541:
46:
677:
The Polish
Positivists advocated the exercise of reason before emotion. They believed that independence, if it was to be regained, must be won gradually, by "building from the foundations" (by creating a material infrastructure and educating the populace), and through
728:), advised his compatriots that Poland's place in the world would be determined by the Polish people’s contributions to the world's scientific, technological, economic, and cultural advances.
747:; the elimination of illiteracy resulting from closure of Polish schools by the partitioning powers; and defense of the Polish population in German-ruled Poland against Germany's
908:
852:
935:
902:
953:
959:
627:
In the aftermath of the 1863 Uprising, many thoughtful Poles argued against further attempts to regain independence from the partitioning powers – the
1766:
947:
2198:
571:
109:
1669:
1014:
776:, held that "All the great problems in the of mankind can be solved by education alone, and this education must be compulsory."
1990:
488:
480:
1060:
724:
596:
17:
1262:
2188:
104:
1950:
1934:
1790:
1234:
1215:
1196:
1104:
99:
466:
114:
1226:
1207:
647:(Truth), they – often reluctantly and only partially – discarded the literary stylistics of the earlier
1942:
1330:
1145:
564:
451:
346:
1806:
1095:
1087:
2014:
1350:
1038:
971:
846:
769:
744:
461:
456:
351:
1798:
1684:
1396:
2208:
1998:
1830:
1647:
446:
143:
16:
This article is about the movement in literature and social sciences. For the philosophical concept, see
2193:
1958:
1854:
1838:
1822:
1622:
557:
263:
64:
2038:
1590:
1575:
1406:
525:
493:
2127:
1974:
1691:
1585:
1580:
1255:
700:
639:– by force of arms. In their polemics over forms of resistance, published between 1868 and 1873 in
387:
382:
858:
615:. The Positivist period lasted until the turn of the 20th century and the advent of the modernist
2101:
1814:
1617:
1595:
1340:
760:
The Polish
Positivists viewed work, rather than uprisings, as the true path to preserving Polish
636:
314:
128:
79:
996:
870:
1525:
1491:
520:
319:
309:
2022:
1642:
1627:
1531:
754:
740:
706:
694:
A leading Polish philosopher of the period, the journalist, short-story writer, and novelist
648:
604:
163:
84:
69:
2030:
1701:
1664:
1565:
1560:
1496:
1355:
718:
662:, much of its ideology was actually inspired by British scholars and scientists, including
600:
414:
333:
236:
941:
890:
8:
2203:
2169:
2006:
1454:
1437:
1391:
1381:
1248:
1184:
1165:
1116:
1083:
929:
270:
252:
207:
184:
168:
158:
1002:
806:
2091:
2081:
1882:
1758:
1632:
1553:
1517:
1325:
977:
824:
632:
441:
291:
247:
212:
148:
686:" (a concept borrowed from a number of European thinkers, including Herbert Spencer).
2056:
1872:
1748:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1100:
1055:
1026:
1008:
983:
864:
761:
736:
507:
377:
369:
242:
226:
74:
56:
36:
1897:
2061:
1982:
1966:
1846:
1411:
1320:
1020:
840:
818:
812:
671:
608:
419:
1892:
1032:
965:
834:
695:
2076:
2071:
1652:
1607:
1442:
1416:
1360:
683:
667:
588:
433:
409:
401:
365:
284:
217:
202:
192:
153:
27:
1738:
1679:
1512:
1447:
1432:
1335:
731:
Societal concerns addressed by the Polish
Positivists included the securing of
663:
628:
612:
515:
277:
2182:
1917:
1912:
1887:
1696:
1637:
1548:
1476:
1401:
896:
800:
712:
659:
545:
341:
301:
221:
138:
1772:
1570:
1501:
1461:
1289:
732:
679:
616:
231:
94:
2096:
2086:
2066:
1486:
1466:
1376:
1299:
828:
749:
1907:
1902:
1877:
1657:
1481:
1345:
1294:
1271:
923:
884:
794:
765:
655:
682:" that would enable Polish society to function as a fully integrated "
2148:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2106:
1674:
1612:
1471:
1304:
1386:
197:
45:
1225:(Polish Literature from the Middle Ages to Positivism), Warsaw,
1602:
1191:, 2nd edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983,
2141:
1240:
