336:
1514:
33:
1321:
Manlius was accordingly nominated but his appointment was due to political rather than religious reasons. He was eager to command in the war with the
Hernici. He caused an anger among the men liable to serve by the inconsiderate way in which he conducted the enrolment. In consequence of the unanimous resistance offered by the tribunes of the plebs, he gave way, either voluntarily or through compulsion, and laid down his dictatorship. Since then, this rite was performed by the Rex Sacrorum.
4112:
1959:
2146:
944:, devised Rome's system of religious rites, including the manner and timing of sacrifices, the supervision of religious funds, authority over all public and private religious institutions, instruction of the populace in the celestial and funerary rites including appeasing the dead, and expiation of prodigies. Numa is said to have founded Roman religion after dedicating an altar on the
1366:
1480:
in office, or refuse to lengthen one in which his opponents were in power. A Pontifex with other political responsibilities, especially away from Rome, might also have been simply distracted from his calendrical duties as chief priest. This caused the calendar to become out of step with the seasons; for example, Caesar's crossing of the
1479:
needed to be added to synchronize the calendar to the seasons. Since the
Pontifices were often politicians, and because a Roman magistrate's term of office corresponded with a calendar year, this power was prone to abuse: a Pontifex could lengthen a year in which he or one of his political allies was
1320:
in the year following the expulsion of the kings; from the
Consuls the ceremony of fastening the nails passed to the Dictators, because they possessed greater authority. As the custom had been subsequently dropped, it was felt to be of sufficient importance to require the appointment of a dictator. L
1563:
consolidated power, he retained the priestly office until his death in 13/12 BC, at which point
Augustus was selected to succeed him and given the right to appoint other pontifices. Thus, from the time of Augustus, the election of pontifices ended and membership in the sacred college was deemed
1651:
In opposition to this , could I not have acted the dissembler? I hear that there has even been an edict sent forth, and a peremptory one too. The "Pontifex
Maximus," that is the "bishop of bishops," issues an edict: "I remit, to such as have discharged repentance, the sins both of adultery and of
1599:, nor did one person hold more than one priesthood in this collegium. However, these rules were loosened in the later part of the 3rd century A.D. In periods of joint rule, at first only one of the emperors bore this title, as it occurred for the first time during the joint reign of
1568:
for political gain, in an attempt to restore traditional Roman values. With this attribution, the new office of
Emperor was given a religious dignity and the responsibility for the entire Roman state cult. Most authors contend that the power of naming the Pontifices was not really used as an
1214:(an assembly of the people divided into voting districts); by the same law only 17 tribes, chosen by lot from the 35 tribes of the city, could vote. The law's promulgator, L Domitius Ahenobarbus, was shortly afterwards elected pontifex maximus after the death of the incumbent
603:, the sacred river (and a deity): only prestigious authorities with sacral functions could be allowed to "disturb" it with mechanical additions. However, it was always understood in its symbolic sense as well: the pontifices were the ones who smoothed the "bridge" between gods and men.
1284:
included. (Possibly because Caesar's own long absences from Rome necessitated the appointment of a deputy pontiff for those occasions when fifteen needed to be present.) The number of pontifices varied during the Empire but is believed to have been regular at fifteen.
1594:
In post-Severan times (after 235 AD), the small number of pagan senators interested in becoming pontiffs led to a change in the pattern of office holding. In
Republican and Imperial times no more than one family member of a gens was member of the
1425:
The pontifices had many relevant and prestigious functions such as being in charge of caring for the state archives, the keeping the official minutes of elected magistrates, the list of magistrates, and they kept the records of their own decisions
2062:
The
Pontifex Maximus — that is, the bishop of bishops — issues an edict: "I remit, to such as have discharged (the requirements of) repentance, the sins both of adultery and of fornication." O edict, on which cannot be inscribed, Good
1218:: Something of a personal revenge because, the previous year, he had expected to be co-opted as a pontiff to replace his late father, but the pontifical college had appointed another candidate in his place. The office's next holder,
567:
The etymology of "pontifex" is uncertain, but the word has been used since Roman times. The word appears to consist of the Latin word for "bridge" and the suffix for "maker". However, there is a possibility that this definition is a
917:
held their office for life. But the pontifical records of early Rome were most likely destroyed when the city was sacked by the Gauls in 387 BC, and the earliest accounts of
Archaic Rome come from the literature of the
1312:
fasten a nail on the Ides of
September." This notice was fastened on the right side of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, next to the chapel of Minerva. This nail is said to have marked the number of the year.
3459:
1582:
was one of the many titles of the Emperor, slowly losing its specific and historical powers and becoming simply a referent for the sacral aspect of imperial duties and powers. During the Imperial period, a
599:); "maximus" means "greatest". This was perhaps originally meant in a literal sense: the position of bridge-builder was indeed an important one in Rome, where the major bridges were over the
1754:... the profession of that religion which was delivered to the Romans by the divine Apostle Peter, as it has been preserved by faithful tradition and which is now professed by the
1647:
of Carthage), ca. 220, over a relaxation of the Church's penitential discipline allowing repentant adulterers and fornicators back into the Church, it was in bitter irony:
3167:, 58: 96–102. The confusion in dates arises from Zosimus, who writes that it was repudiated at Gratian's accession, impossible from epigraphic and literary references
1268:
followed Ahenobarbus's precedent by being elected by public vote, although Caesar at least had previously been a pontiff. Marcus Antonius later restored the right of
2384:
2058:
for allowing repentant adulterers and fornicators back into the Church, even if they were repeat offenders, sarcastically referring to him as "Pontifex Maximus."
4685:
4512:
2326:
554:
3613:
1498:, with a fault of less than a day per century. This calendar remained the standard calendar of the Roman Empire until its collapse, and was used by the
1350:
or advising body. His functions were partly sacrificial or ritualistic, but these were the least important. His real power lay in the administration of
1293:
The office came into its own with the abolition of the monarchy, when most sacral powers previously vested in the King were transferred either to the
1084:
was generally held by a member of a politically prominent family. It was a coveted position mainly for the great prestige it conferred on the holder.
2970:
6517:
2978:
2357:
1171:, moreover, could only come from the old nobility. In effect, this was only members of the patrician class. However, in 300–299 BC the
2202:
4517:
3624:
3096:
4572:
2023:'s official titulature of the Bishop of Rome. The name given to the book containing the liturgical rites to be performed by any bishop, the
1693:, possibly in 376 at the time of his visit to Rome, or more probably in 383 when a delegation of pagan senators implored him to restore the
5114:
2389:
2263:
2869:
5156:
5144:
2832:
3080:
6527:
5203:
3340:
1222:, was also elected under the same law, though without controversy or opposition since he was a former consul and long-serving pontiff.
102:
4261:
1072:
547:
5119:
3673:
2775:
1331:
1187:(plebeians) to be co-opted as priests, so that part of the exclusivity of the title was lost. But it was only in 254 BC that
6522:
6491:
5129:
1454:
1450:
877:(College of Pontiffs) was the most important priesthood of ancient Rome. The foundation of this sacred college and the office of
396:
314:
2456:
2339:
In the matter of hierarchical nomenclature, one of the most striking instances is the adoption of the term pontifex for a bishop
6436:
5124:
4858:
425:
1502:
after the adoption of Christianity as the Roman state religion. The Julian calendar, established by Caesar in his capacity as
1457:(132–130 BC) was the first to leave Italy voluntarily. Afterwards it became common and no longer against the law for the
6406:
5231:
4758:
3360:
3323:
3151:
3130:
3106:
2423:
2292:
1652:
fornication." O edict, on which cannot be inscribed, "Good deed!"... Far, far from Christ's betrothed be such a proclamation!
639:
in the sense of "able to sacrifice". The last derivation is mentioned also by Varro, who rejected it, but it was the view of
2077:
has for some centuries been used in inscriptions referring to the Popes, it has never been included in the official list of
1308:
According to Livy in his "History of Rome," an ancient instruction written in archaic letters commands: "Let him who is the
6496:
6371:
5524:
2606:
2574:
1807:
1453:(141–132 BC) as the first to leave Italy, after being forced by the Senate to do so, and thus break the sacred taboo.
