31:
982:. According to Priscus, these men were put up to it by Petronius Maximus, whose aims of political advancement were thwarted by Heraclius. He may also have been taking revenge for the rape of his wife Lucina by Valentinian. The assassination occurred as Valentinian rode his horse on the Campus Martius. As the emperor dismounted to practise archery, the conspirators attacked. Optelas struck Valentinian on the side of the head, and when he turned to see who had hit him, Optelas delivered the death-blow. Meanwhile, Thraustelas slew Heraclius. Priscus reports a curious occurrence: a swarm of bees descended on the corpse of Valentinian and sucked up his blood.
1006:
507:
1125:
1683:
1695:
846:
1692:, Ch. XXXV "He faithfully imitated the hereditary weakness of his cousin and his two uncles, without inheriting the gentleness, the purity, the innocence, which alleviate in their characters the want of spirit and ability. Valentinian was less excusable, since he had passions without virtues: even his religion was questionable; and though he never deviated into the paths of heresy, he scandalised the pious Christians by his attachment to the profane arts of magic and divination.".
1704:, 418–419 "Though he had ruled for thirty years, Valentinian had influenced the destinies of his empire even less than his uncle Honorius. He only flashed once into action, when, piqued by the presumption of Aetius in aspiring to connect himself with the imperial family, he struck him down. He thought he had slain his master; he found that he had slain his protector: and he fell a helpless victim to the first conspiracy which was hatched against his throne.".
3731:
3714:
1042:(in their interpolated form); ordained that any opposition to his rulings, which were to have the force of ecclesiastical law, should be treated as treason; and provided for the forcible extradition by provincial governors of anyone who refused to answer a summons to Rome. During the 430s, Valentinian attempted to advance the Christianization of the Roman Army by
967:
his sword and together with
Heraclius, rushed at the weaponless Aetius and struck him on the head, killing him on the spot. When Valentinian later boasted that he had done well to dispose of Aetius in such a way, a counsellor famously replied "Whether well or not, I do not know. But know that you have cut off your right hand with your left."
837:
illustrious rank were required to contribute the money for maintaining three soldiers, senators of the second class money for one soldier, and senators of the third class one-third the cost of maintaining a soldier. Valentinian himself was not exempt, sacrificing part of his reduced personal income to help the State in its financial straits.
716:
985:
The day after the assassination
Petronius Maximus had himself proclaimed emperor by the remnants of the Western Roman army after paying a large donative. He was not as prepared as he thought to take over and stabilize the depleted empire, however; after a reign of only 11 weeks, Maximus was stoned to
836:
The emperor issued a law on 14 July 444, ending bureaucrats' exemption from the recruitment tax. In that year, two additional taxes were issued in
Valentinian's name, one a sales tax of around four percent and another on the senatorial class, specifically to recruit and supply new troops. Senators of
966:
reported that Aetius was presenting a financial statement before the
Emperor when Valentinian suddenly leapt from his throne and accused him of drunken depravity. He held him responsible for the empire's tribulations and accused him of plotting to take the empire away from him. Valentinian then drew
691:
In 431, Bonifatius was crushed and fled to Italy, abandoning western North Africa. The imperial court, and especially Galla
Placidia, worried about the power being wielded by Aetius, stripped him of his command and gave it to Bonifatius. In the civil war that followed, Bonifatius defeated Aetius at
809:
Unable to pacify
Gaiseric by military means, Aetius decided that linking him to the imperial dynasty would be the next best thing. Consequently, sometime before 446, he convinced Valentinian to agree to a marriage between his eldest daughter, Eudocia, and Gaiseric's son, Huneric. The idea came to
892:
Attila had been looking for a pretext to invade the West. In 450 he secured peace with the eastern court and entered the Gallic provinces, having allegedly been bribed by the Vandal king
Gaiseric to attack Gaul's population of Visigoths. Valentinian was furious over the invasion. The man who had
1022:
Valentinian's reign is marked by the dismemberment of the
Western Empire; by the time of his death, virtually all of North Africa, all of western Spain, and the majority of Gaul had passed out of Roman hands. He is described as spoiled, pleasure-loving, and heavily influenced by sorcerers and
676:, whom Galla Placidia had sent to deal with the rebel. Bonifatius, therefore, entered into an agreement with the Vandals to come to his aid and, in return, they would divide the African provinces between themselves. Concerned by this turn of events and determined to hold onto
665:. In 427, Felix accused Bonifatius of treason and demanded that he return to Italy. Bonifatius refused and defeated an army sent by Felix to capture him. Weakened, Felix was unable to resist Aetius who, with the support of Galla Placidia, replaced him as
742:
From 436 to 439, Aetius was focused on the situation in Gaul. Serious Gothic defeats in 437 and 438 were undone by a Roman defeat in 439, which saw the status quo restored through a new truce. He also enjoyed initial success against the Franks and the
700:
in 434. As a consequence, in 435, Valentinian was forced to conclude a peace with
Gaiseric, whereby the Vandals kept all their possessions in North Africa in return for a payment of tribute to the empire, while the Huns were granted new territory in
884:
of the western empire, hoping thereby to reduce the threat the Huns posed to the
Danubian provinces. To the relief of the western court, Attila concentrated on raiding the eastern empire's provinces in the Balkans from 441 through to 449. In 449,
774:
and Aetius coordinated a joint response with the eastern court, with large numbers of Roman troops sent to defend the island from Gaiseric. Hunnic invasions forced the government to abandon this defense and transfer the troops to the Danube.
