347:
children, three or four in the streets, more in the water ... Bodies of men strewed the streets in hundreds, perhaps thousands, for we could not count – some with not a limb unsevered, some with heads hacked, cross-cut, and split lengthwise, some ripped open, not by chance but with careful precision, down and across, disembowelled and dismembered, with occasionally a dagger or bayonet thrust in the private parts. I saw groups of prisoners tied together in a bunch with their hands behind their backs, riddled with bullets for five minutes and then hewn to pieces. I saw a junk stranded on the beach, filled with fugitives of either sex and of all ages, struck by volley after volley until – I can say no more.
216:
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60:
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363:
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in their homes; by and large, there wasn't a single house without from three to six dead. Blood was flowing and the smell was awful. We sent out search parties. We shot some, hacked at others. The
Chinese troops just dropped their arms and fled. Firing and slashing, it was unbounded joy. At this time, our artillery troops were at the rear, giving three cheers for the emperor.
287:, though the Chinese troopships were successful in landing their troops not far from the Sino-Korean border. With the Beiyang Fleet defeated, the Japanese Navy began a siege of Port Arthur while the Japanese Second Army advanced on the city through Manchuria and the Japanese First Army crossed the Yalu River to form another advance by land. After a series of battles on the
300:. Some Chinese soldiers had mutilated several Japanese soldiers' dead bodies and displayed them at the entrance of the city, infuriating the Japanese. Several vowed revenge, including Lieutenant Kijirō Nanbu. After only token resistance, the city fell to Japanese troops late on the morning of 21 November. What followed was a
506:
mutilation of their comrades by the enemy, broke through all restraints ... exasperated by the wholesale attempts at escape disguised at citizens, they inflicted vengeance without discrimination. ... the victims, almost without exception, were soldiers wearing the stolen clothes of citizens.
346:
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday were spent by the soldiery in murder and pillage from dawn to dark, in mutilation, in every conceivable kind of nameless atrocity, until the town became a ghastly
Inferno to be remembered with a fearsome shudder until one's dying day. I saw corpses of women and
291:
the First
Division of the Second Army, led by General Yamaji, drew up around Port Arthur in late November. On 18 November 1894, the Japanese movement down the peninsula was temporarily frustrated and the army returned to find that their abandoned wounded troops had been severely mutilated, with hands
462:
The
Japanese troops entered Port Arthur on Nov. 21 and massacred practically the entire population in cold blood. ... The defenseless and unarmed inhabitants were butchered in their houses and their bodies were unspeakably mutilated. There was an unrestrained reign of murder which continued for
376:
Japanese participants reported mountains of corpses, yet the number of dead was never officially calculated. Cowan, who was a witness, reported that the "bodies of men strewed the streets in hundreds, perhaps thousands, for we could not count" and that there were "more in the water." Creelman, also
317:
As we entered the town of Port Arthur, we saw the head of a
Japanese soldier displayed on a wooden stake. This filled us with rage and a desire to crush any Chinese soldier. Anyone we saw in the town, we killed. The streets were filled with corpses, so many they blocked our way. We killed people
396:
Some late-20th century
Japanese sources repeat the death toll of 60,000 given by Creelman, but Stewart Lone, writing in 1994, one hundred years after the fact, attempted to discredit Creelman's claim, stating " the entire city population was not massacred, however, is suggested by the speed with
312:
Japanese troops entered Port Arthur at about 2:00 p.m. Upon seeing the mutilated remains of their fallen comrades, they took to killing those who remained in the town. Several accounts of the events were recorded by members of the
Japanese forces, such as the following by a member of the 1st
552:
reported on the attempted cover-up: "Telegraphic notices have been sent ... all over the empire by the officials saying that a wicked report has been set on foot by the enemy that they have captured Port Arthur, but it was utterly untrue, the place being garrisoned by 30,000 brave
Chinese
505:
The
Japanese Government desires no concealment of the events at Port Arthur. On the contrary, it is investigating rigidly for the purpose of fixing the exact responsibility and is taking measures essential to the reputation of the empire. ... Japanese troops transported with rage at the
405:
The string of
Japanese victories at Pyongyang and then at the Battle of the Yalu River had increased what had until then been only lukewarm Western interest in the war. By the time of the assault on Port Arthur, a number of Western reporters were attached to the Japanese Second Army. Western
536:
accused Westerners of exaggerating the extent of the atrocities, and of hypocrisy in light of the atrocities they had committed throughout the East, stating that "the history of savage nations that have come in contact with Christian Occidentals is all but written in blood". Some questioned
566:
The incident strained the delicate foreign relations Japan had been dealing with. The war itself hurt Japan's relations with Britain, and threatened to hurt Japan's renegotiation of treaties with the US. The incident coloured Western perceptions of Japan as barbarians under a thin veil of
384:
by the local official Liu Hanfang (劉含芳) soon after the massacre, 2,600~2,700 civilians were killed within the city. However, many more were slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city and for these they had no reliable count,and soldiers were not included in this count.
