: 1679: 1557: 1538: 1269: 1199: 1064: 1044: 1027:

are caused by a variety of disease processes, particularly by rupturing of

1000: 999:). Normally, the two layers are separated by a small amount of lubricating 924: 864: 860: 852: 767: 698: 649: 424: 284: 280: 268: 256: 119: 4397: 4184: 3192: 2193: 1723: 450:

of the chest may be perceived as hyperresonant (like a booming drum), and

384:(decreased blood-oxygen levels) is usually present and may be observed as 228:. In a minority of cases, a one-way valve is formed by an area of damaged 6519: 6382: 6321: 6167: 6089: 5875: 5822: 5805: 5800: 5753: 5708: 5559: 5507: 5474: 5346: 5075: 5007: 4970: 4925: 4860: 4757: 4322:

Kjærgard H (1932). "Spontaneous pneumothorax in the apparently healthy".

1815:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders" 1752: 1619: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1520: 1515: 1463: 1389:

given at a high flow rate may accelerate resorption as much as fourfold.

1175: 1052: 726: 665: 526: 498: 459: 443: 389: 351: 343: 249: 237: 188: 136: 110: 66: 1492:

Chest tubes are used first-line when pneumothorax occurs in people with

1328:. Treatment is determined by the severity of symptoms and indicators of 486:

and may require immediate treatment without further investigations (see

6569: 6290: 6172: 6011: 5951: 5795: 5395: 5381: 5356: 5331: 5326: 5260: 5131: 5107: 5056: 4930: 4895: 4870: 4794: 4616:

Smith J, Cuneo M, Walton R, White R, Busch R, Chigerwe M (April 2020).

3441:

Volpicelli G (February 2011). "Sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax".

2990: 1607: 1591: 1583: 1456: 1428: 1419: 1408: 1379: 1325: 1024: 968: 928: 910: 821: 494: 412: 335: 307: 303: 221: 217: 184: 160: 140: 4661: 4389: 4268:"Were pneumothorax and its management known in 15th-century anatolia?" 3148: 3131: 3006: 2385: 2368: 1898: 6142: 5870: 5502: 5371: 5366: 5336: 4887: 4768: 2800:

Chiu HT, Garcia CK (July 2006). "Familial spontaneous pneumothorax".

1032: 832: 653: 556: 530: 502: 475: 381: 364: 4463: 3835: 3676:

Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine

1217:", in which the normally small space between the chest wall and the 6499: 6406: 5885: 5770: 5170: 4903: 3132:"Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a diffuse disease of the pleura" 2720:(7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. pp. 393–96. 1690: 1036: 586: 541: 518: 455: 385: 368: 294:

alone can be difficult (particularly in smaller pneumothoraces). A

3571:

Keel M, Meier C (December 2007). "Chest injuries - what is new?".

2906:"Treating Sucking Chest Wounds and Other Traumatic Chest Injuries" 1667:(1385–1468), which also recommends a method of simple aspiration. 1526: 1503:

It is possible for a person with a chest tube to be managed in an

960: 874:

Pneumothorax was reported as an adverse event caused by misplaced

5123: 4999: 1349: 1238: 1085: 759: 730: 590: 578: 534: 339: 331: 225: 144: 4716: 4210:(5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 315. 4142:(5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 306. 3815:(5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 310. 2883:(5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 307. 1885:

Bintcliffe O, Maskell N (May 2014). "Spontaneous pneumothorax".

1182:

from the affected lung due to the pressure differences. This is

6126: 5966: 5937: 5220: 5033: 4962: 4673: 2293:

Tschopp JM, Rami-Porta R, Noppen M, Astoul P (September 2006).

1698: 1432: 1386: 1213:). In some cases, the only significant abnormality may be the " 894: 721: 631: 347: 264: 4231:

Sahn SA, Heffner JE (March 2000). "Spontaneous pneumothorax".

3483: 2968:(5th Rev ed.). United States: Saunders. pp. 558–61. 2904:

Nicholas Rathert, W. Scott Gilmore, MD, EMT-P (19 July 2013).

220:. Symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp, one-sided 5041: 4575:

Au JJ, Weisman DL, Stefanacci JD, Palmisano MP (March 2006).

2292: 1729: 1101: 980: 311: 276: 4574: 3342: 2991:"Neonatal Pneumothorax: A Descriptive Regional Danish Study" 2988: 1310:

Ultrasound showing a false lung point and not a pneumothorax

6265: 4990: 4450:

Pawloski DR, Broaddus KD (2010). "Pneumothorax: a review".

3670:

Mohrsen S, McMahon N, Corfield A, McKee S (December 2021).

3669: 3170: 1694: 1546: 1493: 1250: 1048: 976: 813: 548:(distended neck veins) are not reliable as clinical signs. 397: 260: 213: 123: 115: 3306: 2718:

Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice

2411:

Andersson, J.; Magnuson, A.; Ohlin, A. (3 February 2021).

2295:"Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: state of the art" 5906: 2759: 573:, which occurs in the absence of known lung disease, and 2065: 1221:

appears enlarged due to the abnormal presence of fluid.