693:
may denote a group or division of five or by five. The pontifex would thence be a member of a sacrificial college known as
540:
5077:
3637:
2225:
4748:
4529:
2672:
For a review of the proposed hypotheses cfr. J. P. Hallet "Over Troubled Waters: The Meaning of the Title Pontifex" in
1273:
528:
155:
6542:
6416:
5176:
4743:
4738:
4714:
4565:
3599:
2827:
1004:, or "king of sacred rites," to carry out certain religious duties and rituals previously performed by the king. The
3199:
1908:
has long been recognized as a forgery, though there is no evidence to suggest the title could not have been used by
6431:
5104:
4753:
4680:
2792:
1997:
1731:
1499:
1354:
or divine law; the information collected by the pontifices related to the Roman religious tradition was bound in a
1219:
1055:, i.e. toga with the purple border. In artistic representations, he can be recognized by his holding an iron knife
17:
3188:
4697:
4630:
4323:
3432:
1552:
1242:
1772:('highest pontiff' or bishop) were for centuries used not only of the Bishop of Rome but of other bishops also.
1393:
The regulation of the calendar; both astronomically and in detailed application to the public life of the state.
850:
6537:
5451:
5376:
5134:
2837:
2284:
1535:
826:
783:
386:
822:
5947:
3631:– in the list of consuls the column on the right (pontifex maximus) lists those that are known in the period.
2823:
949:
5787:
5391:
4843:
4558:
3666:
3559:
2759:
2258:
521:
2967:
6486:
6411:
6170:
5226:
5109:
4655:
3555:"Anchoring Pontifical Authority: A Reconsideration of the Papal Employment of the Title Pontifex Maximus"
3491:
1762:
of Alexandria ... We authorize the followers of this law to assume the title Catholic Christians ...
1743:
1667:
1476:
6446:
6110:
6002:
5772:
5544:
5366:
5274:
5139:
5082:
4194:
4168:
2415:
2351:
1963:
1506:, thus became the standard calendar in all of Europe, and continued in use in Western Europe until the
1163:(i.e. the remaining members nominate their new colleague) for life, was originally five, including the
1116:
611:
3183:
576:
term, since Roman religion was heavily influenced by Etruscan religion, and little is known about the
6466:
5559:
5514:
5441:
5361:
5309:
5299:
5251:
4598:
4328:
4163:
3636:
2159:
973:
3621:
2489:
1513:
658:
Another opinion is that the word is a corruption of a similar-sounding but etymologically unrelated
335:
177:), but during Gratian's reign the phrase was replaced in imperial titulature with the Latin phrase:
6067:
5977:
5486:
5466:
5461:
5446:
5399:
5339:
5294:
5096:
4443:
4422:
4412:
3819:
3682:
998:. According to Livy, after the overthrow of the monarchy, the Romans created the priesthood of the
991:
895:
859:
829:). From perhaps as early as the 3rd century, it has been used to denote a Christian bishop. In the
518:
352:
90:
86:
76:
2197:
622:
pointed out that the term existed before there were any bridges in Rome and derived the word from
6476:
6456:
6396:
6386:
6376:
5782:
5471:
5371:
5351:
5266:
5256:
4961:
4901:
4881:
4593:
4427:
3659:
2547:
1317:
581:
97:
first held this position. Although in fact the most powerful office in the Roman priesthood, the
2862:
733:
709:
6481:
6471:
6421:
6401:
6215:
6190:
6155:
6037:
5762:
5409:
5171:
4702:
4255:
2947:
Ancient History Sourcebook: Accounts of Roman State Religion, c. 200 BC – 250 AD
2001:
1644:
1226:
1132:
817:
615:
2564:
2509:
2278:
497:
6532:
6451:
6381:
6205:
5957:
5757:
5752:
5549:
5456:
5381:
5344:
5329:
5304:
5284:
5186:
4474:
4371:
4027:
3946:
3694:
3643:
3178:
2942:
2737:
2596:
2476:
2317:
1711:
1686:
1675:
1396:
The administration of the law relating to burials and burying-places, and the worship of the
1387:
The regulation of all expiatory ceremonials needed as a result of pestilence, lightning, etc.
840:
775:
492:
42:
3245:
2949:. Paul Halsall © August 1998 (public domain), Fordham University; halsall@murray.fordham.edu
6461:
6426:
6115:
5982:
5882:
5807:
5672:
5635:
5011:
4675:
4469:
4353:
4307:
4097:
3941:
3714:
3352:
2253:
2207:
2030:
1845:
1188:
930:
525:
182:
6105:
2731:
2379:
1390:
The consecration of all temples and other sacred places and objects dedicated to the gods.
1316:
It was in accordance with this direction that the consul Horatius dedicated the Temple of
8:
6391:
6240:
6042:
5912:
5862:
5181:
4778:
4507:
4313:
4199:
4173:
4032:
3881:
3871:
3834:
2991:
2193:
2151:
2090:
2083:
1909:
1727:
1596:
1215:
995:
977:
873:
798:
751:
727:
361:
289:
71:
3608:
3070:
2772:
1095:
The major Republican source on the pontiffs would have been the theological writings of
6441:
6165:
5972:
5827:
5767:
5687:
5630:
5494:
4730:
4709:
4386:
4012:
3976:
3936:
3911:
3814:
3794:
3734:
3651:
3298:
3033:
2330:
2230:
1883:
1571:
1539:
1507:
1469:
430:
220:
6080:
3407:
1365:
956:. Numa wrote down and sealed these religious instructions, and gave them to the first
6075:
5927:
5682:
5642:
5620:
4828:
4524:
4484:
4138:
4092:
3966:
3956:
3906:
3779:
3759:
3754:
3739:
3467:
3356:
3319:
3290:
3147:
3126:
3102:
3037:
2602:
2570:
2452:
2419:
2288:
2221:
2109:
1952:
1788:
1783:
659:
577:
573:
466:
135:
1955:, vol. CL, 10), but from the 11th century it appears to be applied only to the Pope.
857:, the Christian bishops were regarded as holding, based on an interpretation of the
6140:
6100:
6032:
5967:
5892:
5887:
5659:
5582:
5529:
5324:
5319:
5208:
5067:
5016:
4976:
4946:
4936:
4926:
4848:
4795:
4788:
4773:
4768:
4692:
4620:
4417:
4148:
4067:
4007:
3866:
3844:
3829:
3578:
3568:
3348:
3025:
2521:
2055:
2025:
1694:
1640:
1559:. Though Lepidus eventually fell out of political favor and was sent into exile as
1143:. Some of these sources present an extensive list of everyday prohibitions for the
1120:
1104:
1013:
461:
129:
32:
3016:
Kroppenberg, Inge (2010). "Law, Religion and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins".
2647:
First proposed by F. Ribezzo in "Pontifices 'quinionalis sacrificii effectores'",
6235:
6047:
6027:
5987:
5922:
5872:
5867:
5742:
5692:
5600:
5434:
5414:
5334:
4783:
4608:
4539:
4534:
4453:
4448:
4301:
4269:
4153:
3686:
3628:
2974:
2873:
2779:
2239:
2235:
1967:
1893:), for whom examples of official usage survive. Another inscription dedicated to
1858:
1827:
1773:
1600:
1524:
1495:
1136:
890:
690:
663:
502:
276:
195:
1415:
The regulation of the public morals, and fining and punishing offending parties.
1210:
prescribed that the election of all pontiffs would henceforward be voted by the
673:, five. This explanation takes into account that the college was established by
117:
6290:
5932:
5667:
5615:
5587:
5534:
5519:
5499:
5314:
5289:
5246:
5236:
5062:
5036:
4966:
4951:
4916:
4876:
4637:
4391:
4280:
4143:
3861:
3538:
3217:
2448:
2012:
2005:
1920:
1831:
1735:
1719:
1492:
1472:
1433:
1309:
1302:
1253:
1140:
1051:
983:
937:
919:
886:
845:
811:
678:
569:
471:
410:
294:
242:
163:
143:
3460:"Ask the pope @pontifex: With Twitter account, Benedict XVI just a tweet away"
3382:
3029:
1806:– which had unwelcome associations with traditional Roman religion during the
1069:, and the distinctive robes or toga with part of the mantle covering the head
283:
as its chief bishop and appears on buildings, monuments and coins of popes of
6511:
5822:
5792:
5707:
5241:
5218:
5031:
4886:
4871:
4818:
4625:
4318:
4242:
4158:
4087:
4057:
4037:
3886:
3809:
3799:
3700:
3495:
3471:
3294:
3075:
2009:
1983:
1707:. Its last use with reference to the emperors is in inscriptions of Gratian.
