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Porites

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the time of growth. The oxygen isotopic composition of seawater can indicate the precipitation/evaporation balance because oxygen atoms of the more abundant mass 16 will preferentially evaporate before the more rare mass 18 oxygen. The relationship between temperature, precipitation, and the oxygen isotopic composition of Porites corals is important for reconstructing past climates, and associated large-scale patterns such as the El-Nino Southern Oscillation, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the mean state of the climate system.
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Porites corals have been shown to be accurate and precise recorders of past marine surface conditions. Measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition of the aragonitic skeleton of coral specimens indicate the sea-surface temperature conditions and the oxygen isotopic composition of the seawater at
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grows its skeleton about the central axis by approximately 3.67mm/year, calcifies at approximately 0.55g/cm/year, and increases density in this region of the body at approximately 1.69g/cm/year. Additionally, Meyer and Schultz (1985) reported that coral growth varies seasonally. They observed that
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tolerates daily tidal shifts of 10-30‰ salinity. Moberg et al. (1997) determined that when the salinity declines, the symbiotic zooxanthellae decrease their photosynthesis rate as the coral contracts its polyps to protect them. The corals maintain their metabolic rate by temporarily switching to
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Elizalde-Rendon, E.M.; Horta-Puga, G.; Gonzalez-Diaz, P.; Carricart-Ganivet, J.P. (2010). "Growth characteristics of the reef-building coral Porites astreoides under different environmental conditions in the Western Atlantic".
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formations, with living tissues around the perimeter, and dead skeleton on the exposed upper surface. Microatoll growth is predominantly lateral, as vertical growth is limited by a lack of accommodation
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Nystrom, M.; Nordemar, I.; Tedengren, M. (2001). "Simultaneous and sequential stress from increased temperature and copper on the metabolism of the hermatypic coral Porites cylindrica".
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are vulnerable to competition from other corals and predation from sea urchins. Additionally, mortality likelihood increases following strong storms.
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Done, T.J.; Potts, D.C. (1992). "Influences of habitat and natural disturbances on contributions of massive Porites corals to reef communities".
694: 503: 1567:"Effects of reduced salinity on the rates of photosynthesis and respiration in the hermatypic corals Porites lutea and Pocillopora damicornis" 1907: 1143: 460:
slowed its rate of production. Additionally, the symbiotic zooxanthellae reduced their photosynthesis rate when exposed to both stressors.
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are sometimes available for purchase in the aquarium trade. Due to the strict water quality, lighting and dietary requirements, keeping
1378: 379:. The oldest of six colonies in this reef was approximately 700 years old, and was estimated to be growing at 10.3 mm per year. 1868: 1894: 1899: 1959: 1300: 456:
include predation, climate change, and anthropogenic pollution. When exposed to increased temperatures and copper,
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growth rates can be determined by examining annual rings in their skeleton. This method was used to determine that
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Meyer, J.L.; Schultz, E.T. (1985). "Tissue Condition and Growth Rate of Corals Associated with Schooling Fish".
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Meyer, J.L.; Schultz, E.T. (1985). "Tissue Condition and Growth Rate of Corals Associated with Schooling Fish".
132: 1977: 1842: 1816: 1847: 1951: 1834: 2005: 1964: 1288: 53: 1322:"Keep up or drown: adjustment of western Pacific coral reefs to sea-level rise in the 21st century" 1450:"Comparison of observed and simulated tropical climate trends using a forward model of coralδ18O" 317: 283: 1756: 388: 347:
are found in reefs throughout the world. It is a dominant taxon on the Pandora platform of the
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growth rate peaked between May and August, which is summertime in their Caribbean habitat.
248: 8: 312: 1663: 1620: 1582: 1543: 1506: 1465: 1379:"Surface Growth Rings of Porites lutea Microatolls Accurately Track Their Annual Growth" 1337: 321:) that bore into the coral, serving as additional aesthetic livestock. These particular 2000: 1737: 1702: 1632: 1605: 1430: 1354: 1321: 664: 544: 394: 348: 260: 153: 48: 1920: 1855: 1794: 1434: 1359: 634: 1741: 1706: 1636: 1860: 1729: 1694: 1667: 1624: 1586: 1547: 1510: 1469: 1422: 1349: 1341: 1010: 584: 422: 1071: 794: 1808: 325:
specimens are called "christmas tree worm rocks" or "christmas tree worm coral".