1007:) is higher than the pressure inside the pleural space ( 2966:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

2912:. Journal of Emergency Medical Services. Archived from 1970:"Bedside ultrasonography for diagnosis of pneumothorax" 569:

Spontaneous pneumothoraces are divided into two types:

56:

Illustration depicting a collapsed lung or pneumothorax

4841: 4581:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

4378:

Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases

3240: 3136:

Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases

2410: 2373:

Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases

2136: 867:, even when there is no apparent injury to the chest. 6474: 4615: 4550:

Merck Veterinary Manual, 9th edition (online version)

4520:

Merck Veterinary Manual, 9th edition (online version)

4516:"Equine trauma and first aid: wounds and lacerations" 4490:

Merck Veterinary Manual, 9th edition (online version)

3761: 3720: 2417:

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

1451:, 4.7 mm diameter) tubes may be inserted by the 913:(pressure-related injury) leading to a pneumothorax. 533:(heart impulse), and resonant sound when tapping the 400:. The sudden onset of breathlessness in someone with 19:"Collapsed lung" redirects here. For other uses, see 4651: 3620: 3129: 871:

pneumothorax is when the chest wall remains intact.

4452:

Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association

4265: 3205: 2548: 2366: 2223:Peters JR, Egan D, Mick NW (2006). Nadel ES (ed.). 2179: 1932:"What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?" 1423:

A chest tube placed on the right for a pneumothorax

338:connected to a one-way valve system. Occasionally, 4019: 3246: 3104:NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information 2093:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1031:(large air-containing lesions) in cases of severe 517:away from the affected side. Rarely, there may be 478:. This causes a type of circulatory shock, called 3884: 3621:Lee C, Revell M, Porter K, Steyn R (March 2007). 3199: 3164: 2608: 2229:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 44. 1884: 1782:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 62. 6609: 4449: 4162: 4104: 4017: 3927: 2845: 1459:decrease the risks of infectious complications. 851:A traumatic pneumothorax may result from either 1779:Cystic Fibrosis: A Guide for Patient and Family 1705:in 1888 and publicized by the American surgeon 995:) and also lines the inside of the chest wall ( 16:Abnormal collection of air in the pleural space 4100: 4098: 4096: 3391: 2841: 2839: 2660:"Etiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax" 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2222: 6460: 6038:Focused assessment with sonography for trauma 5922: 4827: 4348: 4050: 3206:MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J (August 2010). 2019:"Pneumothorax: a tale of pain or spontaneity" 1348:or other trained professional. The needle or 4376:Herzog H (1998). "History of tuberculosis". 4026:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3976: 3097: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2611:"Tension pneumothorax--time for a re-think?" 2070:(7th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 215–216. 1974:Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery 1926: 1924: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1541:, usually in the form of a procedure called 927:) may develop a pneumothorax as a result of 271:. A traumatic pneumothorax can develop from 4230: 4156: 4093: 3842:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3768:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3055:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2836: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2583: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2066:Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandel J (2019). 388:(blue discoloration of the lips and skin). 6467: 6453: 5929: 5915: 4834: 4820: 4109:Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 3440: 3434: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 2850:Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 2799: 2406: 2404: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2132: 2130: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1510: 47: 5434:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema 4592: 4418: 4283: 4068: 3994: 3953: 3861: 3804: 3787: 3738: 3697: 3687: 3646: 3570: 3409: 3360: 3272: 3223: 3147: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3074: 2959: 2957: 2700: 2683: 2634: 2566: 2428: 2384: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2310: 2059: 2042: 1993: 1967: 1921: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1800: 1775: 843:is also a genetic predisposition to PSP. 285:complication of a healthcare intervention 4443: 4321: 4259: 4224: 4199: 4131: 3130:Grundy S, Bentley A, Tschopp JM (2012). 2872: 2734: 2609:Leigh-Smith S, Harris T (January 2005). 1771: 1769: 1525: 1418: 1228: 959: 889:Medical procedures, such as inserting a 776:congenital pulmonary airway malformation 600: 555: 248:", although that term may also refer to 208:is an abnormal collection of air in the 5458:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 4546:"Primary survey and triage - breathing" 4439:from the original on 14 September 2016. 4306: 3392:Wilkerson RG, Stone MB (January 2010). 3289: 2897: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2401: 2247: 2127: 2023:Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 1954: 1606:(needle aspiration), or insertion of a 758:In children, additional causes include 465: 240:. This leads to a type of shock called 6610: 4538: 4508: 4478: 4375: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3336: 3173:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 3118: 2963: 2954: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2327: 1837: 1670:Pneumothorax was described in 1803 by 1224: 893:into one of the chest veins or taking 564: 6448: 5910: 4815: 4526:from the original on 6 September 2009 4496:from the original on 26 November 2010 4205: 4137: 4113:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 4105:Levine DJ, Sako EY, Peters J (2008). 4044: 4022:Fitness for work: the medical aspects 4011: 3970: 3810: 3714: 3530:from the original on 8 September 2017 3249:"Radiological review of pneumothorax" 3100:"Physiology, Transpulmonary Pressure" 3044: 3042: 3040: 2878: 2854:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 2846:Levine DJ, Sako EY, Peters J (2008). 2802:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 2243:from the original on 1 November 2016. 2090: 1796:from the original on 31 October 2016. 1766: 820:11.2), which encodes a protein named 607:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 529:(upper abdomen), displacement of the 402:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 396:and – if very severe – may result in 357: 4556:from the original on 28 October 2011 4018:Brown I, Palmer KT, Robin C (2007). 3934:Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open 3564: 3247:O'Connor AR, Morgan WE (June 2005). 2788: 2715: 2657: 2651: 1543:video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery 1531:Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery 1336:to tension pneumothorax. Ideally, a 6368:Acute respiratory distress syndrome 5891:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis 4486:"Causes of Respiratory Malfunction" 4233:The New England Journal of Medicine 3928:Ayoub F, Quirke M, Frith D (2019). 3607: 3550:"UOTW #62 – Ultrasound of the Week" 2461: 1986:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.05.04 1942:from the original on 8 October 2016 1825:from the original on 8 October 2016 326:may look similar on a chest X-ray. 13: 5480:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury 4843:Diseases of the respiratory system 4336:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1932.tb05982.x 4051:Baumann MH, Noppen M (June 2004). 