Police - Knowledge

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have been ill-suited to Britain, which saw examples such as the French one as a threat to the people's liberty and balanced constitution in favor of an arbitrary and tyrannical government. Law enforcement was mostly up to the private citizens, who had the right and duty to prosecute crimes in which they were involved or in which they were not. At the cry of 'murder!' or 'stop thief!' everyone was entitled and obliged to join the pursuit. Once the criminal had been apprehended, the parish constables and night watchmen, who were the only public figures provided by the state and who were typically part-time and local, would make the arrest. As a result, the state set a reward to encourage citizens to arrest and prosecute offenders. The first of such rewards was established in 1692 of the amount of £40 for the conviction of a

1024:. Communities were divided into groups of ten families called tithings, each of which was overseen by a chief tithingman. Every household head was responsible for the good behavior of his own family and the good behavior of other members of his tithing. Every male aged 12 and over was required to participate in a tithing. Members of tithings were responsible for raising "hue and cry" upon witnessing or learning of a crime, and the men of his tithing were responsible for capturing the criminal. The person the tithing captured would then be brought before the chief tithingman, who would determine guilt or innocence and punishment. All members of the criminal's tithing would be responsible for paying the fine. A group of ten tithings was known as a "hundred" and every hundred was overseen by an official known as a 4385: 4142: 350:. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. Local citizens could report minor judicial offenses against them such as robberies at a local prefectural office. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan. 3781: 1584: 3233: 2131: 1645: 4278: 2423: 3972: 1508: 1382:, who succeeded him as magistrate in the Bow Street office. Under John Fielding, the institution of the Bow Street Runners gained more and more recognition from the government, although the force was only funded intermittently in the years that followed. In 1763, the Bow Street Horse Patrol was established to combat highway robbery, funded by a government grant. The Bow Street Runners served as the guiding principle for the way that policing developed over the next 80 years. Bow Street was a manifestation of the move towards increasing professionalisation and state control of street life, beginning in London. 3459: 4080:, who suggested that police should pay greater attention to minor "quality of life" offenses and disorderly conduct. The concept behind this method is simple: broken windows, graffiti, and other physical destruction or degradation of property create an environment in which crime and disorder is more likely. The presence of broken windows and graffiti sends a message that authorities do not care and are not trying to correct problems in these areas. Therefore, correcting these small problems prevents more serious criminal activity. The theory was popularised in the early 1990s by police chief 2155:

information about a crime but did not carry out patrols or otherwise take preventive action. Villages and cities typically hired constables and marshals, who were empowered to make arrests and serve warrants. Many municipalities also formed a night watch, a group of citizen volunteers who would patrol the streets at night looking for crime and fires. Typically, constables and marshals were the main law enforcement officials available during the day while the night watch would serve during the night. Eventually, municipalities formed day watch groups. Rioting was handled by local militias.

751: 2637: 1341:. The city guard was organized, uniformed and armed like a military unit and was responsible for interventions against various crimes and the arrest of suspected criminals. These guards were assisted by the military, fire patrolmen, and a civilian unit that did not wear a uniform, but instead wore a small badge around the neck. The civilian unit monitored compliance with city ordinances relating to e.g. sanitation issues, traffic and taxes. In rural areas, the King's bailiffs were responsible for law and order until the establishment of counties in the 1630s. 2780: 2912: 3525:'s study of police cooperation in the English Channel region, which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a description of how these transnational information and intelligence exchanges are transformed into police casework. The study showed that transnational police information sharing was routinized in the cross-Channel region from 1968 on the basis of agreements directly between the police agencies and without any formal agreement between the countries concerned. By 1992, with the signing of the 1757: 2237: 56: 1373:. The Bow Street Runners are considered to have been Britain's first dedicated police force. They represented a formalization and regularization of existing policing methods, similar to the unofficial 'thief-takers'. What made them different was their formal attachment to the Bow Street magistrates' office, and payment by the magistrate with funds from the central government. They worked out of Fielding's office and court at No. 4 Bow Street, and did not patrol but served 11998: 10563: 1504:, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution". Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation. 12012: 1471: 1703: 2501:

criminality by making crime cost-ineffective – "crime doesn't pay". In the second draft of his 1829 Police Act, the "object" of the new Metropolitan Police, was changed by Robert Peel to the "principal object," which was the "prevention of crime." Later historians would attribute the perception of England's "appearance of orderliness and love of public order" to the preventive principle entrenched in Peel's police system.

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that a number of "organizational pathologies" have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that transnational police information circuits help to "compose the panic scenes of the security-control society". The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.

1314:, chōnin, often former criminals, who were hired by local residents and merchants to work as police assistants in a particular neighborhood. This system typically did not apply to the Samurai themselves. Samurai clans were expected to resolve disputes among each other through negotiation, or when that failed through duels. Only rarely did Samurai bring their disputes to a magistrate or answer to police. 1354:

also increased the number of private thief-takers. Thief-takers became infamously known not so much for what they were supposed to do, catching real criminals and prosecuting them, as for "setting themselves up as intermediaries between victims and their attackers, extracting payments for the return of stolen goods and using the threat of prosecution to keep offenders in thrall". Some of them, such as

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obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be impeded. This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table.

1160:("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties". 1136:. The constables, of whom half were merchants and half were craftsmen, were charged with enforcing 16 regulations relating to curfews, weapons, and theft. At that time, maintenance of public order in Scotland was mainly done by clan chiefs and feudal lords. The first centrally organised and uniformed police force was created by the government of 2612:. They perform functions that require an immediate recognition of an officer's legal authority and a potential need for force. Most commonly this means intervening to stop a crime in progress and securing the scene of a crime that has already happened. Besides dealing with crime, these officers may also manage and monitor traffic, carry out 4119:, evidence that patrols deter crime if they are concentrated in crime hotspots and that restricting police powers to shoot suspects does not cause an increase in crime or violence against police officers. Use of experiments to assess the usefulness of strategies has been endorsed by many police services and institutions, including the U.S. 3493:

some sense, transcend national borders. This includes a variety of practices, but international police cooperation, criminal intelligence exchange between police agencies working in different nation-states, and police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states are the three types that have received the most scholarly attention.

1164: 3514:. There are also many interesting examples of cross-border policing under private auspices and by municipal police forces that date back to the 19th century. It has been established that modern policing has transgressed national boundaries from time to time almost from its inception. It is also generally agreed that in the post– 2305:) to use robots for various law enforcement and emergency operations, permitting their employment as a deadly force option in cases where the "risk of life to members of the public or officers is imminent and outweighs any other force option available to SFPD." This policy has been criticized by groups such as the 1009:, that they wore uniforms, that they were housed together with other employees of the podestà together with a number of servants including cooks and stable-keepers, that their parentage and places of origin were meticulously recorded, and that most were not native to Bologna, with many coming from outside Italy. 3541:

is now common practice in most advanced countries and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world. James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests

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The Metropolitan Police Act 1829 created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This

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Critics also argue that sometimes this abuse of force or power can extend to police officer civilian life as well. For example, critics note that women in around 40% of police officer families have experienced domestic violence and that police officers are convicted of misdemeanors and felonies at a

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in the early 1970s showed flaws in using visible car patrols for crime prevention. It found that aimless car patrols did little to deter crime and often went unnoticed by the public. Patrol officers in cars had insufficient contact and interaction with the community, leading to a social rift between

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and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in states recovering from conflict. With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and

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in a wider variety of skills, and prevent "cliques" that can contribute to corruption or other unethical behavior. Conversely, some countries regard detective work as being an entirely separate profession, with detectives working in separate agencies and recruited without having to serve in uniform.

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and the consequent rise of criminal offenses, the government offered £100 for the conviction of a highwayman. Although the offer of such a reward was conceived as an incentive for the victims of an offense to proceed to the prosecution and to bring criminals to justice, the efforts of the government

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at the end of the Old Kingdom period, warriors armed with wooden sticks were tasked with guarding public places such as markets, temples, and parks, and apprehending criminals. They are known to have made use of trained monkeys, baboons, and dogs in guard duties and catching criminals. After the Old

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has consistently ruled that law enforcement officers in the U.S. have no duty to protect any individual, only to enforce the law in general. This is despite the motto of many police departments in the U.S. being a variation of "protect and serve"; regardless, many departments generally expect their

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and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " confined to what minimally necessary to determine whether is armed, and the intrusion, which made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby, confined to ascertaining the presence

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The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state. These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for policing that, in

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and provide for international co-operation and co-ordination of other police activities, such as notifying relatives of the death of foreign nationals. Interpol does not conduct investigations or arrests by itself, but only serves as a central point for information on crime, suspects and criminals.

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The relationship between detective and uniformed branches varies by country. In the United States, there is high variation within the country itself. Many American police departments require detectives to spend some time on temporary assignments in the patrol division. The argument is that rotating

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as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units

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period. Police officers served as interrogators, prosecutors, and court bailiffs, and were responsible for administering punishments handed down by judges. In addition, there were special units of police officers trained as priests who were responsible for guarding temples and tombs and preventing

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Up to the early 18th century, the level of state involvement in law enforcement in Britain was low. Although some law enforcement officials existed in the form of constables and watchmen, there was no organized police force. A professional police force like the one already present in France would

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mentions various local police officials in the Jewish communities of the Land of Israel and Babylon who supervised economic activity. Their Greek-sounding titles suggest that the roles were introduced under Hellenic influence. Most of these officials received their authority from local courts and

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All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize

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has also become an important strategy. Intelligence-led policing and problem-oriented policing are complementary strategies, both of which involve systematic use of information. Although it still lacks a universally accepted definition, the crux of intelligence-led policing is an emphasis on the

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in traffic, while in other jurisdictions, emergency lights may be kept on while patrolling to ensure ease of visibility. Unmarked or undercover police vehicles are used primarily for traffic enforcement or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. The use of unmarked police

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was established in 1862, it was made up from a large number of policing and military units operating within the then Colony of New South Wales and traces its links back to the Royal Marines. The passing of the Police Regulation Act of 1862 essentially tightly regulated and centralised all of the

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prescribes that kings should appoint officers and subordinates in the towns and villages to protect their subjects from crime. Various inscriptions and literature from ancient India suggest that a variety of roles existed for law enforcement officials such as those of a constable, thief catcher,

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the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or

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enhance the ability of police communications, enabling easier dispatching of calls, criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds, and updating officers' daily activity log and other required reports, on a real-time basis. Other common pieces of police

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Detectives, in contrast to uniformed police, typically wear business-styled attire in bureaucratic and investigative functions, where a uniformed presence would be either a distraction or intimidating but a need to establish police authority still exists. "Plainclothes" officers dress in attire

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was established in 1834 as the first municipal police service in Canada. Prior to that, local able-bodied male citizens had been required to report for night watch duty as special constables for a fixed number of nights a year on penalty of a fine or imprisonment in a system known as "watch and

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and arrested offenders on the authority of the magistrates, travelling nationwide to apprehend criminals. Fielding wanted to regulate and legalize law enforcement activities due to the high rate of corruption and mistaken or malicious arrests seen with the system that depended mainly on private

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In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be

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Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years. For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political

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Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that the low

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may have dedicated religious police to enforce said laws. These religious police forces, which may operate either as a unit of a wider police force or as an independent agency, may only have jurisdiction over members of said religion, or they may have the ability to enforce religious customs

2597:. The uniformed police are known by varying names such as preventive police, the uniform branch/division, administrative police, order police, the patrol bureau/division, or patrol. In Australia and the United Kingdom, patrol personnel are also known as "general duties" officers. Atypically, 2500:

concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter

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in the 1660s. The county sheriff, who was an elected official, was responsible for enforcing laws, collecting taxes, supervising elections, and handling the legal business of the county government. Sheriffs would investigate crimes and make arrests after citizens filed complaints or provided

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My partner grabbed the fire extinguisher and I ran to the car. We didn't know somebody was in there at first. And then everybody started yelling, 'There's somebody trapped! There's somebody trapped!' And, along with the help of a bunch of citizens, we were able to get him out in the nick of

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Law enforcement is only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of

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from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression". Before the 19th century, the first use of the word

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Throughout the Middle Ages such alliances were frequently formed by combinations of towns to protect the roads connecting them, and were occasionally extended to political purposes. Among the most powerful was the league of North Castilian and Basque ports, the Hermandad de las marismas:

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to make the police more accessible to the concerns of local communities, by working to increase hiring diversity, by updating training of police in their responsibilities to the community and under the law, and by increased oversight within the department or by civilian commissions.

10245: 1200:, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns. 3255:

Police forces are usually organized and funded by some level of government. The level of government responsible for policing varies from place to place, and may be at the national, regional or local level. Some countries have police forces that serve the same territory, with their

3386:(RCMP) are the federal police, while municipalities can decide whether to run a local police service or to contract local policing duties to a larger one. Most urban areas have a local police service, while most rural areas contract it to the RCMP, or to the provincial police in 3557:

One topic concerns making transnational policing institutions democratically accountable. According to the Global Accountability Report for 2007, Interpol had the lowest scores in its category (IGOs), coming in tenth with a score of 22% on overall accountability capabilities.

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promote. Secret police interventions to stop such activities are often illegal, and are designed to debilitate, in various ways, the people targeted in order to limit or stop outright their ability to act in a non-politically correct manner. The methods employed may involve

2552:, criminal investigations, regulating traffic, crowd control, public safety duties, civil defense, emergency management, searching for missing persons, lost property and other duties concerned with public order. Regardless of size, police forces are generally organized as a 2045:

were responsible for public order in urban areas. In addition, officials called amils, whose primary duties were tax collection, occasionally dealt with rebels. The system evolved under growing British influence that eventually culminated in the establishment of the

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It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. This is the chief aim of every good system of legislation, which is the art of leading men to the greatest possible happiness or to the least possible misery, according to calculation of all the goods and evils of

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is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save the lives of others or themselves, though some jurisdictions (such as Brazil) allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. Police officers in the United States are generally allowed to

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certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE in England and Wales) by an officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superintendent.

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during the years he remained resident in London. The interests of public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated in Europe, which eventually led to the establishment of

1028:. Hundreds ensured that if a criminal escaped to a neighboring village, he could be captured and returned to his village. If a criminal was not apprehended, then the entire hundred could be fined. The hundreds were governed by administrative divisions known as 1814:

remains the largest police force in Australia in terms of personnel and physical resources. It is also the only police force that requires its recruits to undertake university studies at the recruit level and has the recruit pay for their own education.

442:. Each regional unit had its own captain. The police forces of ancient Egypt did not guard rural communities, which often took care of their own judicial problems by appealing to village elders, but many of them had a constable to enforce state laws. 3584:

and convinced to return to China. Many of these actions were illegal in the states where they occurred. Such police stations have been established in dozens of countries around the world, with some, such as the UK and the US, forcing them to close.

472:, and also assisted with dealing with criminals, handling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves. Athenian police forces were supervised by the 560:, who acted as night watchmen and firemen. In addition to firefighting, their duties included apprehending petty criminals, capturing runaway slaves, guarding the baths at night, and stopping disturbances of the peace. As well as the city of Rome, 4239:

Using deception for confessions is permitted, but not coercion. There are exceptions or exigent circumstances such as an articulated need to disarm a suspect or searching a suspect who has already been arrested (Search Incident to an Arrest). The

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began emerging in the United States in the mid-19th century, replacing previous law enforcement systems based primarily on night watch organizations. Cities began establishing organized, publicly funded, full-time professional police services. In

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for promotions within the department, and an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract professionally qualified officers. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated on dealing with

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were tasked with keeping order and enforcing nighttime curfew. Watchmen guarded the town gates at night, patrolled the streets, arrested those on the streets at night without good reason, and also acted as firefighters. Eventually the office of

2291:, law enforcement was carried out by local sheriffs, rangers, constables, and federal marshals. There were also town marshals responsible for serving civil and criminal warrants, maintaining the jails, and carrying out arrests for petty crime. 4236:

of weapons" (U.S. Supreme Court). Before Terry, every police encounter constituted an arrest, giving the police officer the full range of search authority. Search authority during a Terry stop (investigatory stop) is limited to weapons only.

4088:. It was emulated in 2010s in Kazakhstan through zero tolerance policing. Yet it failed to produce meaningful results in this country because citizens distrusted police while state leaders preferred police loyalty over police good behavior. 4255:(PACE), but generally have greater powers. They may, for example, legally search any suspect who has been arrested, or their vehicles, home or business premises, without a warrant, and may seize anything they find in a search as evidence. 3877:

patrols are used in some areas, often downtown areas or parks, because they allow for wider and faster area coverage than officers on foot. Bicycles are also commonly used by riot police to create makeshift barricades against protesters.