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Moberg, F.; Nystrom, M.; Kautsky, N.; Tedengren, M.; Jarayabhand, P. (1997).
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has a mutualistic relationship with the schools of French and white grunts (
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heterotrophy, consuming prey such as brine shrimp and other zooplankton.
1345: 1873: 1733: 1591: 1566: 1515: 1490: 274: 215: 1886: 115: 65: 1750: 32: 1773: 1426: 85: 1491:"Dominance of a Coral Community in the Genus Porites Scleractinia" 1972: 243:; they are small polyp stony (SPS) corals. (Also referred to as 1829: 75: 1946: 1564: 206: 463:
Done and Potts (1992) observed that when settled, larvae in
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Potts, D.C.; Done, T.J.; Isdale, P.J.; Fisk, D.A. (1985).
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Some species in this genus demonstrate high levels of
351:. Potts et al. (1985) identified 7 dominant species: 1319: 401:
Representatives of this genus are found in both the
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also often serve as hosts for Christmas tree worms (
1488: 1992: 1415:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 210:In intertidal reef-flat environments, massive 1376: 1320:van Woesik, R.; Golbuu, Y.; Roff, G. (2015). 2011:Taxa named by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link 1649: 1529: 539:Reyes-Bonilla & Carricart-Ganivet, 2000 382:Meyer and Schultz (1985) demonstrated that 338: 251:. Members of this genus have widely spaced 31: 1719: 1590: 1514: 1473: 1353: 1447: 1230:Vaughan in Vaughan and Hoffmeister, 1926 247:They are characterised by a finger-like 222: 205: 1413:(2010). "Climate records from corals". 1993: 1755: 1754: 1409: 1286: 1978:79CC921C-C986-45DA-83D0-D9B41BECE733 1952:C9934CEF-3CFE-C9D4-2129-CE46D516ABBD 1370: 475: 329: 13: 187:Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 171:Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 14: 2022: 290: 1301:World Register of Marine Species 303:in captivity is very difficult. 52: 1713: 1678: 1643: 809:Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 452:Threats to corals in the genus 1599: 1571:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1558: 1523: 1495:Marine Ecology Progress Series 1482: 1441: 1403: 1377:Flora, C.J.; Ely P.S. (2003). 1313: 1280: 1: 1274: 1117:Forsman & Birkeland, 2009 412: 1454:Geophysical Research Letters 7: 779:Benzoni & Stefani, 2012 245:finger coral or hump coral) 10: 2027: 1326:Royal Society Open Science 470: 447: 1763: 1672:10.4319/lo.1985.30.1.0157 1629:10.1007/s00338-010-0604-7 1552:10.4319/lo.1985.30.1.0157 159: 152: 145: 140: 49:Scientific classification 47: 39: 30: 23: 1448:Thompson, D. M. (2011). 1138:Fenner & Veron, 2000 904:Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 339:Ecology and biogeography 311:that are collected have 318:Spirobranchus giganteus 284:Spirobranchus giganteus 261:bilaterally symmetrical 1128:Ducan & Wall, 1865 389:Haemulon flavolineatum 277:. Corals of the genus 231: 220: 1934:Paleobiology Database 1699:10.1007/s002270100549 1083:Porites portoricensis 971:Porites myrmidonensis 845:Porites horizontalata 565:Porites australiensis 226: 209: 1475:10.1029/2011GL048224 1154:Porites sillimaniani 941:Porites minicoiensis 866:Porites latistellata 515:Porites anguillensis 343:Corals in the genus 313:Christmas tree worms 214:form characteristic 1664:1985LimOc..30..157M 1621:2010CorRe..29..607E 1583:1997MEPS..157...53M 1544:1985LimOc..30..157M 1507:1985MEPS...23...79P 1466:2011GeoRL..3814706T 1346:10.1098/rsos.150181 