3977:Brims FJ, Maskell NA (July 2013). 3520:"UOTW #6 – Ultrasound of the Week" 3037: 2814:10.1097/01.mcp.0000230630.73139.f0 2367:Noppen M, De Keukeleire T (2008). 1597: 946: 350:are induced to stick together) or 14: 6639: 3740:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988 1291:Ultrasound showing a pneumothorax 6373:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy 4070:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2004.00577.x 3573:Current Opinion in Critical Care 3560:from the original on 9 May 2017. 3411:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00628.x 3362:10.1097/00005373-199903000-00022 2664:Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 2299:The European Respiratory Journal 2068:Principles of Pulmonary Medicine 1740: 1296: 1278: 1162: 1150: 1138: 1126: 1110: 585:of pneumothorax. Smoking either 4609: 4568: 4412: 4369: 4342: 4315: 4300: 3921: 3878: 3829: 3755: 3663: 3542: 3512: 3477: 3385: 3091: 2982: 2928: 2676:10.1590/S1806-37562015000000230 2216: 2173: 1968:Chen L, Zhang Z (August 2015). 1630: 1364: 290:Diagnosis of a pneumothorax by 21:Collapsed lung (disambiguation) 6424:Post-traumatic stress disorder 5896:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 4622:Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 3854:10.1002/14651858.CD004479.pub3 3780:10.1002/14651858.CD010565.pub2 3067:10.1002/14651858.CD011724.pub3 2762:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 2084: 2010: 1091: 799:alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency 594: 523:altered level of consciousness 487: 1: 5470:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 4363:10.1016/S0096-5588(20)32206-6 4272:Texas Heart Institute Journal 3996:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202875 2430:10.1080/14767058.2021.1882981 2226:Blueprints Emergency Medicine 2151:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60257-9 1759: 1613: 1414: 1392: 1256: 899:positive pressure ventilation 670:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 6065:Advanced trauma life support 6033:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage 5453:Respiratory hypersensitivity 5391:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 4425:. OUP Oxford. p. 1369. 4422:Oxford Dictionary of English 3585:10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f1fe71 3498:10.1016/j.injury.2018.01.033 2312:10.1183/09031936.06.00014206 1712: 1687:anti-tuberculous medications 1571: 1537:A less invasive approach is 1496:, usually due to underlying 1346:emergency medical technician 1315: 1074: 955: 846: 7: 5362:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis 4351:Journal of Thoracic Surgery 4245:10.1056/NEJM200003233421207 3899:10.1016/j.chest.2018.01.048 3398:Academic Emergency Medicine 3098:Neupane K, Jamil R (2022). 935:are typically treated in a 10: 6644: 5936: 5215:Acute exacerbation of COPD 4634:10.1053/j.jepm.2020.04.001 3689:10.1186/s13049-021-00976-1 3627:Emergency Medicine Journal 2774:10.1016/j.prrv.2008.12.003 2615:Emergency Medicine Journal 1654: 1618:A preventative procedure ( 1174:It is not unusual for the 983:can be seen in the center. 780:congenital lobar emphysema 686:Connective tissue diseases 513:, and displacement of the 18: 6552: 6486: 6360: 6335: 6299: 6248: 6125: 6118: 6106:Resuscitative thoracotomy 6098: 6057: 6050: 6025: 5994:Clinical prediction rules 5992: 5985: 5944: 5858: 5831: 5761: 5747: 5701: 5659: 5638: 5612: 5515: 5501: 5492: 5421: 5306: 5286: 5169: 5149: 4989: 4869: 4849: 4748: 4655: 3946:10.1136/tsaco-2018-000246 3733:(18 Suppl 3): S729–S767. 3455:10.1007/s00134-010-2079-y 3265:10.1136/bmj.330.7506.1493 3185:10.2214/ajr.166.2.8553937 2658:Lyra RD (May–June 2016). 979:(white) can be seen. The 876:nasogastric feeding tubes 737: 720: 684: 661:Interstitial lung disease 659: 641: 622: 617: 614: 194: 176: 166: 150: 130: 109: 101: 93: 76: 60: 55: 46: 38: 33: 6505:Traumatic aortic rupture 6002:Abbreviated Injury Scale 5278:Diffuse panbronchiolitis 5271:Bronchiolitis obliterans 5137:Laryngotracheal stenosis 5084:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 5062:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 5020:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 4948:Nasal septum perforation 4324:Acta Medica Scandinavica 2561:(8 Suppl 2): ii18–ii31. 2035:10.1177/2040622314551549 1635:The annual age-adjusted 907:non-invasive ventilation 772:congenital malformations 678:lymphangioleiomyomatosis 623:Diseases of the airways 551: 419:allows air to enter the 346:(in which the layers of 6590:Tracheobronchial injury 6556:lower respiratory tract 6233:Penetrating head injury 6228:Intracranial hemorrhage 5026:Retropharyngeal abscess 4594:10.2460/javma.228.5.733 4177:10.1378/chest.92.6.1009 3639:10.1136/emj.2006.043687 3443:Intensive Care Medicine 3322:10.1378/chest.119.2.590 3225:10.1136/thx.2010.136986 2627:10.1136/emj.2003.010421 2568:10.1136/thx.2010.136986 1733:'chest'. Its plural is 1685:Prior to the advent of 1672:Jean Marc Gaspard Itard 1511:Pleurodesis and surgery 1018:transpulmonary pressure 1005:intrapulmonary pressure 891:central venous catheter 807:Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome 795:Ehlers–Danlos syndromes 742:Catamenial pneumothorax 642:Infections of the lung 546:jugular venous pressure 501:) and rapid breathing ( 314:in the pleural space), 198:20 per 100,000 per year 6429:Subcutaneous emphysema 6388:Volkmann's contracture 6238:Traumatic brain injury 6075:Early appropriate care 6070:Damage control surgery 5719:Pulmonary hypertension 5448:Eosinophilic pneumonia 5100:Vocal cord dysfunction 4943:Nasal septum deviation 3554:Ultrasound of the Week 3524:Ultrasound of the Week 3218:(Suppl 2): ii18–ii31. 2768:(3): 110–7, quiz 117. 2105:10.1055/s-0034-1395502 1697:, around a cavitating 1665:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu 1534: 1533:(VATS) wedge resection 1498:pneumocystis pneumonia 1424: 1234: 1209:); this may be blood ( 984: 933:decompression sickness 903:mechanical ventilation 715:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 695:ankylosing spondylitis 646:Pneumocystis pneumonia 626:COPD (especially when 561: 429:mechanical ventilation 152:Differential diagnosis 6595:Diaphragmatic rupture 6510:Thoracic aorta injury 6203:Thoracic aorta injury 6163:Diaphragmatic rupture 6007:Injury Severity Score 5977:Trauma triad of death 5846:Mediastinal emphysema 5625:Healthcare-associated 5555:Legionnaires' disease 4981:Peritonsillar abscess 4953:Nasal septal hematoma 3349:The Journal of Trauma 2194:10.1378/chest.11-1691 1938:. 