630:. The loss of these territories seriously impacted the state's ability to function. The burden of taxation became more and more intolerable as Rome's power decreased, and the loyalty of its remaining provinces was impaired in consequence.
893:
carried Honoria's message to Attila was tortured to reveal all the details of the arrangement and then beheaded, and the emperor spared Honoria herself only after a great deal of persuasion from Galla Placidia.
603:, which was returned to the empire. This allowed Felix and the imperial government to restructure the defences along the Danubian provinces in 427 and 428. In addition, there were significant victories over the
488:
by Honorius, although this title was not initially recognized in the eastern court of Theodosius II. After the death of Constantius in 421, court intrigue forced Galla Placidia to flee from Honorius and move to
588:
in the west. This period was marked by a vigorous imperial policy and an attempt to stabilize the western provinces as far as the stretched resources of the empire could manage.
1150:
IMPERAT CAES FLAVIUS VALENTINIANUS PONTIFEX INCLITUS GERMANICUS INCLITUS ALAMANNICUS INCLICTUS SARMATICUS INCLITUS TRIBUNICIAE POTESTATIS VICIES SEPTIES IMPERATOR VICIES SEPTIES
833:
uprisings. This loss of territory caused severe financial problems, with the Roman state openly acknowledging that there was insufficient revenue to meet its military needs.
762:
With Aetius occupied in Gaul, Valentinian was unable to do anything to prevent the Vandals completely overrunning the remaining western African provinces, culminating in the
2267:
2257:
938:
and two leading senators to negotiate with Attila. This embassy, combined with a plague among Attila's troops, the threat of famine, and news that the Eastern Emperor
958:, a high ranking senator who bore Aetius a personal grudge, and his chamberlain, the eunuch Heraclius. Aetius, whose son had married Valentinian's youngest daughter,
618:
Nevertheless, there were significant problems that threatened the viability of the Roman state in the west. The Visigoths were a constant presence in south-eastern
904:) on 7 April. Aetius gathered together a coalition of forces, including Visigoths and Burgundians, and raced to prevent Attila from taking the city of Aurelianum (
543:
to Valentinian, who would eventually marry her in 437 when he was 18. On 23 October 425, after Joannes had been defeated in a combined naval and land campaign,
2306:
794:, and the remainder of Numidia. Gaiseric soon disregarded this arrangement and retook Mauretania Sitifensis and Mauretania Caesariensis, as well as taking
393:
The emperor later fell out with Aetius and killed him. Valentinian was assassinated in turn by Aetius's bodyguards, ending a reign marked by the ongoing
770:
on 19 October 439. This was a major blow because taxes and foodstuffs from these wealthy provinces supported Rome. By 440, Vandal fleets were ravaging
3737:
1898:
889:
wrote to Attila, offering him half the western empire if he would rescue her from an unwanted political marriage arranged by her brother Valentinian.
696:, but died of his wounds. Aetius fled to the Huns and, with their help, was able to persuade the court to reinstate him to his old position of
712:. On his return to Rome, he was nominally the emperor, but in truth the management of imperial policy in the west was in the hands of Aetius.
912:, resulting in a victory for Aetius, who sought to retain his position by allowing Attila and a significant number of his troops to escape.
633:
The initial period of Valentinian's reign was further troubled by a power struggle among the three principal military leaders of the west –
3781:
3786:
2337:
2862:
2214:
3776:
942:
had launched an attack on Hun homelands along the Danube, forced Attila to turn around and leave Italy. The death of Attila in
778:
In 442, Aetius and Valentinian were compelled to acknowledge the Vandal conquests of Proconsular Africa, western Numidia, and
684:
sought reconciliation with Bonifatius, who agreed in 430 to affirm his allegiance to Valentinian III and stop the Vandal king
3656:
3524:
2087:
1910:
1732:
1240:
1213:
756:
161:
3689:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
1089:"LSA-591. Discussion: Portrait head of Emperor with diadem (Valentinian III?). From Rome or its environs. Mid-fifth century"
2869:
479:
in 414; but the child had died early in the following year, thus eliminating an opportunity for a Romano-Visigothic line.
3702:
3492:
1935:
931:
was open. Although Ravenna was Valentinian's usual residence, he and the court moved back to Rome as Attila approached.