392:
built the cemetery "万忠墓" ("Wanzhong Tomb") and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which included soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in Chinese communist sources.
451:
Foreign reporters had to wait until they had left the area before they could file their stories, which the Japanese censors would otherwise have suppressed. At first, the incident garnered little attention: a one-sentence report in
397:
which Port Arthur's streets again filled after the Japanese occupation: had the civilian population been literally decimated or destroyed, it is unlikely that others would have ventured to trade and work under Japanese occupation."
543:, on the other hand, castigated the Japanese army in several articles. Attempts to launch an inquiry met resistance from those who wanted it covered up. The inquiry resulted in no punishments given out.
36:
489:
Other newspapers soon followed with detailed reports. The reports hurt Japan's international image and threatened the progress of negotiations with the United States to bring an end to the
463:
three days. The whole town was plundered with appalling atrocities. ... It was the first stain upon Japanese civilization. The Japanese in this instance relapsed into barbarism.
501:, and promised not to interfere with foreign correspondents. On 16 December, the Foreign Ministry released a statement to the press, asserting the atrocities were exaggerations:
440:
that no such massacre had occurred. Writing a decade later, de Guerville amended this view, claiming that though some 120 civilians were killed it still had not been a massacre.
458:
on 26 November stated: "Great slaughter is reported to have taken place." James Creelman was the first to report on the massacre in a front-page article that declared:
1056:. London: William Heinemann, 1898. (This purports to be a true account of the massacre by a young Englishman who had been trapped in the city at the time of its fall.)
283:
and a highly fortified city that dominated the sea passage from Korea to northeast China. In September the Japanese Navy heavily damaged the Beiyang Fleet at the
191:
soldiers, although one eyewitness reporter estimated a total death toll of 60,000, including civilians, soldiers, and residents of the outlying rural district.
539:
567:
civilization. These perceptions contributed to anti-Japanese sentiments in North America in the early 20th century, which would continue through World War II.
674:
Flowery Kingdom and The Land of Mikado or China, Japan and Corea: Graphic Account of the War between China and Japan: Its Causes, Land and Naval Battles
224:
563:
attempted to defend the perpetrators of the massacre by proposing "The circumstances were such as might have taxed the control of any invading force."
511:
546:
Domestic instability kept the Chinese government under pressure to conceal the defeat, rather than castigate the Japanese for the atrocities. The
1157:
548:
524:
605:
271:
in September 1894, winning decisive victories on both occasions. Following the victory at Pyongyang the Japanese Second Army under Marshal
537:
Creelman's reliability, and a rumour spread that he left for Shanghai after the fall of Port Arthur to work for the Chinese government.
120:
2,600 civilians massacred within the city, no reliable count in the suburban hills. Maximum 20,000 killed in total, including soldiers.
292:
and feet cut off. Others had been burned alive. The city was evacuated with residents fleeing westward by land or sea into China. The
1172:
1060:
765:
1177:
1182:
1167:
1033:
1010:
989:
176:
128:
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placed bounties on prisoners of war, or their heads or other body parts; during the Sino-Japanese War the bounty was 50
205:
1152:
431:
31:
20:
373:
The scale and nature of the killing continues to be debated. Estimates range from 2,600 to 60,000 dead altogther.
1096:
Kane, Daniel C. "Each of Us in His Own Way: Factors Behind Conflicting Accounts of the Massacre at Port Arthur,"
284:
1192:
215:
1142:
1104:
152:
1187:
1162:
1147:
1137:
1025:
576:
425:
618:可见，经过落实，旅顺市街被杀人数为2600至2700人。请注意：这个数字仅是指旅顺市街的被杀人数而言，并不包括逃离市街以及旅顺郊区和山区被杀的人数，同时也不包括在炮台阵地或北撤过程中阵亡的清军官兵。
613:
531:
518:
389:
328:
The massacre lasted the next few days, and was witnessed by several Western observers, including
229:
160:
51:
1132:
1127:
259:
As part of its wartime strategy during the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan had advanced through
132:
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called allegations "an invidious desire to detract from the glory of the Japanese Army". The
244:
510:
The Japanese press generally avoided reporting on the massacre, or dismissed it, as when the
1197:
164:
74:
180:
8:
1075:
De Guerville, A. B. "In Defense of Japan. The Alleged Atrocities at Port Arthur Denied",
557:
reported the defeat remained unknown even to many government officials. The pro-Japanese
1082:
Dorwart, Jeffrey M. "James Creelman, the New York World and the Port Arthur Massacre",
559:
288:
253:
1089:
Hardin, Thomas L. “American Press and Public Opinion in the First Sino-Japanese War",
771:
163:
from 21 November 1894 for three days, in the Chinese coastal city of Port Arthur (now
1029:
1006:
985:
630:
421:
329:
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soldiers who would never give it up to the Japanese." As late as a month later, the
646:
642:
490:
366:
1000:
494:
482:
436:
249:
220:
187:(1841–1897) killed somewhere between 2,600 civilians and 20,000 people including
184:
137:
369:, legal adviser for the Imperial Japanese Navy, tried to refute the allegations.