21 September 2011. 1821:. 21 September 2011. 1776:Orenstein DM (2004). 1529: 1435:(armpit) called the " 1422: 1232: 1088:of the pneumothorax. 1009:intrapleural pressure 963: 744:(associated with the 654:necrotizing pneumonia 601:Secondary spontaneous 559: 183:, needle aspiration, 6585:Pulmonary laceration 6525:Myocardial contusion 6378:Compartment syndrome 6017:Revised Trauma Score 5593:Mendelson's syndrome 5465:Hamman–Rich syndrome 4419:Stevenson A (2010). 2942:. Admin. 16 May 2022 1748:veterinary physician 1707:John Benjamin Murphy 1322:needle decompression 691:Rheumatoid arthritis 466:Tension pneumothorax 436:physical examination 374:atmospheric pressure 292:physical examination 6628:Medical emergencies 6623:Disorders of fascia 6580:Pulmonary contusion 6213:Blunt kidney trauma 6183:Pulmonary contusion 5866:Respiratory failure 5833:Mediastinal disease 5401:Bird fancier's lung 4976:Adenoid hypertrophy 4311:(in French). Paris. 4307:Laennec RT (1819). 3556:. 25 October 2015. 3259:(7506): 1493–1497. 1663:by Turkish surgeon 1592:lung function tests 1453:Seldinger technique 1371:respiratory failure 1225:Computed tomography 1100:, ideally with the 1086:anatomical location 1071:eventually follow. 733:involving the lung 632:acute severe asthma 565:Primary spontaneous 300:computed tomography 226:shortness of breath 84:shortness of breath 6544:Myocardial rupture 6490:circulatory system 6327:Spinal cord injury 6286:Penetrating trauma 6153:Soft tissue injury 5771:Pleuritis/pleurisy 5724:Pulmonary embolism 5620:Community-acquired 5545:Atypical bacterial 5444:Löffler's syndrome 5225:Status asthmaticus 5210:Chronic bronchitis 5095:Vocal fold paresis 4909:Vasomotor rhinitis 4749:External resources 1893:(may08 1): g2928. 1535: 1425: 1324:or insertion of a 1235: 1069:respiratory arrest 985: 941:hyperbaric therapy 857:penetrating injury 766:, inhalation of a 707:systemic sclerosis 562: 358:Signs and symptoms 316:pulmonary embolism 238:low blood pressure 6603: 6602: 6534:Cardiac tamponade 6442: 6441: 6356: 6355: 6198:Internal bleeding 6193:Cardiac tamponade 6148:Joint dislocation 6114: 6113: 6046: 6045: 5904: 5903: 5854: 5853: 5811:Empyema/pyothorax 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5697: 5696: 5630:Hospital-acquired 5488: 5487: 5352:Caplan's syndrome 5145: 5144: 5090:Vocal fold nodule 4914:Atrophic rhinitis 4809: 4808: 4390:10.1159/000029220 4217:978-0-7817-6957-0 4206:Light RW (2007). 4149:978-0-7817-6957-0 4138:Light RW (2007). 4124:978-0-07-145739-2 4037:978-0-19-921565-2 3822:978-0-7817-6957-0 3811:Light RW (2007). 3149:10.1159/000335993 3007:10.1159/000453029 2975:978-0-7020-2571-6 2890:978-0-7817-6957-0 2879:Light RW (2007). 2865:978-0-07-145739-2 2727:978-0-323-05472-0 2423:(25): 5438–5442. 2386:10.1159/000135932 2145:(9687): 405–415. 1899:10.1136/bmj.g2928 1819:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 1721:comes from Greek 1588:Underwater diving 1578:smoking cessation 1305: 1286: 1207:hydropneumothorax 865:exposed to blasts 756: 755: 711:Marfan's syndrome 628:bullous emphysema 488:Treatment section 484:medical emergency 480:obstructive shock 476:blood circulation 242:obstructive shock 202: 201: 171:Smoking cessation 132:Diagnostic method 28:Medical condition 6635: 6575:Hemopneumothorax 6469: 6462: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6348:Pediatric trauma 6343:Geriatric trauma 6307:Abdominal trauma 6123: 6122: 6055: 6054: 5990: 5989: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5789:Pleural effusion 5782:Hemopneumothorax 5759: 5758: 5513: 5512: 5499: 5498: 5342:Bauxite fibrosis 5307:External agents/ 5304: 5303: 5235:Exercise-induced 5191:Acute bronchitis 5167: 5166: 4867: 4866: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4653: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4330:(Suppl): 1–159. 4319: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4287: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4208:Pleural diseases 4203: 4197: 4196: 4171:(6): 1009–1012. 4160: 4154: 4153: 4140:Pleural diseases 4135: 4129: 4128: 4112: 4102: 4091: 4090: 4072: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4025: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3957: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3893:(5): 1201–1212. 3882: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3848:(12): CD004479. 3833: 3827: 3826: 3813:Pleural diseases 3808: 3802: 3801: 3791: 3774:(12): CD010565. 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3691: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3618: 3605: 3604: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3526:. 24 June 2014. 3516: 3510: 3509: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3413: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3364: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3304: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3151: 3127: 3116: 3115: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3046: 3035: 3034: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2881:Pleural diseases 2876: 2870: 2869: 2853: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2797: 2786: 2785: 2757: 2732: 2731: 2713: 2698: 2697: 2687: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2638: 2606: 2581: 2580: 2570: 2546: 2459: 2458: 2432: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2388: 2364: 2325: 2324: 2314: 2290: 2245: 2244: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2188:(4): 1098–1105. 2177: 2171: 2170: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1997: 1965: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1928: 1919: 1918: 1882: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1811: 1798: 1797: 1773: 1661:Imperial Surgery 1651:pneumothoraces. 