817:
continued to diminish during the early-to-mid 440s as the Suebi extended their control. By 444 the Spanish provinces of
433:
3796:
1174:
954:
With the Hun invasion thwarted, Valentinian felt secure enough to begin plotting to have Aetius killed, egged on by
527:
took power in Rome. To counter this threat to his power, Theodosius posthumously recognised Valentinian's father as
3801:
909:
394:
383:
371:
708:
Galla Placidia's regency came to an end in 437 when Valentinian travelled to Constantinople to marry his fiancée,
3816:
3791:
3771:
3458:
3441:
3268:
3256:
3826:
3429:
3221:
3183:
3143:
3110:
1778:
1136:
1034:. On 6 June 445, he issued a decree which recognized the primacy of the bishop of Rome based on the merits of
3644:
3470:
3297:
3263:
3227:
3116:
2228:
639:
455:. It was also through his mother's side of the family that he was the nephew of Honorius and first cousin to
3811:
3285:
2330:
544:
3821:
3720:
3366:
3045:
2511:
584:
452:
382:
repeatedly menaced Valentinian's domains, being repulsed by a coalition under Aetius's leadership at the
3676:
3632:
3610:
3561:
3448:
3239:
3008:
2350:
1088:
3583:
3551:
3376:
2556:
2315:
2210:
655:
596:
421:, who briefly ruled as emperor in 421. His mother was the younger half-sister of the western emperor
284:
was one of the longest, but was dominated by civil wars among powerful generals and the invasions of
1847:
3756:
3593:
3546:
3093:
2740:
1940:
946:
in 453 and the power struggle that erupted between his sons ended the Hunnic threat to the empire.
763:
3401:
3381:
3155:
3035:
2323:
2105:
2058:
1928:
791:
693:
677:
437:
1005:
908:), successfully forcing the Huns to retreat. The Roman-Germanic forces met Hunnic forces at the
599:
to Italy in support of Joannes. The Huns agreed to leave Italy, and to evacuate the province of
3671:
3650:
3556:
2346:
2062:
1993:
1861:
1857:
927:) as well. Aetius was shadowing the Huns but did not have the troops to attack, so the road to
826:
578:
ruled under the influence of his mother Galla Placidia, one of whose first acts was to install
520:
1794:
1203:
3605:
3600:
3576:
3571:
3487:
3324:
3312:
3083:
2708:
2301:
2278:
2235:
2192:
2153:
2112:
2069:
2027:
1956:
1230:
787:
315:
138:
30:
3806:
3588:
3536:
3396:
3371:
3336:
3251:
3165:
3015:
2846:
2185:
2134:
2048:
2044:
1881:
1762:
1741:
727:
627:
529:
410:
277:
49:
1072:
463:), who was eastern emperor for most of Valentinian's life. Valentinian had a full sister,
8:
3766:
3761:
3519:
3504:
3482:
3417:
3406:
3361:
3307:
2797:
2735:
2698:
1142:
IMPERATORES CAESARES FLAVIUS THEODOSIUS ET FLAVIUS PLACIDIUS VALENTINIANUS SEMPER AUGUSTI
886:
810:
nothing, since Huneric was already married to the daughter of the king of the Visigoths.
550:
464:
219:
366:
Galla Placidia had great influence during her son's rule, as did the military commander
3566:
3509:
3453:
3435:
3424:
3386:
3356:
3234:
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2568:
2171:
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2130:
1985:
1834:
1826:
1043:
1015:
994:
970:
On March 16 of the following year, the emperor himself was assassinated in Rome by two
634:
579:
539:(heir-apparent) for the West in 23 October 424. Theodosius also betrothed his daughter
422:
330:
223:
3531:
3477:
3318:
3216:
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3040:
2902:
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2623:
2501:
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2003:
1906:
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1724:
The Fragmentary History of Priscus: Attila, the Huns and the Roman Empire, AD 430–476
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88:
56:
1849:
The Cambridge Ancient History: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600
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A carved and gilded gemstone depicting the coronation of Valentinian III.
490:
414:
379:
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345:
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265:
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196:
1846:
Heather, Peter (2000). "The Western Empire 425–76". In Cameron, Averil (ed.).
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1801:. Vol. 4: Complete in Eight Volumes. London: G. Cowie and Co. Poultry.
1039:
1010:
484:
444:
319:
281:
253:
782:, in exchange for which Rome was returned the now devastated provinces of
3275:
3150:
3100:
3025:
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1727:. Volume 11 of Christian Roman Empire. Translated by John P. Given. Arx.
1035:
962:, was murdered by Valentinian on 21 September 454. The ancient historian
783:
744:
673:
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1830:
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astrologers, but also devoted to religion, contributing to churches of
979:
935:
644:
387:
2345:
915:
Attila regrouped, and, in 452, invaded Italy. He sacked and destroyed
905:
3078:
3030:
2940:
2927:
2714:
2643:
2616:
2611:
2580:
2526:
2474:
2409:
2404:
2288:
900:
and entered the Belgic provinces, capturing Divodurum Mediomatricum (
818:
604:
476:
472:
193:
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3128:
3020:
2973:
2933:
2915:
2835:
2770:
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2018:
1749:
987:
971:
959:
943:
916:
830:
814:
795:
779:
767:
748:
685:
623:
460:
165:
722:
minted in Thessalonica to celebrate Valentinian III's marriage to
626:
continued their incursions, and, in 429, commenced an invasion of
493:, where she, Valentinian and Honoria were taken in by Theodosius.
3280:
2983:
2890:
2803:
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2434:
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1111:
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991:
963:
939:
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406:
214:
199:
117:
100:
71:
386:
and calling off a subsequent invasion after negotiations led by
3052:
2909:
2791:
2563:
2429:
2296:
1785:. Vol. XIII. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–138.
1031:
975:
920:
803:
771:
608:
468:
36:
1931:
shows laws passed by Valentinian III relating to Christianity.