735:for all members of society, including peasants and
599:movement that became dominant in late-19th-century
1223:Literatura polska od średniowiecza do pozytywizmu
18:History of philosophy in Poland § Positivism
2180:
1767:Fourth Great Debate in international relations
1719:
1256:
1152:(The Art of Bolesław Prus), 2nd ed., Warsaw,
565:
2146:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1452:
1061:History of philosophy in Poland: Positivism
1263:
1249:
658:" from the writings of French philosopher
572:
558:
1670:Relationship between religion and science
755:displacing of Poles with German settlers
1991:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
654:While Polish Positivism took the name "
2181:
1346:Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)
914:
786:
1718:
1244:
1079:
1077:
1075:
722:, and of the prescient 1873 study,
13:
1623:Nomothetic–idiographic distinction
779:
14:
2220:
1951:The Logic of Scientific Discovery
1935:Materialism and Empirio-criticism
1791:The Course in Positive Philosophy
1139:
1072:
1189:The History of Polish Literature
1170:The History of Polish Literature
1121:The History of Polish Literature
1089:The History of Polish Literature
539:
44:
1943:History and Class Consciousness
2199:Polish nationalism (1795–1918)
1807:Critical History of Philosophy
1270:
1159:
1126:
1110:
1096:University of California Press
1015:Władysław Mieczysław Kozłowski
1:
2015:Knowledge and Human Interests
1351:Rankean historical positivism
1227:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
1221:Jan Zygmunt Jakubowski, ed.,
1208:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
1178:
1154:Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy
1107:. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
783:
764:and affirming a constructive
725:On Discoveries and Inventions
689:
595:) was a social, literary and
2133:
1799:A General View of Positivism
7:
1999:Conjectures and Refutations
1831:The Logic of Modern Physics
1648:Deductive-nomological model
1049:
622:
607:and the suppression of the
10:
2225:
2189:Cultural history of Poland
1959:The Poverty of Historicism
1855:The Universe in a Nutshell
1839:Language, Truth, and Logic
1823:The Analysis of Sensations
15:
2167:
2115:
2049:
2039:The Rhetoric of Economics
1926:
1865:
1782:
1729:
1725:
1720:Positivist-related debate
1714:
1541:
1510:
1425:
1369:
1313:
1282:
1278:
1150:Twórczość Bolesława Prusa
1975:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1692:Structural functionalism
1618:Naturalism in literature
1156:, 1972, pp. 130–51.
1066:
1039:Aleksander Świętochowski
991:Philosophers and critics
972:Aleksander Świętochowski
847:Aleksander Świętochowski
770:Aleksander Świętochowski
745:Poland's Jewish minority
643:(The Weekly Review) and
110:Polish People's Republic
2102:Willard Van Orman Quine
1815:Idealism and Positivism
1407:Critique of metaphysics
1341:Sociological positivism
1206:, 2nd edition, Warsaw,
637:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2147:
2116:Concepts in contention
1757:
1747:
1737:
1628:Objectivity in science
1526:Non-Euclidean geometry
1492:Methodological dualism
1453:
698:(author of the novels
649:Polish Romantic period
592:
2023:The Poverty of Theory
1643:Philosophy of science
1532:Uncertainty principle
1202:Edward Pieścikowski,
1132:Edward Pieścikowski,
859:Teodor Jeske-Choiński
789:Writers and novelists
609:January 1863 Uprising
605:Romanticism in Poland
2031:The Scientific Image
1702:Structuration theory
1665:Qualitative research
1566:Criticism of science
1561:Critical rationalism
1497:Problem of induction
997:Franciszek Krupiński
909:Wacław Rolicz-Lieder
871:Maria RodziewiczĂłwna
489:World Heritage Sites
227:North Central Romani
2007:One-Dimensional Man
1455:Geisteswissenschaft
1438:Confirmation holism
1237:, pp. 543–692.
1199:, pp. 281–321.