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are responsible for investigations and detective work. Detectives may be called Investigations Police, Judiciary/Judicial Police, or Criminal Police. In the United Kingdom, they are often referred to by the name of their department, the

935:. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the 2837:

units with specialized equipment, weapons, and training, for the purposes of dealing with particularly violent situations beyond the capability of a patrol officer response, including standoffs, counterterrorism, and rescue operations.

3869:, having historically been a mainstay in police fleets, are commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists, and often in 3842:, and are rarely, if ever, assigned to standard patrol or authorized to respond to dangerous calls (such as armed calls or pursuits) where the likelihood of the vehicle being damaged or destroyed is high. Police vehicles are usually 639:, officials with the responsibility of making declarations to the people, guarding the king's person, supervising public works, and executing the orders of the courts existed in the urban areas. They are repeatedly mentioned in the 1599:. It became clear that the locally maintained system of volunteer constables and "watchmen" was ineffective, both in detecting and preventing crime. A parliamentary committee was appointed to investigate the system of policing in 1531:. The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives". Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the 673:

emerged as law enforcement. In the absence of a court system or written legal code, they carried out police-like activities, employing varying degrees of coercion to enforce conformity and deter antisocial behavior. In ancient

4037:. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict 1901: 429:

was used to protect valuable areas, especially areas of pharaonic interest like capital cities, royal cemeteries, and the borders of Egypt. Though they are best known for their protection of the royal palaces and tombs in

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period, a professional police force was created with a specific focus on enforcing the law, as opposed to the previous informal arrangement of using warriors as police. The police force was further reformed during the

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police have a "shoot-to-kill" policy, which allows officers to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them. With the country having one of the highest rates of violent crime, President

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Because their situational mandate typically focuses on removing innocent bystanders from dangerous people and dangerous situations, not violent resolution, they are often equipped with non-lethal tactical tools like

2713:, a regular detective has equal status with regular uniformed officers. Officers still have to take exams to move to the detective branch, but the move is regarded as being a specialization, rather than a promotion. 1570:

failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of

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were responsible for guarding the cities and their suburbs, patrolling, and the pursuit and arrest of criminals. They were typically hired on short-term contracts, usually six months. Detailed records from medieval

512:, an elite army unit which was primarily an Imperial bodyguard and intelligence-gathering unit, could also act as a riot police force if required. Local watchmen were hired by cities to provide some extra security. 1096:

From about 1500, private watchmen were funded by private individuals and organisations to carry out police functions. They were later nicknamed 'Charlies', probably after the reigning monarch King Charles II.

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has a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement, with over 17,000 state and local law enforcement agencies. These agencies include local police, county law enforcement (often in the form of a

362:, law enforcement tasks were initially entrusted to individuals with military backgrounds or imperial magnates during the Old Babylonian period, but eventually, law enforcement was delegated to officers known as 4375:

are often worn by police officers to record their interactions with the public and each other, providing audiovisual recorded evidence for review in the event an officer or agency's actions are investigated.

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in the 13th century. The cities financed and organized groups of watchmen who patrolled the streets. In the late 1500s in Stockholm, patrol duties were in large part taken over by a special corps of salaried

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whose mission includes providing protection for executives such as the president and accompanying family members, visiting foreign dignitaries, and other high-ranking individuals. Such agencies include the

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who passed judgement and carried out law enforcement tasks. Among the responsibilities that lay judges had were giving formal warnings to known troublemakers, issuing warrants, and carrying out executions.

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were preferred for this role. Cities and towns also had night watchmen. Besides officers of the town, there were officers for every tribe. The temple in Jerusalem had special temple police to guard it. The

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system. By the end of the 13th century, the office of constable developed. Constables had the same responsibilities as chief tithingmen and additionally as royal officers. The constable was elected by his

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otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination"

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Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in

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A common compromise in English-speaking countries is that most detectives are recruited from the uniformed branch, but once qualified they tend to spend the rest of their careers in the detective branch.

3533:, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe. 2372:. However, this may be a mistranslation of Foucault's own work since the actual source of Magdalene Humpert states over 14,000 items were produced from the 16th century dates ranging from 1520 to 1850. 4418:

In the United States since the 1960s, concern over such issues has increasingly weighed upon law enforcement agencies, courts and legislatures at every level of government. Incidents such as the 1965

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carry firearms in their vehicles, but not on their duty belts, and must obtain authorization before the weapons can be removed from the vehicle unless their life or the life of others are in danger.

1775:, organized law enforcement emerged soon after British colonization began in 1788. The first law enforcement organizations were the Night Watch and Row Boat Guard, which were formed in 1789 to police 4407:. Specifically, tension increases when a police officer of one ethnic group harms or kills a suspect of another one. In the United States, such events occasionally spark protests and accusations of 1698:

Above all else, an effective authority figure knows trust and accountability are paramount. Hence, Peel's most often quoted principle that "The police are the public and the public are the police."

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to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo in imports alone. The idea of a police, as it then existed in

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The Statute of Winchester was the only general public measure of any consequence enacted to regulate the policing of the country between the Norman Conquest and the Metropolitan Police Act, 1829…

4349:, is one of only a few civilian agencies around the world responsible for investigating circumstances involving police and others that have resulted in a death, serious injury, or allegations of 417:

inappropriate behavior at festivals or improper observation of religious rites during services. Other police units were tasked with guarding caravans, guarding border crossings, protecting royal

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forces but they could also be used for other duties such as customs and tax enforcement, rubbish collection, and acting as bodyguards for governors. From the 10th century, the importance of the

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declined as the army assumed internal security tasks while cities became more autonomous and handled their own policing needs locally, such as by hiring watchmen. In addition, officials called

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have been formed to provide extra police protection in designated areas. These districts may be known as neighborhood improvement districts, crime prevention districts, or security districts.

488:, a 300-member Royal guard of honor, as their enforcers. There were separate authorities supervising women, children, and agricultural issues. Sparta also had a secret police force called the 627:. Police officers also acted as prosecutors and carried out punishments imposed by the courts. They were required to know the court procedure for prosecuting cases and advancing accusations. 2264:, a day police consisting of six officers under the command of the city marshal was established in 1838 to supplement the city's night watch. This paved the way for the establishment of the 3169:

Secret police organizations are typically used to suppress dissidents for engaging in non-politically correct communications and activities, which are deemed counter-productive to what the

1730:, and in 1884 they switched to the use of whistles that could be heard from much further away. The Metropolitan Police became a model for the police forces in many countries, including the 4107:, evidence-based policing is the use of controlled experiments to find which methods of policing are more effective. Leading advocates of evidence-based policing include the criminologist 1527:

began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game". The force was part funded by the

8326: 2217:

were made when the city's night watchmen and constables began receiving wages and a Board of Wardens was created to oversee the night watch. Municipal police services were createed in

4441:", and a precipitous rise in violent crime from the 1960s to the 1990s has made questions surrounding the role, administration and scope of police authority increasingly complicated. 1633:, who called for a strong and centralised, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible 158:. Police forces have become ubiquitous and a necessity in complex modern societies. However, their role can sometimes be controversial, as they may be involved to varying degrees in 3422:, only have jurisdiction over federal crimes or those that involve more than one state. Other federal agencies have jurisdiction over a specific type of crime. Examples include the 5736:

The second part of the Institutes of the lawes of England: Containing the exposition of many ancient, and other statutes; whereof you may see the particulars in a table following…

1987:

is provided by the RCMP, and the RNC. The aforementioned services also provide municipal policing, although larger Canadian municipalities may establish their own police service.

8082:

Sheptycki, J. (2004) 'The Accountability of Transnational Policing Institutions: The Strange Case of Interpol' The Canadian Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 107–134

7996:

Alain, M. (2001) 'The Trapeze Artists and the Ground Crew – Police Cooperation and Intelligence Exchange Mechanisms in Europe and North America: A Comparative Empirical Study',

5932: 1668:. To appear neutral, the uniform was deliberately manufactured in blue, rather than red which was then a military colour, along with the officers being armed only with a wooden 544:

investigated crimes. There was no concept of public prosecution, so victims of crime or their families had to organize and manage the prosecution themselves. Under the reign of

621:

had well-organized police forces. A police force existed in every place of importance. In the cities, each ward was under the command of a Superintendent of Police, known as a

8870:"A Typology of Civilians Shot and Killed by US Police: a Latent Class Analysis of Firearm Legal Intervention Homicide in the 2014–2015 National Violent Death Reporting System" 5000: 9614: 9348: 6670: 5776: 6190: 10441: 5023: 1641:

and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

9649: 3762:. Some police departments have developed advanced computerized data display and communication systems to bring real time data to officers, one example being the NYPD's 3668:

They can also be armed with "non-lethal" (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal" given that they can still be deadly) weaponry, particularly for

2135: 8250: 9388: 3741:

communications equipment, carried both on the person and installed in vehicles, to coordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly. Vehicle-installed

2729:

officers, some of whom have other jobs outside policing. These may be paid positions or entirely volunteer. These are known by a variety of names, such as reserves,

1325:

emerged as a police force with the power to arrest and punish criminals. Established in 1469 as a temporary organization, its role solidified into a permanent one.

5853:

Furuhagen, Björn (2009). "Från fjärdingsman till närpolis – en kortfattad svensk polishistoria". Växjö Studies in Policing (in Swedish). Växjö: Växjö Universitet.

3626:), Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, and Malta, with the exception of specialist units, officers do not carry firearms as a matter of course. New Zealand and 3374:, the majority of policing is carried out by state (i.e. provincial) police forces, which are supplemented by a federal police force. Though not a federation, the 2873:(MO19) of the Metropolitan Police in London is a group of armed police used in dangerous situations including hostage taking, armed robbery/assault and terrorism. 2324:

wrote that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in

508:, the army played a major role in providing security. Roman soldiers detached from their legions and posted among civilians carried out law enforcement tasks. The 4977: 2462:, and disseminated a translated version of "Essay on Crime in Punishment". Bentham espoused the guiding principle of "the greatest good for the greatest number": 576:

to deal with gangs and civil disturbances in the city of Rome, and as a counterbalance to the Praetorian Guard's enormous power in the city. They were led by the

10293: 9785: 9393: 1048:, meaning he could gather the men of his shire to pursue a criminal. Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the tithing system was tightened with the 9483: 9448: 8224: 2280:, the first police officers to patrol the city in daytime were employed in 1833 as a supplement to the night watch system, leading to the establishment of the 1349:

and in the following years it was extended to burglars, coiners and other forms of offense. The reward was to be increased in 1720 when, after the end of the

9812: 4361: 7944:

Sheptycki, J. (1995) 'Transnational Policing and the Makings of a Postmodern State', British Journal of Criminology, 1995, Vol. 35 No. 4 Autumn, pp. 613–635

3327:. In both France and Spain, the civilian force polices urban areas and the paramilitary force polices rural areas. Italy has a similar arrangement with the 9513: 3446:

stations and trains. There are also some government agencies and uniformed services that perform police functions in addition to other duties, such as the

2768: 2272:, law enforcement up to the 1840s was handled by a night watch as well as 100 city marshals, 51 municipal police officers, and 31 constables. In 1845, the 1389:, a 1754 British political scandal in which a group of thief-takers was found to be falsely prosecuting innocent men in order to collect reward money from 9100: 8472: 3576:, this has involved setting up unofficial police service stations around the world, and using coercive means to influence the behaviour of members of the 3378:

has a similar arrangement, where policing is primarily the responsibility of a regional police force and specialist units exist at the national level. In

1960:

in 1873 (renamed Royal North-West Mounted Police in 1904). In 1920, the Dominion Police, and the Royal Northwest Mounted Police were amalgamated into the

9704: 9523: 9323: 8850: 6799: 6722: 5948:

Delmas-Marty, Mireille; J. R. Spencer (2002) . "European Criminal Procedures (pdf)" (PDF). Presses Universitaires de France / Cambridge University Press.

2361: 1528: 3798:

Police vehicles are used for detaining, patrolling, and transporting over wide areas that an officer could not effectively cover otherwise. The average

247:, has largely lost its slang connotations and become a common colloquial term used both by the public and police officers to refer to their profession. 9533: 9423: 9383: 8767: 8172: 6975: 4444:

Police departments and the local governments that oversee them in some jurisdictions have attempted to mitigate some of these issues through community

4192:

Police in the United States are also prohibited from holding criminal suspects for more than a reasonable amount of time (usually 24–48 hours) before

3838:

are typically not used by police due to cost and maintenance issues, though those that are used are typically only assigned to traffic enforcement or

9413: 3572:

A police force may establish its presence in a foreign country with or without the permission of the host state. In the case of China and the ruling

1924:

During the early days of English and French colonization, municipalities hired watchmen and constables to provide security. Established in 1729, the

8784: 5237: 10434: 9428: 8120: 2151: 1413:

recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the

782:. As medieval Spanish kings often could not offer adequate protection, protective municipal leagues began to emerge in the twelfth century against 255:

First attested in English in the early 15th century, originally in a range of senses encompassing '(public) policy; state; public order', the word

9058: 3994:. Kōban allow police to establish a permanent police presence and offer police station services across a wide area, while taking up minimal space. 2486:, acted as a deterrent by their continual presence on the riverfront, in addition to being able to intervene if they spotted a crime in progress. 9202: 8868:

Wertz, Joseph; Azrael, Deborah; Berrigan, John; Barber, Catherine; Nelson, Eliot; Hemenway, David; Salhi, Carmel; Miller, Matthew (1 June 2020).

3717: 2073:. A uniform police bureaucracy was formed under the Police Act 1861, which established the Superior Police Services. This later evolved into the 8352: 7365: 1932:

occurred during the 1830s, modelling their services after the London Metropolitan Police, and adopting the ideas of the Peelian principles. The

6101: 2759:

program assists over 200,000 volunteers in almost 2,000 programs. Volunteers may also work on the support staff. Examples of these schemes are

2436:

The concept of preventive policing, or policing to deter crime from taking place, gained influence in the late 18th century. Police Magistrate

793:

These organizations were intended to be temporary, but became a long-standing fixture of Spain. The first recorded case of the formation of an

8064:

Goldsmith, A. and Sheptycki, J. (2007) Crafting Transnational Policing; State-Building and Global Policing Reform, Oxford: Hart Law Publishers

6923: 5873: 4430:

following their acquittal have been suggested by some people to be evidence that U.S. police are dangerously lacking in appropriate controls.

3521:

Few empirical works on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing have been undertaken. A notable exception is

2574: 1779:. Their ranks were drawn from well-behaved convicts deported to Australia. The Night Watch was replaced by the Sydney Foot Police in 1790. In 1664:

Due to public fears concerning the deployment of the military in domestic matters, Peel organised the force along civilian lines, rather than

4461: 3366:, there may be two or more tiers of police force, each serving different levels of government and enforcing different subsets of the law. In 425:, and guarding administrative buildings. By the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom period, an elite desert-ranger police force called the 7755: 7445:

Bayley, David H. (1979). "Police Function, Structure, and Control in Western Europe and North America: Comparative and Historical Studies".

5620: 8407: 8101: 4538: 3850:

to make others aware of police presence or response; in most jurisdictions, police vehicles with their sirens and emergency lights on have

3415: 7557: 6600: 1687:

To distance the new police force from the initial public view of it as a new tool of government repression, Peel publicised the so-called

850:

of Germany provided some policing in the absence of strong state institutions. Such courts had a chairman who presided over a session and

10427: 9974: 9694: 7236: 3362:

Other countries have sub-national police forces, but for the most part their jurisdictions do not overlap. In many countries, especially

2532:

argue that "the power of the police ... is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behavior", a philosophy known as

2059: 1101:

were also rewarded for catching thieves and returning the stolen property. They were private individuals usually hired by crime victims.

8027: 5970: 4299:

or inspectorate-general units. In some countries separate organizations outside the police exist for such purposes, such as the British

4204:, using excessive force to effect an arrest, and searching suspects' bodies or their homes without a warrant obtained upon a showing of 1539:

together with new laws including police powers; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment,

657:

their salaries were drawn from the town treasury. The Talmud also mentions city watchmen and mounted and armed watchmen in the suburbs.

10401: 10278: 8717:

Sherman, L.W.; Weisburd, D. (1995). "General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime "hot spots": A randomized, controlled trial".

4685: 3477: 1948:, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew. In 1870, 138:

of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from the

8743:

Sherman, L.W. (1983). 'Reducing Police Gun Use: Critical Events, Administrative Policy and Organizational Change', in Punch, M. (ed.)