1106:
3696:
2653:
2424:
2414:
2394:
2202:
2101:
897:
752:
733:. On the reverse, the three of them in their wedding costume.
612:
1783:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425
2399:
2389:
1877:
A History of the Later Roman Empire: From Arcadius to Irene
1852:. Vol. XIV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–32.
1049:
Some historians throughout 18th to 20th century, including
928:
901:
619:
592:
559:
375:
280:
from 425 to 455. Starting in childhood, his reign over the
1609:
1564:
482:
In either 421 or 423, Valentinian was given the title of
443:
Through his mother, Valentinian was a descendant both of
1155:
1809:(2001). "Rome, Ravenna and the Last Western Emperors".
1799:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
672:
Bonifatius, in the meantime, had been unable to defeat
1633:
1621:
337:, also belonged. A year before assuming the rank of
1188:
1186:
533:(emperor) and nominated the 5-year-old Valentinian
1679:Ralph W. Mathisen, "Valentinian III (425–455 A.D)"
1590:
1588:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1423:
1421:
1419:
874:In the 440s Valentinian made the Hunnic chieftain
1310:
1308:
1306:
1287:
1285:
1205:Honorius: The Fight for the Roman West AD 395–423
751:by 437. In 438, peace was also achieved with the
737:
591:In 425, the court at Ravenna negotiated with the
3748:
1602:
1600:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1183:
755:in Spain, the same year Valentinian's daughter,
272:; 2 July 419 – 16 March 455) was
1585:
1505:
1475:
1416:
1863:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Vol. 2
1389:
1380:
1303:
1282:
997:a few days later and sacked it for two weeks.
2331:
1597:
1489:
1270:
1258:
1057:, had unfavourable views of Valentinian III.
343:, Valentinian was given the imperial rank of
467:. His mother had previously been married to
63:23 October 425 – 16 March 455
622:and could not be dislodged. The Vandals in
447:, who was his maternal grandfather, and of
2338:
2324:
1856:
1235:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 86.
1161:
1119:
747:, as well as putting down a revolt by the
370:, who defended the western empire against
669:in 429, before having him killed in 430.
1929:list of Roman laws of the fourth century
1866:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1776:
1004:
844:
714:
505:
496:
329:), Valentinian was also a member of the
1845:
1805:
1717:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1570:
1000:
518:In 423, Emperor Honorius died, and his
3749:
1789:
1689:
1030:He also gave greater authority to the
857:
825:had been lost, and Roman authority in
475:, and had borne a son, Theodosius, in
432:), while his father was at the time a
2319:
1905:(in German). VÖAW. pp. 164–165.
1897:
1201:
1131:
400:
16:Western Roman emperor from 425 to 455
3703:
1888:
1870:
1811:Papers of the British School at Rome
1769:
1701:
1232:From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565
1086:
802:and conducting devastating raids on
35:Head portrait set in a modern bust,
1228:
1038:, the dignity of the city, and the
840:
13:
3782:5th-century Western Roman emperors
1710:
864:
349:by his half-cousin and co-emperor
14:
3838:
3787:5th-century western Roman consuls
1921:
896:In early 451, Attila crossed the
607:in Gaul in 426/7 and 430 and the
314:) he was the last emperor of the
3729:
3712:
949:
910:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
867:
860:
384:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
29:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1576:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1407:
1398:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1294:
1249:
427:
355:
324:
309:
303:, and as the great-grandson of
1891:The Cambridge Medieval History
1758:The Gothic History of Jordanes
1222:
1195:
1167:
1080:
1066:
738:Ascendancy of Aetius (437–455)
459:(the son of Honorius' brother
395:collapse of the western empire
1:
3777:5th-century murdered monarchs
2229:Florentius Romanus Protogenes
1060:
698:magister militum praesentalis
667:magister militum praesentalis
640:magister militum praesentalis
511:
1781:. In Cameron, Averil (ed.).
829:was challenged by continued
451:, who was the father of his
7:
2258:Valerius Faltonius Adelfius
1779:"The Dynasty of Theodosius"
1134:, pp. 164–165, citing
986:death by a Roman mob. King
680:at all costs, the court at
585:magister utriusque militiae
565:
554:, installed Valentinian as
10:
3843:
3611:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3562:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3449:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1208:. Routledge. p. 189.
1027:in both Rome and Ravenna.
854:of Valentinian III marked:
3687:
3619:
3584:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3552:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3377:Constantine IX Monomachos
3065:
2962:
2845:
2672:
2510:
2358:
2293:
2276:
2264:
2250:
2233:
2221:
2207:
2190:
2178:
2168:
2151:
2141:
2127:
2110:
2098:
2084:
2067:
2055:
2041:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1950:
1823:10.1017/S0068246200001781
1173:Ralph W. Mathisen (1996)
1093:Last statues of Antiquity
1009:Valentinian portrayed by
813:The imperial presence in
501:
249:
239:
229:
213:
192:
185:
180:
175:
171:
155:
145:
133:
123:
111:
107:
87:
77:
67:
55:
44:
28:
23:
3797:Caesars (heirs apparent)
3547:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2088:Anicius Auchenius Bassus
1941:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1934:Mathisen, Ralph, (1996)
405:Valentinian was born in
3802:Murdered Roman emperors
3402:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3036:Tiberius II Constantine
1777:Blockley, R.C. (1998).