1556:, such as talc, 1445:pectoralis major 1441:latissimus dorsi 1400:local anesthetic 1307: 1306: 1288: 1287: 1215:deep sulcus sign 1211:hemopneumothorax 1166: 1154: 1142: 1130: 1114: 1098:chest radiograph 1061:respiratory rate 921:ambient pressure 909:, can result in 801:(which leads to 612: 611: 456:tactile fremitus 71:thoracic surgery 51: 31: 30: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6599: 6554: 6548: 6539:Hemopericardium 6529:Commotio cordis 6488: 6482: 6473: 6443: 6438: 6352: 6331: 6295: 6244: 6119:Pathophysiology 6110: 6094: 6042: 6021: 5981: 5940: 5935: 5905: 5900: 5850: 5827: 5763:Pleural disease 5752: 5735: 5693: 5655: 5639:By distribution 5634: 5613:By vector/route 5608: 5506: 5494: 5484: 5439:Pulmonary edema 5417: 5312: 5308: 5295: 5291: 5282: 5247:Cystic fibrosis 5174: 5158: 5154: 5141: 4985: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4840: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4789:article/1003552 4744: 4743: 4664: 4650: 4649: 4614: 4610: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4464:10.5326/0460385 4448: 4444: 4433: 4417: 4413: 4374: 4370: 4347: 4343: 4320: 4316: 4305: 4301: 4264: 4260: 4239:(12): 868–874. 4229: 4225: 4218: 4204: 4200: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4103: 4094: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4016: 4012: 3975: 3971: 3926: 3922: 3883: 3879: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3809: 3805: 3760: 3756: 3719: 3715: 3668: 3664: 3619: 3608: 3569: 3565: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3482: 3478: 3439: 3435: 3390: 3386: 3341: 3337: 3305: 3290: 3245: 3241: 3204: 3200: 3169: 3165: 3128: 3119: 3096: 3092: 3061:(2): CD011724. 3047: 3038: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2962: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2916:on 8 April 2015 2902: 2898: 2891: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2844: 2837: 2798: 2789: 2758: 2735: 2728: 2716:Marx J (2010). 2714: 2701: 2656: 2652: 2607: 2584: 2547: 2462: 2409: 2402: 2365: 2328: 2291: 2248: 2237: 2221: 2217: 2178: 2174: 2135: 2128: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2064: 2060: 2015: 2011: 1966: 1955: 1945: 1943: 1930: 1929: 1922: 1883: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1813: 1812: 1801: 1790: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1743: 1715: 1703:Carlo Forlanini 1674:, a student of 1657: 1633: 1616: 1600: 1598:Neonatal period 1574: 1513: 1505:ambulatory care 1486: 1476:pulmonary edema 1417: 1395: 1367: 1318: 1311: 1308: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1279: 1259: 1227: 1170: 1167: 1158: 1155: 1146: 1143: 1134: 1131: 1122: 1115: 1094: 1081:medical imaging 1077: 997:parietal pleura 993:visceral pleura 989:thoracic cavity 958: 949: 947:Newborn infants 849: 842: 838: 787:Marfan syndrome 748:and related to 746:menstrual cycle 703:dermatomyositis 674:histiocytosis X 636:cystic fibrosis 603: 567: 554: 468: 452:vocal resonance 406:cystic fibrosis 360: 273:physical trauma 234:oxygen shortage 105:Unknown, trauma 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6641: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6495: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6472: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6400:Rhabdomyolysis 6395:Crush syndrome 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6218:Splenic injury 6215: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6085:Trauma surgery 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6026:Investigations 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5933: 5926: 5919: 5911: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5756: 5749:Pleural cavity 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5595: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5510: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5450: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5411:Lycoperdonosis 5408: 5403: 5398: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5322:Pneumoconiosis 5318: 5316: 5301: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5242:Bronchiectasis 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5218: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5164: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5054: 5052:Laryngeal cyst 5049: 5047:Laryngomalacia 5044: 5039: 5037: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4873: 4864: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4791: 4786:article/827551 4783:article/808162 4780:article/360796 4777:article/424547 4774:article/432979 4765: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4730: 4719: 4708: 4689: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656:Classification 4648: 4647: 4608: 4587:(5): 733–737. 4567: 4537: 4507: 4477: 4458:(6): 385–397. 4442: 4431: 4411: 4368: 4341: 4314: 4299: 4278:(2): 152–153. 4258: 4223: 4216: 4198: 4155: 4148: 4130: 4123: 4092: 4063:(2): 157–164. 4053:"Pneumothorax" 4043: 4036: 4010: 3989:(7): 664–669. 3969: 3940:(1): e000246. 3920: 3877: 3828: 3821: 3803: 3754: 3713: 3662: 3633:(3): 220–224. 3606: 3579:(6): 674–679. 3563: 3541: 3511: 3492:(3): 457–466. 3476: 3449:(2): 224–232. 3433: 3384: 3355:(3): 466–472. 3335: 3316:(2): 590–602. 3288: 3239: 3198: 3179:(2): 313–316. 3163: 3142:(3): 185–189. 3117: 3090: 3036: 3001:(4): 303–308. 2981: 2974: 2953: 2927: 2896: 2889: 2871: 2864: 2835: 2808:(4): 268–272. 2787: 2733: 2726: 2699: 2670:(3): 222–226. 2650: 2582: 2460: 2400: 2379:(2): 121–127. 2369:"Pneumothorax" 2326: 2305:(3): 637–650. 2246: 2235: 2215: 2172: 2126: 2099:(6): 706–714. 2083: 2076: 2058: 2029:(6): 269–273. 2009: 1980:(4): 618–623. 1953: 1920: 1836: 1799: 1788: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1742: 1739: 1735:pneumothoraces 1714: 1711: 1656: 1653: 1637:incidence rate 1632: 1629: 1615: 1612: 1599: 1596: 1573: 1570: 1512: 1509: 1484: 1472:Heimlich valve 1416: 1413: 1394: 1391: 1376:breathlessness 1366: 1363: 1359:cardiac output 1355:cardiac arrest 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1277: 1258: 1255: 1251:cystic lesions 1226: 1223: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1125: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1093: 1090: 1076: 1073: 1013:microorganisms 973:pleural cavity 957: 954: 948: 945: 937:diving chamber 880:Avanos Medical 848: 845: 840: 836: 818:chromosome 17p 791:homocystinuria 770:, and certain 764:echinococcosis 754: 753: 752:in the chest) 739: 738:Miscellaneous 735: 734: 724: 718: 717: 688: 682: 681: 663: 657: 656: 643: 639: 638: 624: 620: 619: 616: 602: 599: 583:family history 566: 563: 553: 550: 511:blood pressure 467: 464: 442:(heard with a 359: 356: 302:(CT) scan, or 246:collapsed lung 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 178: 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 154: 148: 147: 134: 