1462:
1419:
1305:
was formally mandated by the Senate for one day, to perform a specific rite.
1277:
1265:
1100:
1085:
1030:
1025:
945:
806:
771:
767:
476:
456:
371:
151:
123:
3573:
3554:
2549:
The Roman History, from the Building of Rome to the Ruin of the Commonwealth
1430:) and of the chief events of each year, the so-called "public diaries", the
1249:
in history, since even the other pontiffs did not get a vote in the matter.
732:'Archpriest' or by a more literal translation and order of words as
6300:
6160:
5605:
5554:
5509:
5504:
5356:
5166:
5052:
4996:
4991:
4763:
4647:
4581:
4381:
4376:
4338:
4235:
3784:
3724:
3055:
2849:
2623:
2525:
2174:
2131:
2078:
1948:
1715:
1698:
1604:
1298:
1237:. Also under Sulla, the number of pontifices was increased to fifteen, the
1000:
961:
882:
667:
451:
181:("honourable pontiff"), an example followed by Gratian's junior co-emperor
111:
82:
3789:
1639:, furiously applied the term to a bishop with whom he was at odds (either
1151:
were prominent members of society who lived normal, non-restricted lives.
635:] meaning a powerful or absolute master, while others derived it from
6095:
5717:
5539:
5429:
4823:
4133:
3242:
Theodosian Code XVI.1.2; and Sozomen, "Ecclesiastical History", VII, iv.
1989:
1703:
1491:, Julius Caesar introduced the calendar reform that created the entirely
1412:
The administration of the law of adoption and of testamentary succession.
1173:
1042:
779:
284:
67:
4111:
3302:
3278:
2280:
A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War
1958:
6320:
6260:
6225:
6017:
5952:
5942:
5837:
5722:
5610:
5193:
5161:
4906:
4833:
4665:
4660:
4343:
4250:
4017:
4002:
3992:
3921:
3901:
3583:
3084:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 66.
2468:
2334:
2040:
1632:
763:
287:
and modern times. The official list of titles of the pope given in the
4550:
2730:
1147:; it seems difficult to reconcile these lists with evidence that many
809:, it is sometimes used to designate the Jewish high priest, as in the
6350:
6345:
6305:
6230:
6200:
6180:
6057:
5997:
5907:
5857:
5852:
5777:
5737:
5625:
5595:
5404:
5279:
5072:
4956:
4931:
4810:
4489:
4077:
3971:
3163:
A. Cameron, A. (1969). Gratian's repudiation of the pontifical robe.
2674:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
2120:
1894:
1636:
1099:, which survive only in fragments preserved by later authors such as
1058:
1034:
623:
1449:. Among them was the prohibition to leave Italy. Plutarch described
1233:, which restored to the great priestly colleges their full right of
6310:
6295:
6285:
6270:
6185:
6175:
6145:
6135:
6130:
6120:
6022:
5937:
5817:
5802:
5732:
5712:
5702:
5697:
5677:
5476:
5057:
5021:
4911:
4838:
4670:
4396:
4333:
4274:
4178:
3997:
3951:
3926:
3856:
3764:
3749:
3744:
3719:
2926:
2922:
2708:
2688:
2168:
2101:) as the fourth title, the first being "Bishop of Rome." The title
1938:
1723:
1620:
1616:
1560:
1369:
1124:
1045:. His religious duties were carried out from the Regia. Unless the
926:
662:
word. Yet another hypothesis considers the word as a loan from the
619:
381:
147:
94:
36:
2562:
2105:
appears in inscriptions on buildings and on coins and medallions.
1080:
In practice, particularly during the late Republic, the office of
6330:
6325:
6315:
6280:
6275:
6265:
6210:
6195:
6012:
6007:
5992:
5962:
5917:
5897:
5877:
5832:
5564:
5419:
5198:
5006:
5001:
4891:
4052:
4042:
3961:
3931:
3916:
3876:
3774:
3622:
http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/chron/chronology.htm
3339:
Nicholson, Oliver; Gwynn, David (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.),
2127:
2117:
1869:
1854:
1690:
1481:
1339:
1008:
was explicitly deprived of military and political power, but the
854:
830:
802:
794:
708:
was rendered in Greek inscriptions and literature of the time as
674:
260:
206:
191:
167:
63:
2793:"Panel Relief of Marcus Aurelius and Roman Imperial Iconography"
1623:
did in 238 AD—a situation unthinkable in Republican times.
643:
Quintus Scaevola. Others have held that the word was originally
6340:
6220:
6150:
6090:
6085:
6052:
5812:
5797:
5747:
5727:
5149:
5026:
4921:
4479:
4221:
4215:
4128:
4062:
4047:
4022:
3804:
3729:
3508:
3094:
3069:
2020:
1446:
1108:
1065:
941:
405:
376:
340:
264:
3225:), the word used for the bishop from the Greek-speaking East,
6125:
5847:
5574:
4866:
4348:
4072:
3896:
3851:
3839:
3824:
3769:
3230:
3220:
1398:
1359:
1252:
In 63 BC, the law of Sulla was abolished by the tribune
1183:
1096:
1038:
953:
666:, in which it would mean a member of a college of five, from
600:
420:
415:
366:
59:
2315:
Pascal, Paul (February 1966). "Medieval Uses of Antiquity".
1802:
During Gratian's reign or immediately afterwards the phrase
1551:
After Julius Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, his ally
1461:
to leave Italy. Among the most notable of those who did was
1245:
as the next holder of the office – the only truly unelected
6335:
5902:
5842:
5424:
4800:
4229:
4082:
3050:
2938:
2754:
2353:
Edictum Gratiani, Valentiani et Theodosii de fide catholica
1112:
933:
901:
280:
268:
2095:
includes "Supreme Pontiff of the whole Church" (in Latin,
1844:
This practice was followed by Gratian's junior co-emperor
1280:, the number of pontifices were increased to sixteen, the
922:, most of it from the 1st century BC and later.
4896:
3891:
3539:"Pontifex Maximus: from Augustus to Gratian – and Beyond"
1484:
in January 49 BC actually took place in mid-autumn.
1288:
797:," was used in ancient Rome to designate a member of the
744:
720:
631:
301:) as the fourth title, the first being "bishop of Rome".
3681:
3638:"Pope § V. Primacy of Honour: Titles and Insignia"
2649:
Rivista Indo-Greco-Italica di Filologia-Lingua-Antichità
2569:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 195.
2385:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1726:) for the whole empire. By it, Theodosius I established
185:
and which was used by emperors thereafter including the
146:, it gradually became politicized until, beginning with
2782:
Roman Civilization, bates.edu retrieved August 17, 2006
2087:. The official list of titles of the Pope given in the
2054:), in his work "De Pudicitia" (On Modesty), criticized
1810:– was replaced in imperial titulature with the phrase:
2601:(reprint ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 54.
2327:
The Classical Association of the Middle West and South
1996:
became a regular title of honour for Popes. After the
1564:
a sign of imperial favour. Augustus took the title of
1049:
was also a magistrate, he was not allowed to wear the
2563:
Beard, Mary; North, John; Price, Simon, eds. (1998).
1029:("State House") which stood between the House of the
3604:
in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
3246:"IMPERATORIS THEODOSIANI CODEX Liber Decimus Sextus"
2876:
Periochae, from livius.org retrieved August 16, 2006
2380:"Pontiff: 1a. The pope. b. A bishop. 2. A pontifex."
2141:
1329:
The main duty of the Pontifices was to maintain the
1977:
1848:and was used by emperors thereafter, including the
1689:, continued to use it; it was only relinquished by
1591:in lieu of the emperors whenever they were absent.
1409:, i.e. originally of all legal patrician marriages.
1202:also increased the number of pontiffs to nine (the
3647:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2741:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2552:. Vol. 5. London: Thomas Davison. p. 81.
3433:"Pope joins tweeting masses with Pontifex handle"
3015:
1607:(161–169 AD), when only Marcus Aurelius was
1139:, and in later writers, including several of the
757:
587:According to the common interpretation, the term
6509:
3243:
2894:Pseudo-Ascon. in Divinat. p 102, ed. Orelli
1714:of 27 February 380 was enacted in Thessalonica (
2937:
2503:
2501:
2499:
1734:. The Latin text refers to the bishop of Rome,
1338:The immense authority of the sacred college of
681:and the institution is Italic: the expressions
3552:
3338:
2621:
866:
655:would thus mean "maker of roads and bridges."