792:Mauretania Caesariensis
438:power behind the throne
202:Placidus Valentinianus
3817:Sons of Roman emperors
3792:Ancient child monarchs
3772:5th-century Christians
3557:Michael IX Palaiologos
1148:II/3, 346, 38–347, 3 (
1019:
871:
827:Hispania Tarraconensis
734:
521:primicerius notariorum
515:
270:Placidus Valentinianus
269:
181:Placidus Valentinianus
127:16 March 455 (aged 35)
3827:Valentinianic dynasty
3651:Thessalonian emperors
3645:Trapezuntine emperors
3606:John VIII Palaiologos
3601:Manuel II Palaiologos
3572:John VI Kantakouzenos
3488:Andronikos I Komnenos
3325:Constantine Lekapenos
2353:and empresses regnant
2215:Q. Aurelius Symmachus
1957:Valentinianic dynasty
1202:Doyle, Chris (2018).
1122:, pp. 1138–1139.
1008:
974:followers of Aetius:
848:
788:Mauretania Sitifensis
718:
678:the African provinces
660:magister militum per
649:magister militum per
509:
497:Early reign (423–437)
413:, as the only son of
409:, the capital of the
333:, to which his wife,
316:Valentinianic dynasty
139:Mausoleum of Honorius
3589:John VII Palaiologos
3537:Theodore II Laskaris
3397:Constantine X Doukas
3337:Nikephoros II Phokas
1889:Bury, J. B. (1924).
1882:Macmillan Publishers
1763:Sidonius Apollinaris
1001:Character and legacy
628:Mauretania Tingitana
595:who had accompanied
453:maternal grandmother
411:Western Roman Empire
3812:People from Ravenna
3520:Theodore I Laskaris
3505:Alexios III Angelos
3483:Alexios II Komnenos
3407:Romanos IV Diogenes
3362:Romanos III Argyros
3308:Romanos I Lekapenos
2289:Procopius Anthemius
2182:Theodosius Augustus
2145:Theodosius Augustus
2123:Theodosius Augustus
2080:Theodosius Augustus
2037:Theodosius Augustus
1618:, pp. 125–127.
1573:, pp. 131–167.
1229:Lee, A. D. (2013).
551:magister officiorum
465:Justa Grata Honoria
318:. As a grandson of
3822:Theodosian dynasty
3639:Britannic emperors
3633:Palmyrene emperors
3567:John V Palaiologos
3510:Alexios IV Angelos
3459:Constantine Doukas
3454:Alexios I Komnenos
3442:Constantine Doukas
3425:Michael VII Doukas
3387:Michael VI Bringas
2953:Romulus Augustulus
2576:Trebonianus Gallus
2569:Herennius Etruscus
2351:Byzantine emperors
2172:Cyrus of Panopolis
2131:Anthemius Isidorus
2011:Political offices
1582:Heather, pp. 17–18
1436:Heather, pp. 11–12
1044:expelling all Jews
1020:
872:
735:
726:, daughter of the
516:
401:Family and infancy
331:Theodosian dynasty
295:He was the son of
3694:
3693:
3532:John III Vatatzes
3478:Manuel I Komnenos
3217:Michael I Rangabe
3061:
3060:
2903:Petronius Maximus
2502:Severus Alexander
2470:Septimius Severus
2314:
2313:
2294:Succeeded by
2251:Succeeded by
2246:Gennadius Avienus
2208:Succeeded by
2169:Succeeded by
2128:Succeeded by
2085:Succeeded by
2042:Succeeded by
2004:Petronius Maximus
2001:Succeeded by
1936:"Valentinian III"
1912:978-3-7001-0260-1
1770:Secondary sources
1734:978-1-935228-14-1
1660:Bury, pp. 324–325
1651:Bury, pp. 323–324
1561:Bury, pp. 294–295
1525:Bury, pp. 273–276
1377:Bury, pp. 250–251
1242:978-0-7486-6835-9
1215:978-1-317-27807-8
1151:
1143:
1055:John Bagnall Bury
956:Petronius Maximus
934:Valentinian sent
694:Battle of Ravenna
259:
258:
209:
208:
82:Petronius Maximus
3834:
3742:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3542:John IV Laskaris
3515:Alexios V Doukas
3500:Isaac II Angelos
3466:John II Komnenos
3392:Isaac I Komnenos
3352:Constantine VIII
3342:John I Tzimiskes
3069:Byzantine Empire
2843:
2842:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2265:Preceded by
2254:Marcian Augustus
2222:Preceded by
2179:Preceded by
2142:Preceded by
2099:Preceded by
2092:Antiochus Chuzon
2056:Preceded by
2016:Preceded by
1983:Preceded by
1973:
1966:
1952:Valentinian III
1948:
1947:
1916:
1894:
1885:
1867:
1858:Martindale, J.R.
1853:
1842:
1802:
1786:
1738:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1487:
1484:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:Heather, pp. 5–6
1321:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1255:Blockley, p. 137
1253:
1247:
1246:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1199:
1193:
1192:Blockley, p. 136
1190:
1181:
1175:"Galla Placidia"
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1046:from its ranks.