1338:2015RSOS....250181V 1236:Porites tuberculosa 1205:Porites superposita 1184:Porites stephensoni 1174:Porites somaliensis 1062:Porites pellegrinii 1021:Porites okinawensis 991:Porites negrosensis 961:Porites murrayensis 951:Porites monticulosa 921:Porites mannarensis 825:Porites hawaiiensis 487:Milne Edwards, 1860 255:, a well-developed 1734:10.1007/BF00350040 1592:10.3354/meps157053 1516:10.3354/meps023079 1226:Porites trinitatis 1051:Porites panamensis 1001:Porites nigrescens 911:Porites macdonaldi 835:Porites heronensis 775:Porites fontanesii 725:Porites echinulata 715:Porites divaricata 665:Porites cylindrica 645:Porites cribripora 625:Porites columnaris 615:Porites colonensis 605:Porites cocosensis 545:Porites astreoides 494:Porites amplectans 349:Great Barrier Reef 232: 221: 1988: 1987: 1921:Open Tree of Life 1757:Taxon identifiers 1386:Northwest Science 1271: 1270: 1262: 1251: 1241: 1231: 1220: 1215:Porites sverdrupi 1210: 1199: 1194:Porites superfusa 1189: 1179: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1139: 1129: 1124:Porites reussiana 1118: 1108: 1103:Porites pukoensis 1098: 1093:Porites profundus 1088: 1077: 1067: 1056: 1046: 1036: 1026: 1016: 1006: 996: 986: 976: 966: 956: 946: 936: 926: 916: 905: 895: 885: 871: 861: 850: 849:Hoffmeister, 1925 840: 830: 820: 815:Porites harrisoni 810: 800: 790: 780: 770: 760: 750: 745:Porites evermanni 740: 730: 720: 710: 705:Porites desilveri 700: 690: 680: 675:Porites decasepta 670: 660: 655:Porites cumulatus 650: 640: 635:Porites compressa 630: 620: 610: 600: 590: 580: 570: 560: 555:Porites attenuata 550: 540: 530: 520: 509: 499: 488: 483:Porites alveolata 204: 203: 196: 188: 180: 172: 136: 2018: 2006:Cnidarian genera 1981: 1980: 1968: 1967: 1955: 1954: 1942: 1941: 1929: 1928: 1916: 1915: 1903: 1902: 1890: 1889: 1877: 1876: 1864: 1863: 1851: 1850: 1838: 1837: 1825: 1824: 1812: 1811: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1693:(6): 1225–1231. 1682: 1676: 1675: 1652:Limnol. Oceanogr 1647: 1641: 1640: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1532:Limnol. Oceanogr 1527: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1411:Lough, Janice M. 1407: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1383: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1357: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1284: 1260: 1257:Porites waylandi 1249: 1246:Porites vaughani 1239: 1229: 1218: 1208: 1197: 1187: 1177: 1167: 1157: 1147: 1137: 1127: 1116: 1113:Porites randalli 1106: 1096: 1086: 1075: 1065: 1054: 1044: 1034: 1024: 1015:Klunzinger, 1879 1014: 1011:Porites nodifera 1004: 994: 984: 981:Porites napopora 974: 964: 954: 944: 934: 924: 914: 903: 893: 883: 869: 859: 848: 838: 828: 818: 808: 805:Porites gaimardi 798: 788: 778: 768: 758: 748: 738: 729:Klunzinger, 1879 728: 718: 708: 698: 688: 685:Porites deformis 679:Clareboudt, 2006 678: 668: 658: 648: 638: 629:Klunzinger, 1879 628: 618: 608: 598: 595:Porites brighami 588: 585:Porites branneri 578: 568: 558: 548: 538: 528: 525:Porites aranetai 518: 507: 497: 486: 476: 423:Gulf of Thailand 365:P. australiensis 330:Paleoclimatology 326: 227:Small colony of 194: 186: 178: 170: 131: 57: 56: 35: 21: 20: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2016: 2015: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1976: 1971: 1963: 1958: 1950: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1924: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1885: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1859: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1833: 1828: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1802: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1759: 