142:A distinctly religious office under the early
85:. This was the most important position in the
4566:
3667:
2123:, prompting users to pose questions with the
2088:
548:
3553:Dijkstra, Roald; Espelo, Dorine Van (2017).
2981:Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved August 17, 2006
2510:"Des pontifes païens aux pontifes chrétiens"
2507:
2496:
2390:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
2264:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
2203:Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
2130:. This has been maintained by his successor
1534:) performing sacrifice in a relief from the
1272:to the college, in time for the election of
3492:Pope Benedict to launch new Twitter account
2833:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2590:
2588:
2586:
2356:. The Roman Law Library. February 27, 380.
2096:
1942:
1777:
1767:
1431:
834:
584:and thus has different origins from Latin.
52:
4573:
4559:
3674:
3660:
3309:
2220:
1674:. The early Christian emperors, including
1587:(vice-master) performed the duties of the
555:
541:
3582:
3572:
3457:
3408:"CHURCH FATHERS: On Modesty (Tertullian)"
3316:Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
1670:, emperors continued to assume the title
1301:, though traditionally a (non-political)
1260:was reinstated providing for election by
647:(leader of public processions). The word
3458:Boorstein, Michelle (December 4, 2012).
3176:
3101:. Oxford University Press. p. 191.
3095:Christer Bruun, J. C. Edmondson (2015).
2818:
2816:
2814:
2594:
2583:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2276:
1957:
1512:
1405:The superintendence of all marriages by
1364:
1225:This law was abolished in 81 BC by
756:'greatest archpriest'. The term
31:
6518:Pontifices maximi of the Roman Republic
4580:
3536:
3345:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
3276:
2750:
2748:
2514:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire
1455:Publius Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus
1451:Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio
150:, it was subsumed into the position of
14:
6510:
3283:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
3098:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy
3067:
2314:
2029:, and to the form of liturgy known as
1289:Extraordinary appointment of dictators
1154:
4554:
3655:
3634:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
2822:
2811:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2545:
2459:from the original on January 12, 2012
2447:
2432:
2098:Summus Pontifex Ecclesiae Universalis
1841:), who killed Gratian in August 383.
1826:and devout Christian close to bishop
1468:The Pontifices were in charge of the
1181:to public election and permitted the
1159:The number of Pontifices, elected by
3353:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001
2745:
2192:
1992:drove new interest in ancient Rome,
1808:Christianization of the Roman Empire
1795:
952:and consulting the gods by means of
899:presumably acted as advisers to the
103:ranking of the highest Roman priests
2360:from the original on April 27, 2014
2134:, who now uses it as his X handle.
1346:, the other pontifices forming his
893:is semi-legendary or mythical. The
101:was officially ranked fifth in the
24:
4110:
3263:
3177:Tikkanen, Amy (February 3, 2008).
2717:
1088:became pontifex in 73 BC and
1077:, in keeping with Roman practice.
889:. Much of what is known about the
529:Glossary of ancient Roman religion
263:" became terms used for Christian
158:. Subsequent emperors were styled
25:
6554:
6528:Latin religious words and phrases
3593:
3383:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Pope"
2996:Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary
2068:Tertullian, On Modesty, Chapter I
1626:
1510:reform in the 16th century.
967:
905:(king) in religious matters. The
27:Chief high priest in ancient Rome
3641:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2735:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2508:Van Haeperen, Françoise (2003).
2144:
2037:to refer to bishops in general.
2033:witness to the continued use of
1998:Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire
1978:Catholic Church use of the title
1742:, and the bishop of Alexandria,
1732:state church of the Roman Empire
1500:state church of the Roman Empire
853:), whose place, each in his own
610:as "bridge-builder" was that of
334:
3609:Annotated pontifex maximus list
3529:
3501:
3485:
3451:
3425:
3400:
3375:
3332:
3236:
3206:
3170:
3157:
3136:
3115:
3088:
3061:
3044:
3009:
2984:
2961:
2931:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2856:
2785:
2766:
2698:
2682:
2666:
2657:
2641:
2615:
2556:
2539:
1925:
1914:
1899:
1888:
1874:
1863:
1836:
1680:
1546:
1529:
1243:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
606:The interpretation of the word
247:
225:
211:
200:
172:
6523:Ancient Roman religious titles
3635:Joyce, George Hayward (1911).
3318:(Oxford University Press 2005
3200:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3068:Fowler, William Warde (1911).
2799:. State University of New York
2729:Joyce, George Hayward (1911).
2705:Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum
2693:Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum
2404:
2372:
2344:
2308:
2285:University of California Press
2270:
2246:
2214:
2186:
1988:In the 15th century, when the
1933:
1241:included, and Sulla appointed
1206:included). In 104 BC the
1019:The official residence of the
992:state religion of ancient Rome
990:was the highest office in the
839:was originally applied to the
387:Quindecimviri sacris faciundis
13:
1:
3189:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2180:
2118:X (formerly known as Twitter)
2044:
1383:may be described as follows:
1256:, and a modified form of the
891:Regal period in Roman history
5145:Frontiers and fortifications
3560:Journal of Religious History
3165:The Journal of Roman Studies
2259:American Heritage Dictionary
1445:was also subject to several
1229:in his dictatorship, in the
1012:were permitted to hold both
881:is attributed to the second
745:
721:
304:
293:includes "supreme pontiff" (
7:
5204:Decorations and punishments
3347:, Oxford University Press,
3121:Francis Aloysius Sullivan,
2992:"Definition of JUS DIVINUM"
2628:Online Etymology Dictionary
2137:
2008:and the death of the final
1668:Crisis of the Third Century
1372:depicting Julius Caesar as
1231:lex Cornelia de Sacerdotiis
867:Origins in the Regal period
651:originally meant "way" and
10:
6559:
6111:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
4686:historiography of the fall
4169:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
4108:
3627:December 27, 2011, at the
3618:) 300 BC – 60 AD
3221:
2595:Lanciani, Rodolfo (2005).
2416:Libreria Editrice Vaticana
1984:Pontiff § Catholicism
1981:
1964:Christoph Weigel the Elder
1191:became the first plebeian
1117:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
971:
758:
737:
713:
612:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
267:, including the Bishop of
230:). The first to adopt the
93:until 254 BC, when a
6492:External wars and battles
6359:
6253:
6066:
5658:
5651:
5573:
5485:
5390:
5265:
5217:
5095:
5045:
4984:
4975:
4857:
4809:
4729:
4646:
4616:
4607:
4589:
4500:
4462:
4436:
4405:
4364:
4292:
4208:
4187:
4164:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
4121:
3985:
3710:
3693:
3146:(De Gruyter, Walter 2007
3030:10.1525/lal.2010.22.3.418
2598:New Tales of Ancient Rome
2546:Hooke, Nathaniel (1830).
2224:; Short, Charles (1879).
1944:primas et pontifex summus
1814:. The first to adopt the
1615:could serve together, as
1379:The chief departments of
1324:
974:List of Pontifices Maximi
275:was applied to the Roman
6543:Superlatives in religion
4423:Rape of the Sabine Women
3123:From Apostles to Bishops
2872:August 19, 2018, at the
1822:may have been the rebel
1335:or "peace of the gods."
860:First Epistle of Clement
591:means "bridge-builder" (
519:Religion in ancient Rome
238:may have been the rebel
6487:Roman–Iranian relations
4962:Optimates and populares
4428:Battle of Lacus Curtius
3614:List of roman consuls (
3574:10.1111/1467-9809.12400
3279:"The Imperial Pontifex"
3184:Encyclopædia Britannica
3081:Encyclopædia Britannica
2778:March 18, 2011, at the
2622:Douglas Harper (2020).
2277:Forsythe, Gary (2006).
1970:, giving him the title
1553:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
1536:Arch of Marcus Aurelius
1487:Under his authority as
1318:Jupiter Optimus Maximus
1274:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
1016:and military commands.
6497:Civil wars and revolts
5763:Sextus Pompeius Festus
5410:Conflict of the Orders
4769:Legislative assemblies
4115:
3683:Ancient Roman religion
3537:Cameron, Alan (2016).
3509:"@pontifex on Twitter"
3277:Cameron, Alan (2007).
3244:Emperor Theodosius I.