6127: 5929: 2798:, exist within many law enforcement organizations either for dealing with particular types of crime, such as traffic law enforcement, 1787:

during the early to mid-19th century and were referred to as "bench police" or "benchers". A mounted police force was formed in 1825.

9554: 4295:

Police services commonly include units for investigating crimes committed by the police themselves. These units are typically called

3076:

Forms of religious law enforcement were relatively common in historical religious civilizations, but eventually declined in favor of

1857:

for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal.

8685: 6273: 4997: 2520:

theory situates the development of the modern state as part of the rise of capitalism, in which the police are one component of the

11979: 10230: 4389: 4331: 4116: 4054: 3567: 3423: 3215: 2313:, who have argued that "killer robots will not make San Francisco better" and "police might even bring armed robots to a protest." 10776: 8810: 8658: 7093: 7062: 6949: 6044: 5815:

Cunningham, Don (2004). Taiho-jutsu: law and order in the age of the samurai. Tuttle Martial Arts, Tuttle Publishing. pp. 93–100.

5780: 3335:, though their jurisdictions overlap more. Some countries have separate agencies for uniformed police and detectives, such as the 3291:

In some places with multiple national police forces, one common arrangement is to have a civilian police force and a paramilitary

2504:

Development of modern police forces around the world was contemporary to the formation of the state, later defined by sociologist

10408: 8516:"Chicago Chooses Criminologist to Head and Clean Up the Police". United Press International/The New York Times. 22 February 1960. 6194: 5020: 4384: 3427: 2944: 2444:, argued that "...it is much better to prevent even one man from being a rogue than apprehending and bringing forty to justice." 1956:

were incorporated into the country. In an effort to police its newly acquired territory, the Canadian government established the

1868: 778:, or 'holy brotherhoods', peacekeeping associations of armed individuals, were a characteristic of municipal life, especially in 240: 9222: 6846: 6171: 6153: 4974: 2379:, according to Foucault the police had an administrative, economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of 9313: 9143: 6644: 6324:"House of Commons – HC 1456 Home Affairs Committee: Written evidence submitted by the National Black Police Association (NBPA)" 6083: 1967:

The RCMP provides federal law enforcement; and law enforcement in eight provinces, and all three territories. The provinces of

4159:

law has been developed to regulate officers' discretion, so that they do not arbitrarily or unjustly exercise their powers of

1393:, added further impetus for a publicly salaried police force that did not depend on rewards. Nonetheless, In 1828, there were 10240: 9007: 7888: 7863: 7838: 7813: 7786: 7154: 6411: 6233: 5918: 5898: 5820: 5489: 5386: 5312: 5253: 5170: 5105: 4872: 4847: 4822: 4365: 4338: 4319: 4300: 4252: 2706: 2620:(in 2012, the latter accounted for 14% of police time in the United Kingdom). As most of these duties must be available as a 2143: 2093: 924: 47: 9024: 7389: 6302: 6008: 10695: 10090: 10075: 9854: 9719: 7488: 4680: 4353:. The agency has made allegations of insufficient cooperation from various police services hindering their investigations. 4141: 3975: 2970: 2741: 2334: 2125: 1365:

began paying some London and Middlesex watchmen with tax monies, beginning the shift to government control. In 1749, Judge

1225:('city sergeants'), which the Paris Prefecture of Police's website claims were the first uniformed policemen in the world. 1081:, and to deliver offenders to the sheriff or reeve, is cited as one of the earliest antecedents of the English police. The 10180: 6348:

Lentz, Susan A.; Chaires, Robert H. (2007). "The Invention of Peel's Principles: A Study of Policing 'Textbook' History".

4908: 10381: 10361: 10160: 9984: 9629: 9333: 8832: 7933: 6457: 5160: 4695: 4457: 3633:

Police often have specialized units for handling armed offenders or dangerous situations where combat is likely, such as

3244: 2795: 2368:(1937) in which the author makes note of a substantial bibliography was produced of over 4,000 pieces of the practice of 1719:

model" of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the

1532: 636: 7005: 6375: 3780: 3580:

and especially those who hold Chinese citizenship. Political dissidents have been harassed and intimidated in a form of

146:

are military units charged with civil policing. Police forces are usually public sector services, funded through taxes.

10255: 10045: 9869: 9714: 9619: 8551: 7953:

Deflem, M. (2002) Policing World Society; Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation, Oxford: Calrendon

7046: 6509: 6482: 5048: 4516: 4315: 4296: 3207: 2950:

a section of the military responsible for policing in both the armed forces and in the civilian population (e.g., most

1677: 1629:. Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of 400: 2740:

Other volunteer organizations work with the police and perform some of their duties. Groups in the U.S. including the

2108:

once their probationary period ends. On prescribed satisfactory service in the SPS, the officers are nominated to the

11405: 10963: 10862: 10753: 9884: 7414: 7374: 7352: 7181: 7127: 6887: 5841: 5691: 5604: 5516: 5447: 5201: 2745: 2659: 2147: 1302:, non-Samurai from the lowest outcast class, often former criminals, who worked for them as informers and spies, and 1155: 8644: 11519: 11388: 10722: 10326: 9249: 6323: 4690: 4289: 3960: 3924:

may also be used by some police forces to establish identifiable command centers at the scene of major situations.

3834:

is required, or the nature of the officer's assignment necessitates it), they may be used as standard patrol cars.

3470: 2295: 2105: 1446:

in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In

1054: 11974: 11321: 11222: 10303: 10210: 9989: 9969: 9929: 9443: 6736: 6525: 5065: 4526: 3646: 2640: 2302: 2273: 2245: 2241: 2101: 1925: 1880: 1834: 1583: 827: 9729: 2429:, philosopher who advocated for the establishment of preventive police forces and influenced the reforms of Sir 11481: 11115: 10288: 9834: 9699: 9403: 7904: 4251:

British police officers are governed by similar rules, such as those introduced to England and Wales under the

3603: 3352: 2702: 2548:. Terminology varies from country to country. Police functions include protecting life and property, enforcing 2306: 2281: 2202: 1795: 1211:

reorganized the police in Paris and other cities with more than 5,000 inhabitants on February 17, 1800, as the

216:

or civic/civil guards. Ireland differs from other English-speaking countries by using the Irish language terms

7257: 6875: 1066:

was established, with a justice of the peace overseeing constables. There was also a system of investigative "

678:, armed retainers of the nobility enforced law in the countryside according to the will of their leaders. The 468:'rod-bearers'), a group of about 300 Scythian slaves, was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for 10834: 10791: 10155: 10070: 10025: 9979: 9964: 9954: 9914: 9864: 9844: 9308: 9117: 8764: 6909: 4145: 3615: 3403: 3383: 3195: 3037:

per religious doctrine and laws, and may also prohibit practices that run contrary to said doctrine, such as

2353: 2097: 1961: 1905: 1378:

citizens and state rewards for law enforcement. Henry Fielding's work was carried on by his brother, Justice

1350: 1252:, who were responsible for patrolling the streets, keeping the peace, and making arrests when necessary. The 135: 8925: 8073:

Hills, A. (2009) 'The Possibility of Transnational Policing, Policing and Society, Vol. 19 No. 3 pp. 300–317

7667: 7588: 3672:, or to inflict pain against a resistant suspect to force them to surrender without lethally wounding them. 2755:

provide training, traffic and crowd control, disaster response, and other policing duties. In the U.S., the

1246:, or assistant magistrates, who conducted criminal investigations, and beneath them were Samurai serving as 708:, judges had officers serving under them who were empowered to perform arrests, even of dignitaries. In the 11641: 11120: 10060: 9909: 9674: 9644: 9634: 9498: 7009: 6401: 5081:"(PDF) Police forces in first millennium BC Babylonia and beyond, in: KASKAL 10 (2013), 69–87 Academia.edu" 4760: 3784: 3554:

there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions.

3431: 3411: 3232: 2760: 2756: 2230: 2130: 2070: 1850: 1811: 1799: 1751: 1618: 1575:; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. 1179: 1167: 1125: 1090: 1057:

every year. Eventually, constables became the first 'police' official to be tax-supported. In urban areas,

83: 17: 10796: 8494: 8277: 5734: 2881:

Police may have administrative duties that are not directly related to enforcing the law, such as issuing

11636: 10205: 10145: 9839: 9780: 9709: 9684: 9659: 9604: 9599: 9569: 8480: 3921: 3847: 3638: 3034: 2870: 2459: 1928:(RNC) was the first policing service founded in Canada. The establishment of modern policing services in 1695:

Whether the police are effective is not measured on the number of arrests but on the deterrence of crime.

1622: 1588: 1543:. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, 319: 8251:"The words 'I thought my life was in danger' allow police to kill black people without fear of reprisal" 8197: 5403: 3316: 1790:

The first police force having centralised command as well as jurisdiction over an entire colony was the

1644: 12067: 12062: 11611: 11110: 10339: 10320: 10235: 9919: 9807: 9724: 9679: 9664: 9639: 9624: 9579: 9564: 9503: 9478: 9298: 4595: 3920:

capabilities; these vehicles are typically not armed and do not patrol and are only used to transport.

3913: 3649:

is an aspect of many armed forces. Perhaps the most high-profile example of this was in 1980, when the

3227: 2698: 2248: 2175: 2055: 1938: 1524: 1362: 1240:, who acted as judges, prosecutors, and as chief of police. Beneath them were other Samurai serving as 1232:

warriors were charged with enforcing the law among commoners. Some Samurai acted as magistrates called

1086: 1058: 694:

Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas also had organized law enforcement. The city-states of the

549: 69: 10771: 9176: 5976:

The word was adopted in English in the 18th century and was disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression

4277: 4006:

in the early 20th century transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on responding to

3916:

used to transport tactical teams while providing armored cover, equipment storage space, or makeshift

3859:

banning this practice in 1996 on the grounds that it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by

3096:

religious law). As of 2018, there are eight Islamic countries that maintain Islamic religious police:

522:, could carry out arrests and inflict punishments at their magistrate's command. Magistrates such as 12052: 11694: 10391: 10200: 10195: 10165: 9770: 9589: 9584: 9328: 8597: 8091:

Lloyd, R. Oatham, J. and Hammer, M. (2007) 2007 Global Accountability Report: London: One World Trust

6225: 6217: 5218: 5121: 4575: 4492: 4456:

In cases in which such measures have been lacking or absent, civil lawsuits have been brought by the

4092: 4063: 4034: 3814:, often modified by the manufacturer or police force's fleet services to provide better performance. 3788: 3538: 3447: 3435: 2940: 2886: 2857:-type patrols and ambushes whilst retaining their police powers in areas that were highly dangerous. 2764: 2752: 2710: 2422: 2210: 2206: 2063: 1984: 1976: 1957: 1896: 1824: 1807: 932: 7693: 7405:

Quoted in H.S. Cooper, "The Evolution of Canadian Police." In eds., W.T. McGrath and M.P. Mitchell,

6983: 6105: 5974:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 979–980, lines three and four. 4046:

and other serious crime and conducting visible car patrols in between, rather than broader focus on

3971: 2681:

crime, that are unsolvable by other means. In some cases, this type of policing shares aspects with

1085:

of 1285 is also cited as the primary legislation regulating the policing of the country between the

12057: 11489: 11471: 10654: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10170: 10150: 10095: 10085: 10035: 10020: 9944: 9939: 9874: 9574: 9559: 9538: 9458: 9408: 9343: 7985: 6927: 5870: 4665: 3627: 3581: 3336: 3085: 2995: 2988: 2602: 2408: 2265: 2000: 1884: 1872: 1451: 347: 11823: 7746: 6697: 6626: 5245: 4244:

severely restricts the use of the military for police activity, giving added importance to police

2233:

was founded in 1865 and was for some time the main investigative body for the federal government.

1980: 142:

and other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however,

11864: 11651: 11140: 11125: 10344: 10130: 10010: 9689: 9669: 9654: 9609: 9373: 9288: 9076:

Lott, John R. (29 August 2018). "Concealed Carry Permit Holders Across the United States: 2018".

8536: 8458: 5988: 5634:

Dobrin, Adam (July 2017). "Volunteer police: History, benefits, costs and current descriptions".

4630: 4100: 4022: 3851: 3826:

are often used in utility roles, though in some jurisdictions or situations (such as those where

3763: 3573: 2191: 1953: 1876: 1739: 1669: 1439: 408: 391: 87: 31: 8415: 7474: 6560: 6539: 5858: 4322:, an external agency set up as a result of the Patten report into policing the province. In the 2697:

Another point of variation is whether detectives have extra status. In some forces, such as the

12072: 11919: 11904: 10664: 10459: 10260: 10005: 9934: 9790: 9755: 9745: 9528: 9468: 9438: 9293: 9138: 8385: 7803: 7554: 6604: 5802: 5404:"Pre-Colonial Criminal Justice In West Africa: Eurocentric Thought Versus Africentric Evidence" 5350: 4585: 4484: 4427: 4307:, it has become increasingly difficult to investigate and charge police misconduct and crimes. 4281: 3811: 3312: 2074: 2015: 1933: 1791: 1760: 1723:

as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state.

1443: 1074: 831: 800: 395: 189: 10786: 9113: 9081: 8225:"Rubber bullets can kill, blind or maim people for life, but authorities continue to use them" 7171: 5479: 5437: 5376: 2345: 1507: 718:

enforced the law among the households they were assigned to oversee, with inspectors known as

12082: 12023: 11616: 11294: 11105: 10602: 10386: 10125: 9879: 9849: 9802: 9453: 9353: 8043: 7271: 7119: 6825: 6472: 6434: 5993: 5532: 5506: 5464: 5191: 5095: 4640: 4472: 4434: 4311: 4285: 4272: 4104: 4069: 3897: 3807: 3658: 3462: 3458: 3340: 3132: 3070: 2977: 2749: 2325: 2255:

Modern policing influenced by the British model of policing established in 1829 based on the

2109: 2082: 2050:. In 1770, the offices of faujdar and amil were abolished. They were brought back in 1774 by 1596: 1562:

argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what

1559: 1082: 936: 835: 601: 278: 197: 7932:

Nadelmann, E.A. (1993) Cops Across Borders; the Internationalization of US Law Enforcement,

7036: 6499: 5681: 5594: 4096:

collection and analysis of information to guide police operations, rather than the reverse.

3720:

if they believe their life is in danger, a policy that has been criticized for being vague.

2705:, a regular detective holds a higher rank than a regular police officer. In others, such as 2689:

officers helps the detectives to better understand the uniformed officers' work, to promote

2636: 1611:

in 1822, he established a second and more effective committee, and acted upon its findings.

1188:('police commissioners') under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by 799:

occurred when the towns and the peasantry of the north united to police the pilgrim road to

750: 232:

is the most universal and similar terms can be seen in many non-English speaking countries.

11744: 11090: 10642: 10607: 10519: 10494: 10367: 9924: 9795: 9775: 9594: 9463: 9433: 9418: 9378: 9242: 8411: 6131: 3860: 3742: 3634: 3407: 3348: 3300: 2955: 2830: 2787: 2579: 2509: 2159: 1784: 1673: 1333: 1212: 1171: 1063: 816: 643:, and this system lasted into the period of Roman rule. The first century Jewish historian 413: 387: 127: 8645:"Problem-Oriented Policing, Intelligence-Led Policing and the National Intelligence Model" 5758: 1332:, local governments were responsible for law and order by way of a royal decree issued by 8: 11899: 11039: 10956: 10659: 10351: 10115: 10030: 9959: 9765: 9750: 9493: 9488: 8692: 6277: 4543: 4327: 4323: 4241: 4124: 4108: 3889: 3701: 3662: 3654: 3607: 3481: 3081: 3077: 2976:

a section of the military solely responsible for policing the civilian population (e.g.,

2966: 2533: 2479: 2399:. Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included 2383:

concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of

2349: 2340: 1572: 1536: 1478: 1414: 1133: 1078: 956: 952: 944: 939:, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the 726: 390:. There are records of an office known as "Judge Commandant of the Police" dating to the 343: 225: 8577: 5325: 4403:

Police forces also find themselves under criticism for their use of force, particularly

2915:

American, Australian, and New Zealand military police with a civilian police officer in

2779: 2384: 2146:, the county sheriff was the most important law enforcement official. For instance, the 1595:

London was fast reaching a size unprecedented in world history, due to the onset of the

779: 11714: 11373: 11227: 11212: 11190: 10934: 10914: 10867: 10857: 10587: 10579: 10529: 10499: 10489: 10450: 10140: 10135: 9899: 9889: 9363: 9358: 9338: 9303: 8980: 8902: 8869: 8818: 8662: 8625: 8446: 7462: 7090: 7069: 6953: 6850: 6041: 5659: 5575: 5286: 4610: 4468:

settlements to adopt such measures, and submit to oversight by the Justice Department.

