554:
71:
402:). Technical schools last five years and lead to the Matura. Their primary goal is to teach occupations and trades, the most popular being: accountant, mechanic, electronics specialist, and salesperson. Basic vocational schools provide a vocational education lasting three years and grant a certificate of competence in various fields, the most popular being: shop-assistant, cook, gardener, automobile mechanic, hairdresser and baker. Graduates from basic vocational schools can pass the Matura after an extra-curriculum of two years in a general secondary school, or, since 2004, of three years in a technical school. Profiled general secondary schools (
518:, students of Polish lower secondary schools had to learn two different foreign languages. The first foreign language (usually English) was taught three times a week. The second foreign language was taught twice a week. The reform introduced two different levels of the exam – a higher level (if a student learnt the same language in primary school) and a standard level (if a student learnt the first language in lower secondary school). The results of lower secondary school language examinations contributed to the criteria of applying to enter upper secondary level school.
42:
425:
365:) covered lower secondary education and ended general basic education and lasted three years. The subjects taught were: Polish language, history, civic education, two foreign languages, mathematics, physics and astronomy, chemistry, biology, geography, fine arts/music, technology, information technology, physical education and religion or ethics. At the end of the curriculum, pupils were evaluated based on their cinuing results and on an examination in humanities, science and foreign languages.
633:, compulsory education remained as one of the priorities of the state. By 1978, only 1.2 percent of the Polish population was illiterate. In Poland, compulsory education ends at the age of 18. It usually starts when children are 6 years old and ends after 12 years of learning (usually in a high school). Contemporary Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school (
685:, for successive implementation over the three school years starting with 2017/2018. The reform reverts the overall organisational structure from 6 (primary) + 3 (junior high school) + 3/4 (high school) years of education to 8 (primary school) + 4/5 (high school) years. According to history teacher Anna Dzierzgowska, the reform inherits the Polish-centred and
451:
The grading is done every semester (twice a year), not just once in a school year. Depending on the subject, the final grade may be based on the result of a single exam, or on the student's performance during the whole semester. In the latter case, a point system is generally used rather than the 2–5
455:
As a failing grade means merely having to repeat the failed subject, and can usually be corrected on a retake exam (and in some cases also on a special "committee exam"), it is used much more liberally, and it is quite common for a significant number of students to fail a class on the first attempt.
434:
Poland follows the
Bologna scheme and most of its tertiary level programmes are made of two cycles: a three-year bachelor's degree followed by a two-year master's degree. Some master's degrees are however granted after a unique long-cycle programme, lasting between four and six years (Ex: five years
372:
ruling party changes to Polish education system were gradually introduced. Starting with the school year of 2017/18, middle schools were scheduled to be disbanded, primary schools to be extended to eight years and upper secondary schools to be given one year more, as it was before 1999. Institutions
198:
praised the progresses made by Polish education in mathematics, science and literacy; the number of top-performers having increased since 2003 while the number of low-performers decreased again. In 2014, the
Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit rated Polish education as fifth best in Europe and tenth
628:
was illiterate. Illiteracy was very high in the east, but almost non-existent in western provinces. Compulsory education in Poland was introduced by a decree in
February 1919. This covered all children aged 7 to 14. At the beginning, however, the newly created Polish state faced several problems of
447:
University-level education uses a numeric system of grades from two to five, with most grades including 0.5 point increments: 2.0 is the failing grade, 3.0 is the lowest passing grade, followed by 3.5, 4.0 and 4.5, with 5.0 being the highest grade. There is no grade 2.5. A 5.5 or 6.0 is sometimes
308:
The first three years of primary school are "integrated", with one teacher handling all or most of the subjects alone, while the following five years are taught by subject-specific teachers. During the first three years, children typically only study a handful of subjects: Polish, math, a foreign
448:
given as an "exceeds expectations" grade, but this differs among various universities and may be equivalent to 5.0 for some purposes. Similarly "3-" is occasionally (but very rarely) given as a "barely passing" grade, but for all official purposes it is equivalent to 3.0.
596:
had schools where grammar and Latin were taught at the basic level, while secondary education was available in cities and larger towns. At the
Jagiellonian University, 65% of students came from urban backgrounds, 25% from the nobility and 10% from peasant families.