3144:Tertullian the African
2526:10.3406/rbph.2003.4718
2484:Cite journal requires
2097:
2089:
2071:
2002:Fall of Constantinople
1974:
1943:
1811:
1778:
1768:
1764:
1758:Damasus and by Peter,
1685:) and the rest of the
1664:
1575:, an enforcing power.
1543:
1432:
1376:
1129:Life of Numa Pompilius
835:
818:Epistle to the Hebrews
616:Marcus Terentius Varro
298:
178:
87:ancient Roman religion
53:
47:
6538:Christian terminology
6206:Simplicius of Cilicia
5958:Quintus Curtius Rufus
5187:Siege in Ancient Rome
4796:Executive magistrates
4114:
3644:Catholic Encyclopedia
2973:May 21, 2006, at the
2903:Dion Cass. xxxvii. 37
2773:Roman Public Religion
2738:Catholic Encyclopedia
2732:"Pope § Titles"
2695:3.43, 3.428 und 3.458
2318:The Classical Journal
2208:Harper & Brothers
2060:
1961:
1792:, vol. L, col. 773).
1752:
1712:Edict of Thessalonica
1687:Constantinian dynasty
1676:Constantine the Great
1649:
1516:
1368:
1177:opened the office of
841:High Priest of Israel
776:High Priest of Israel
762:is used in the Greek
493:Virgo Vestalis Maxima
156:Roman imperial period
43:Via Labicana Augustus
35:
6216:Stephanus Byzantinus
6121:Eusebius of Caesaria
5983:Sidonius Apollinaris
5673:Ammianus Marcellinus
5012:Tribune of the plebs
4308:Interpretatio graeca
3229:is a word of purely
3125:(Paulist Press 2001
2691:23.1.2 and 32.22.5;
2418:. 2012. p. 23.
2194:Peck, Harry Thurston
2031:Pontifical High Mass
1846:Theodosius the Great
1578:From this point on,
1475:and determined when
1362:and other concepts.
1342:was centered on the
1189:Tiberius Coruncanius
1107:. Other sources are
874:Collegium Pontificum
526:Gallo-Roman religion
259:and its derivative "
183:Theodosius the Great
6392:Distinguished women
6043:Velleius Paterculus
5883:Nicolaus Damascenus
5863:Marcellus Empiricus
5252:Republican currency
4508:Classical mythology
4329:Theology of victory
4174:Kings of Alba Longa
3498:, December 3, 2012.
2939:Livy (Titus Livius)
2912:Dion Cass. xliv. 53
2412:Annuario Pontificio
2152:Ancient Rome portal
2091:Annuario Pontificio
2084:Annuario Pontificio
2019:became part of the
1947:by his biographer,
1910:Justinian the Great
1776:(d. 449) is styled
1728:Nicene Christianity
1718:) and published in
1597:College of Pontiffs
1266:Gaius Julius Caesar
1216:Metellus Dalmaticus
1155:Election and number
996:College of Pontiffs
978:College of Pontiffs
805:translation of the
799:College of Pontiffs
382:Septemviri epulonum
290:Annuario Pontificio
72:College of Pontiffs
39:as pontifex maximus
6166:Phlegon of Tralles
5973:Seneca the Younger
5447:Naming conventions
5177:Personal equipment
4710:Later Roman Empire
4116:
3439:. December 3, 2012
3341:"Pontifex Maximus"
3142:David E. Wilhite,
3018:Law and Literature
2840:. pp. 939–942
2828:"Pontifex Maximus"
2797:College at Oneonta
2707:2.2696 and 3.346;
2453:"Pontifex Maximus"
2231:A Latin Dictionary
2222:Lewis, Chartlon T.
2108:In December 2012,
1975:
1884:Anastasius Dicorus
1572:instrumentum regni
1544:
1540:Capitoline Museums
1477:intercalary months
1402:or dead ancestors.
1377:
909:was headed by the
746:archireús mégistos
738:ἀρχιερεὺς μέγιστος
431:Sodales Augustales
395:Other colleges or
221:Anastasius Dicorus
48:
6505:
6504:
6467:Pontifices maximi
6249:
6248:
6106:Diogenes Laërtius
5928:Pliny the Younger
5683:Asconius Pedianus
5643:Romance languages
5515:Civil engineering
5257:Imperial currency
5130:Political control
5091:
5090:
4725:
4724:
4548:
4547:
4525:Etruscan religion
4139:Romulus and Remus
4122:Legendary figures
4106:
4105:
3755:Castor and Pollux
3412:www.newadvent.org
3387:www.newadvent.org
3362:978-0-19-866277-8
3324:978-0-19-280290-3
3152:978-3-11-019453-1
3131:978-0-8091-0534-2
3108:978-0-19-533646-7
2968:"Roman Mythology"
2943:"History of Rome"
2566:Religions of Rome
2425:978-88-209-8722-0
2329:, Inc.: 193–197.
2294:978-0-520-24991-2
2162:pontifices maximi
2110:Pope Benedict XVI
2081:published in the
1904:) and naming him
1812:pontifex inclytus
1797:Pontifex inclytus
1784:Eucherius of Lyon
1766:Various forms of
1613:pontifices maximi
1465:(63–44 BC).
1418:The selection of
1358:which summarized
1220:Q Mucius Scaevola
1149:pontifices maximi
994:and directed the
925:According to the
755:
743:
731:
719:
578:Etruscan language
565:
564:
467:Flamen Quirinalis
179:pontifex inclytus
136:Flamen Quirinalis
66:") was the chief
16:(Redirected from
6550:
6457:Magistri equitum
6372:Cities and towns
6365:
6291:Constantinopolis
6101:Diodorus Siculus
6033:Valerius Maximus
5968:Seneca the Elder
5888:Nonius Marcellus
5656:
5655:
5209:Hippika gymnasia
5172:Infantry tactics
5078:Consular tribune
5068:Magister equitum
5017:Military tribune
4982:
4981:
4942:Pontifex maximus
4937:Princeps senatus
4927:Magister militum
4693:Byzantine Empire
4614:
4613:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4418:Founding of Rome
4188:Legendary beings
4149:Tullus Hostilius
3986:Abstract deities
3845:Lares Familiares
3708:
3707:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3616:Fasti consulares
3588:
3586:
3576:
3549:
3543:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3505:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3336:
3330:
3328:Pontifex Maximus
3313:
3307:
3306:
3274:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3251:. ancientrome.ru
3250:
3240:
3234:
3224:
3223:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3140:
3134:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3071:"Pontifex"
3065:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2988:
2982:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2935:
2929:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2820:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2770:
2764:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2715:
2702:
2696:
2686:
2680:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2608:978-1-41790821-9
2592:
2581:
2580:
2576:978-0-52145646-3
2560:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2445:
2430:
2429:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2388:(4th ed.).
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2262:(5th ed.).
2254:"s. v. pontifex"
2250:
2244:
2243:
2226:"s. v. pontifex"
2218:
2212:
2211:
2198:"s. v. Pontifex"
2190:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2103:pontifex maximus
2100:
2094:
2075:pontifex maximus
2073:While the title
2069:
2056:Pope Callixtus I
2053:
2049:
2046:
2026:Roman Pontifical
2017:pontifex maximus
1994:pontifex maximus
1972:pontifex maximus
1946:
1929:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1840:
1838:
1804:pontifex maximus
1781:
1771:
1695:Altar of Victory
1684:
1682:
1672:pontifex maximus
1662:
1641:Pope Callixtus I
1611:, but later two
1609:pontifex maximus
1589:pontifex maximus
1580:pontifex maximus
1566:pontifex maximus
1557:pontifex maximus
1555:was selected as
1533:
1531:
1518:Pontifex maximus
1504:pontifex maximus
1489:pontifex maximus
1459:pontifex maximus
1443:pontifex maximus
1437:
1374:pontifex maximus
1344:pontifex maximus
1295:pontifex maximus
1282:pontifex maximus
1247:pontifex maximus
1239:pontifex maximus
1204:pontifex maximus
1193:pontifex maximus
1179:pontifex maximus
1165:pontifex maximus
1145:pontifex maximus
1135:'s summaries of
1121:Valerius Maximus
1105:Nonius Marcellus
1090:pontifex maximus
1082:pontifex maximus
1047:pontifex maximus
1021:pontifex maximus
988:pontifex maximus
958:pontifex maximus
911:pontifex maximus
879:pontifex maximus
863:(I Clement 40).