881:magister militum
870:
869:
866:
862:
859:
841:Hunnic invasions
823:Hispania Baetica
615:in 428 and 432.
601:Pannonia Valeria
513:
431:
429:
359:
357:
328:
326:
313:
311:
290:Migration Period
173:
172:
33:
21:
20:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3757:Valentinian III
3747:
3746:
3745:
3741:from Wikisource
3735:
3730:
3728:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:sister projects
3701:at Knowledge's
3699:Valentinian III
3695:
3690:
3683:
3627:Gallic emperors
3615:
3303:Constantine VII
3084:Constantine III
3071:
3068:
3057:
2966:
2958:
2897:Valentinian III
2885:Constantius III
2879:Priscus Attalus
2863:Constantine III
2849:
2841:
2731:Valerius Valens
2676:
2668:
2514:
2506:
2465:Didius Julianus
2445:Marcus Aurelius
2362:
2354:
2344:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2297:Avitus Augustus
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2256:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2213:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2133:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2090:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1903:Onoma Basileias
1807:Gillett, Andrew
1772:
1767:
1735:
1713:
1711:Primary sources
1708:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
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1614:
1610:
1605:
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1354:
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1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1162:Martindale 1980
1160:
1156:
1130:
1126:
1120:Martindale 1980
1118:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1003:
952:
923:and Vincentia (
856:
855:
843:
740:
728:Eastern Emperor
724:Licinia Eudoxia
710:Licinia Eudoxia
568:
541:Licinia Eudoxia
504:
499:
426:
419:Constantius III
403:
354:
335:Licinia Eudoxia
323:
308:
301:Constantius III
262:Valentinian III
234:Constantius III
164:
150:Licinia Eudoxia
141:
128:
116:
99:
91:
40:
24:Valentinian III
17:
12:
11:
5:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3744:
3743:
3726:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3586:
3581:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3446:
3422:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Theodora (III)
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3278:
3273:
3261:
3249:
3244:
3232:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Constantine VI
3194:
3189:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Theodosius III
3158:
3153:
3148:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3106:Constantine IV
3103:
3098:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2964:Eastern Empire
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:Western Empire
2840:
2839:
2832:
2820:Magnus Maximus
2816:
2814:Valentinian II
2811:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2748:
2746:Constantius II
2743:
2741:Constantine II
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2591:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2440:Antoninus Pius
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2363:27 BC – AD 235
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2295:
2292:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2206:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2126:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2086:
2083:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:Regnal titles
1975:
1974:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1923:
1922:External links
1920:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1899:Rösch, Gerhard
1895:
1893:. Vol. I.
1886:
1868:
1860:, ed. (1980).
1854:
1843:
1803:
1791:Gibbon, Edward
1787:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:Gothic History
1747:
1739:
1733:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1642:, p. 129.
1632:
1630:, p. 128.
1620:
1608:
1596:
1594:Heather, p. 18
1584:
1575:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1516:Heather, p. 15
1504:
1488:
1486:Heather, p. 14
1474:
1472:Heather, p. 12
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1427:Heather, p. 11
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1302:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1248:
1241:
1221:
1214:
1194:
1182:
1166:
1164:, p. 323.
1154:
1124:
1105:
1079:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1025:Saint Lawrence
1002:
999:
951:
948:
863:valentinianus
842:
839:
739:
736:
703:Pannonia Savia
567:
564:
547:, the eastern
503:
500:
498:
495:
491:Constantinople
430: 393–423
415:Galla Placidia
402:
399:
380:Attila the Hun
368:Flavius Aetius
358: 402–450
327: 379–395
312: 364–375
297:Galla Placidia
286:late antiquity
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
244:Galla Placidia
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
217:
211:
210:
207:
206:
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189:
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34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3828:
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3643:
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3612:
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3602:
3599:
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3595:
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3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3455:
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3420:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:Theodora (II)
3262:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:Constantine V
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Anastasius II
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
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3113:
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3107:
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3102:
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3090:
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3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Theodosius II
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:
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2907:
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2865:
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2828:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Valentinian I
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
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2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:Constantine I
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Constantius I
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
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2647:
2645:
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2640:
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2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
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2446:
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2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
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2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1994:Roman emperor
1987:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1410:
1401:
1395:Heather, p. 9
1392:
1386:Heather, p. 8
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1314:Heather, p. 7
1311:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1291:Heather, p. 5
1288:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1094:
1090:
1087:Lenaghan, J.