581:. Casimir III realized that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could codify the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were finally rewarded when
435:
for pharmacy, six year for medicine). Doctoral programmes are achieved in about three years. The diploma of primary school teachers requires three years of study within a teacher training college. Vocational education is handled by post-secondary school (
351:). The test itself is mandatory, however, it does not have a minimal required passing result, meaning it is impossible to fail it. After taking the exam and graduating primary school, the student usually goes on to attend secondary school.
393:
General education can be pursued in general secondary schools (liceum): after four years, students can pass the "Matura", which grants access to higher education. Vocational and technical education is mainly provided by technical schools
325:) classes. This may, however, vary in different schools. In the next five years, students also learn some additional subjects, such as Biology, Physics, Geography, History, Art, Technique, Chemistry, Music, education for safety (
281:) at the age of seven. Primary school typically takes eight years to complete (grades 1–8). Prior to 2017, primary school only took six years to complete (grades 1–6), after which students would attend the also mandatory
553:
1054:
406:) provide a vocational education in four years, but only in fields described by the Polish Classification of Activities (PKD). In addition, mentally and/or physically handicapped students can join special schools (
649:
A major reform of the education system took place in 1999, changing the overall organisational structure from 8 (primary school) + 4 (high school/liceum) years of education to 6 (primary) + 3 (junior high school,
145:) at 6 years old. Primary school lasts eight years (grades 1–8), and students must take a final exam at the end of the eighth grade. After graduating from primary school, people typically go on to attend
568:
The first university in Poland, Kraków's
Jagiellonian University, was established in 1364 by Casimir III the Great in Kraków. It is the oldest university in Poland. It is the second oldest university in
526:
The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century, and Poland soon became one of the most educated countries in Europe. The library catalog of the
Cathedral Chapter of
1162:
675:
1046:
2337:
1333:
1010:
2342:
464:
Students in Polish schools typically learn one or two foreign languages. In 2005/06, the fractions of students studying foreign languages in Polish schools included:
117:; every child must receive education from when they are 6 years old until they are 18 years old. It is also mandatory for 6-year-old children to receive one year of
1247:
2390:
2322:
709:
historically dates only back to the nineteenth century, but is used much too frequently in the new curriculum, giving pupils insufficient geographical context.
659:
755:
1150:
834:
800:
578:
693:
from the syllabus, and focuses on political and military leaders and the nobility, neglecting the historical role of lower social classes. The term
1106:
750:
2039:
1405:
662:
educational rankings for reading and science shifted from being below average to being in the top 10, and to the top 15 for mathematics.
291:), which lasted 3 years. However, this changed when the 2016 "Law on School Education" act was introduced by then-Minister of Education,
901:
202:
There are several alternatives for the upper secondary education later on, the most common being the four (three until 2017) years of a
1968:
795:
1223:
680:
1283:
624:
compulsory education did not exist. As a result, in 1921, after Poland regained independence, one-third of the population of the
1017:
1880:
299:
was abolished, and replaced with 8 years of primary school (as opposed to the previous 6 years of primary school + 3 years of
1318:
859:
2167:
1369:
1349:
1323:
717:
In 2006, in response to the suicide of a girl after she was sexually molested in school, the Polish
Minister of Education,
19:
1237:
256:
third cycle qualification). The system of education in Poland allows for 22 years of continuous, uninterrupted schooling.
2097:
1666:
1586:
1395:
1502:
1431:
765:
658:) years. The reform increased time spent on core subjects and delayed vocational study (lyceum) by one year. Poland's
2032:
1671:
1613:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1341:
1228:
897:
530:
dating back to 1110 shows that in the early 12th-century Polish intellectuals had access to
European literature. The
452:
scale. The points accumulated during the semester are added and converted to a final grade according to some scale.
1726:
1701:
1601:
962:
562:
543:
179:
2406:
2304:
2117:
821:"Postępowanie egzekucyjne w zakresie obowiązku szkolnego- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa - BIP MK"
539:
204:
183:
2365:
2142:
775:
737:
and these students' parents may also be fined. Teachers who fail to report violent acts in school could face a
191:
384:
education begins at the end of full-time compulsory education, preparing students for entry directly into the
70:
1620:
1390:
2427:
2380:
2332:
2229:
2224:
2025:
790:
1903:
1591:
1532:
1507:
1451:
1276:
702:
341:
being the most popular). At the end of primary school, pupils take a mandatory national competence exam (
157:), which lasts 4 or 5 years. They can also choose to educate themselves towards a specific profession or
1248:
Official register of educational institutions by type (Wykaz szkół i placówek oświatowych według typów).