416:
411:
200:
195:
1062:
On the Great Highway, the Wanderings and Adventures of a Special Correspondent
982:
Japan's First Modern War: Army and Society in the Conflict with China, 1894–95
1121:
406:
reporting on the massacre was controversial. Most correspondents such as the
280:
204:, whose account was widely circulated within the United States. In 1894, the
27:
272:
381:
1051:
447:
Canadian reporter James Creelman wrote the first article on the massacre.
377:
a witness, asserted that up to 60,000 were killed, with only 36 spared.
293:
188:
82:
59:
194:
Reports of a massacre were first published by the Canadian journalist
64:
A Western newspaper's depiction of Japanese soldiers mutilating bodies
454:
338:
276:
268:
209:
493:
Japan had been made to sign in the 1850s. Japanese Foreign Minister
304:
of the remaining inhabitants of Port Arthur by the Japanese troops.
1022:
The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy
407:
301:
172:
110:
477:
362:
443:
212:, to conduct an independent investigation of Creelman's reports.
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announced an investigation, publishing these intentions in the
279:, the plan being to seize Port Arthur, headquarters to China's
168:
78:
264:
260:
935:
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297:
798:
796:
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781:
430:, described a wide scale and cold-blooded massacre, while
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704:
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633:(1964). "The Battle off the Tayang, 17 September 1894".
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announced an inquiry that resulted in no punishments.
945:
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918:
879:
808:
741:
726:
1119:
661:Exciting Experiences in the Japanese-Russian War
380:According to a scouting report sent to Viceroy
16:1894 massacre in Port Arthur, now Dalian, China
842:. Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1904, pp. 269–280.
623:
58:
1112:, vol. 160, no. 460 (March 1895):325–331.
476:
442:
361:
248:
214:
998:
708:
263:, engaging Chinese troops at Asan near
19:For the 1996 massacre in Tasmania, see
1158:19th-century prisoner of war massacres
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686:
684:
682:
223:leading the attack on Port Arthur (by
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336:and Thomas Cowan, correspondent for
275:(1842–1916) moved northward towards
679:
603:
424:, a writer and illustrator for the
332:, James Creelman who wrote for the
13:
1100:, vol. 31 (1) (Spring 2005):23–33.
1065:. Boston:Lothrop Publishing, 1901.
1044:
14:
1209:
1002:Sino-Japanese Naval War 1894–1895
588:
208:ordered its ambassador to Japan,
1072:. Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1904.
175:), when advance elements of the
21:Port Arthur massacre (Australia)
1173:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
832:
820:
758:
342:. Cowan described what he saw:
972:
692:Port Arthur: A Monster Heroism
666:
653:
647:10.1080/00253359.1964.10657787
156:
1:
1178:Anti-Chinese violence in Asia
838:Amedee Baillot de Guerville,
357:
238:
183:under the command of General
1183:Japanese war crimes in China
1168:Massacres committed by Japan
672:Northrop, Henry Davenport.
434:alleged in the pages of the
400:
352:Thomas Cowan, private letter
7:
1106:The Truth about Port Arthur
767:The Massacre at Port Arthur
570:
432:Amédée Baillot de Guerville
307:
10:
1214:
1026:Cambridge University Press
577:List of massacres in China
481:Japanese Foreign Minister
242:
18:
1110:The North American Review
984:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
124:
116:
104:
96:
88:
73:Port Arthur (present-day
69:
57:
49:
44:
1086:, 50 (4) (1973):697–701.
1020:Paine, S. C. M. (2005).
582:
285:Battle of the Yalu River
159:) took place during the
1153:First Sino-Japanese War
999:Olender, Piotr (2014).
390:Chinese Communist Party
161:First Sino-Japanese War
52:First Sino-Japanese War
32:Infobox civilian attack
25:
1093:, 50 (1) (1973):53–59.