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:Edward Gibbon
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
998:
996:
995:captured Rome
993:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
957:
950:Assassination
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
890:
888:
883:
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877:
853:
852:
847:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
732:
731:Theodosius II
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
695:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
663:
657:
653:
652:
646:
642:
641:
637:, the senior
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
586:
581:
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
552:
549:patricius et
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
523:
522:
508:
494:
492:
487:
486:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:Theodosius II
454:
450:
449:Valentinian I
446:
441:
439:
435:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:
352:
351:Theodosius II
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
332:
321:
317:
306:
305:Valentinian I
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Roman emperor
271:
267:
263:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
212:
205:
201:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
179:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
126:
122:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
96:Theodosius II
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
60:
59:
54:
51:
47:
46:Roman emperor
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3736:
3724:from Commons
3719:
3698:
3594:Andronikos V
3592:
3575:
3523:
3491:
3469:
3457:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3416:
3410:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3284:
3267:
3255:
3238:
3226:
3220:
3207:Nikephoros I
3182:
3181:
3175:
3142:
3139:Justinian II
3134:Tiberius III
3124:Justinian II
3115:
3109:
3092:
3044:
3016:Anastasius I
3007:
2951:
2947:Julius Nepos
2939:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2809:Theodosius I
2796:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2726:Maximinus II
2713:
2615:
2598:
2585:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2488:
2450:Lucius Verus
2286:
2279:Roman consul
2277:
2243:
2236:Roman consul
2234:
2200:
2193:Roman consul
2191:
2161:
2154:Roman consul
2152:
2120:
2113:Roman consul
2111:
2077:
2070:Roman consul
2068:
2034:
2028:Roman consul
2026:
1991:
1972:16 March 455
1969:
1962:
1955:
1939:
1902:
1890:
1876:
1862:
1848:
1814:
1810:
1798:
1782:
1753:
1744:
1723:
1697:
1685:
1674:
1669:Bury, p. 325
1665:
1656:
1647:
1640:Priscus 2015
1635:
1628:Priscus 2015
1623:
1616:Priscus 2015
1611:
1606:Bury, p. 299
1578:
1571:Gillett 2001
1566:
1557:
1552:Bury, p. 293
1548:
1543:Bury, p. 292
1539:
1534:Bury, p. 290
1530:
1521:
1502:Bury, p. 253
1468:
1463:Bury, p. 256
1459:
1454:Bury, p. 258
1450:
1445:Bury, p. 255
1441:
1432:
1413:Bury, p. 254
1409:
1404:Bury, p. 251
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1368:Bury, p. 249
1364:
1359:Bury, p. 248
1355:
1350:Bury, p. 247
1346:
1341:Bury, p. 245
1337:
1332:Bury, p. 243
1328:
1319:
1300:Bury, p. 242
1296:
1279:Bury, p. 240
1267:Bury, p. 272
1251:
1231:
1224:
1204:
1197:
1178:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1135:
1127:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1048:
1040:Nicene Creed
1029:
1021:
1014:
1011:Claude Laydu
984:
969:
953:
933:
914:
895:
891:
879:
873:
849:
835:
812:
808:
777:
761:
759:, was born.
741:
707:
697:
690:
671:
666:
659:
648:
638:
632:
617:
590:
583:
575:
569:
555:
548:
534:
528:
519:
517:
485:nobilissimus
483:
481:
445:Theodosius I
442:
404:
392:
361:
344:
338:
320:Theodosius I
294:
282:Roman Empire
261:
260:
254:Christianity
57:
18:
3807:Nobilissimi
3653:(1224–1242)
3647:(1204–1461)
3436:Konstantios
3313:Christopher
3286:Constantine
3276:Michael III
3257:Constantine
3240:Constantine
3222:Theophylact
3151:Philippicus
3101:Constans II
3026:Justinian I
2922:Severus III
2870:Constans II
2624:Claudius II
2600:Silbannacus
2547:Gordian III
2522:Maximinus I
2490:Diadumenian
1817:: 131–167.
1690:Gibbon 1825
1036:Saint Peter
980:Thraustelas
784:Tripolitana
745:Burgundians
705:to occupy.
674:Sigisvultus
378:invasions.
220:Valentinian
187:Regnal name
68:Predecessor
3767:455 deaths
3762:419 births
3751:Categories
3430:Andronikos
3418:Nikephoros
3367:Michael IV
3332:Romanos II
3252:Theophilos
3247:Michael II
3228:Staurakios
3212:Staurakios
3184:Nikephoros
3177:Artabasdos
3089:Heraclonas
3046:Theodosius
3004:Basiliscus
2764:Nepotianus
2757:Magnentius
2751:Constans I
2704:Severus II
2684:Diocletian
2629:Quintillus
2594:Aemilianus
2587:Volusianus
2532:Gordian II
2497:Elagabalus
2360:Principate
2106:Areobindus
2059:Florentius
1965:2 July 419
1872:Bury, J.B.
1745:Chronicles
1132:Rösch 1978
1061:References
936:Pope Leo I
645:Bonifatius
611:along the
574:, the new
570:Given his
388:Pope Leo I
224:Theodosian
115:2 July 419
3672:Classical
3657:Empresses
3641:(286–296)
3635:(267–273)
3629:(260–274)
3372:Michael V
3298:Alexander
3111:Heraclius
3079:Heraclius
3031:Justin II
2941:Glycerius
2928:Anthemius
2798:Procopius
2736:Martinian
2715:Maxentius
2644:Florianus
2617:Saloninus
2612:Gallienus
2581:Hostilian
2557:Philip II
2527:Gordian I
2475:Caracalla
2410:Vespasian
2405:Vitellius
2164:Anatolius
2063:Dionysius
1839:129373675
1795:"Ch XXXV"
1702:Bury 1924
1140:VI 1783 (
919:and took
878:honorary
819:Lusitania
605:Visigoths
477:Barcelona
473:Visigoths
434:patrician
194:Imperator
103:(450–455)
98:(425–450)
78:Successor
3667:Usurpers
3662:Augustae
3620:See also
3525:Nicholas
3347:Basil II
3144:Tiberius
3129:Leontius
3117:Tiberius
3094:Tiberius
3072:610–1453
3067:Eastern/
3021:Justin I
2974:Arcadius
2934:Olybrius
2916:Majorian
2857:Honorius
2836:Eugenius
2771:Vetranio
2721:Licinius
2694:Galerius
2689:Maximian
2674:Dominate
2664:Numerian
2634:Aurelian
2607:Valerian
2552:Philip I
2542:Balbinus
2537:Pupienus
2485:Macrinus
2460:Pertinax
2455:Commodus
2420:Domitian
2385:Claudius
2380:Caligula
2375:Tiberius
2370:Augustus
2302:Iohannes
2225:Astyrius
2019:Castinus
1998:425–455
1992:Western
1986:Honorius
1901:(1978).