838:
774:to refer to the
761:
760:
750:
748:
742:romanized:
741:
739:
726:
724:
718:romanized:
717:
715:
706:pontifex maximus
704:The Roman title
641:pontifex maximus
557:
550:
543:
498:Flaminica Dialis
462:Flamen Martialis
447:Pontifex maximus
338:
329:
320:
317:
309:
308:
273:pontifex maximus
251:
249:
229:
227:
215:
213:
204:
202:
176:
174:
160:pontifex maximus
130:Flamen Martialis
118:flamines maiores
99:pontifex maximus
56:
54:pontifex maximus
21:
18:Pontifex Maximus
6558:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6363:
6361:
6355:
6245:
6081:Aëtius of Amida
6062:
6048:Verrius Flaccus
6028:Valerius Antias
5988:Silius Italicus
5923:Pliny the Elder
5868:Marcus Aurelius
5743:Cornelius Nepos
5693:Aurelius Victor
5647:
5569:
5481:
5415:Secessio plebis
5386:
5261:
5213:
5087:
5041:
4971:
4853:
4805:
4721:
4642:
4603:
4585:
4579:
4549:
4544:
4540:Myth and ritual
4535:Greek mythology
4496:
4458:
4454:Pignora imperii
4449:Parabiago Plate
4432:
4401:
4360:
4294:
4288:
4270:Sibylline Books
4204:
4183:
4154:Servius Tullius
4117:
4102:
3981:
3697:
3689:
3680:
3629:Wayback Machine
3596:
3591:
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3532:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3490:
3486:
3476:
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3464:Washington Post
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3207:
3193:
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3175:
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3162:
3158:
3141:
3137:
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3109:
3093:
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3049:
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3010:
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2990:
2989:
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2975:Wayback Machine
2966:
2962:
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2936:
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2802:
2800:
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2780:Wayback Machine
2771:
2767:
2760:Ab urbe condita
2753:
2746:
2727:
2718:
2703:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2679:1970 p. 219 ff.
2671:
2667:
2663:Cf. Greek πέντε
2662:
2658:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2624:"Pontifex (n.)"
2620:
2616:
2609:
2593:
2584:
2577:
2561:
2557:
2544:
2540:
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2506:
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2449:Lendering, Jona
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2297:
2295:
2287:. p. 136.
2275:
2271:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2240:Perseus Project
2236:Clarendon Press
2219:
2215:
2210:. p. 1299.
2191:
2187:
2183:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2070:
2067:
2051:
2047:
1986:
1980:
1968:Pope Clement XI
1936:
1924:
1913:
1898:
1887:
1873:
1862:
1859:Valentinian III
1835:
1828:Martin of Tours
1818:alternative to
1800:
1779:summus pontifex
1774:Hilary of Arles
1769:summus pontifex
1679:
1663:
1656:
1629:
1601:Marcus Aurelius
1549:
1528:
1525:Marcus Aurelius
1496:Julian calendar
1327:
1310:Praetor Maximus
1291:
1262:comitia tributa
1212:comitia tributa
1157:
1137:Verrius Flaccus
1092:in 63 BC.
1037:, close to the
980:
970:
950:Jupiter Elicius
869:
836:summus pontifex
801:. In the Latin
784:2 Maccabees 4:7
778:, including in
691:Iguvine Tablets
664:Sabine language
580:, which is not
561:
524:
503:Regina sacrorum
411:Fratres Arvales
346:
328:of ancient Rome
327:
325:
315:
312:
307:
299:summus pontifex
277:Catholic Church
271:. The title of
246:
234:alternative to
224:
210:
199:
196:Valentinian III
171:
107:Ordo Sacerdotum
89:, open only to
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6556:
6546:
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6399:
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5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
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5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5933:Pomponius Mela
5930:
5925:
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5910:
5905:
5900:
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5890:
5885:
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5720:
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5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
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5670:
5668:Aelius Donatus
5664:
5662:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5636:Ecclesiastical
5633:
5628:
5623:
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5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5571:
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5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5377:Toys and games
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
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5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Vigintisexviri
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4877:Cursus honorum
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4676:Western Empire
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4546:
4545:
4543:
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4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
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4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4392:Pythagoreanism
4389:
4387:Peripateticism
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:The Golden Ass
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4200:Barnacle goose
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4144:Numa Pompilius
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
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4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
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3949:
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3772:
3767:
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3757:
3752:
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3691:
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3679:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3632:
3611:
3606:
3595:
3594:External links
3592:
3590:
3589:
3567:(3): 312–325.
3550:
3533:
3531:
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3526:
3525:
3500:
3484:
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3205:
3169:
3156:
3135:
3114:
3107:
3087:
3076:Chisholm, Hugh
3060:
3043:
3024:(3): 426–427.
3008:
2983:
2979:Encarta Online
2960:
2930:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2863:Titus Livius.
2855:
2824:Smith, William
2810:
2784:
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2716:
2697:
2681:
2665:
2656:
2640:
2614:
2607:
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2555:
2538:
2520:(1): 137–159.
2495:
2486:|journal=
2431:
2424:
2403:
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2343:
2307:
2293:
2269:
2245:
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2172:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2139:
2136:
2065:
2013:Constantine XI
2006:Ottoman Empire
1979:
1976:
1935:
1932:
1928: 654–685
1921:Constantine IV
1917: 527–565
1902: 565–574
1891: 491–518
1877: 450–457
1866: 425–455
1839: 383–388
1832:Magnus Maximus
1799:
1794:
1720:Constantinople
1683: 306–337
1654:
1628:
1627:Late Antiquity
1625:
1548:
1545:
1532: 161–180
1473:Roman calendar
1434:Annales maximi
1423:
1422:
1420:Vestal Virgins
1416:
1413:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1326:
1323:
1290:
1287:
1254:Titus Labienus
1156:
1153:
1141:Church Fathers
1052:toga praetexta
1031:Vestal Virgins
984:Roman Republic
969:
968:Roman Republic
966:
938:Numa Pompilius
913:, and all the
887:Numa Pompilius
868:
865:
846:Book of Judith
812:Gospel of John
679:Numa Pompilius
570:folk etymology
563:
562:
560:
559:
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533:
532:
531:
513:
512:
511:Related topics
508:
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479:
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472:Rex Nemorensis
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250: 383–388
243:Magnus Maximus
228: 491–518
214: 450–457
203: 425–455
175: 367–383
164:Late Antiquity
144:Roman Republic
109:), behind the
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6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Julius Paulus
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5758:Fabius Pictor
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5495:Amphitheatres
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Deforestation
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:Siege engines
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:Establishment
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:Extraordinary
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:Promagistrate
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Twelve Tables
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Imperial cult
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:and practices
4291:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4243:Metamorphoses
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:Ancus Marcius
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Tranquillitas
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:Dii Consentes
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3496:Vatican Radio
3493:
3488:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3438:
3437:New York Post
3434:
3428:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3247:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3201:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2885:Liv. Epit. 89
2882:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2478:
2470:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2052: 220 AD
2042:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:Roman emperor
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:Engraving by
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1919:) or even by