1749: 1718: 1714: 1683: 1679: 1648: 1644: 1604: 1600: 1563: 1559: 1528: 1524: 1487: 1483: 1446: 1442: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1381: 1375: 1371: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1250:Crossland, 1952 1188:Crossland, 1952 1072:Porites porites 1041:Porites palmata 795:Porites furcata 785:Porites fragosa 755:Porites exserta 735:Porites eridani 619:Zlatarski, 1990 535:Porites arnaudi 508:Crossland, 1952 473: 450: 415: 341: 332: 306: 293: 267:, particularly 229:Porites porites 200: 199: 163: 130: 51: 17: 16:Genus of corals 12: 11: 5: 2024: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1969: 1956: 1943: 1930: 1917: 1904: 1891: 1878: 1865: 1852: 1839: 1826: 1813: 1800: 1785: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1748: 1747: 1728:(3): 479–493. 1722:Marine Biology 1712: 1687:Marine Biology 1677: 1658:(1): 157–166. 1642: 1615:(3): 607–614. 1598: 1557: 1538:(1): 157–166. 1522: 1481: 1440: 1427:10.1002/wcc.39 1421:(3): 318–331. 1402: 1369: 1312: 1287:WoRMS (2018). 1278: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1252: 1242: 1232: 1221: 1211: 1200: 1198:Gardiner, 1898 1190: 1180: 1170: 1164:Porites solida 1160: 1150: 1140: 1134:Porites rugosa 1130: 1119: 1109: 1099: 1089: 1078: 1068: 1057: 1047: 1037: 1031:Porites ornata 1027: 1017: 1007: 997: 987: 977: 967: 957: 947: 937: 931:Porites mayeri 927: 917: 906: 896: 890:Porites lobata 886: 880:Porites lichen 874: 873: 872: 862: 856:Porites indica 851: 841: 831: 821: 811: 801: 791: 781: 771: 765:Porites flavus 761: 751: 741: 739:Umbgrove, 1940 731: 721: 711: 701: 691: 681: 671: 661: 651: 641: 631: 621: 611: 601: 591: 581: 575:Porites baueri 571: 561: 551: 541: 531: 521: 510: 500: 489: 474: 472: 469: 449: 446: 414: 411: 373:P. murrayensis 340: 337: 331: 328: 292: 291:Aquarium trade 289: 257:wall reticulum 239:is a genus of 202: 201: 198: 197: 189: 181: 173: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 150: 149: 143: 142: 138: 137: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 45: 44: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2023: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1406: 1391: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332:(7): 150181. 1331: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1267: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1178:Gravier, 1910 1176: 1175: 1171: 1168:Forskål, 1775 1166: 1165: 1161: 1158:Nemenzo, 1976 1156: 1155: 1151: 1148:Forskål, 1775 1146: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107:Vaughan, 1907 1105: 1104: 1100: 1097:Rehberg, 1892 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087:Vaughan, 1919 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1055:Verrill, 1866 1053: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1035:Nemenzo, 1971 1033: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1002: 998: 993: 992: 988: 983: 982: 978: 973: 972: 968: 965:Vaughan, 1918 963: 962: 958: 953: 952: 948: 943: 942: 938: 935:Vaughan, 1918 933: 932: 928: 923: 922: 918: 915:Vaughan, 1919 913: 912: 907: 902: 901: 900:Porites lutea 897: 892: 891: 887: 882: 881: 877: 876: 875: 868: 867: 863: 858: 857: 852: 847: 846: 842: 837: 836: 832: 829:Vaughan, 1907 827: 826: 822: 817: 816: 812: 807: 806: 802: 799:Lamarck, 1816 797: 796: 792: 787: 786: 782: 777: 776: 772: 767: 766: 762: 757: 756: 752: 749:Vaughan, 1907 747: 746: 742: 737: 736: 732: 727: 726: 722: 719:LeSueur, 1821 717: 716: 712: 707: 706: 702: 699:Vaughan, 1918 697: 696: 695:Porites densa 692: 689:Nemenzo, 1955 687: 686: 682: 677: 676: 672: 667: 666: 662: 