128: 127: 113: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 80: 74: 73: 64: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 42:Collapsed lung 40: 36: 35: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6640: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6606: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6435: 6434:Wound healing 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361:Complications 6359: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6317:Facial trauma 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6281:Gunshot wound 6279: 6277: 6276:Electrocution 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6138:Bone fracture 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6080:Trauma center 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Resuscitation 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859:Other/general 5857: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5841:Mediastinitis 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5584:noninfectious 5582: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5493:Obstructive / 5491: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Farmer's lung 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5266:Bronchiolitis 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4432:9780199571123 4428: 4424: 4423: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4357:(5): 566–70. 4356: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2977: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2842: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2236:9781405104616 2232: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2079: 2077:9780323523714 2073: 2069: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1795: 1791: 1789:9780781741521 1785: 1781: 1780: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1741:Other animals 1738: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1604:thoracentesis 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1517: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:one-way valve 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:safe triangle 1434: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1294: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266:FAST protocol 1263: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1165: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1141: 1136: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1056: 1054: 1053:small airways 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 953: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 872: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 844: 834: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 751: 750:endometriosis 747: 743: 740: 736: 732: 728: 725: 723: 719: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 664: 662: 658: 655: 651: 647: 644: 640: 637: 633: 630:is present), 629: 625: 621: 613: 610: 608: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 558: 549: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:oxygen levels 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 440:breath sounds 437: 432: 430: 426: 425:rib fractures 422: 421:pleural space 418: 417:gunshot wound 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 377: 375: 370: 366: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 279:(including a 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 210:pleural space 207: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 179: 175: 172: 169: 165: 162: 158: 155: 153: 149: 146: 142: 138: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 85: 81: 79: 75: 72: 68: 65: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 32: 26: 22: 6618:Chest trauma 6605: 6565:Pneumothorax 6564: 6518: 6498: 6478:, excluding 6476:Chest injury 6312:Chest injury 6271:Crush injury 6261:Blunt trauma 6256:Blast injury 6178:Pneumothorax 6177: 5962:Traumatology 5957:Major trauma 5778:Pneumothorax 5777: 5731:Lung abscess 5713: 5583: 5572:Pneumocystis 5533:Pneumococcal 5314:lung disease 5310:occupational 5288:Interstitial 5253: 5197: 5183: 5156:lung disease 5122: 5116:Epiglottitis 5106: 5074: 5068:Laryngospasm 5032: 5013:Strep throat 4998: 4961: 4937:nasal septum 4935: 4894: 4878: 4800:Pneumothorax 4793: 4767: 4756: 4732: 4721: 4710: 4691: 4668: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4558:. Retrieved 4549: 4540: 4528:. Retrieved 4519: 4510: 4498:. Retrieved 4489: 4480: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4421: 4414: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4308: 4302: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4207: 4201: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4139: 4133: 4108: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4021: 4013: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3812: 3806: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3630: 3626: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3553: 3544: 3532:. Retrieved 3523: 3514: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3404:(1): 11–17. 3401: 3397: 3387: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3313: 3309: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3139: 3135: 3103: 3093: 3058: 3054: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2965: 2944:. Retrieved 2939: 2930: 2920:28 September 2918:. Retrieved 2914:the original 2910:www.jems.com 2909: 2899: 2880: 2874: 2849: 2805: 2801: 2765: 2761: 2717: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2618: 2614: 2558: 2554: 2420: 2416: 2376: 2372: 2302: 2298: 2225: 2218: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2142: 2138: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2067: 2061: 2026: 2022: 2012: 1977: 1973: 1944:. Retrieved 1935: 1890: 1886: 1827:. Retrieved 1818: 1778: 1744: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1719:pneumothorax 1718: 1716: 1693:, or entire 1684: 1680:tuberculosis 1676:René Laennec 1669: 1660: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1631:Epidemiology 1617: 1601: 1582: 1575: 1558:tetracycline 1551: 1539:thoracoscopy 1536: 1514: 1502: 1491: 1480: 1461: 1426: 1405: 1396: 1384: 1368: 1365:Conservative 1343: 1334: 1319: 1270:blunt trauma 1260: 1248: 1236: 1204: 1192: 1183: 1180:shifted away 1173: 1095: 1078: 1065:tidal volume 1057: 1045:inflammation 1022: 1001:serous fluid 986: 975:(black) and 950: 925:scuba diving 915: 888: 873: 869: 861:rib fracture 853:blunt trauma 850: 825: 816:(located at 810: 784: 768:foreign body 757: 699:polymyositis 650:tuberculosis 604: 574: 570: 568: 539: 492: 469: 433: 410: 378: 361: 328: 320:heart attack 310:(buildup of 289: 283:) or from a 281:blast injury 269:tuberculosis 257:lung disease 254: 245: 212:between the 206:pneumothorax 205: 203: 181:conservative 120:tuberculosis 111:Risk factors 82:Chest pain, 34:Pneumothorax 25: 6487:Cardiac and 6383:Contracture 6336:Demographic 6322:Head injury 6168:Flail chest 6090:Trauma team 5876:Common cold 5823:Fibrothorax 5806:Chylothorax 5801:Hydrothorax 5754:mediastinum 5714:circulatory 5709:Atelectasis 5516:By pathogen 5508:pneumonitis 5495:Restrictive 5475:Sarcoidosis 5347:Berylliosis 5293:restrictive 5254:unspecified 5176:obstructive 5159:(including 5076:vocal cords 5008:Pharyngitis 4971:Tonsillitis 4926:Nasal polyp 4861:common cold 4854:(including 4758:MedlinePlus 4384:(1): 5–15. 