4449: 4393: 4372: 4304: 4173: 4164: 4156: 4081: 4059: 3839: 3803: 2911: 2894: 2850: 2784: 2734: 2613: 2589:

make up the majority of a police service's personnel. Their main duty is to respond to

2529: 2483: 2441: 2256: 2218: 2078: 1716: 1688: 1370: 773: 759: 755: 524: 99: 40: 8102:"Two Arrested for Operating Illegal Overseas Police Station of the Chinese Government" 5960: 3529:, which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the 2593:. When not responding to these calls, they do work aimed at preventing crime, such as 2236: 2069:

A single police force was established after the formation of the British Raj with the

1194:('police inspectors'). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the 12077: 11699: 11621: 11459: 11202: 11197: 11150: 11075: 11069: 10909: 10827: 10738: 10612: 10597: 10534: 10419: 10298: 10080: 10065: 10050: 10015: 9949: 9904: 9760: 9151: 9077: 9032: 9003: 8984: 8972: 8907: 8889: 8629: 8617: 8450: 8360: 7884: 7859: 7834: 7809: 7782: 7641: 7466: 7410: 7370: 7348: 7177: 7150: 7123: 7112: 7042: 6903: 6854: 6505: 6478: 6407: 6247: 6239: 6229: 6175: 6157: 5914: 5894: 5854: 5837: 5816: 5697: 5687: 5663: 5651: 5600: 5579: 5567: 5512: 5485: 5443: 5382: 5308: 5278: 5249: 5197: 5166: 5101: 5094:

Conser, James A.; Russell, Gregory D.; Gingerich, Terry E.; Paynich, Rebecca (2005).

4916: 4868: 4843: 4818: 4742: 4615: 4565: 4488: 4268: 4136: 4120: 4077: 4026: 3952: 3893: 3866: 3673: 3174: 2885:. The extent that police have these functions varies among countries, with police in 2842: 2471: 2288: 2179: 1764: 1720: 1634: 1485: 1474: 1204: 1016:

system of maintaining public order since the Norman conquest was a private system of

962: 928: 893: 889: 885: 812: 695: 618: 531: 516:, civil servants whose primary duty was to act as bodyguards to magistrates who held 159: 8173:"6 more illegal Chinese police stations allegedly operating in US including Houston" 7197: 6648: 6218:"High Policing and Low Policing: Remarks about the Policing of Political Activities" 6080: 4785: 2845:-type campaigns, select and specially trained units of police armed and equipped as 2174:

in order to prevent slave rebellions and enslaved people from escaping. By 1785 the

1358:, became infamous at the time for staging robberies in order to receive the reward. 338:

was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the

11704: 11671: 11170: 11034: 11029: 10994: 10524: 10190: 10175: 10120: 10110: 9278: 8964: 8897: 8881: 8726: 8609: 8532: 8454: 8438: 8035: 7589:"Metropolitan Police Service – Central Operations, Specialist Firearms unit (CO19)" 7470: 7454: 6761: 6361: 6357: 5643: 5559: 5241: 4732: 4570: 4547: 4412: 4201: 4047: 4007: 3856: 3819: 3775: 3623: 3577: 3328: 3296: 3008: 2882: 2730: 2590: 2195: 1949: 1727: 1707: 1386: 1021: 597: 573: 509: 459: 185: 170: 163: 155: 9059:"Black and Blue Bloods: Protecting Police Officer Families from Domestic Violence" 9025:"What does 'defund the police' mean? The rallying cry sweeping the US – explained" 8613: 8598:"The Limits of Authoritarian Modernisation: Zero Tolerance Policing in Kazakhstan" 5563: 4464:. This has compelled local departments to make organizational changes, enter into 4334:, an independent commission that replaced the Garda Complaints Board in May 2007. 2081:

and independence in 1947. In 1948, the Indian Imperial Police was replaced by the

1871:

in 1809. In 1831, after independence, each province started organizing its local "

1756: 11953: 11926: 11914: 11894: 11828: 11806: 11786: 11781: 11761: 11626: 11606: 11601: 11504: 11464: 11175: 11100: 11024: 11009: 10929: 10707: 10701: 10509: 10504: 10396: 10250: 10185: 10100: 9508: 9368: 9283: 9273: 9235: 9180: 8771: 7719: 7561: 7492: 7393: 7386: 7324: 7144: 7097: 6306: 6299: 6255: 6087: 6048: 6016: 5936: 5877: 5052: 5043:

Whittaker, Jake. "UC Davis East Asian Studies". University of California, Davis.

5027: 5004: 4981: 4815:

Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations? – The German and European Perspective

4790: 4645: 4560: 4504: 4496: 4208:. The four exceptions to the constitutional requirement of a search warrant are: 4178: 4073: 4030: 3881: 3873:

where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles.

3755: 3729:

stated that South Africa needs to handle crime differently from other countries.

3526: 3522: 3486: 3308: 3240: 3140: 2984: 2906: 2862: 2815: 2674: 2321: 2051: 1945: 1780: 1649: 1455: 1390: 1043: 1036:, which were overseen by an official known as a shire-reeve, from which the term 1025: 804: 605:

watchman, and detective. In ancient India up to medieval and early modern times,

577: 131: 95: 8558: 4021:

introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers.

4014:. With this transformation, police command and control became more centralized. 3641:. In some jurisdictions, depending on the circumstances, police can call on the 3537:

visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature.

3260:

depending on the type of crime or other circumstances. Other countries, such as

2301:

In 2022, San Francisco supervisors approved a policy allowing municipal police (

12030: 11838: 11756: 11345: 11311: 11262: 11247: 11019: 10924: 10904: 10894: 10748: 10648: 10539: 10514: 10484: 10479: 10105: 10040: 9518: 9318: 8885: 8121:"China establishing overseas police presence in Australia and around the world" 7856:

Occupying Syria Under the French Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation

7747:"Dissidents targeted on behalf of China's secret police, US prosecutors allege" 7514: 6586: 5911:

The First English Detectives. The Bow Street Runners and the Policing of London

4890: 4737: 4720: 4635: 4620: 4600: 4580: 4465: 4350: 4205: 4018: 3983: 3948: 3874: 3547: 3530: 3375: 3236: 3170: 3136: 2846: 2690: 2662:. Detectives typically make up roughly 15–25% of a police service's personnel. 2617: 2489: 2452: 2448: 2426: 2404: 2396: 2167: 2163: 1917: 1842: 1735: 1630: 1608: 1563: 1493: 1394: 1366: 1215:. On March 12, 1829, a government decree created the first uniformed police in 1163: 1137: 679: 670: 581: 451: 193: 176:

A police force may also be referred to as a police department, police service,

119: 91: 63: 10801: 8952: 8730: 5739:. Printed by M. Flesher and R. Young, for E.D., R.M., W.L. and D.P. p. 77 5481:

The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why ...

5176: 4058:

the two. In the 1980s and 1990s, many law enforcement agencies began to adopt

1858: 1235: 12046: 11884: 11843: 11729: 11709: 11681: 11631: 11596: 11570: 11565: 11558: 11509: 11449: 11289: 11279: 11237: 11160: 11155: 11085: 11044: 10968: 10631: 10283: 10055: 9859: 9829: 9207: 9036: 8976: 8893: 8763:(No. 67), Certiorari to the Supreme Court of Ohio. Retrieved 2010-05-12 from 8621: 8429:

Reiss, Albert J. Jr. (1992). "Police Organization in the Twentieth Century".

8364: 7540:

Barnes, James. "The benefits of implementing a rotating detective position".

7013: 5965: 5655: 5571: 5282: 4920: 4746: 4433:

The fact that this trend has occurred contemporaneously with the rise of the

4227: 4085: 4011: 3999: 3956: 3917: 3870: 3689: 3677: 3439: 3398: 3320: 3187: 3164: 3050: 3046: 3014: 2897:

countries handling such tasks to a greater extent than British counterparts.

2819: 2811: 2722: 2666:

consistent with that worn by the general public for purposes of blending in.

2525: 2437: 2400: 2269: 2226: 2112:. The service color is usually dark blue and red, while the uniform color is 2030: 1909: 1806:

Each Australian state and territory maintain its own police force, while the

1731: 1567: 1544: 1459: 1438:, the Glasgow authorities successfully petitioned the government to pass the 1379: 1355: 1005:

had a chain of command, with constables and sergeants managing lower-ranking

484:

were in charge of maintaining public order as judges, and they used Sparta's

469: 431: 383: 335: 282: 260: 213: 59: 8146:"China has closed unofficial 'police stations' in Britain, UK minister says" 8039: 7971:

Sheptycki, J. (2002) In Search of Transnational Policing, Aldershot: Ashgate

7211: 6251: 5701: 5044: 1681: 1208: 1124:

The first example of a statutory police force in the world was probably the

1077:, which required the appointment of constables to summon men to arms, quell 967:

was merged with the constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the

55: 12016: 11766: 11734: 11689: 11427: 11422: 11393: 11306: 11284: 11252: 11185: 11165: 11059: 10999: 10989: 10941: 10899: 10877: 10820: 10743: 10717: 10331: 9894: 9817: 9398: 9227: 8911: 6890:. Philadelphia Police Department. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008 6259: 4655: 4625: 4438: 4404: 4168: 4149: 4038: 3936: 3909: 3815: 3738: 3721: 3712: 3697: 3685: 3669: 3650: 3550: 3511: 3281: 3257: 3191: 3183: 3152: 3117: 3084:. One of the most common forms of religious police in the modern world are 2936: 2866: 2854: 2834: 2726: 2673:", where they conceal their police identity to investigate crimes, such as 2621: 2560:. The exact structures and the names of rank vary considerably by country. 2549: 2392: 2380: 2332:

in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's

2277: 2214: 2171: 1913: 1854: 1849:

already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775, a

1665: 1614: 1497: 940: 847: 705: 640: 565: 552:

were created; the wards were protected by seven squads of 1,000 men called

505: 177: 167: 151: 10781: 8785:"Supreme Court weighs qualified immunity for police accused of misconduct" 6274:"Metropolitan Police Service – History of the Metropolitan Police Service" 4520:

officers to protect individuals. The first case to make such a ruling was

4360:, any allegations of corruption within the police are investigated by the 39:"Policing" and "Department of Police" redirect here. For the journal, see 11938: 11879: 11869: 11666: 11661: 11499: 11400: 11316: 11275: 11242: 11207: 11130: 11054: 11004: 10919: 10758: 10685: 10680: 10620: 8549: 8299: 4700: 4650: 4476: 4423: 4419: 4193: 3905: 3831: 3693: 3332: 3292: 3277: 3273: 3211: 3131:

Some forms of religious police may not enforce religious law, but rather

3097: 3066: 3042: 3026: 3022: 2962: 2951: 2920: 2647: 2557: 2521: 2430: 2047: 1999:, the current police force was established in 1861, with creation of the 1929: 1604: 1512: 1489: 1098: 1049: 920: 709: 439: 435: 374:

was responsible for investigating petty crimes and carrying out arrests.

339: 209: 181: 143: 9196:

The Rise of the Chicago Police Department: Class and Conflict, 1850–1894

7962:

Sheptycki, J. (2000) Issues in Transnational Policing, London; Routledge

5290: 4475:

to increase scrutiny of police violence grew in popularity, starting in

2569: 1458:

and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at

12002: 11931: 11811: 11749: 11494: 11415: 11410: 11368: 11350: 11338: 11299: 11145: 11135: 11095: 11080: 11064: 11014: 10951: 10946: 10690: 10637: 10625: 10568: 10549: 8968: 8951:

Benson, Bruce L.; Rasmussen, David W.; Sollars, David L. (April 1995).

7343:

R.J. Marin, "The Living Law." In eds., W.T. McGrath and M.P. Mitchell,

5647: 5238:"Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order" 4950: 4605: 4232: 3932: 3885: 3835: 3799: 3747: 3726: 3497:

radicals. A notable example of this was the occasional surveillance by

3363: 3202:. Countries widely reported to use secret police organizations include 3109: 3030: 2823: 2799: 2670: 2625: 2412: 2388: 2329: 1369:

began organizing a force of quasi-professional constables known as the

1346: 1338: 1322: 820: 596:

Law enforcement systems existed in the various kingdoms and empires of

418: 407:

were hired to guard the borders and protect trade caravans. During the

243:

are decades or centuries old with lost etymologies. One of the oldest,

3622:, in the normal course of their duties. In the United Kingdom (except 3151:

have historically suppressed and tightly controlled religions such as

1397:

units in no fewer than 45 parishes within a 10-mile radius of London.

1276:

were typically drawn from low-ranking samurai families. Assisting the

1144:, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the 989: 11909: 11874: 11816: 11791: 11656: 11553: 11541: 11526: 11514: 11442: 11360: 11333: 11217: 10356: 7981: 7908: 7309: 6191:"The History of Modern Policing: How the Modern Police Force Evolved" 4840:

A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism

4660: 4590: 4480: 4357: 4112: 4003: 3944: 3912:

are used by police tactical units, and often consist of four-wheeled

3901: 3855:

vehicles for traffic enforcement is controversial, with the state of

3827: 3705: 3502: 3367: 2682: 2654: 2553: 2545: 2505: 1846: 1772: 1147: 1129: 955:. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under 859: 851: 473: 359: 303: 291: 205: 11997: 10562: 8596:

Slade, Gavin; Trochev, Alexei; Talgatova, Malika (2 December 2020).

7555:

Volunteer Programs – enhancing Public safety by leveraging resources

5547: 4817:(1989 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 52–57. 1867:('General Police Intendancy') for investigations. He also created a 1470: 1291: 1020:

known as the mutual pledge system. This system was introduced under

296:) 'citizenship, administration, civil polity'. This is derived from 30:

This article is about the law enforcement body. For other uses, see

11958: 11943: 11646: 11531: 11328: 10872: 9822: 8926:"George Floyd's death was 'the last straw' for the black community" 8683: 8647:. Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, University College London. 8442: 8255: 7458: 6627:"Police Under British India: History, Administration, And Reforms!" 5162:

Policing Athens: Social Control in the Attic Lawsuits, 420–320 B.C.

5080: 4445: 3987: 3928: 3681: 3642: 3515: 3507: 3307:. The French policing system spread to other countries through the 3199: 3113: 2932: 2803: 2678: 2644: 2513: 2034: 1435: 1405: 903: 787: 783: 675: 644: 585: 548:, when the capital had grown to almost one million inhabitants, 14 545: 539: 518: 489: 404: 263: 139: 130:. The term is most commonly associated with the police forces of a 7331:, pp. 311–332, 333–361. 1977–78 course published in English, 2007. 6321: 4460:

against local law enforcement agencies, authorized under the 1994

3979: 3935:

for issued weapons, less-lethal weaponry, riot control equipment,

3065:, or the sale and possession of "offending material" ranging from 2616:

duties, maintain order at public events or carry out searches for

2391:(and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to 2387:

and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the

1803:

police forces operating throughout the Colony of New South Wales.

1726:

In 1863, the Metropolitan Police were issued with the distinctive

1702: 647:

related that every judge had two such officers under his command.

11848: 11796: 11776: 11724: 11536: 11454: 11270: 11232: 11180: 10544: 10468: 8574: 8552:"The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment – A Summary Report" 8353:"The new horsemen: how American riot police embraced the bicycle" 7616:"PAKISTAN Peshawar: noto giurista ucciso a colpi d'arma da fuoco" 7592: 7366:

Policing the City: Crime and Legal Authority in London, 1780–1840

6347: 4342: 4197: 3759: 3751: 3619: 3598: 3498: 3387: 3371: 3261: 3248: 3148: 3062: 3057:, business operations during religious periods or events such as 3038: 2890: 2609: 2586: 2517: 2478:(1797) was heavily influenced by Benthamite thought. Colquhoun's 2357: 2183: 2100:(SPS). The candidates selected for the SPS are usually posted as 2038: 2019: 2011: 1996: 1968: 1657: 1653: 1450:, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the 1447: 1431: 1229: 1037: 1017: 1013: 998: 555: 485: 403:, it is thought that the same model applied. During this period, 201: 8526: 6587:"Toronto Police in 1834–1860 "Formidable Engines of Oppression"" 6243: 5533:"Why Was a Scotsman Working as a 'Cop' in 15th-century Bologna?" 4411:

against police and allegations that police departments practice

4262: 3518:

era this type of practice became more significant and frequent.

2338:("Treatise on the Police"), first published in 1705. The German 2251:

carrying evidence as part of an investigation in the early 2000s

2205:

was established, followed by other federal services such as the

912:

and economic activity in general in the medieval Islamic world.