1146:Zygmunt Szweykowski
899:(1825 or 1827–1897)
641:PrzeglÄ…d tygodniowy
2209:Polish positivists
2082:Hans-Georg Gadamer
1883:Alexander Bogdanov
1759:Positivismusstreit
1554:Post-behavioralism
1518:history of science
1370:Principal concepts
1326:Logical positivism
978:Kazimierz Zalewski
903:Aleksander Michaux
853:Antoni Sygietyński
825:Henryk Sienkiewicz
633:Kingdom of Prussia
601:partitioned Poland
2194:Polish literature
2176:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2057:Theodor W. Adorno
1873:Richard Avenarius
1749:Werturteilsstreit
1710:
1709:
1658:Sense-data theory
1356:Polish positivism
1331:Positivist school
1056:Polish literature
1047:
1046:
1027:Julian Ochorowicz
1009:Piotr Chmielowski
984:Gabriela Zapolska
942:Felicjan Faleński
891:Felicjan Faleński
865:Gabriela Zapolska
762:national identity
585:Polish Positivism
582:
581:
546:Poland portal
144:Ethnic minorities
37:Culture of Poland
2216:
2152:
2138:
2062:Gaston Bachelard
1983:Truth and Method
1967:World Hypotheses
1847:The Two Cultures
1762:
1752:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1458:
1412:Unity of science
1321:Legal positivism
1280:
1279:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1114:
1108:
1081:
1021:Marian Massonius
1003:Adolf Dygasiński
960:Zygmunt Sarnecki
841:Wiktor Gomulicki
819:Maria Konopnicka
813:Eliza Orzeszkowa
807:Adolf Dygasiński
784:
672:John Stuart Mill
574:
567:
560:
544:
543:
542:
48:
39:
23:
22:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2155:
2111:
2077:Paul Feyerabend
2072:Wilhelm Dilthey
2045:
1922:
1861:
1778:
1721:
1706:
1653:Ramsey sentence
1608:Instrumentalism
1537:
1515:
1513:paradigm shifts
1506:
1443:Critical theory
1421:
1417:Verificationism
1365:
1361:Russian Machism
1309:
1274:
1269:
1181:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1052:
954:JĂłzef Narzymski
948:Edward Lubowski
936:Józef Bliziński
782:
780:Leading authors
692:
684:social organism
668:Herbert Spencer
625:
578:
540:
538:
531:
530:
526:National anthem
511:
510:
499:
498:
484:
483:
472:
471:
437:
436:
425:
424:
405:
404:
393:
392:
373:
372:
370:performing arts
357:
356:
337:
336:
325:
324:
305:
304:
258:
257:
188:
187:
176:
175:
174:
173:
132:
131:
120:
119:
60:
59:
35:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Émile Durkheim
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1754:
1744:
1739:Methodenstreit
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1680:Social science
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1633:Operationalism
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1543:
1542:Related topics
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1448:Falsifiability
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Antipositivism
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Postpositivism
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1219:
1200:
1185:Czesław Miłosz
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1172:, pp. 285–286.
1166:Czesław Miłosz
1158:
1138:
1125:
1117:Czesław Miłosz
1109:
1093:"Positivism."
1091:, pp. 281–321.
1084:Czesław Miłosz
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
988:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
930:Michał Bałucki
927:
913:
912:
911:
906:
900:
894:
888:
875:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
781:
778:
691:
688:
664:Charles Darwin
629:Russian Empire
624:
621:
613:Russian Empire
580:
579:
577:
576:
569:
562:
554:
551:
550:
549:
548:
533:
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528:
523:
518:
512:
506:
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497:
496:
491:
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479:
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464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
432:
431:
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412:
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400:
399:
398:
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385:
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374:
364:
363:
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354:
349:
344:
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331:
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312:
306:
300:
299:
298:
295:
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288:
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281:
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267:
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255:
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245:
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234:
229:
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195:
189:
183:
182:
181:
178:
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172:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
134:
133:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2221:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2171:
2166:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:György Lukács
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1918:Vienna Circle
1916:
1914:
1913:Berlin Circle
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Eugen DĂĽhring
1891:
1889:
1888:Auguste Comte
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:Contributions
1781:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Structuralism
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Phenomenalism
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:Behavioralism
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Human science
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1446:
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1134:Bolesław Prus
1129:
1123:, pp. 283–84.