4057:Respirology 3727:Circulation 2995:Neonatology 2621:(1): 8–16. 1753:mediastinum 1620:thoracotomy 1566:doxycycline 1562:minocycline 1554:pleurodesis 1521:thoracotomy 1516:Pleurodesis 1457:antibiotics 1176:mediastinum 1092:Chest X-ray 1049:obstruction 1035:. Areas of 1025:lung tissue 727:Lung cancer 666:Sarcoidosis 527:epigastrium 499:tachycardia 472:respiration 444:stethoscope 390:Hypercapnia 352:pleurectomy 344:pleurodesis 296:chest X-ray 250:atelectasis 189:pleurodesis 157:Lung bullae 137:Chest X-ray 94:Usual onset 67:Pulmonology 39:Other names 6612:Categories 6570:Hemothorax 6291:Stab wound 6173:Hemothorax 6099:Procedures 6058:Principles 6051:Management 6012:NACA score 5986:Assessment 5952:Polytrauma 5945:Principles 5796:Hemothorax 5598:Aspiration 5560:Chlamydiae 5550:Mycoplasma 5538:Klebsiella 5396:Bagassosis 5382:Byssinosis 5357:Chalicosis 5332:Asbestosis 5327:Aluminosis 5261:Bronchitis 5132:Tracheitis 5108:epiglottis 5057:Laryngitis 4931:Rhinorrhea 4795:Patient UK 4734:DiseasesDB 3682:(1): 166. 1946:31 October 1829:31 October 1760:References 1727:'air' and 1614:Prevention 1608:chest tube 1584:Air travel 1468:water seal 1429:chest tube 1415:Chest tube 1409:iatrogenic 1393:Aspiration 1380:outpatient 1326:chest tube 1262:Ultrasound 1257:Ultrasound 969:chest tube 929:barotrauma 911:barotrauma 822:folliculin 495:heart rate 460:correlated 448:Percussion 413:stab wound 336:chest tube 322:. A large 308:hemothorax 304:ultrasound 222:chest pain 218:chest wall 185:chest tube 167:Prevention 161:hemothorax 141:ultrasound 6480:fractures 6249:Mechanism 6143:Degloving 5871:Influenza 5816:Malignant 5579:Parasitic 5528:Bacterial 5503:Pneumonia 5372:Silicosis 5367:Siderosis 5337:Baritosis 5171:Bronchial 4919:Hay fever 4888:Sinusitis 4769:eMedicine 4642:218806957 4406:202645306 4087:222188018 3015:1661-7800 2455:231805530 2439:1476-7058 2210:207386345 1717:The word 1713:Etymology 1572:Aftercare 1316:Treatment 1244:sensitive 1219:diaphragm 1121:insertion 1075:Diagnosis 1033:emphysema 956:Mechanism 952:of life. 901:, either 847:Traumatic 833:haplotype 803:emphysema 575:secondary 531:apex beat 503:tachypnea 394:confusion 382:Hypoxemia 365:tachypnea 195:Frequency 177:Treatment 126:, smoking 88:tiredness 62:Specialty 6558:injuries 6553:Lung and 6500:vascular 6492:injuries 6407:Embolism 5886:COVID-19 5679:BOOP-COP 5646:Broncho- 5589:Chemical 5377:Talcosis 5298:fibrosis 5151:Lower RT 4904:Rhinitis 4851:Upper RT 4603:16506938 4554:Archived 4552:. 2005. 4524:Archived 4522:. 2005. 4494:Archived 4492:. 2005. 4472:21041331 4437:Archived 4294:19436812 4253:10727592 4193:16838594 4079:15182264 4005:23515437 3964:30899791 3907:29452099 3872:28881006 3798:25519778 3749:20956224 3708:34863280 3657:17351237 3601:19317500 3593:17975389 3558:Archived 3528:Archived 3506:29433802 3471:24664490 3463:21103861 3420:20078434 3379:19871141 3371:10088853 3330:11171742 3283:15976424 3234:20696690 3158:22343477 3112:32644430 3085:30707441 3023:28013308 2830:45908721 2822:16825879 2782:19651381 2694:27383937 2645:15611534 2577:20696690 2447:33535849 2395:18708734 2321:16946095 2241:Archived 2202:22474153 2167:13746434 2159:19631372 2121:35518356 2113:25463161 2053:25364493 2004:26435925 1940:Archived 1915:32575512 1907:24812003 1823:Archived 1794:Archived 1624:Evidence 1338:dressing 1096:A plain 1037:necrosis 731:sarcomas 587:cannabis 581:, and a 542:sedation 519:cyanosis 404:(COPD), 386:cyanosis 369:cyanosis 216:and the 78:Symptoms 6189:Cardio 5198:chronic 5124:trachea 5000:pharynx 4880:sinuses 4728:D011030 4628:: 6–9. 4398:9523361 4285:2676596 4185:3677805 3955:6407548 3915:4587316 3863:6483783 3789:6516953 3699:8643006 3648:2660039 3428:8184800 3193:8553937 3076:6357997 3031:4314067 2685:5569604 2636:1726546 2044:4205574 1995:4559988 1724:pneumo- 1655:History 1470:, or a 1350:cannula 1239:CT scan 965:CT scan 805:), and 760:measles 648:(PCP), 618:Causes 591:tobacco 579:smoking 571:primary 535:sternum 515:trachea 474:and/or 340:surgery 332:syringe 275:to the 145:CT scan 6300:Region 6224:Neuro 6127:Injury 5967:Triage 5938:Trauma 5567:Fungal 5221:Asthma 5034:larynx 4963:tonsil 4763:000087 4717:173600 4640: 4601: 4560:5 June 4530:5 June 4500:5 June 4470: 4429: 4404: 4396: 4292: 4282: 4251: 4214: 4191: 4183: 4146: 4121: 4085: 4077: 4034: 4003: 3983:Thorax 3962: 3952: 3913: 3905: 3870: 3860: 3819: 3796: 3786: 3747: 3706: 3696: 3655: 3645: 3599: 3591: 3534:27 May 3504: 3486:Injury 3469: 3461: 3426: 3418: 3377: 3369: 3328: 3281: 3274:558461 3271: 3232: 3212:Thorax 3191: 3156: 3110: 3083: 3073: 3029: 3021: 3013: 2972: 2946:16 May 2887: 2862: 2828: 2820: 2780: 2724: 2692: 2682: 2643: 2633: 2575: 2555:Thorax 2453: 2445: 2437: 2393: 2319: 2233: 2208: 2200: 2165: 2157: 2139:Lancet 2119: 2111: 2074: 2051: 2041: 2002: 1992: 1913: 1905: 1786: 1730:thorax 1699:lesion 1433:axilla 1387:Oxygen 1029:bullae 917:Divers 895:biopsy 722:Cancer 680:(LAM) 348:pleura 318:, and 267:, and 265:asthma 230:tissue 102:Causes 97:Sudden 6520:heart 6159:Resp 5702:Other 5651:Lobar 5602:Lipid 5523:Viral 5422:Other 5184:acute 5161:LRTIs 5086:(LPR) 5064:(LPR) 5042:Croup 5022:(LPR) 4856:URTIs 4739:10195 4687:S27.0 4683:P25.1 4638:S2CID 4402:S2CID 4189:S2CID 4165:Chest 4083:S2CID 4030:–82. 3911:S2CID 3887:Chest 3597:S2CID 3467:S2CID 3424:S2CID 3375:S2CID 3310:Chest 3027:S2CID 2826:S2CID 2451:S2CID 2206:S2CID 2182:Chest 2163:S2CID 2117:S2CID 1936:NHLBI 1911:S2CID 1330:acute 1196:hilum 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