2189:
1938:
1870:
1753:
1400:
1385:
1310:
1084:
419:
1110:
913:
721:, launched a "zero tolerance" school reform. Under this plan, teachers would have the legal status of
1973:
1850:
1731:
1681:
1559:
1466:
1441:
889:
770:
373:
were either set to close or to be changed into primary schools or high schools by 1 September 2019.
2289:
1512:
1476:
1456:
760:
671:
617:
601:
369:
2259:
2219:
2199:
2179:
2082:
1691:
1661:
1569:
1446:
1328:
851:
Literary
Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System?
531:
194:
was the first ministry of education in the world, and the traditions continue. The international
1133:
Citizenship and
Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth, Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550–1772
2370:
2194:
1951:
1946:
1890:
1783:
1721:
1537:
1517:
1269:
625:
1153:[What do children learn from history? This teacher has no illusions. "From the mammoth to
849:
2375:
2274:
2269:
2244:
2102:
1923:
1875:
1706:
1651:
1542:
780:
535:
2360:
2299:
2249:
2209:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
1961:
1825:
1686:
1581:
1522:
690:
605:
495:
In 2005/06, there were 49,200 students in schools for national minorities, most of them in
230:
114:
18:
This article is about education in modern Poland. For other periods in Polish history, see
1151:"Czego dzieci nauczą się na historii? Nauczycielka nie ma złudzeń. 'Od mamuta do Bieruta'"
8:
2385:
2327:
2294:
2284:
2264:
2254:
2234:
2214:
2184:
2152:
2137:
2112:
2048:
1928:
1845:
1810:
1716:
1608:
1596:
1576:
1549:
1527:
1419:
1050:
508:
41:
2279:
2204:
2174:
1908:
1855:
1815:
1490:
969:. Bureau for Academic Recognition and International Exchange. June 2002. Archived from
609:
504:
500:
210:
1154:
424:
1992:
1865:
1820:
1775:
1765:
1711:
1696:
1639:
1471:
1436:
1301:
893:
855:
785:
734:
574:
428:
390:
and/or tertiary (i.e. higher) education. Upper secondary education takes many forms.
240:
1625:
1231:
Source: Ordinance of the Minister of National Education on the Rules and Procedure.
1793:
1676:
1656:
1564:
558:
485:
481:
477:
465:
338:
334:
172:
146:
697:
was removed from teaching about the nineteenth century, during which it is called
2001:
1913:
1860:
1835:
1830:
1158:
738:
726:
613:
496:
473:
469:
330:
253:
245:
235:
222:), and may be followed by several forms of upper education, leading to Bachelor:
162:
150:
138:
122:
1736:
1183:
219:
165:. After graduating from secondary school and passing the final exam, called the
1956:
1798:
1461:
1242:
942:
718:
621:
593:
570:
515:
134:
2421:
2006:
1898:
1554:
881:
722:
589:
292:
288:
1840:
1047:"Poland is leading the way for England's schools, Education Secretary says"
820:
730:
686:
630:
582:
118:
629:
implementation – a lack of qualified teachers, buildings and funds. After
79:
1803:
706:
381:
970:
1788:
1198:
386:
2017:
612:
authorities in Polish provinces which belonged to Prussia (1825), and
698:
694:
224:
195:
158:
963:"The education system in Poland before and after the reform of 1999"
527:
514:
Under the education reform introduced by Polish education minister
1261:
538:
in Kraków, is one of Europe's oldest universities. In 1773 King
1292:
215:
167:
109:
50:
733:
will be, in theory, able to send aggressive pupils to perform
305:
system). The changes began taking effect on 1 September 2017.
489:
922:
835:"Szkolnictwo średnie i policealne (ISCED 3 i 4) | Eurydice"
187:
1256:
1218:
585:
granted him permission to open the University of Kraków.
161:, and receive work experience and qualifications through
1040:
1038:
756:
Homeschooling international status and statistics#Poland
1148:
1144:
1142:
1149:
Gostkiewicz, Michał; Dzierzgowska, Anna (2017-09-01).
689:
focuses of the previous history syllabus, removes the
1131:
Friedrich, Karin; Pendzich, Barbara M., eds. (2009).
1035:
442:
1139:
847:
600:
The idea of compulsory education was put forward by
410:) which prepare them for the Matura in three years.