659:Nemenzo, 1955 657: 656: 652: 647: 646: 642: 637: 636: 632: 627: 626: 622: 617: 616: 612: 607: 606: 602: 599:Vaughan, 1907 597: 596: 592: 589:Rathbun, 1887 587: 586: 582: 579:Squires, 1959 577: 576: 572: 569:Vaughan, 1918 567: 566: 562: 559:Nemenzo, 1955 557: 556: 552: 549:Lamarck, 1816 547: 546: 542: 537: 536: 532: 529:Nemenzo, 1955 527: 526: 522: 519:Vaughan, 1919 517: 516: 511: 506: 505: 504:Porites annae 501: 496: 495: 490: 485: 484: 480: 479: 478: 477: 468: 466: 461: 459: 458:P. cylindrica 455: 445: 443: 438: 437:P. astreoides 434: 430: 427: 424: 420: 419:halotolerance 410: 408: 404: 399: 397: 396: 391: 390: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 336: 327: 324: 320: 319: 314: 310: 304: 302: 298: 295:Specimens of 288: 286: 285: 280: 276: 273:, often form 272: 271: 270:Porites lutea 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 237: 230: 225: 217: 213: 208: 195:Verrill, 1864 193: 190: 185: 182: 177: 174: 169: 166: 165: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 139: 134: 129: 128: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 77: 74: 71: 70: 67: 64: 61: 60: 55: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 19: 1764: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1574: 1570: 1560: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1501:(1): 79–84. 1498: 1494: 1484: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1394:. 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Retrieved 1296: 1290: 1282: 1265: 1261:Foster, 1986 1255: 1244: 1234: 1224: 1219:Durham, 1947 1213: 1209:Duncan, 1880 1203: 1192: 1182: 1172: 1162: 1152: 1142: 1132: 1122: 1111: 1101: 1091: 1081: 1076:Pallas, 1766 1070: 1066:Duncan, 1880 1060: 1049: 1039: 1029: 1019: 1009: 999: 989: 979: 969: 959: 949: 945:Pillai, 1967 939: 929: 925:Pillai, 1967 919: 909: 898: 888: 878: 870:Quelch, 1886 864: 860:Duncan, 1880 854: 843: 833: 823: 813: 803: 793: 783: 773: 763: 759:Pillai, 1967 753: 743: 733: 723: 713: 703: 693: 683: 673: 663: 653: 643: 633: 623: 613: 603: 593: 583: 573: 563: 553: 543: 533: 523: 513: 502: 492: 481: 464: 462: 457: 453: 451: 442:P. furcata's 441: 436: 432: 431: 425: 416: 403:Indo-Pacific 400: 395:H. plumierii 393: 387: 383: 381: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 344: 342: 333: 322: 316: 308: 305: 300: 296: 294: 282: 278: 268: 264: 244: 235: 234: 233: 228: 211: 191: 183: 179:Quelch, 1884 175: 168:Cosmoporites 167: 146: 126: 125: 106:Scleractinia 96:Hexacorallia 40: 24: 18: 1882:iNaturalist 1835:porites-spp 1789:Wikispecies 1609:Coral Reefs 1460:(14): n/a. 1293:Link, 1807" 1240:Veron, 2000 1144:Porites rus 1025:Veron, 1990 995:Veron, 1990 985:Veron, 2000 975:Veron, 1985 839:Veron, 1985 819:Veron, 2000 769:Veron, 2000 709:Veron, 2000 609:Wells, 1950 498:Felix, 1921 275:microatolls 241:stony coral 1995:Categories 1396:2009-10-30 1306:2018-08-22 1275:References 1045:Dana, 1846 1005:Dana, 1846 955:Dana, 1846 894:Dana, 1846 884:Dana, 1846 789:Dana, 1846 669:Dana, 1846 649:Dana, 1846 639:Dana, 1846 413:Physiology 384:P. furcata 249:morphology 216:microatoll 184:Neoporites 2001:Poritidae 1577:: 53–59. 1435:130219508 421:. 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Index


Scientific classification
Edit this classification
Eukaryota
Animalia
Cnidaria
Hexacorallia
Scleractinia
Poritidae
Porites
Link
Synonyms

microatoll

stony coral
morphology
calices
wall reticulum
bilaterally symmetrical
Porites lutea
microatolls
Spirobranchus giganteus
Christmas tree worms
Spirobranchus giganteus
Great Barrier Reef
Haemulon flavolineatum
H. plumierii
Indo-Pacific
Caribbean

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