11801: 11546: 11437: 11432: 11378: 11049: 10474: 8529:

Evolving Strategy of Policing: Case Studies of Strategic Change

4408: 4397: 4346: 4160: 4043: 3843: 3792: 3443: 3391: 3379: 3344: 3304: 3285: 3269: 3179: 3089: 3054: 2916: 2598: 2594: 2416: 2261: 2222: 2187: 2058:. In 1791, the first permanent police force was established by 2042: 1972: 1776: 1626: 1600: 1552: 1548: 1501: 1329: 1318: 1216: 1033: 968: 916: 909: 877: 865: 666: 653: 648: 606: 569: 513: 493: 477: 455: 454:, publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police. In 426: 123: 111: 107: 103: 8953:"Police bureaucracies, their incentives, and the war on drugs" 6128:"The National Archives | NDAD | Metropolitan Police" 5880:". sv:Populär Historia (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 August 2015. 4495:

gained larger support in the United States as more criticized

1535:

on 28 July 1800, establishing a fully funded police force the

1430:

Following early police forces established in 1779 and 1788 in

421:, guarding slaves at work or during transport, patrolling the 11889: 11833: 11739: 11580: 11383: 10882: 9203:"The Function of Police in Modern Society: Peace or Control?" 5959: 5093: 4940:

Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1999 CD edition

3991: 3940: 3356: 3324: 3265: 3203: 3144: 3125: 3121: 3093: 3058: 2959: 2807: 2544:

Police forces include both preventive (uniformed) police and

2456: 2089: 2023: 1638: 1516: 1141: 1029: 977: 767: 481: 463: 305: 297: 285: 269: 236: 192:, civil guard, or civic guard. Members may be referred to as 115: 8495:"Guide to the Orlando Winfield Wilson Papers, ca. 1928–1972" 7642:"Middle East | Saudi minister rebukes religious police" 7100:

City of Boston, Police Department (accessed 3 December 2009)

6458:"Joseph Hudson: Inventor of the Police and Referee Whistles" 4865:

Fabricating Social Order: A Critical History of Police Power

2213:(1792). In 1751 moves towards a municipal police service in 1829: 11771: 11719: 11575: 10973: 10889: 10712: 10592: 7615: 6821: 5779:. prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr. Archived from 5621:"Section 4.1: Early History of Policing | Criminal Justice" 4415:. Similar incidents have also happened in other countries. 4392:

riot control officer using force on a protester during the

4310:

Likewise, some state and local jurisdictions, for example,

4245: 3466: 3139:. This is often done for ideological reasons; for example, 3105: 3101: 2310: 1374: 1067: 434:

and the surrounding areas, the Medjay were used throughout

422: 368:, who were present in both cities and rural settlements. A 268:('public order, administration, government'), in turn from 9173: 9144:"Police Act of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia" 7833:(1999 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 52–57. 7801: 7564:, Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice 5548:"Police forces in late medieval Italy: Bologna, 1340–1480" 4368:, two agencies which are independent of the police force. 2810:; or for situations requiring specialized skills, such as 2512:" and which was primarily exercised by the police and the 2138:

officer ticketing a motorist for a traffic violation, 1973

2136:

Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia

1783:, rural law enforcement officials were appointed by local 1558:

Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a

1296:

who went on patrol with them and provided assistance, the

973:, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France. 10843: 8867: 8684:

Sherman, Lawrence W. & Richard A. Berk (April 1984).

7980:

Joubert, C. and Bevers, H. (1996) Schengen Investigated;

7928: 7926: 4072:

was another, related approach introduced in the 1980s by

3823: 3419: 1523:

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new force the

1114:

The Second Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England

758:

of medieval Spain were formed to protect pilgrims on the

742:) also stationed throughout the provinces to keep order. 9099: (Supreme Court of the United States 1855), 7258:"Red Alert: The SFPD Want the Power to Kill with Robots" 2482:

was founded on these principles, and in contrast to the

1691:, which set down basic guidelines for ethical policing: 7805:

Challenges of Policing Democracies: A World Perspective

7173:

The Old West in Fact and Film: History Versus Hollywood

6698:"The History of Modern Policing and How It Has Evolved" 6671:"Why is the colour of the Indian police uniform khaki?" 6154:"Policing Profiles of Participating and Partner States" 5680:

Clarkson, Charles Tempest; Richardson, J. Hall (1889).

3426:, which patrols and protects government buildings; the 3018:

nationwide regardless of individual religious beliefs.

1710:

has been called "an iconic symbol of British policing".

1680:

did not include military titles, with the exception of

1511:

Poster against "detested" Police posted in the town of

699: 10812: 10449: 8950: 8550:

Kelling, George L.; Tony Pate; Duane Dieckman (1974).

8008: 8006: 7923: 5165:

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 3.

5066:"ANE Today – Policemen in 1st millennium BC Babylonia" 2356:, who produced an important theoretical work known as 2294:

In addition to federal, state, and local forces, some

2041:

and thanadars were tasked with keeping law and order.

1309: 1303: 1297: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1233: 386:

evidence of law enforcement exists as far back as the

126:

and the use of force legitimized by the state via the

9150:(in German). Land Nordrhein-Westfalen. Archived from 8595: 7369:

PDF. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2004, 6.

6435:"Just how practical is a traditional Bobby's helmet?" 4539:

federal law enforcement agencies in the United States

4231:(1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the 2360:

science on the formulation of police. Foucault cites

622: 10558: 7831:

Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe

7428:

Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931–1951),

7272:"Killer robots will not make San Francisco safer..." 7109: 6603:. Interior Security Forces (Lebanon). Archived from 6474:

World Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey

6376:"Police helmets to make a return to Bucks this year" 5869:

Bergsten, Magnus; Furuhagen, Björn (2 March 2002). "

5596:

Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

5305:

Image Makers: An Attitudinal Study of Indian Police.

2643:

detectives in "plainclothes" attire investigating a

1676:

to signal the need for assistance. Along with this,

901: 871: 863: 612: 8755: 8753: 8003: 7310:Jürgen Backhaus and Richard E. Wagner, and (2005). 4115:. Findings from controlled experiments include the 3737:Modern police forces make extensive use of two-way 2415:were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of 2056:

Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal)

1529:

London Society of West India Planters and Merchants

807:, and protect the pilgrims against robber knights. 786:and other rural criminals, and against the lawless 669:, particularly West and Central Africa, guild-like 8576: 8575:Kelling, George L.; James Q. Wilson (March 1982). 7779:The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations 7745: 7111: 6788:"The Gospel or a Glock? Mennonites and the Police" 6399: 6220:. In Kevin R.E. McCormick; Livy A. Visano (eds.). 6090:, Britannica.com, 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007. 5834:Punishment and Power in the Making of Modern Japan 5679: 5411:African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 5269:Sharma, Anupam (2004). "Police in Ancient India". 4889: 4422:, the videotaped 1991 beating by LAPD officers of 2994:a special military law enforcement service (e.g., 1738:. Bobbies can still be found in many parts of the 1454:. The Act established a force in each barony with 1152:of Paris on March 15, 1667, created the office of 838:established the centrally-organized and efficient 790:or to support one or another claimant to a crown. 7426:Charles Reith, "Preventive Principle of Police", 6785: 5593:Hess, Kären M.; Orthmann, Christine Hess (2012). 2092:, the police are under the control of respective 1975:maintain their own provincial police forces, the 794: 771: 12044: 8750: 8025: 7444: 6504:(8th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 6–8. 6071:, 2nd ed. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 38–39. 2794:Specialized preventive and detective groups, or 2510:monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force 2066:and Governor of the Presidency of Fort William. 1862: 892:. Their primary roles were to act as police and 8716: 8677: 8661:. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Archived from 8028:"High Policing in the Security Control Society" 7634: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7143:Spillane, Joseph F.; Wolcott, David B. (2013). 7142: 7114:American Metropolis: A History of New York City 4842:. Lexington, MT: Lexington Books. p. 143. 4314:have similar outside review organizations. The 1174:, the first uniformed police force in the world 8997: 8686:"The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment" 7907:. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Archived from 7881:Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo 7041:(8 ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 6–8. 6130:. Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from 5375:Adler, Philip J.; Pouwels, Randall L. (2016). 1462:. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men. 369: 363: 114:, and possessions of citizens, and to prevent 10828: 10435: 9243: 8509: 7591:. Metropolitan Police Service. Archived from 7430:vol. 34, no. 3 (September–October 1943): 207. 7198:"Lawmen of the Old West – Legends of America" 7146:A History of Modern American Criminal Justice 6455: 6081:"Police: The formation of the English Police" 5675: 5673: 4761:"The Role and Responsibilities of the Police" 4462:Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 4263:Conduct, accountability and public confidence 3196:incarceration under mental health legislation 2608:As stated by the name, uniformed police wear 2539: 2352:and civil servant, and much more famously by 1541:The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames 876:existed perhaps as early as the Caliphate of 719: 713: 9257: 9137:See e.g. § 1 section 2 of the Police Act of 8833:"Star Exclusive: Police ignore SIU's probes" 8642: 7607: 7433: 7034: 6567:. Wilfrid Laurier University. 13 August 2019 6497: 6104:. Nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk. Archived from 6099: 6063: 6061: 5592: 5374: 4510: 3480:(Interpol), established to detect and fight 2669:In some cases, police are assigned to work " 2524:'s repressive apparatus for subjugating the 2492:'s 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the 1220: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1153: 1145: 984:. Individually, their members were known as 960: 826:As one of their first acts after end of the 564:were also stationed in the harbor cities of 106:itself. This commonly includes ensuring the 67: 9198:. University of Illinois Press, 272 pages. 8527:Kelling, George L.; Mary A. Wycoff (2002). 8034:. Vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 70–79. 8014:Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence 7883:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 44–49. 7878: 7858:. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. 7314:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 3–4. 6924:"History of the Richmond Police Department" 6477:(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 32. 6036: 6034: 5958:Griffiths, Arthur George Frederick (1911). 5913:, 1750–1840. Oxford University Press. p. 7 5889:Tim Hichcock & Robert Shoemaker (2006) 2716: 2395:theory, was to be the main strength of the 2037:(or nazims), as well as officials known as 1041: 725: 553: 537: 529: 272: 10835: 10821: 10442: 10428: 9250: 9236: 7491:. Policiamilitar.mg.gov.br. Archived from 7035:Dempsey, John S.; Forst, Linda S. (2015). 6498:Dempsey, John S.; Forst, Linda S. (2015). 6209: 5670: 5216: 4686:List of countries by size of police forces 4284:officers aiming firearms at protestors in 3478:International Criminal Police Organization 2476:A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis 1841:In 1566, the first police investigator of 1706:Metropolitan Police officers in 2019. The 1625:was established on September 29, 1829, in 1128:, formed in 1611 to police the streets of 1040:evolved. The shire-reeve had the power of 580:. Urban Cohort units were later formed in 8901: 8782: 8747:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. 8659:"Intelligence-led policing: A Definition" 7847: 7515:"What happens when someone goes missing?" 7339: 7337: 6188: 6058: 5957: 5714: 5401: 5246:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737840.001.0001 4862: 4736: 4362:Independent Commission Against Corruption 2496:, argued that prevention ought to be the 1845:was recruited. By the 17th century, most 609:were in charge of local law enforcement. 74:("police chief master with upgraded pay") 11980:History of the American legal profession 8808: 6322:The Committee Office, House of Commons. 6069:A History of Police in England and Wales 6031: 5717:A History of Police in England and Wales 5235: 5189: 4503:rate of more than six times higher than 4383: 4276: 4140: 4117:Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment 3970: 3802:used for standard patrol is a four-door 3779: 3597: 3568:Chinese police overseas service stations 3457: 3231: 2910: 2876: 2778: 2635: 2573: 2421: 2316: 2235: 2129: 2010: 1900: 1828: 1810:enforces laws at the federal level. The 1755: 1701: 1643: 1582: 1506: 1469: 1162: 749: 54: 9172:The United States Park Police Webpage, 9056: 8248: 7822: 7613: 6470: 6215: 5504: 5477: 5271:The Indian Journal of Political Science 4896:. Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 515, 516. 4766:. Policy Studies Institute. p. xii 4303:. However, due to American laws around 4200:, abuse or physical threats to extract 3288:, have a single national police force. 2945:United States Air Force Security Forces 2366:Bibliographie der Kameralwissenschaften 2344:(Science of Police) first theorized by 2018:officers patrolling in a police car in 1425: 843:until their final suppression in 1835. 14: 12045: 9000:The New World of Police Accountability 8487: 8350: 8249:Starkey, Brando Simeo (28 June 2017). 7872: 7828: 7776: 7334: 7212:"Lists & Structure of Governments" 7068:. City of Boston. 2011. Archived from 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6300:"The Victorian Police Rattle Mystery"/ 5803:"Crime and Punishment in Shogun Japan" 5633: 5268: 5158: 5078: 5030:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 5007:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 4887: 4837: 4718: 4025:, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce 2624:, uniformed police are required to do 1908:officers present at a meeting between 10816: 10423: 9231: 9022: 8428: 8016:, Annadale, NSW: The Federation Press 7802:Das, Dilip K.; Otwin Marenin (2000). 7758:from the original on 10 December 2022 7743: 7169: 6224:. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 5759:"Edinburgh High Constables – History" 5149:1. Oxford University Press, pp. 82–85 4366:Independent Police Complaints Council 4320:Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland 4301:Independent Office for Police Conduct 4253:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 4148:officers arresting suspects during a 4130: 3787:vehicles outside a police station in 2790:members preparing to enter a building 1875:", with order maintenance tasks. The 1869:Royal Police Guard for Rio de Janeiro 1104:The earliest English use of the word 925:Great Officers of the Crown of France 48:Department of Police (disambiguation) 9075: 8759:Supreme Court of the United States, 8118: 7879:Clark, John; Decalo, Samuel (2012). 7853: 6737:"The Origins of Modern Day Policing" 6120: 5732: 5545: 5462: 5190:Park, Louise; Love, Timothy (2010). 5097:Law Enforcement in the United States 4984:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, 4906: 4812: 4681:List of basic law enforcement topics 4091:Building upon these earlier models, 3976:Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department 3848:sirens and flashing emergency lights 3561: 3489:are excluded from its competencies. 3438:, which protect national parks; and 3434:facilities, vehicles and items; the 2983:the civilian preventive police of a 2935:solely responsible for policing the 2796:Specialist Investigation Departments 2742:Retired and Senior Volunteer Program 2407:(which was important because of the 2186:, sole responsibility for policing, 2126:Law enforcement in the United States 980:cities, police forces were known as 686:, or "enforcers", acting as police. 134:that are authorized to exercise the 8691:. Police Foundation. Archived from 8557:. Police Foundation. Archived from 8324: 8300:"SA minister defends shoot-to-kill" 8170: 7934:Pennsylvania State University Press 6762:"How the U.S. Got Its Police Force" 6695: 6561:"The History of Policing in Canada" 6546: 6540:"The History of Policing in Canada" 4806: 4696:List of protective service agencies 4458:United States Department of Justice 4332:Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission 4055:Kansas City Preventive Patrol study 3088:, which enforce the application of 2064:Commander-in-Chief of British India 1533:Depredations on the Thames Act 1800 1032:, the rough equivalent of a modern 399:Kingdom collapsed, ushering in the 24: 9188: 8851:"If Police Encounters Were Filmed" 8811:"Police review board gets started" 8745:Control in the Police Organization 8479:. 18 February 1966. Archived from 7668:"Countries That Follow Sharia Law" 7573:p.Davies, Bruce & McKay, Gary 7539: 7237:"Law Enforcement Equipment Policy" 6926:. City of Richmond. Archived from 5989:"Pre 1800 – Glasgow Police Museum" 5763:www.edinburghhighconstables.org.uk 5546:Dean, Trevor (11 September 2019). 5326:"The Laws of the Ancient Persians" 5217:Tsolakidou, Stella (30 May 2013). 4907:Beam, Christopher (17 June 2009). 4517:Supreme Court of the United States 4316:Police Service of Northern Ireland 3704:. Police officers typically carry 3476:Most countries are members of the 2601:'s preventive police are known as 2152:Albany County Sheriff's Department 1258:were responsible for managing the 927:with police responsibilities: The 25: 12094: 10964:Restitution and unjust enrichment 10754:Evidence law in the United States 9216: 8815:The State Journal-Register Online 8531:. National Institute of Justice. 8386:"Car Fire Rescue, Caught On Tape" 8327:"Pataki Curbs Unmarked Cars' Use" 8222: 7744:Palma, Stefania (16 March 2022). 7347:. Toronto: Methuen, 1981, 18–19. 6976:"New York City Police Department" 6456:Dan Zambonini (24 October 2009). 6172:"A Brief Guide to Police History" 5442:. New Saraswati House India Pvt. 5435: 5100:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4524:in 1855, and the most recent was 4029:and introduce professionalism in 3732: 3606:deputies conducting an arrest in 2833:, specially selected and trained 2829:Most larger jurisdictions employ 2746:Community Emergency Response Team 2660:Criminal Investigation Department 2578:Uniformed police officers of the 908:were responsible for supervising 745: 613:Achaemenid (First Persian) Empire 492:to watch the large population of 239:terms exist for the police. Many 12011: 12010: 11996: 10561: 10294:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 9329:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9166: 9131: 9106: 9088: 9069: 9063:Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law 9050: 9016: 8991: 8944: 8918: 8861: 8843: 8825: 8802: 8776: 8737: 8710: 8651: 8636: 8589: 8568: 8543: 8520: 8465: 8422: 8400: 8378: 8344: 8318: 8292: 8270: 8242: 8216: 8198:"Easy police access to firearms" 8190: 8164: 8138: 8112: 8094: 8085: 8076: 8067: 8058: 8019: 7990: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7938: 7897: 7795: 7770: 7737: 7712: 7686: 7660: 7580: 7575:The Men Who Persevered:The AATTV 7567: 7548: 7533: 7507: 7481: 7420: 7399: 7379: 7357: 7318: 7303: 7291: 7278: 7264: 7250: 7229: 7204: 7190: 7163: 7136: 6876:Police Department (Philadelphia) 6822:"The history of the Park Police" 5505:Malpass, Michael Andrew (1996). 4691:List of law enforcement agencies 3610:, carrying a variety of weaponry 3471:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3453: 3418:. Federal agencies, such as the 3416:federal law enforcement agencies 2178:Guard and Watch had "a distinct 2119: 2106:Assistant Commissioner of Police 951:), was under the command of the 884:is known to have existed in the 665:In many regions of pre-colonial 122:. Their lawful powers encompass 11975:History of the legal profession 10272:states with limited recognition 8783:Totenberg, Nina (8 June 2020). 7781:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 80. 7329:Security, Territory, Population 7300:pp. 311–332 p. 330 Note 11 2007 7298:Security, Territory, Population 7103: 7084: 7063:"A Brief History of the B.P.D." 7055: 7028: 6998: 6968: 6950:"A Brief History of The B.P.D." 6942: 6916: 6880: 6869: 6839: 6814: 6779: 6754: 6729: 6715: 6689: 6663: 6637: 6619: 6593: 6579: 6532: 6518: 6491: 6464: 6449: 6427: 6393: 6368: 6341: 6315: 6292: 6276:. Met.police.uk. Archived from 6266: 6182: 6164: 6146: 6093: 6074: 6001: 5981: 5951: 5942: 5923: 5903: 5883: 5863: 5847: 5826: 5809: 5795: 5769: 5751: 5726: 5715:Critchley, Thomas Alan (1978). 5708: 5627: 5613: 5586: 5539: 5525: 5498: 5471: 5456: 5429: 5402:Dalgleish, David (April 2005). 5395: 5368: 5343: 5318: 5297: 5262: 5229: 5210: 5183: 5152: 5139: 5114: 5087: 5072: 5058: 5037: 5014: 4991: 4968: 4943: 4867:. Pluto Press. pp. 93–94. 4719:Miller, Eric J. (27 May 2023). 4527:Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales 4390:General Directorate of Security 4379: 4062:strategies, and others adopted 3927:Police cars may contain issued 3844:marked with appropriate symbols 3647:military aid to the civil power 2641:Oklahoma City Police Department 2303:San Francisco Police Department 2274:New York City Police Department 2102:Deputy Superintendent of Police 1944:A national police service, the 1926:Royal Newfoundland Constabulary 1883:, was established in 1928, and 1578: 1119: 828:War of the Castilian Succession 689: 241:slang terms for police officers 10608:Deferred prosecution agreement 9705:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 9223:United Nations Police Division 8497:. Online Archive of California 8351:Wilson, Jason (15 June 2017). 8171:Hee, Natalie (19 April 2023). 8119:Xiao, Bang (12 October 2022). 7777:Mendee, Jargalsaikhan (2013). 7409:. Toronto: Methuen, 1981, 39. 6952:City of Boston. Archived from 6362:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.11.016 5836:. Princeton University Press. 5236:Fuhrmann, Christopher (2011). 5219:"The Police in Ancient Greece" 4934: 4900: 4881: 4856: 4831: 4791:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 4778: 4753: 4712: 3998:The advent of the police car, 3616:police officers carry firearms 3216:The Ministry of State Security 3208:The Ministry of State Security 2927:Military police may refer to: 2774: 2721:Police services often include 2703:Philadelphia Police Department 2307:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2282:Philadelphia Police Department 2203:United States Marshals Service 2033:, provincial governors called 1492:merchants who operated at the 1178:This office was first held by 1140:in 1667 to police the city of 70:Polizeihauptmeister mit Zulage 13: 1: 9118:Cornell University Law School 9057:Rafaqat, Cheema (July 2016). 8614:10.1080/09668136.2020.1844867 7407:The Police Function in Canada 7345:The Police Function in Canada 7286:Security Territory Population 7110:Lankevich, George L. (1998). 7091:A Brief History of The B.P.D. 5686:. Garland Pub. pp. 1–2. 5582:– via www.academia.edu. 5564:10.1080/03071022.2019.1579974 5508:Daily Life in the Inca Empire 5307:Abhinav Publications. p. 95. 4706: 4177:led to the widespread use of 4146:Los Angeles Police Department 3966: 3384:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 3221: 3182:, various acts of deception, 3021:Religious police may enforce 2631: 2354:Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi 2150:was founded in 1626, and the 2077:, which kept order until the 1962:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1906:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1715:was very different from the " 1648:Group portrait of policemen, 1351:War of the Spanish Succession 9201:Interview with Sam Mitrani: 8325:Dao, James (18 April 1996). 7905:"Law Enforcement Statistics" 7700:. Cambridge University Press 7542:Huntsville Police Department 7010:United States Secret Service 6471:Terrill, Richard J. (2015). 6055:. Retrieved 4 February 2007. 6042:Origins of the Thames Police 5891:Tales From the Hanging Court 5159:Hunter, Virginia J. (1994). 5147:Ancient Egyptian Onomastica. 5034:, on Perseus Digital Library 5011:, on Perseus Digital Library 4988:, on Perseus Digital Library 4290:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 4181:or constitutional warnings. 3785:New South Wales Police Force 3657:was deployed to resolve the 3639:authorised firearms officers 3588: 3432:United States Postal Service 3002: 2761:Volunteers in Police Service 2757:Volunteers in Police Service 2563: 2231:United States Secret Service 2094:States and union territories 2071:Government of India Act 1858 1864:Intendência Geral de Polícia 1853:was created in the state of 1812:New South Wales Police Force 1800:New South Wales Police Force 1752:Law enforcement in Australia 1745: 1619:Metropolitan Police Act 1829 1180:Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie 1168:Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie 1156:lieutenant général de police 1126:High Constables of Edinburgh 1108:seems to have been the term 1091:Metropolitan Police Act 1829 988:. Subordinate to the city's 353: 304: 292: 250: 7: 9394:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 8278:"Cops 'must shoot to kill'" 7038:An Introduction to Policing 6847:"United States Mint Police" 6723:"Policing Colonial America" 6501:An Introduction to Policing 6406:. Oxford University Press. 6400:Brodeur, Jean-Paul (2010). 6350:Journal of Criminal Justice 6216:Brodeur, Jean-Paul (1992). 5777:"Bicentenaire: theme expo4" 5240:. Oxford University Press. 4725:Criminal Law and Philosophy 4721:"The Concept of the Police" 4553: 4339:Special Investigations Unit 3769: 2900: 2871:Specialist Firearms Command 1623:Metropolitan Police Service 1589:Metropolitan Police Service 1310: 1304: 1298: 1290: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1234: 902: 872: 864: 832:Ferdinand II of Aragon 623: 572:. Augustus also formed the 320:History of criminal justice 10: 12099: 11642:International legal theory 11121:International slavery laws 11116:International human rights 11111:International criminal law 10321:Royal Albanian Gendarmerie 10304:Republic of China (Taiwan) 9096:South v. State of Maryland 9023:Levin, Sam (6 June 2020). 8886:10.1007/s11524-020-00430-0 7387:Edwin Chadwick (1800–1890) 7312:Handbook of Public Finance 7284:For more on Von Justi see 6786:Andy Alexis-Baker (2007). 6328:publications.parliament.uk 6305:February 18, 2010, at the 5465:"Life in the Aztec Empire" 5355:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 5145:Gardiner, Alan H. (1947). 5126:World History Encyclopedia 4738:10.1007/s11572-023-09682-8 4596:Officer Down Memorial Page 4522:South v. State of Maryland 4266: 4134: 3914:armored personnel carriers 3773: 3593: 3565: 3424:Federal Protective Service 3228:Law enforcement by country 3225: 3162: 3006: 2904: 2869:, and rubber bullets. The 2699:New York Police Department 2567: 2540:Personnel and organization 2348:, a 17th-century Austrian 2249:Joint Terrorism Task Force 2123: 2096:and are known to be under 2006: 1990: 1939:Quebec City Police Service 1894: 1837:motorcycle officer in 1935 1822: 1749: 836:Isabella I of Castile 464: 324: 317: 313: 298: 286: 228:and its members. The word 38: 29: 11990: 11967: 11857: 11695:Administration of justice 11680: 11589: 11480: 11359: 11261: 10982: 10850: 10767: 10731: 10723:Presentence investigation 10673: 10578: 10556: 10458: 10377: 10312: 10271: 9998: 9738: 9547: 9266: 9179:24 September 2008 at the 9114:"Castle Rock v. Gonzales" 8731:10.1080/07418829500096221 8026:Sheptycki, James (2007). 7808:. Routledge. p. 17. 7288:p. 329 Notes 7 and 8 2007 6908:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5930:"Central Criminal Court". 