1911:
1907:
1896:
1885:
1882:
1871:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1463:Julius Caesar
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:Julius Caesar
1276:. Also under
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:Aulus Gellius
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:Julius Caesar
1083:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1073:capite velato
1068:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1026:Domus Publica
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
975:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:Aventine Hill
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
923:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
864:
862:
861:
856:
852:
848:
847:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
813:
808:
807:New Testament
804:
800:
796:
793:, Latin for "
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:New Testament
769:
768:Old Testament
765:
753:
747:
735:
729:
723:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:found in the
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
582:Indo-European
579:
575:
571:
558:
553:
551:
546:
544:
539:
538:
536:
535:
530:
527:
523:
522:Imperial cult
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
510:
509:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
488:
484:
483:
478:
477:Curio maximus
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:Flamen Dialis
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
438:
437:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
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342:
337:
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318:
311:
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302:
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296:
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262:
258:
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237:
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222:
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208:
197:
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188:
184:
180:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
137:
132:
131:
126:
125:
124:Flamen Dialis
120:
119:
114:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
78:
73:
69:
65:
62:for "supreme
61:
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55:
46:
44:
38:
34:
30:
19:
6533:Papal titles
6437:Institutions
6301:Leptis Magna
6254:Major cities
6161:Philostratus
5948:Quadrigarius
5768:Rufus Festus
5631:Contemporary
5352:Romanization
5275:Architecture
4941:
4882:Collegiality
4731:Constitution
4582:Ancient Rome
4444:Gubernaculum
4413:Golden Bough
4382:Neoplatonism
4377:Epicureanism
4306:
4279:
4260:
4241:
4234:
4220:
3725:Anna Perenna
3699:
3642:
3615:
3601:
3564:
3558:
3545:
3530:Bibliography
3518:February 17,
3516:. Retrieved
3512:
3503:
3487:
3477:February 17,
3475:. Retrieved
3463:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3436:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3411:
3402:
3390:. Retrieved
3386:
3377:
3366:, retrieved
3344:
3334:
3327:
3315:
3311:
3286:
3282:
3253:. Retrieved
3238:
3226:
3213:
3208:
3198:– via
3182:
3172:
3164:
3159:
3143:
3138:
3122:
3117:
3097:
3090:
3079:
3063:
3054:
3046:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3001:February 17,
2999:. Retrieved
2995:
2986:
2977:, Microsoft
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2946:
2933:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2864:
2858:
2850:LacusCurtius
2848:– via
2842:. Retrieved
2831:
2803:February 17,
2801:. Retrieved
2796:
2787:
2768:
2758:
2736:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2633:February 17,
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
2617:
2597:
2565:
2558:
2548:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2517:
2513:
2477:cite journal
2467:– via
2461:. Retrieved
2411:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2352:
2346:
2338:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2300:September 2,
2298:. Retrieved
2279:
2272:
2257:
2248:
2238:– via
2229:
2216:
2206:. New York:
2201:
2188:
2175:Papal titles
2167:
2161:
2132:Pope Francis
2125:#askpontifex
2124:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2082:
2079:papal titles
2074:
2072:
2061:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2016:
1993:
1987:
1971:
1949:Milo Crispin
1937:
1905:
1880:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1787:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1716:Thessaloniki
1709:
1702:
1699:Roman Senate
1671:
1665:
1658:
1657:Tertullian,
1650:
1630:
1612:
1608:
1605:Lucius Verus
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1547:Roman Empire
1521:
1517:
1503:
1488:
1486:
1467:
1458:
1442:
1440:
1427:
1424:
1406:
1397:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1315:
1307:
1299:Rex Sacrorum
1294:
1292:
1281:
1269:
1264:once again:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1128:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:magistracies
1009:
1006:rex sacrorum
1005:
1001:rex sacrorum
999:
987:
981:
962:Numa Marcius
957:
924:
914:
910:
906:
900:
894:
883:king of Rome
878:
872:
870:
858:
851:Judith 15:19
844:
843:, as in the
816:
810:
790:
788:
766:text of the
705:
703:
698:
694:
686:
682:
670:
668:Osco-Umbrian
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:potis facere
636:
630:
626:
607:
605:
596:
592:
588:
586:
566:
452:Rex Sacrorum
446:
344:(AD 250–260)
343:
288:
272:
256:
254:
239:
235:
231:
217:
190:
186:
166:, including
159:
141:
134:
128:
122:
116:
112:Rex Sacrorum
110:
106:
98:
83:ancient Rome
75:
51:
49:
40:
29:
6432:Geographers
6116:Dioscorides
6096:Cassius Dio
5718:Cassiodorus
5621:Renaissance
5227:Agriculture
5199:Auxiliaries
5140:Engineering
4977:Magistrates
4829:Citizenship
4824:Mos maiorum
4759:Late Empire
4518:Persecution
4470:Gallo-Roman
4262:Res divinae
4134:Rhea Silvia
3584:2066/160382
3443:December 3,
3368:November 1,
3326:), article
3289:: 341–384.
3255:December 4,
3233:derivation.
2838:John Murray
2654:1931 p. 56.
1990:Renaissance
1934:Middle Ages
1704:Curia Julia
1585:promagister
1428:commentarii
1407:conferratio
1381:jus divinum
1352:ius divinum
1258:lex Domitia
1208:lex Domitia
1200:lex Ogulnia
1174:lex Ogulnia
1043:Roman Forum
833:, the term
827:Hebrews 5:1
780:2 Maccabees
770:and in the
734:Koinē Greek
710:Koinē Greek
485:Priestesses
326:Priesthoods
285:Renaissance
68:high priest
6512:Categories
6321:Mediolanum
6261:Alexandria
6226:Themistius
6191:Porphyrius
6018:Tertullian
5953:Quintilian
5943:Propertius
5838:Lactantius
5788:Fulgentius
5723:Censorinus
5545:Sanitation
5530:Metallurgy
5487:Technology
5452:Demography
5400:Patricians
5367:Spectacles
5325:Literature
5320:Hairstyles
5157:Technology
4907:Praefectus
4859:Government
4849:Litigation
4834:Auctoritas
4779:Centuriate
4666:Principate
4661:Pax Romana
4621:Foundation
4463:Variations
4365:Philosophy
4344:Capitolium
4251:Propertius
4018:Averruncus
4003:Aeternitas
3993:Abundantia
3922:Proserpina
3548:: 139–159.
3192:Retrieved
2953:August 23,
2921:see also:
2844:August 15,
2836:. London:
2469:Livius.org
2463:August 21,
2364:January 6,
2234:. Oxford:
2181:References
2050: – c.
2048: 155
2041:Tertullian
1982:See also:
1941:is termed
1879:) and the
1659:On Modesty
1645:Agrippinus
1633:Tertullian
1332:pax deorum
1297:or to the
1270:co-optatio
1235:co-optatio
1169:pontifices
1161:co-optatio
1010:pontifices
972:See also:
915:pontifices
823:John 11:49
764:Septuagint
722:archiereús
629: [
397:sodalities
362:Pontifices
216:) and the
162:well into
91:patricians
79:Pontificum
6477:Quaestors
6407:Empresses
6397:Dynasties
6387:Dictators
6362:and other
6351:Volubilis
6346:Vindobona
6306:Londinium
6231:Theodoret
6201:Procopius
6181:Polyaenus
6156:Pausanias
6058:Vitruvius
6003:Symmachus
5998:Suetonius
5908:Petronius
5893:Obsequens
5858:Macrobius
5853:Lucretius
5778:Frontinus
5753:Eutropius
5738:Columella
5688:Augustine
5678:Appuleius
5626:Neo-Latin
5601:Classical
5592:Versions
5500:Aqueducts
5442:Patronage
5362:Sexuality
5335:Mythology
5310:Education
5300:Cosmetics
5125:Campaigns
5120:Structure
5073:Decemviri
4932:Imperator
4631:overthrow
4490:Mithraism
4475:Mysteries
4324:Palladium
4302:Festivals
4078:Securitas
4028:Concordia
3972:Vertumnus
3790:Dīs Pater
3687:mythology
3546:Collegium
3472:0190-8286
3295:0073-0688
3222:ἐπίσκοπος
3214:episcopus
3179:"Gratian"
3154:), p. 174
3133:), p. 165
3038:144805147
2114:@pontifex
2015:in 1453,
2000:with the
1895:Justin II
1748:episcopus
1637:Montanist
1508:Gregorian
1470:lunisolar
1348:consilium
1059:secespita
1041:, in the
1035:Via Sacra
931:historian
907:collegium
896:Collegium
789:The word
759:ἀρχιερεύς
714:ἀρχιερεύς
687:pomperias
624:Old Latin
305:Etymology
255:The word
77:Collegium
6482:Tribunes
6472:Praetors
6422:Generals
6402:Emperors
6311:Lugdunum
6296:Eboracum
6286:Carthage
6271:Aquileia
6186:Polybius
6176:Plutarch
6146:Libanius
6136:Josephus
6131:Herodian
6023:Tibullus
5938:Priscian
5913:Phaedrus
5873:Manilius
5818:Jordanes
5803:Hydatius
5733:Claudian
5713:Catullus
5703:Boëthius
5698:Ausonius
5616:Medieval
5588:Alphabet
5560:Theatres
5535:Numerals
5520:Concrete
5510:Circuses
5477:Bagaudae
5467:Adoption
5462:Marriage
5435:Assembly
5340:Religion
5315:Folklore
5295:Clothing
5290:Calendar
5247:Currency
5237:Commerce
5135:Strategy
5097:Military
5083:Triumvir
5063:Dictator
5058:Interrex
5037:Governor
5022:Quaestor
4985:Ordinary
4967:Province
4957:Tetrarch
4947:Augustus
4912:Vicarius
4902:Officium
4839:Imperium
4789:Plebeian
4749:Republic
4671:Dominate
4638:Republic
4599:Timeline
4530:Glossary
4501:See also
4397:Stoicism
4372:Cynicism
4334:Pomerium
4293:Concepts
4275:Apuleius
4195:She-wolf
4179:Hersilia
4098:Victoria
3998:Aequitas
3952:Summanus
3942:Silvanus
3927:Quirinus
3857:Libertas
3820:Hercules
3765:Cloacina
3750:Carmenta
3745:Bona Dea
3720:Angerona
3715:Agenoria
3625:Archived
3602:Pontifex
3600:article
3417:July 12,
3392:July 12,
3303:30032227
3227:pontifex
3194:June 27,
2971:Archived
2927:interrex
2923:basileus
2870:Archived
2865:Ex Libro
2826:(1875).