980:Lone, Stewart (1994).
508:
486:
475:
448:
427:London Black and White
370:
355:
326:
256:
235:
133:Japanese Imperial Army
100:Soldiers and civilians
37:considered for merging
1193:1894 murders in China
1053:Under the Dragon Flag
540:The Japan Weekly Mail
503:
480:
460:
446:
365:
344:
315:
252:
218:
1143:November 1894 events
1103:Villiers, Frederic,
1091:Journalism Quarterly
1084:Journalism Quarterly
1068:De Guerville, A. B.
635:The Mariner's Mirror
181:Japanese Second Army
149:Port Arthur massacre
45:Port Arthur massacre
942:, pp. 214–215.
915:, pp. 215–216.
805:, pp. 156–157.
790:, pp. 143–144.
723:, pp. 157–158.
659:Everett, Marshall.
612:(1). Archived from
245:Battle of Lüshunkou
219:Lieutenant-General
1188:Massacres in China
1098:Journalism History
631:Perry, John Curtis
560:North-China Herald
487:
472:, 12 December 1894
449:
414:, writing for the
371:
323:Makio Okabe, diary
289:Liaodong Peninsula
257:
254:Liaodong Peninsula
236:
165:Lüshunkou District
75:Lüshunkou District
1163:History of Dalian
1148:Massacres in 1894
1138:Conflicts in 1894
1079:(3 January 1895).
1059:Creelman, James.
1035:978-0-521-61745-1
1012:978-83-63678-51-7
991:978-0-230-38975-5
829:30 December 1894.
422:Frederic Villiers
330:Frederic Villiers
145:
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92:November 21, 1894
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770:, archived from
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468:James Creelman,
367:Sakuye Takahashi
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206:State Department
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1077:Leslie’s Weekly
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616:on 2022-01-16.
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483:Mutsu Munemitsu
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437:New York Herald
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185:Yamaji Motoharu
138:Yamaji Motoharu
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1050:Allan, James.
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966:, p. 163.
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903:, p. 215.
893:
891:, p. 161.
878:
876:, p. 214.
859:
857:, p. 213.
844:
831:
827:New York Times
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817:, p. 157.
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755:, p. 156.
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738:, p. 155.
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641:(4): 243–259.
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499:New York World
470:New York World
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417:New York World
412:James Creelman
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243:Main article:
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225:Nobukazu Yōsai
201:New York World
196:James Creelman
177:First Division
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1128:1894 in China
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774:on 2012-03-27
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388:In 1948, the
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461:
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450:
435:
426:
415:
404:
395:
387:
382:Li Hongzhang
379:
375:
372:
345:
337:
333:
327:
316:
311:
258:
199:
193:
148:
146:
129:1st Division
125:Perpetrators
50:Part of the
30:
973:Works cited
606:"旅顺大屠杀真相再考"
530: [
517: [
228: [
106:Attack type
26:‹ The
1122:Categories
952:Paine 2005
940:Paine 2005
913:Paine 2005
901:Paine 2005
874:Paine 2005
855:Paine 2005
690:Barry, R.
526:Shin Chōya
358:Death toll
313:Division:
273:Ōyama Iwao
239:Background
83:Qing China
1198:Lüshunkou
964:Lone 1994
925:Lone 1994
889:Lone 1994
815:Lone 1994
803:Lone 1994
788:Lone 1994
753:Lone 1994
736:Lone 1994
721:Lone 1994
663:. (1904).
455:The Times
410:reporter
401:Aftermath
339:The Times
277:Manchuria
269:Pyongyang
267:and then
210:Edwin Dun
35:is being
1070:Au Japon
840:Au Japon
694:. p. 209
571:See also
466:—
408:Canadian
350:—
321:—
308:Massacre
302:massacre
173:Liaoning
111:Massacre
70:Location
39:. ›
28:template
198:of the
189:Chinese
179:of the
153:Chinese
1032:
1009:
988:
676:(1894)
420:, and
234:, 1894
221:Yamaji
169:Dalian
155::
117:Deaths
97:Target
79:Dalian
583:Notes
534:]
521:]
298:taels
265:Seoul
261:Korea
232:]
157:旅順大屠殺
1030:ISBN
1007:ISBN
986:ISBN
610:东岳论丛
147:The
89:Date
643:doi
167:of
81:),
77:of
1124::
1028:.
1024:.
932:^
881:^
862:^
847:^
795:^
780:^
743:^
728:^
699:^
681:^
639:50
637:.
608:.
590:^
532:ja
519:ja
230:ja
171:,
131:,
1038:.
1015:.
994:.
649:.
645::
151:(
23:.
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