1874:(1889).
1831:40311008
1793:(1825).
1750:Jordanes
1721:(2015).
990:and his
988:Gaiseric
972:Scythian
960:Placidia
944:Pannonia
917:Aquileia
831:Bagaudic
815:Hispania
796:Sardinia
780:Byzacena
768:Carthage
749:Bagaudae
686:Gaiseric
624:Hispania
576:augustus
572:minority
566:Augustus
556:augustus
530:augustus
514:425 A.D.
461:Arcadius
436:and the
423:Honorius
372:Germanic
340:augustus
250:Religion
204:Augustus
166:Placidia
92:emperors
58:Augustus
3677:Eastern
3577:Matthew
3471:Alexios
3319:Stephen
3281:Basil I
3166:Leo III
3041:Maurice
2984:Marcian
2967:395–610
2891:Joannes
2850:395–480
2804:Gratian
2677:284–610
2659:Carinus
2639:Tacitus
2515:235–285
2435:Hadrian
2307:Varanes
2272:Studius
2186:Albinus
2135:Senator
2049:Ardabur
2045:Hierius
2032:425–426
1742:Prosper
1719:Priscus
1073:Statue.
992:Vandals
976:Optelas
964:Priscus
940:Marcian
925:Vicenza
906:Orléans
887:Honoria
851:Solidus
800:Corsica
757:Eudocia
720:Solidus
682:Ravenna
662:Gallias
651:Africam
582:as the
525:Joannes
471:of the
407:Ravenna
363:augusta
360:). The
276:in the
215:Dynasty
200:Flavius
162:Eudocia
118:Ravenna
101:Marcian
89:Eastern
72:Joannes
48:in the
3439:&
3415:&
3322:&
3293:Leo VI
3269:Thekla
3225:&
3192:Leo IV
3114:&
3053:Phocas
3009:Marcus
2994:Leo II
2910:Avitus
2827:Victor
2792:Valens
2782:Jovian
2777:Julian
2649:Probus
2584:&
2564:Decius
2512:Crisis
2430:Trajan
2309:(East)
2304:(East)
2299:(West)
2268:Aetius
2211:Aetius
2148:Festus
2022:Victor
1968:
1909:
1837:
1829:
1731:
1239:
1212:
1144:) and
1076:Louvre
1032:Papacy
1016:Attila
921:Verona
876:Attila
804:Sicily
772:Sicily
658:, the
656:Aetius
647:, the
609:Franks
597:Aetius
545:Helion
536:caesar
502:Caesar
469:Ataulf
376:Hunnic
346:caesar
240:Mother
230:Father
197:Caesar
146:Spouse
134:Burial
37:Louvre
3738:Texts
3721:Media
3235:Leo V
3202:Irene
2989:Leo I
2654:Carus
2425:Nerva
2415:Titus
2395:Galba
2347:Roman
2287:with
2244:with
2203:Nomus
2201:with
2162:with
2121:with
2102:Aspar
2078:with
2035:with
1970:Died:
1963:Born:
1835:S2CID
1827:JSTOR
1098:4 May
898:Rhine
753:Suebi
635:Felix
613:Rhine
580:Felix
266:Latin
176:Names
157:Issue
3591:(w.
3574:(w.
3522:(w.
3493:John
3490:(w.
3468:(w.
3456:(w.
3427:(w.
3409:(w.
3310:(w.
3283:(w.
3266:(w.
3254:(w.
3237:(w.
3219:(w.
3180:(w.
3141:(w.
3108:(w.
3091:(w.
3043:(w.
3006:(w.
2999:Zeno
2866:(w.
2823:(w.
2614:(w.
2578:(w.
2566:(w.
2554:(w.
2487:(w.
2480:Geta
2400:Otho
2390:Nero
2349:and
2281:VII
2115:III
1907:ISBN
1756:see
1729:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1100:2022
1053:and
978:and
929:Rome
902:Metz
868:aug·
865:p·f·
861:pla·
858:d·n·
821:and
798:and
764:fall
692:the
654:and
620:Gaul
593:Huns
560:Rome
417:and
374:and
299:and
278:West
222:and
129:Rome
124:Died
112:Born
50:West
3412:Leo
3357:Zoe
2603:(?)
2284:455
2241:450
2238:VI
2198:445
2159:440
2156:IV
2118:435
2075:430
2072:II
1819:doi
1179:DIR
1146:ACO
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