2776:Archived
2709:Plutarch
2689:Polybius
2457:Archived
2396:June 27,
2358:Archived
2196:(1896).
2169:Katechon
2160:List of
2138:See also
2112:adopted
2066:—
2035:pontifex
1939:Lanfranc
1906:pontifex
1881:augustus
1824:augustus
1816:inclytus
1746:, as an
1740:pontifex
1724:Istanbul
1655:—
1621:Balbinus
1617:Pupienus
1561:Augustus
1522:Augustus
1370:Denarius
1340:pontiffs
1303:dictator
1125:Plutarch
1033:and the
1023:was the
927:Augustan
920:Republic
791:pontifex
695:pomperia
660:Etruscan
653:pontifex
645:pompifex
620:Plutarch
608:pontifex
589:pontifex
574:Etruscan
406:Fetiales
377:Flamines
372:Vestales
353:colleges
316:a series
313:Part of
279:for the
257:pontifex
240:augustus
232:inclytus
218:augustus
148:Augustus
115:and the
95:plebeian
37:Augustus
6452:Legions
6412:Fiction
6382:Consuls
6377:Climate
6331:Ravenna
6326:Pompeii
6316:Lutetia
6281:Bononia
6276:Berytus
6266:Antioch
6241:Zosimus
6236:Zonaras
6211:Sozomen
6196:Priscus
6171:Photius
6013:Terence
6008:Tacitus
5993:Statius
5978:Servius
5963:Sallust
5918:Plautus
5898:Orosius
5878:Martial
5833:Juvenal
5808:Hyginus
5793:Gellius
5652:Writers
5583:History
5565:Thermae
5555:Temples
5505:Bridges
5472:Slavery
5420:Equites
5392:Society
5372:Theatre
5345:Deities
5305:Cuisine
5285:Bathing
5267:Culture
5242:Finance
5219:Economy
5110:Borders
5105:History
5007:Tribune
5002:Praetor
4892:Legatus
4887:Emperor
4774:Curiate
4744:Kingdom
4739:History
4715:History
4698:decline
4656:History
4626:Kingdom
4609:History
4594:Outline
4513:Decline
4437:Objects
4339:Temples
4319:Charity
4053:Laverna
4043:Fortuna
4033:Feronia
3962:Veritas
3932:Salacia
3917:Priapus
3902:Penates
3882:Neptune
3877:Minerva
3872:Mercury
3835:Jupiter
3775:Dea Dia
3740:Bellona
3695:Deities
3513:Twitter
3212:Unlike
3078:(ed.).
2531:3 March
2335:3294702
2266:. 2019.
2128:hashtag
2116:as his
2004:to the
1870:Marcian
1855:augusti
1820:maximus
1756:Pontiff
1738:, as a
1736:Damasus
1730:as the
1697:in the
1691:Gratian
1666:In the
1482:Rubicon
1063:or the
982:In the
855:diocese
831:Vulgate
803:Vulgate
795:pontiff
754:
730:
697:(Latin
572:for an
439:Priests
426:Luperci
367:Augures
265:bishops
261:pontiff
236:maximus
207:Marcian
192:augusti
168:Gratian
154:in the
152:emperor
70:of the
64:pontiff
6462:Nomina
6447:Legacy
6427:Gentes
6364:topics
6360:Lists
6341:Smyrna
6221:Strabo
6151:Lucian
6141:Julian
6091:Arrian
6086:Appian
6076:Aelian
6053:Vergil
5828:Justin
5813:Jerome
5798:Horace
5783:Fronto
5773:Florus
5748:Ennius
5728:Cicero
5708:Caesar
5606:Vulgar
5430:Tribes
5357:Romans
5167:Legion
5150:castra
5027:Aedile
4997:Censor
4992:Consul
4952:Caesar
4922:Lictor
4844:Status
4784:Tribal
4764:Senate
4754:Empire
4648:Empire
4584:topics
4480:Cybele
4406:Events
4354:Celtic
4222:Aeneid
4216:Virgil
4129:Aeneas
4063:Pietas
4048:Fontus
4023:Caelus
4013:Annona
4008:Africa
3977:Vulcan
3937:Saturn
3912:Pomona
3815:Genius
3805:Faunus
3795:Egeria
3735:Aurora
3730:Apollo
3470:
3359:
3322:
3301:
3293:
3216:(from
3150:
3129:
3105:
3036:
2763:, 1:20
2605:
2573:
2422:
2392:. 2000
2333:
2291:
2121:handle
2021:papacy
1760:Bishop
1447:taboos
1356:corpus
1325:Duties
1167:. The
1133:Festus
1109:Cicero
1066:patera
986:, the
954:augury
942:Sabine
699:quinio
683:pontis
675:Sabine
627:pontis
597:facere
351:Major
341:Flamen
319:on the
6126:Galen
6068:Greek
6038:Varro
5848:Lucan
5660:Latin
5575:Latin
5550:Ships
5540:Roads
5525:Domes
5457:Women
5405:Plebs
5330:Music
4872:Forum
4867:Curia
4349:Cella
4256:Varro
4236:Fasti
4209:Texts
4093:Terra
4073:Salus
4038:Fides
3967:Vesta
3957:Venus
3907:Pluto
3897:Orcus
3852:Liber
3840:Lares
3825:Janus
3810:Flora
3800:Fauna
3780:Diana
3770:Cupid
3760:Ceres
3542:(PDF)
3299:JSTOR
3249:(web)
3231:Latin
3218:Greek
3074:. In
3056:Fasti
3034:S2CID
2867:XVIII
2331:JSTOR
2325:(5).
2063:deed!
1953:P. L.
1789:P. L.
1744:Peter
1661:ch. 1
1631:When
1493:solar
1399:manes
1360:dogma
1227:Sulla
1184:plebs
1097:Varro
1039:Regia
929:-era
677:king
671:ponte
601:Tiber
421:Titii
416:Salii
295:Latin
81:) in
60:Latin
6442:Laws
6417:Film
6336:Roma
5903:Ovid
5843:Livy
5611:Late
5425:Gens
5382:Wine
5194:Navy
5162:Army
4801:SPQR
4703:fall
4681:fall
4485:Isis
4230:Ovid
4083:Spes
4068:Roma
3867:Mars
3862:Luna
3830:Juno
3785:Dies
3685:and
3520:2023
3479:2023
3468:ISSN
3445:2012
3419:2024
3394:2024
3370:2020
3357:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3291:ISSN
3257:2006
3196:2019
3148:ISBN
3127:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3051:Ovid
3003:2023
2955:2006
2846:2006
2805:2023
2755:Livy
2712:Numa
2635:2023
2603:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2533:2020
2490:help
2465:2011
2420:ISBN
2398:2019
2366:2018
2302:2016
2289:ISBN
1710:The
1635:, a
1619:and
1603:and
1520:and
1441:The
1198:The
1113:Livy
1103:and
976:and
940:, a
934:Livy
871:The
815:and
752:lit.
728:lit.
685:and
649:pons
614:and
593:pons
281:pope
269:Rome
50:The
5596:Old
5280:Art
5053:Rex
4897:Dux
4811:Law
4058:Pax
3947:Sol
3892:Ops
3887:Nox
3620:at
3579:hdl
3569:doi
3349:doi
3287:103
3026:doi
2714:9.4
2677:101
2522:doi
1966:of
1930:).
1868:),
1782:by
1701:'s
1643:or
1127:'s
948:to
902:rex
786:).
701:).
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