801:
Underground education in Poland during World War II
269:
Children typically start attending primary school (
550:), the world's first state ministry of education.
1130:
701:, and only appears later in association with the
2419:
1107:"Oświata i wychowanie w roku szkolnym 2005/2006"
1099:
439:) with programmes lasting two and a half years.
309:language (usually English), physical education (
248:second cycle qualification) and eventually PhD:
1184:Polish drug use and suicide sparks school plan.
957:
955:
2033:
1277:
729:against them punishable by higher penalties.
1250:Centrum Informatyczne Edukacji, 03.01.2014.
952:
751:Education in the People's Republic of Poland
588:In the 16th century, 90% of all parishes in
376:
360:
342:
320:
310:
300:
282:
276:
270:
841:
2040:
2026:
1284:
1270:
1229:Recognition of Foreign Diplomas in Poland
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
796:Timeline of Polish science and technology
705:. Dzierzgowska argues that the notion of
608:, compulsory education was introduced by
1044:
674:government of Poland introduced a major
552:
423:
2047:
906:
259:
2420:
1192:
1068:
2021:
1265:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
886:God's Playground: A History of Poland
413:
354:
208:or five (four until 2017) years in a
949:Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit.
459:
359:Until 2019, the junior high school (
238:first cycle qualification), Master:
20:Education in Poland (disambiguation)
1291:
676:2017 Polish education system reform
398:) and/or basic vocational schools (
13:
1016:. UNESCO-IBE. 2012. Archived from
988:
665:
644:
443:Grading system at university level
14:
2439:
1342:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms
1212:
1011:"World Data on education: Poland"
875:
264:
214:. Both end with a maturity exam (
1727:Upper Silesian Industrial Region
1243:Structure of education in Poland
1224:Education in Poland on Poland.pl
579:oldest universities in the world
563:Commission of National Education
561:, was the first Chairman of the
544:Commission of National Education
180:Commission of National Education
69:
40:
1257:Features of education in Poland
1182:Easton, A. (2006, November 3).
1176:
1165:from the original on 2017-09-01
1124:
1057:from the original on 2017-09-09
1045:Swinford, Steven (2015-01-19).
329:and a second foreign language (
175:at a university, college, etc.
1238:Ministry of Education (Poland)
936:
827:
813:
776:List of universities in Poland
192:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
848:Jan IJ. van der Meer (2002).
806:
275:, also known colloquially as
133:) education, before starting
637:) and compulsory education (
540:Stanisław August Poniatowski
327:edukacja dla bezpieczeństwa)
184:Stanisław August Poniatowski
7:
1508:Central European Initiative
1319:Prehistory and protohistory
1233:Retrieved December 2, 2012.
744:
712:
654:) + 3 (senior high school,
10:
2444:
915:PISA 2012 Results in Focus
548:Komisja Edukacji Narodowej
534:, founded in 1364 by King
521:
420:Higher education in Poland
417:
400:zasadnicza szkoła zawodowa
319:), and optional Religion (
17:
2399:
2351:
2313:
2055:
1986:
1937:
1889:
1774:
1761:
1752:
1647:
1638:
1498:
1489:
1427:
1418:
1378:
1309:
1300:
1199:The shadow in our schools
890:Columbia University Press
771:List of schools in Poland
377:Upper secondary education
368:Following 2016 reform by
101:
94:
90:
86:
68:
61:
57:
39:
32:
27:
1503:Administrative divisions
943:Top 20 Education Systems
761:General education liceum
703:Polish People's Republic
602:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski
1702:Regional GDP per capita
854:. Rodopi. p. 233.
532:Jagiellonian University
349:an eighth grader's exam
315:, often abbreviated as
76:Liceum Ogólnokształcące
2098:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1969:Orders and decorations
626:Second Polish Republic
565:
431:
361:
343:
321:
311:
301:
283:
277:
271:
154:
142:
126:
1201:(2006, December 20).
1087:. UNESCO-UNEVOC. 2013
781:Open access in Poland
556:
427:
2049:Education in Europe
1881:World Heritage Sites
1157:"] (in Polish).
766:Grading in education
691:Non-Aligned Movement
606:partitions of Poland
344:egzamin ósmoklasisty
260:Compulsory education
218:, similar to French
182:established by King
2428:Education in Poland
2314:States with limited
1621:Political prisoners
1135:. Brill. p. 4.