5733:Coke, Sir Edward (1642). 5484:Oxford University Press. 5478:Parsons, Timothy (2010). 5122:"Police in Ancient Egypt" 4955:Oxford English Dictionary 4888:Siegel, Larry J. (2005). 4813:Lioe, Kim Eduard (2010). 4576:Fraternal Order of Police 4511:Protection of individuals 4215:Search incident to arrest 4099:A related development is 4093:intelligence-led policing 4064:problem-oriented policing 4035:Chicago Police Department 3539:Intelligence-led policing 3428:Postal Inspection Service 3315:. Another example is the 3158: 2971:National Republican Guard 2765:Police Support Volunteers 2375:As conceptualized by the 2148:New York Sheriff's Office 1985:Newfoundland and Labrador 1977:Ontario Provincial Police 1958:North-West Mounted Police 1941:was established in 1840. 1897:Law enforcement in Canada 1890: 1825:Law enforcement in Brazil 1818: 1808:Australian Federal Police 1488:was able to persuade the 1465: 1420: 1395:privately financed police 959:(reigned 1515–1547), the 933:Grand Constable of France 660: 630: 445: 401:First Intermediate Period 226:the national police force 11472:Basic structure doctrine 11322:Natural and legal rights 11203:Public international law 10352:Polish People's Republic 9314:Central African Republic 9194:Mitrani, Samuel (2014). 8106:US Department of Justice 7986:Kluwer Law International 7006:"Secret Service History" 6792:The Conrad Grebel Review 5511:. Greenwood Publishing. 5051:October 7, 2008, at the 4980:24 February 2021 at the 4863:Neocleous, Mark (2004). 4666:Women in law enforcement 4171:. In the United States, 4084:and New York City Mayor 4070:Broken windows' policing 3758:, and "ticket books" or 3582:transnational repression 3086:Islamic religious police 3013:Some jurisdictions with 2849:have been designated as 2717:Volunteers and auxiliary 2455:, promoted the views of 2409:miasma theory of disease 2266:Boston Police Department 1452:Royal Irish Constabulary 858:In the medieval Islamic 698:had constables known as 591: 377: 348:Spring and Autumn period 329: 11652:Principle of typicality 11126:International trade law 10842: 10345:Philippine Constabulary 8998:Walker, Samuel (2005). 8874:Journal of Urban Health 8770:4 December 2013 at the 7560:31 January 2017 at the 6156:. Polis. Archived from 6102:"Industrial Revolution" 5971:Encyclopædia Britannica 5032:A Greek–English Lexicon 5009:A Greek–English Lexicon 4838:Walker, Samuel (1977). 4631:Police training officer 4537:In addition, there are 4507:weapon permit holders. 4493:abolition of the police 4489:defunding of the police 4330:is investigated by the 4318:is investigated by the 4103:. In a similar vein to 4101:evidence-based policing 3764:Domain Awareness System 3711:The use of firearms or 3614:In many jurisdictions, 2996:Russian Military Police 2802:, crash investigation, 2460:Marquis Cesare Beccaria 2192:authorized use of force 1954:North-Western Territory 1877:Federal Railroad Police 1794:, formed in 1838 under 1740:Commonwealth of Nations 969: 948: 862:, police were known as 795: 772: 700: 682:had officials known as 499: 370: 364: 264: 188:, protective services, 32:Police (disambiguation) 10665:Statute of limitations 10460:Criminal investigation 10397:Law enforcement agency 10041:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9139:North Rhine-Westphalia 8473:"Finest of the Finest" 8408:"Early Defibrillation" 7829:Emsley, Clive (1999). 7577:2005 Bruce & Unwin 7170:Agnew, Jeremy (2012). 7118:. NYU Press. pp. 6222:Understanding Policing 6047:6 October 2017 at the 5832:Botsman, Dani (2005). 5303:Shah, Giriraj (1993). 5196:. Marshall Cavendish. 5079:Pirngruber, Reinhard. 4586:Law enforcement agency 4485:murder of George Floyd 4400: 4371:In the United States, 4292: 4282:Hong Kong Police Force 4218:Motor vehicle searches 4152: 4017:In the United States, 3995: 3795: 3708:to restrain suspects. 3611: 3473: 3313:French colonial empire 3252: 2924: 2791: 2769:Volunteers in Policing 2650: 2582: 2469: 2433: 2252: 2139: 2075:Indian Imperial Police 2026: 2016:Greater Chennai Police 1934:Toronto Police Service 1921: 1881:Federal Highway Police 1863: 1838: 1835:Federal Highway Police 1798:. However, whilst the 1792:South Australia Police 1768: 1761:South Australia Police 1711: 1661: 1592: 1520: 1481: 1444:City of Glasgow Police 1221: 1196: 1190: 1185:commissaires de police 1184: 1175: 1154: 1146: 1112:mentioned in the book 1075:Assize of Arms of 1252 1042: 961: 801:Santiago de Compostela 763: 720: 714: 554: 538: 530: 273: 190:law enforcement agency 154:and the protection of 75: 68: 46:. For other uses, see 11647:Principle of legality 11406:Delegated legislation 11106:Intellectual property 10603:Criminal jurisdiction 9474:São Tomé and Príncipe 9334:Republic of the Congo 8643:Tilley, Nick (2003). 8040:10.1093/police/pam005 8012:Ratcliffe, J. (2007) 7854:Deep, Daniel (2012). 7396:", The Victorian Web. 6826:National Park Service 6601:"Historical overview" 5994:Glasgow Police Museum 5935:15 April 2021 at the 5909:J. M. Beattie (2012) 5026:22 April 2016 at the 4641:Public administration 4435:civil rights movement 4387: 4312:Springfield, Illinois 4286:Wong Tai Sin District 4280: 4273:Police accountability 4221:Exigent circumstances 4144: 4105:evidence-based policy 3974: 3783: 3743:mobile data terminals 3659:Iranian Embassy siege 3635:police tactical units 3601: 3463:United Nations Police 3461: 3353:Investigations Police 3235: 2969:, and the Portuguese 2914: 2877:Administrative duties 2831:police tactical units 2800:K9/use of police dogs 2782: 2639: 2577: 2570:Uniform § Police 2474:'s influential work, 2464: 2425: 2326:public administration 2317:Development of theory 2239: 2133: 2110:Indian Police Service 2098:State Police Services 2083:Indian Police Service 2014: 1904: 1879:was created in 1852, 1832: 1785:justices of the peace 1767:with sidecars in 1938 1759: 1705: 1647: 1597:Industrial Revolution 1586: 1510: 1473: 1191:inspecteurs de police 1166: 1083:Statute of Winchester 1079:breaches of the peace 753: 602:Apastamba Dharmasutra 58: 11865:Barristers' chambers 11807:Legal representation 11745:Justice of the peace 11091:Financial regulation 10643:Inquisitorial system 10580:Criminal prosecution 10520:Reasonable suspicion 10495:Exigent circumstance 9975:United Arab Emirates 8412:Rochester, Minnesota 7998:Policing and Society 7698:Cambridge Dictionary 7595:on 15 September 2008 7586:formerly named SO19 7149:. Sage. p. 13. 6930:on 29 September 2020 6888:"Department History" 6178:on 8 September 2009. 6086:21 June 2008 at the 6053:Thames Police Museum 5939:Oldbaileyonline.org. 5876:14 July 2021 at the 5599:. Cengage Learning. 5463:McKrause, Stanford. 5439:History of the World 5381:. Cengage Learning. 5193:The Spartan Hoplites 5003:1 March 2021 at the 3922:Mobile command posts 3861:police impersonators 3702:electroshock weapons 3602:Police officers and 3301:National Gendarmerie 2978:Romanian Gendarmerie 2895:continental European 2822:("bomb squad"), and 2788:Special Assault Team 2771:in New South Wales. 2585:The police who wear 2580:West Midlands Police 2276:was established. In 2160:Province of Carolina 1426:Scotland and Ireland 1213:Prefecture of Police 1172:Prefecture of Police 1064:justice of the peace 128:monopoly on violence 27:Law enforcement body 11900:Election commission 11612:Expressive function 11141:Landlord–tenant law 11040:Consumer protection 10660:Preliminary hearing 10409:Intelligence agency 9715:Trinidad and Tobago 9695:St. Kitts and Nevis 9555:Antigua and Barbuda 9154:on 10 December 2008 9002:. Sage. p. 5. 8839:. 22 February 2011. 8602:Europe-Asia Studies 8564:on 10 October 2012. 8483:on 14 October 2008. 8392:. 19 October 2005. 7752:The Financial Times 7447:Crime & Justice 7392:11 May 2021 at the 7260:. 28 November 2022. 7016:on 19 February 2010 6980:New York Daily News 6798:(2). Archived from 6160:on 3 December 2013. 6134:on 22 November 2008 5893:, Bloomsbury. p. 1 5378:World Civilizations 5068:. 19 February 2019. 4544:U.S. Secret Service 4324:Republic of Ireland 4242:Posse Comitatus Act 4125:College of Policing 4111:and philanthropist 4109:Lawrence W. Sherman 4033:, and later in the 3978:officers outside a 3896:tend to consist of 3890:fixed-wing aircraft 3686:riot control agents 3663:Metropolitan Police 3655:Special Air Service 3645:for assistance, as 3608:Salinas, California 3482:transnational crime 3251:police cars in 2003 3137:religious extremism 3078:religious tolerance 2851:police field forces 2534:policing by consent 2528:. By contrast, the 2480:Thames River Police 2377:Polizeiwissenschaft 2370:Polizeiwissenschaft 2350:political economist 2346:Philipp von Hörnigk 2341:Polizeiwissenschaft 2335:Traité de la Police 1607:being appointed as 1573:preventive policing 1537:Thames River Police 1479:Thames River Police 1138:King Louis XIV 1134:Kingdom of Scotland 1132:, then part of the 1116:published in 1642. 953:Constable of France 712:, officials called 334:Law enforcement in 224:(plural), for both 98:and protecting the 66:, with the rank of 60:German State Police 11858:Legal institutions 11725:Lawsuit/Litigation 11715:Dispute resolution 11520:Catholic canon law 11228:State of emergency 11191:Will and testament 10915:Law of obligations 10868:Constitutional law 10858:Administrative law 10588:Adversarial system 10530:Search and seizure 10500:Knock-and-announce 10451:Criminal procedure 9620:Dominican Republic 8969:10.1007/BF01047681 8857:. 22 October 2013. 8855:The New York Times 8306:. 12 November 2009 7674:. 23 November 2018 7363:Andrew T. Harris, 7096:2012-03-04 at the 7066:City of Boston.gov 6986:on 18 January 2010 6851:United States Mint 6802:on 28 October 2020 6675:The Times of India 6197:on 3 December 2013 6100:Kathryn Costello. 5648:10.1057/sj.2015.18 5535:. 17 October 2021. 4986:A Latin Dictionary 4909:"Prints of Persia" 4611:Police certificate 4450:community policing 4401: 4394:Gezi Park protests 4305:qualified immunity 4293: 4233:investigatory stop 4174:Miranda v. Arizona 4165:search and seizure 4157:criminal procedure 4153: 4131:Power restrictions 4082:William J. Bratton 4060:community policing 3996: 3953:fire extinguishers 3846:and equipped with 3840:community policing 3796: 3746:equipment include 3674:Non-lethal weapons 3612: 3474: 3253: 3053:between different 2956:French Gendarmerie 2925: 2820:explosive disposal 2792: 2785:prefectural police 2735:special constables 2651: 2614:community policing 2583: 2530:Peelian principles 2484:Bow Street Runners 2442:Bow Street Runners 2434: 2257:Peelian principles 2253: 2219:Richmond, Virginia 2158:In the 1700s, the 2140: 2079:Partition of India 2060:Charles Cornwallis 2027: 1983:(SQ). Policing in 1922: 1839: 1769: 1765:police motorcycles 1712: 1689:Peelian principles 1662: 1621:was given and the 1593: 1587:An officer of the 1521: 1482: 1440:Glasgow Police Act 1371:Bow Street Runners 1176: 937:Hundred Years' War 890:Umayyad Caliphates 774:Santas Hermandades 764: 760:Camino de Santiago 756:Santas Hermandades 532:procurators fiscal 525:tresviri capitales 388:Old Kingdom period 171:authoritarian rule 84:a constituted body 76: 12068:National security 12063:Legal professions 12040: 12039: 11700:Constitutionalism 11622:Law and economics 11460:Act of parliament 11198:Product liability 11151:Legal archaeology 11076:Environmental law 11070:Entertainment law 10910:International law 10810: 10809: 10792:Wikimedia Commons 10739:Criminal defenses 10674:Charges and pleas 10598:Bill of attainder 10535:Search of persons 10417: 10416: 10246:England and Wales 9349:Equatorial Guinea 9261:forces by country 9009:978-0-534-58158-9 8719:Justice Quarterly 8431:Crime and Justice 8204:. 31 January 2009 7911:on 2 October 2006 7890:978-0-8108-7989-8 7865:978-1-107-00006-3 7840:978-0-19-820798-6 7815:978-90-5700-558-9 7788:978-0-415-78273-9 7648:. 4 November 2002 7274:28 November 2022. 7156:978-1-4129-8134-7 6696:Longley, Robert. 6542:. 13 August 2019. 6413:978-0-19-981331-5 6235:978-1-55130-005-4 5919:978-0-19-969516-4 5899:978-0-340-91375-8 5821:978-0-8048-3536-7 5805:. 13 August 2018. 5491:978-0-19-974619-4 5436:Malik, Dr Malti. 5388:978-1-337-51764-5 5330:www.parstimes.com 5313:978-81-7017-295-6 5255:978-0-19-973784-0 5223:Greekreporter.com 5179:on 21 April 2007. 5172:978-1-4008-0392-7 5107:978-0-7637-8352-5 4874:978-0-7453-1489-1 4849:978-0-669-01292-7 4824:978-3-642-15433-1 4794:. Merriam-Webster 4616:Police foundation 4566:Criminal citation 4473:a global movement 4269:Police misconduct 4155:In many nations, 4137:Police misconduct 4121:Police Foundation 4078:George L. Kelling 4008:calls for service 3894:police watercraft 3820:off-road vehicles 3661:on behalf of the 3562:Overseas policing 3133:suppress religion 2939:, referred to as 2931:a section of the 2883:firearms licenses 2843:counterinsurgency 2812:underwater search 2591:calls for service 2472:Patrick Colquhoun 2362:Magdalene Humpert 2296:special districts 2289:American Old West 2207:U.S. Parks Police 2194:, and a focus on 1859:King João VI 1486:Patrick Colquhoun 1477:, founder of the 1475:Patrick Colquhoun 1442:establishing the 1228:In feudal Japan, 1222:sergents de ville 1205:French Revolution 1170:, founder of the 976:In late medieval 929:Marshal of France 923:, there were two 894:internal security 696:Maya civilization 619:Achaemenid Empire 96:enforcing the law 16:(Redirected from 12090: 12053:Crime prevention 12015: 12014: 12013: 12001: 12000: 11824:Question of fact 11705:Criminal justice 11035:Construction law 11030:Conflict of laws 10995:Agricultural law 10837: 10830: 10823: 10814: 10813: 10571: 10566: 10565: 10525:Right to silence 10444: 10437: 10430: 10421: 10420: 10256:Northern Ireland 9739:Asia and Oceania 9252: 9245: 9238: 9229: 9228: 9205:(January 2015), 9183: 9170: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9159: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9020: 9014: 9013: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8905: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8821:on 4 March 2016. 8817:. 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Archived from 6645:"Police Service" 6641: 6635: 6634: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6557: 6544: 6543: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6403:The Policing Web 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6380:Bucks Free Press 6372: 6366: 6365: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6319: 6313: 6310:The Constabulary 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6280:on 26 April 2009 6270: 6264: 6263: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6193:. Archived from 6186: 6180: 6179: 6174:. Archived from 6168: 6162: 6161: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6097: 6091: 6078: 6072: 6067:T.A. Critchley, 6065: 6056: 6038: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6015:. Archived from 6009:"Glasgow Police" 6005: 5999: 5998: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5927: 5921: 5907: 5901: 5887: 5881: 5867: 5861: 5851: 5845: 5830: 5824: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5636:Security Journal 5631: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5408: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5322: 5316: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5175:. Archived from 5156: 5150: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5041: 5035: 5018: 5012: 4995: 4989: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4716: 4571:Criminal justice 4548:U.S. Park Police 4413:racial profiling 4297:internal affairs 4179:Miranda warnings 4048:crime prevention 4010:away from their 3776:Police transport 3756:police notebooks 3718:use deadly force 3628:Norwegian police 3624:Northern Ireland 3578:Chinese diaspora 3487:Political crimes 3430:, which protect 3404:sheriff's office 3329:Polizia di Stato 3317:Policía Nacional 3297:Police Nationale 3141:communist states 3009:Religious police 2753:Police Explorers 2731:auxiliary police 2508:as achieving a " 2211:U.S. Mint Police 2196:preventing crime 2180:chain of command 2144:Colonial America 1981:Sûreté du Québec 1866: 1861:established the 1851:Cavalry Regiment 1734:and most of the 1728:custodian helmet 1721:absolutist state 1708:custodian helmet 1456:chief constables 1387:Macdaniel affair 1321:-era Korea, the 1313: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1224: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1159: 1151: 1047: 1022:Alfred the Great 972: 966: 907: 875: 870:. Bodies termed 869: 840:Holy Brotherhood 798: 777: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 723: 717: 703: 671:secret societies 637:Israel and Judah 626: 559: 543: 535: 510:Praetorian Guard 467: 466: 460:Scythian Archers 373: 367: 346:kingdoms of the 309: 301: 300: 295: 289: 288: 276: 267: 186:crime prevention 156:private property 150:maintaining the 94:with the aim of 73: 21: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12058:Law enforcement 12043: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12009: 11995: 11986: 11963: 11954:Political party 11927:Legal education 11915:Law enforcement 11895:Court of equity 11853: 11829:Question of law 11782:Practice of law 11762:Judicial review 11676: 11627:Legal formalism 11607:Comparative law 11602:Contract theory 11585: 11505:Legal pluralism 11476: 11465:Act of Congress 11389:Executive order 11355: 11257: 11176:Nationality law 11101:Immigration law 11025:Competition law 10978: 10846: 10841: 10811: 10806: 10763: 10727: 10708:Peremptory plea 10702:Nolo contendere 10669: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10554: 10510:Pretextual stop 10505:Miranda warning 10454: 10453:(investigation) 10448: 10418: 10413: 10373: 10308: 10289:Northern Cyprus 10267: 10166:North Macedonia 9994: 9776:Burma (Myanmar) 9734: 9543: 9262: 9256: 9219: 9191: 9189:Further reading 9186: 9181:Wayback Machine 9171: 9167: 9157: 9155: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9094: 9093: 9089: 9074: 9070: 9055: 9051: 9041: 9039: 9021: 9017: 9010: 8996: 8992: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8866: 8862: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8831: 8830: 8826: 8807: 8803: 8793: 8791: 8781: 8777: 8772:Wayback Machine 8765:law.cornell.edu 8758: 8751: 8742: 8738: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8688: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8641: 8637: 8594: 8590: 8573: 8569: 8561: 8554: 8548: 8544: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8500: 8498: 8493: 8492: 8488: 8471: 8470: 8466: 8427: 8423: 8418:on 1 July 2010. 8406: 8405: 8401: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8369: 8367: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8280:. 25 March 2010 8276: 8275: 8271: 8261: 8259: 8247: 8243: 8233: 8231: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8202:www.stuff.co.nz 8196: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8127: 8117: 8113: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8090: 8086: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8049: 8047: 8046:on 18 July 2007 8024: 8020: 8011: 8004: 7995: 7991: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7877: 7873: 7866: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7720:"Secret police" 7718: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7694:"Secret police" 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7625: 7623: 7620:www.asianews.it 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7572: 7568: 7562:Wayback Machine 7553: 7549: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7495:on 12 July 2008 7487: 7486: 7482: 7443: 7434: 7425: 7421: 7404: 7400: 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6465: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6330: 6320: 6316: 6307:Wayback Machine 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6236: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6189:Timothy Roufa. 