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966:JĂłzef Szujski
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2037:
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2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1773:Science wars
1571:Epistemology
1502:Reflectivism
1462:Hermeneutics
1314:Declinations
1290:Antihumanism
1283:Perspectives
1222:
1203:
1188:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1094:
1088:
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989:
916:
915:
877:
876:
827:(1846–1916;
788:
787:
773:
772:, editor of
759:
748:
741:assimilation
733:equal rights
730:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
680:organic work
676:
653:
644:
640:
626:
617:Young Poland
611:against the
584:
583:
521:Coat of arms
452:Horse Racing
320:Architecture
232:Sinte Romani
105:World War II
95:Young Poland
89:
2128:Objectivity
2097:Karl Popper
2087:Thomas Kuhn
2067:Mario Bunge
1818:(1879–1884)
1753:(1909–1959)
1487:Metaphysics
1467:Historicism
1382:Demarcation
1377:Consilience
1300:Rationalism
1041:(1849–1938)
1035:(1847–1912)
1029:(1850–1917)
1023:(1862–1945)
1017:(1858–1935)
1011:(1848–1904)
1005:(1839–1902)
986:(1857–1921)
980:(1849–1919)
974:(1849–1938)
968:(1835-1883)
962:(1837–1922)
956:(1839–1872)
950:(1837–1923)
944:(1825–1910)
938:(1827–1893)
932:(1837–1901)
926:(1838–1897)
905:(1839–1895)
893:(1825–1910)
887:(1838–1897)
873:(1863–1944)
867:(1857–1921)
861:(1854–1920)
855:(1850–1923)
849:(1849–1938)
843:(1848–1919)
837:(1847–1912)
829:Nobel Prize
821:(1842–1910)
815:(1841–1910)
809:(1839–1902)
803:(1857–1924)
797:(1838–1897)
750:Kulturkampf
701:The Outpost
237:Vlax Romani
164:Health care
100:Interbellum
85:Romanticism
70:Renaissance
65:Middle Ages
2204:Positivism
2183:Categories
1908:Ernst Mach
1903:Ernst Laas
1878:A. J. Ayer
1866:Proponents
1685:Philosophy
1482:Humanities
1426:Antitheses
1295:Empiricism
1272:Positivism
1179:References
924:Adam Asnyk
917:Dramatists
885:Adam Asnyk
795:Adam Asnyk
766:patriotism
690:Objectives
656:Positivism
635:, and the
619:movement.
603:following
593:Pozytywizm
462:Volleyball
457:Motorsport
415:Television
334:Literature
264:Traditions
253:Vilamovian
208:Lithuanian
115:Modern-day
90:Positivism
2149:Verstehen
2135:Phronesis
2123:Knowledge
2107:Max Weber
1927:Criticism
1675:Sociology
1613:Modernism
1591:pluralism
1576:anarchism
1472:Historism
1392:Induction
1305:Scientism
999:(1836–98)
481:Monuments
388:Musicians
383:Composers
285:Festivals
271:Mythology
248:Kashubian
213:Ruthenian
185:Languages
169:Languages
159:Education
2170:Category
1586:nihilism
1581:idealism
1511:Related
1387:Evidence
1229:, 1979,
1210:, 1985,
1136:, p. 49.
1099:, 1983.
1050:See also
707:The Doll
623:Overview
447:Handball
442:Football
315:Painters
292:Religion
243:Silesian
149:Refugees
28:a series
26:Part of
2050:Critics
1775:(1990s)
1769:(1980s)
1763:(1960s)
1743:(1890s)
1596:realism
1528:(1830s)
1516:in the
831:, 1905)
719:Pharaoh
508:Symbols
494:Castles
378:Theatre
347:Authors
310:Artists
278:Cuisine
198:Yiddish
75:Baroque
57:History
2042:(1986)
2034:(1980)
2026:(1978)
2018:(1968)
2010:(1964)
2002:(1963)
1994:(1962)
1986:(1960)
1978:(1951)
1970:(1942)
1962:(1936)
1954:(1934)
1946:(1923)
1938:(1909)
1858:(2001)
1850:(1959)
1842:(1936)
1834:(1927)
1826:(1886)
1810:(1869)
1802:(1848)
1794:(1830)
1730:Method
1603:Holism
1534:(1927)
1233:
1214:
1195:
1103:
774:Prawda
739:; the
716:, and
670:, and
645:Prawda
631:, the
589:Polish
420:Cinema
342:Comics
218:Romani
203:German
193:Polish
129:People
30:on the
2142:Truth
1067:Notes
878:Poets
753:and
737:women
434:Sport
410:Radio
402:Media
366:Music
352:Poets
154:Crime
139:Poles
1231:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1101:ISBN
516:Flag
368:and
743:of
674:.
302:Art
2185::
1187:,
1168:,
1148:,
1119:,
1086:,
1074:^
919::
880::
768:.
757:.
710:,
704:,
666:,
651:.
591::
1264:e
1257:t
1250:v
1218:.
678:"
587:(
573:e
566:t
559:v
239:)
220:(
20:.
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