902:Google Print, p.167
604:in 1555. After the
557:Bishop of Vilnius,
312:wychowanie fizyczne
199:best in the world.
171:, one can pursue a
28:Education in Poland
566:
511:language schools.
432:
414:Tertiary education
404:liceum profilowane
355:Junior high school
2415:
2414:
2015:
2014:
1982:
1981:
1904:Ethnic minorities
1748:
1747:
1634:
1633:
1587:Political parties
1533:Foreign relations
1485:
1484:
1414:
1413:
1370:Poland since 1989
976:on March 27, 2009
925:, 3 December 2013
861:978-90-420-0933-2
837:. 9 October 2017.
786:Polish student ID
735:community service
635:obowiązek szkolny
577:) and one of the
575:Prague University
460:Foreign languages
437:szkoła policealna
429:Polish student ID
272:szkoła podstawowa
143:szkoła podstawowa
105:
104:
47:Szkoła podstawowa
2435:
2352:Dependencies and
2056:Sovereign states
2042:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2018:
1995:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1667:Economic history
1657:Balcerowicz Plan
1645:
1644:
1496:
1495:
1432:Cities and towns
1425:
1424:
1365:Communist Poland
1345:
1337:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1234:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1109:. Archived from
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1085:"TVET in Poland"
1081:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:on 8 August 2014
1022:
1015:
1007:
986:
985:
983:
981:
975:
967:Internet Archive
959:
950:
940:
934:
933:
932:
930:
920:
910:
904:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
845:
839:
838:
831:
825:
824:
817:
684:
559:Ignacy Massalski
542:established the
408:szkoła specjalna
389:
364:
346:
324:
314:
304:
286:
280:
274:
173:higher education
147:secondary school
73:
44:
25:
24:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2395:
2353:
2347:
2333:Northern Cyprus
2315:
2309:
2230:North Macedonia
2051:
2046:
2016:
2011:
1998:
1991:
1978:
1933:
1885:
1851:Public holidays
1770:
1744:
1738:
1732:Venture capital
1630:
1560:Law enforcement
1481:
1467:Protected areas
1410:
1374:
1343:
1335:
1296:
1290:
1251:
1232:
1219:Study in Poland
1215:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1187:BBC News Online
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1159:Gazeta Wyborcza
1147:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1008:
989:
979:
977:
973:
961:
960:
953:
941:
937:
928:
926:
918:
912:
911:
907:
880:
876:
866:
864:
862:
846:
842:
833:
832:
828:
819:
818:
814:
809:
747:
739:prison sentence
715:
678:
668:
666:Reforms of 2017
647:
645:Reforms of 1999
639:obowiązek nauki
620:(1873). In the
616:authorities in
524:
462:
445:
422:
416:
385:
382:Upper secondary
379:
357:
267:
262:
254:Bologna Process
246:Bologna Process
236:Bologna Process
163:apprenticeships
82:
53:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2407:European Union
2403:
2401:
2400:Other entities
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
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898:0-231-12819-3
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731:Head teachers
728:
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590:Lesser Poland
586:
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387:labour-market
383:
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328:
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318:
313:
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293:Anna Zalewska
290:
289:middle school
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67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
35:
31:
26:
21:
16:
2343:Transnistria
2239:
1952:Coat of arms
1918:
1891:Demographics
1841:Polish names
1811:Folk beliefs
1784:Architecture
1722:Unemployment
1662:Central bank
1538:Human rights
1518:Constitution
1360:World War II
1203:Warsaw Voice
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1167:. Retrieved
1132:
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1059:. Retrieved
1025:. Retrieved
1018:the original
978:. Retrieved
971:the original
966:
946:
938:
927:, retrieved
914:
908:
885:
877:
865:. Retrieved
850:
843:
829:
815:
716:
669:
655:
651:
648:
638:
634:
631:World War II
599:
587:
583:Pope Urban V
567:
547:
525:
513:
494:
463:
454:
450:
446:
436:
433:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
380:
367:
358:
348:
347:, literally
326:
316:
307:
296:
268:
252:(the Polish
249:
244:(the Polish
239:
234:(the Polish
229:
223:
220:baccalauréat
209:
203:
201:
177:
166:
130:
129:, literally
119:kindergarten
107:
106:
95:
75:
62:
46:
33:
15:
2381:Isle of Man
2316:recognition
2290:Switzerland
2225:Netherlands
1924:Health care
1876:Video games
1816:Folk dances
1652:Agriculture
1592:Politicians
1391:Demographic
1350:World War I
1344:(1795–1918)
1336:(1569–1795)
1324:Middle Ages
1252:(in Polish)
707:nationalism
687:Eurocentric
679: [
536:Casimir III
278:podstawówka
127:przedszkole
2260:San Marino
2220:Montenegro
2200:Luxembourg
2180:Kazakhstan
2083:Azerbaijan
1871:Traditions
1821:Literature
1739:(currency)
1582:Parliament
1523:Corruption
1169:2017-09-01
1117:2007-11-03
1061:2017-09-01
980:August 13,
929:15 January
807:References
509:Belarusian
131:pre-school
115:compulsory
2371:Gibraltar
2195:Lithuania
1929:Languages
1919:Education
1846:Name days
1717:Transport
1597:President
1550:Judiciary
1528:Elections
1452:Mountains
1420:Geography
1189:, London.