6187: 6183: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6098: 6094: 6088:Wayback Machine 6079: 6075: 6066: 6059: 6049:Wayback Machine 6040:Dick Paterson, 6039: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6019:on 16 July 2009 6013:Scotia-news.com 6007: 6006: 6002: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5937:Wayback Machine 5928: 5924: 5908: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5878:Wayback Machine 5871:Ordning på stan 5868: 5864: 5852: 5848: 5831: 5827: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5727: 5713: 5709: 5694: 5678: 5671: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5591: 5587: 5544: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5476: 5472: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5302: 5298: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5234: 5230: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5077: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5053:Wayback Machine 5042: 5038: 5028:Wayback Machine 5019: 5015: 5005:Wayback Machine 4996: 4992: 4982:Wayback Machine 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4905: 4901: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4670: 4646:Public security 4561:Chief of police 4556: 4513: 4505:concealed carry 4497:systemic racism 4382: 4275: 4267:Main articles: 4265: 4139: 4133: 4074:James Q. Wilson 4031:Wichita, Kansas 3969: 3882:Police aviation 3778: 3772: 3735: 3596: 3591: 3574:Communist Party 3570: 3564: 3527:Schengen Treaty 3523:James Sheptycki 3456: 3442:, which patrol 3337:Military Police 3309:Napoleonic Wars 3230: 3224: 3198:, and physical 3167: 3161: 3011: 3005: 2989:Policia Militar 2985:Brazilian state 2909: 2907:Military police 2903: 2879: 2863:chemical agents 2777: 2719: 2711:Canadian police 2675:organized crime 2634: 2603:Military Police 2572: 2566: 2542: 2322:Michel Foucault 2319: 2240:Members of the 2128: 2122: 2052:Warren Hastings 2009: 1993: 1979:(OPP), and the 1946:Dominion Police 1899: 1893: 1873:military police 1827: 1821: 1781:New South Wales 1754: 1748: 1650:Bury St Edmunds 1605:Sir Robert Peel 1581: 1468: 1428: 1423: 1334:Magnus III 1122: 1087:Norman Conquest 1044:posse comitatus 748: 739: 737:he who sees all 736: 733: 730: 692: 684:assara-munidios 663: 633: 615: 594: 502: 448: 380: 356: 332: 327: 322: 316: 277:, which is the 253: 220:(singular) and 194:police officers 132:sovereign state 102:as well as the 90:empowered by a 51: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12096: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12006: 12003:Law portal 11991: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11971: 11969: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11839:Trial advocacy 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11686: 11684: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11486: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11474: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11376: 11371: 11369:Ballot measure 11365: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11353: 11348: 11346:Legal treatise 11343: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11314: 11312:Letters patent 11309: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11273: 11267: 11265: 11263:Sources of law 11259: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11250: 11248:Unenforced law 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11020:Commercial law 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10986: 10984: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10886: 10885: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10854: 10852: 10848: 10847: 10840: 10839: 10832: 10825: 10817: 10808: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10649:Nolle prosequi 10645: 10640: 10635: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10584: 10582: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10540:Search warrant 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10515:Probable cause 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10485:Consent search 10482: 10480:Arrest warrant 10477: 10472: 10464: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10447: 10446: 10439: 10432: 10424: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10371: 10368:SFR Yugoslavia 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10334: 10329: 10327:Czechoslovakia 10324: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10241:United Kingdom 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10061:Czech Republic 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9263: 9255: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9218: 9217:External links 9215: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9165: 9148:polizei-nrw.de 9130: 9105: 9087: 9068: 9049: 9015: 9008: 8990: 8963:(1–2): 21–45. 8943: 8930:news.yahoo.com 8917: 8880:(3): 317–328. 8860: 8842: 8824: 8809:Amanda Reavy. 8801: 8775: 8749: 8736: 8725:(4): 625–648. 8709: 8698:on 5 July 2007 8676: 8665:on 15 May 2006 8650: 8635: 8588: 8567: 8542: 8519: 8508: 8486: 8464: 8443:10.1086/449193 8421: 8399: 8377: 8343: 8331:New York Times 8317: 8291: 8269: 8241: 8215: 8189: 8163: 8137: 8111: 8093: 8084: 8075: 8066: 8057: 8018: 8002: 7989: 7973: 7964: 7955: 7946: 7937: 7922: 7896: 7889: 7871: 7864: 7846: 7839: 7821: 7814: 7794: 7787: 7769: 7736: 7711: 7685: 7659: 7633: 7606: 7579: 7566: 7547: 7532: 7506: 7480: 7459:10.1086/449060 7432: 7419: 7398: 7385:Marjie Bloy, " 7378: 7356: 7333: 7317: 7302: 7290: 7277: 7263: 7249: 7228: 7203: 7189: 7182: 7162: 7155: 7135: 7128: 7102: 7083: 7054: 7048:978-1305544680 7047: 7027: 6997: 6967: 6941: 6915: 6879: 6868: 6838: 6813: 6778: 6753: 6728: 6714: 6688: 6677:. 3 March 2007 6662: 6636: 6618: 6607:on 2 June 2006 6592: 6578: 6545: 6531: 6517: 6511:978-1305544680 6510: 6490: 6484:978-1317228820 6483: 6463: 6448: 6426: 6412: 6392: 6367: 6340: 6314: 6291: 6265: 6234: 6208: 6181: 6163: 6145: 6119: 6092: 6073: 6057: 6030: 6000: 5980: 5966:Chisholm, Hugh 5961:"Police" 5950: 5941: 5922: 5902: 5882: 5862: 5846: 5825: 5808: 5794: 5768: 5750: 5725: 5707: 5692: 5669: 5642:(3): 717–733. 5626: 5612: 5605: 5585: 5558:(2): 151–172. 5552:Social History 5538: 5524: 5517: 5497: 5490: 5470: 5455: 5448: 5428: 5394: 5387: 5367: 5342: 5317: 5296: 5277:(1): 101–110. 5261: 5254: 5228: 5209: 5202: 5182: 5171: 5151: 5138: 5113: 5106: 5086: 5071: 5057: 5036: 5013: 4990: 4967: 4942: 4933: 4899: 4880: 4873: 4855: 4848: 4830: 4823: 4805: 4777: 4752: 4731:(3): 573–595. 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4636:Private police 4633: 4628: 4623: 4621:Police science 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4601:Police academy 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4581:Highway patrol 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4512: 4509: 4466:consent decree 4381: 4378: 4351:sexual assault 4328:Garda Síochána 4264: 4261: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4206:probable cause 4135:Main article: 4132: 4129: 4019:August Vollmer 3984:police station 3968: 3965: 3961:defibrillators 3957:first aid kits 3949:barricade tape 3871:police escorts 3774:Main article: 3771: 3768: 3734: 3733:Communications 3731: 3690:rubber bullets 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3563: 3560: 3548:United Nations 3531:European Union 3455: 3452: 3376:United Kingdom 3295:, such as the 3226:Main article: 3223: 3220: 3163:Main article: 3160: 3157: 3015:religious laws 3007:Main article: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2992: 2981: 2974: 2965:, the Spanish 2954:, such as the 2948: 2905:Main article: 2902: 2899: 2878: 2875: 2847:light infantry 2824:computer crime 2776: 2773: 2767:in the UK and 2718: 2715: 2707:British police 2691:cross-training 2633: 2630: 2618:missing people 2565: 2562: 2556:with multiple 2541: 2538: 2490:Edwin Chadwick 2453:Jeremy Bentham 2440:, head of the 2427:Jeremy Bentham 2405:urban planning 2318: 2315: 2170:) established 2168:South Carolina 2124:Main article: 2121: 2118: 2008: 2005: 1992: 1989: 1918:Pierre Trudeau 1895:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1885:Federal Police 1843:Rio de Janeiro 1823:Main article: 1820: 1817: 1750:Main article: 1747: 1744: 1736:British Empire 1700: 1699: 1696: 1631:Jeremy Bentham 1609:Home Secretary 1580: 1577: 1494:Pool of London 1467: 1464: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1367:Henry Fielding 1288:, non-Samurai 1121: 1118: 957:Francis I 747: 746:Post-classical 744: 691: 688: 680:Songhai Empire 662: 659: 632: 629: 614: 611: 593: 590: 582:Roman Carthage 501: 498: 452:ancient Greece 447: 444: 409:Middle Kingdom 392:fourth dynasty 379: 376: 355: 352: 331: 328: 326: 323: 315: 312: 252: 249: 214:peace officers 168:enforcement of 120:civil disorder 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12095: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12073:Public safety 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12033: 12032: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12021: 12019: 12018: 12007: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11993: 11992: 11989: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11885:Civil society 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11856: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11844:Trier of fact 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11730:Legal opinion 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11710:Court-martial 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11682:Jurisprudence 11679: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11571:Statutory law 11569: 11567: 11566:Socialist law 11564: 11560: 11559:Byzantine law 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11510:Religious law 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11482:Legal systems 11479: 11473: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11450:Statutory law 11448: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11403: 11402: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11280:Statutory law 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11238:Transport law 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11156:Legal fiction 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11086:Financial law 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11045:Corporate law 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10969:Statutory law 10967: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10851:Core subjects 10849: 10845: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10826: 10824: 10819: 10818: 10815: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10766: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732:Related areas 10730: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10632:Habeas corpus 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10614:Ex post facto 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10577: 10570: 10564: 10559: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10445: 10440: 10438: 10433: 10431: 10426: 10425: 10422: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10369: 10365: 10363: 10362:South Vietnam 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10322: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10270: 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9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9720:United States 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 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Ohio 8756: 8754: 8746: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8646: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8592: 8584: 8579: 8571: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8512: 8496: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8477:Time Magazine 8474: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8347: 8332: 8328: 8321: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8279: 8273: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8245: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8178: 8174: 8167: 8152:. 7 June 2023 8151: 8147: 8141: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8088: 8079: 8070: 8061: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8009: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7842: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7817: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7798: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7757: 7753: 7748: 7740: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7621: 7617: 7614:AsiaNews.it. 7610: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7551: 7543: 7536: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7429: 7423: 7416: 7415:0-458-93920-X 7412: 7408: 7402: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7375:0-8142-0966-1 7372: 7368: 7367: 7360: 7354: 7353:0-458-93920-X 7350: 7346: 7340: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7321: 7313: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7281: 7273: 7267: 7259: 7253: 7238: 7232: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7199: 7193: 7185: 7183:9780786493111 7179: 7176:. McFarland. 7175: 7174: 7166: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7139: 7131: 7129:0-8147-5186-5 7125: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7106: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7087: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7058: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7031: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6724: 6718: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6582: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6541: 6535: 6527: 6521: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6452: 6436: 6430: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6396: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6108:on 1 May 2009 6107: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6004: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5954: 5945: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5842:9780691114910 5839: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5804: 5798: 5783:on 6 May 2008 5782: 5778: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5738: 5737: 5729: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5693:9780824062163 5689: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5674: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5608: 5606:9781111138905 5602: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5518:9780313293900 5514: 5510: 5509: 5501: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5474: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5449:9789350419380 5445: 5441: 5440: 5432: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5356: 5352: 5351:"Police Laws" 5346: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5203:9780761444497 5199: 5195: 5194: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5155: 5148: 5142: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4971: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4937: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4884: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4762: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4499:in policing. 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4471:In May 2020, 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4448:programs and 4447: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4228:Terry v. Ohio 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4086:Rudy Giuliani 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000:two-way radio 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937:traffic cones 3934: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3918:battering ram 3915: 3911: 3910:SWAT vehicles 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816:Pickup trucks 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3723: 3722:South African 3719: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698:water cannons 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3604:U.S. Marshals 3600: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454:International 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440:Amtrak Police 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3408:county police 3405: 3400: 3399:United States 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321:Guardia Civil 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3175:establishment 3172: 3166: 3165:Secret police 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051:socialization 3048: 3047:homosexuality 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3010: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967:Guardia Civil 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2867:stun grenades 2864: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526:working class 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494:London Review 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451:philosopher, 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2438:John Fielding 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:public health 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:raison d'état 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:New York City 2267: 2263: 2258: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2229:in 1845. The 2228: 2227:New York City 2225:in 1838, and 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172:slave patrols 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2120:United States 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:Mughal Empire 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:Rupert's Land 1947: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910:Ronald Reagan 1907: 1903: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:United States 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1568:John Fielding 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:New York City 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Marine Police 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1463: 1461: 1460:Dublin Castle 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1418: 1416: 1415:Marine Police 1412: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1380:John Fielding 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1356:Jonathan Wild 1352: 1348: 1342: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1182:, who had 44 1181: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 971: 965: 964: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 906: 905: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 868: 867: 861: 856: 853: 849: 848:Vehmic courts 844: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 808: 806: 802: 797: 791: 789: 785: 781: 776: 775: 769: 761: 757: 752: 743: 728: 722: 716: 711: 707: 702: 697: 687: 685: 681: 677: 672: 668: 658: 655: 650: 646: 642: 638: 628: 625: 620: 610: 608: 603: 599: 598:ancient India 589: 587: 583: 579: 578:urban prefect 575: 574:Urban Cohorts 571: 567: 563: 558: 557: 551: 547: 542: 541: 534: 533: 527: 526: 521: 520: 515: 511: 507: 497: 496:, or slaves. 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:crowd control 461: 457: 453: 443: 441: 437: 433: 428: 424: 420: 415: 410: 406: 402: 397: 396:fifth dynasty 394:. During the 393: 389: 385: 384:ancient Egypt 375: 372: 366: 361: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 336:ancient China 321: 311: 308: 307: 294: 284: 283:Ancient Greek 280: 275: 271: 266: 262: 261:Middle French 258: 248: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 172: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 72: 71: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 43: 37: 33: 19: 12083:Surveillance 12029: 12022: 12008: 11994: 11948: 11767:Jurisdiction 11735:Legal remedy 11690:Adjudication 11590:Legal theory 11428:Ratification 11423:Promulgation 11394:Proclamation 11374:Codification 11307:Human rights 11295:Divine right 11285:Constitution 11253:Women in law 11171:Military law 11166:Marriage law 11161:Maritime law 11060:Election law 11000:Aviation law 10990:Abortion law 10942:Property law 10878:Criminal law 10744:Criminal law 10718:Plea bargain 10700: 10655:Precognition 10647: 10630: 10613: 10467: 10382:Border guard 10366:Yugoslavia ( 10357:Soviet Union 10336:Philippines 10332:East Germany 9970:Turkmenistan 9930:Saudi Arabia 9499:South Africa 9489:Sierra Leone 9294:Burkina Faso 9258: 9206: 9195: 9168: 9156:. 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Upon 1496:on the 1448:Ireland 1432:Glasgow 1230:samurai 1038:sheriff 1014:English 999:Bologna 990:podestà 978:Italian 910:bazaars 886:Abbasid 805:Galicia 780:Castile 731: 649:Levites 607:kotwals 562:vigiles 556:vigiles 514:Lictors 504:In the 486:Hippeis 365:paqūdus 325:Ancient 314:History 281:of the 274:politia 210:rangers 88:persons 64:Hamburg 11949:Police 11920:Agency 11802:Lawyer 11547:Sharia 11438:Treaty 11433:Repeal 11379:Decree 11290:Custom 11186:Estate 11136:Labour 10900:Equity 10475:Arrest 10284:Kosovo 10231:Turkey 10221:Sweden 10201:Serbia 10191:Russia 10176:Poland 10171:Norway 10151:Monaco 10126:Latvia 10101:Greece 10086:France 10056:Cyprus 9999:Europe 9960:Tuvalu 9860:Kuwait 9840:Jordan 9830:Israel 9771:Brunei 9766:Bhutan 9680:Panama 9670:Mexico 9650:Guyana 9590:Canada 9585:Brazil 9575:Belize 9534:Zambia 9529:Uganda 9469:Rwanda 9424:Malawi 9384:Guinea 9279:Angola 9267:Africa 9259:Police 9080: 9042:8 June 9035: 9006: 8983: 8975: 8936:13 May 8910: 8900: 8892: 8794:8 June 8628: 8620: 8537:198029 8535: 8459:138800 8457: 8449: 8370:8 June 8363: 8310:1 July 8284:1 July 8262:8 June 8234:8 June 7915:23 May 7887: 7862: 7837: 7812: 7785: 7678:13 May 7489:"PMMG" 7473: 7465: 7413: 7373: 7351: 7180: 7153: 7126: 7045: 6771:9 June 6707:13 May 6681:11 May 6565:wlu.ca 6508: 6481: 6410: 6312:(2003) 6258: 6250: 6242: 6232: 5917: 5897: 5857: 5840: 5819: 5700: 5690: 5662: 5654: 5603: 5578: 5570: 5515: 5488: 5446: 5385: 5311: 5289: 5281: 5252: 5200: 5169: 5104: 4919: 4871: 4846: 4821: 4745: 4409:racism 4398:Turkey 4347:Canada 4167:, and 4161:arrest 4002:, and 3904:, and 3822:, and 3793:Sydney 3700:, and 3678:batons 3444:Amtrak 3392:Quebec 3382:, the 3380:Canada 3345:Brazil 3305:France 3286:Sweden 3276:, the 3270:Israel 3249:Polish 3247:, and 3210:) and 3180:spying 3159:Secret 3124:, and 3090:Sharia 3033:, and 2958:, the 2923:, 1965 2917:Saigon 2887:France 2599:Brazil 2417:prices 2262:Boston 2223:Boston 2188:salary 2166:- and 2062:, the 1973:Quebec 1971:, and 1920:, 1981 1916:, and 1891:Canada 1819:Brazil 1777:Sydney 1674:rattle 1672:and a 1627:London 1601:London 1553:Sydney 1551:, and 1549:Dublin 1502:France 1466:London 1421:Modern 1411:police 1402:police 1330:Sweden 1319:Joseon 1292:chōnin 1285:komono 1279:dōshin 1273:dōshin 1267:Yoriki 1261:dōshin 1255:yoriki 1249:dōshin 1243:yoriki 1217:France 1110:Polles 1106:police 1068:juries 1055:parish 1034:county 1030:shires 992:, the 917:France 898:Shurta 882:Shurta 880:. The 878:Uthman 873:Shurta 866:Shurta 819:, and 813:Toledo 715:curaca 701:tupils 667:Africa 661:Africa 654:Talmud 631:Israel 624:Kuipan 600:. The 570:Portus 494:helots 482:Ephors 480:, the 478:Sparta 458:, the 456:Athens 446:Greece 432:Thebes 427:Medjay 371:paqūdu 265:police 257:police 230:police 222:Gardaí 124:arrest 112:health 108:safety 104:public 80:police 12024:Index 11890:Court 11834:Trial 11740:Judge 11581:Yassa 11384:Edict 10930:Civil 10883:Crime 10402:Types 10216:Spain 10141:Malta 10121:Italy 9990:Yemen 9945:Syria 9925:Qatar 9895:Nepal 9890:Nauru 9835:Japan 9803:India 9796:Macau 9655:Haiti 9595:Chile 9509:Sudan 9459:Niger 9414:Libya 9399:Kenya 9379:Ghana 9369:Gabon 9344:Egypt 9284:Benin 8981:S2CID 8696:(PDF) 8689:(PDF) 8626:S2CID 8562:(PDF) 8555:(PDF) 8447:S2CID 8395:time. 8177:Fox26 7475:63672 7463:S2CID 7120:84–85 6437:. BBC 6284:8 May 6138:8 May 6112:8 May 5964:. 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