791:Technikum
725:, making
699:socialism
695:communism
652:gimnazjum
505:Ukrainian
501:Kashubian
480:– 10.2%,
476:– 13.3%,
472:– 33.3%,
468:– 67.9%,
396:technikum
362:gimnazjum
302:gimnazjum
297:Gimnazjum
284:gimnazjum
225:licencjat
211:technikum
196:PISA 2012
80:Białystok
63:Secondary
2422:Category
2391:Svalbard
2376:Guernsey
2323:Abkhazia
2275:Slovenia
2270:Slovakia
2245:Portugal
2103:Bulgaria
2002:Category
1909:Refugees
1856:Religion
1577:Military
1491:Politics
1401:Military
1396:Economic
1386:Cultural
1379:By topic
1329:Monarchs
1311:Timeline
1163:Archived
1091:5 August
1055:Archived
1027:5 August
974:(Graphs)
892:, 2005,
867:26 April
745:See also
713:Violence
614:Austrian
610:Prussian
492:– 0.6%.
488:– 4.3%,
484:– 6.1%,
241:magister
231:inżynier
96:Tertiary
2300:Ukraine
2250:Romania
2210:Moldova
2168:Ireland
2163:Iceland
2158:Hungary
2148:Germany
2143:Georgia
2133:Finland
2128:Estonia
2123:Denmark
2108:Croatia
2093:Belgium
2088:Belarus
2078:Austria
2073:Armenia
2068:Andorra
2063:Albania
1993:Outline
1974:Polonia
1939:Symbols
1866:Theatre
1799:Cuisine
1776:Culture
1766:Lawyers
1754:Society
1712:Tourism
1697:Poverty
1682:Exports
1640:Economy
1472:Regions
1442:Islands
1437:Forests
1302:History
947:Source:
618:Galicia
573:(after
522:History
486:Italian
482:Russian
478:Spanish
466:English
339:Russian
335:Spanish
322:religia
34:Primary
2386:Jersey
2328:Kosovo
2295:Turkey
2285:Sweden
2265:Serbia
2255:Russia
2240:Poland
2235:Norway
2215:Monaco
2185:Latvia
2153:Greece
2138:France
2113:Cyprus
2007:Portal
1947:Anthem
1794:Cinema
1737:Złoty
1692:Mining
1677:Energy
1565:Police
1477:Rivers
1406:Postal
1293:Poland
1155:Bierut
896:
858:
656:liceum
528:Kraków
497:German
474:French
470:German
331:German
250:doktor
216:matura
205:liceum
168:matura
151:Polish
139:Polish
123:Polish
110:Poland
51:Warsaw
2361:Åland
2280:Spain
2205:Malta
2175:Italy
1914:Crime
1899:Poles
1861:Sport
1836:Names
1831:Music
1826:Media
1447:Lakes
1021:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
945:BBC.
919:(PDF)
683:]
490:Latin
159:trade
1962:list
1957:Flag
1804:Wine
1614:List
1602:List
1543:LGBT
1093:2014
1029:2014
982:2012
931:2014
923:OECD
894:ISBN
869:2012
856:ISBN
670:The
660:OECD
592:and
507:and
188:1773
178:The
1789:Art
1672:EEZ
1555:Law
672:PiS
641:).
370:PiS
228:or
190:in
186:in
113:is
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
