484:
clinical evaluation and often requires the use of validated screening tools. One commonly used tool is the Beck
Depression Inventory (BDI), which is a self-report questionnaire that assesses the severity of depression symptoms. The BDI is a reliable and valid tool for assessing depression in stroke patients. In addition to the BDI, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) is also commonly used to assess depression severity. Clinical evaluation for PSD typically includes a thorough medical history and physical examination to rule out other medical conditions that may be contributing to the patient's symptoms. It is important to consider that some symptoms of depression, such as fatigue, may overlap with other post-stroke complications, such as post-stroke fatigue. Neuroimaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans, may also be used to evaluate the extent and location of brain damage caused by the stroke, which can help to understand the patient's clinical presentation and inform treatment decisions.
22:
210:
342:
Prevalence clearly varies over time with an apparent peak 3–6 months after stroke and subsequent decline in prevalence at one-year reaches about to 50% of initial rates. Robinson and colleagues characterized the natural course of major depression after stroke with spontaneous remission typically 1 to
483:
When diagnosing depression, doctors usually look for the presence of five or more symptoms that have persisted for at least two weeks. Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common and debilitating complication of stroke, affecting up to one-third of stroke survivors. The diagnosis of PSD is based on
349:
Women were twice as likely to experience post-stroke depression than men. It is hypothesized, based on CT scanning, that of the two sexes experiencing post-stroke depression, women who had post-stroke depression had a higher rate of left hemisphere lesions than men. However, risk of post-stroke
195:
However, this model is far from being universally accepted and there are serious objections both to their model and findings showing the association between post-stroke depression and lesion sites. Depression-like behaviors are demonstrated in a mouse model of cortical intracerebral hemorrhage.
101:
The scientific community is divided into two “camps” supporting opposing views: some propose a primary biological mechanism with stroke affecting neural circuits involved in mood regulation which in turn causes post-stroke depression, while other researchers claim that post stroke depression is
343:
2 years after stroke. However, it was also noted that in few cases depression becomes chronic and may persist more than 3 years following stroke. On the other hand, minor depression appeared to be more variable, with both short term and long term depression occurring in these patients.
358:(ADL's), as a result of their stroke; the greater the limitation, the greater the severity. Risk of developing depression post-stroke in women is partly linked to a history of psychological disorders as well as limitations involving cognition as a result of their stroke.
150:
Despite this evidence, the association of post-stroke depression to specific brain lesions is still vague and needs replication from various independent groups. Furthermore, the cause of post stroke depression at a functional level is not clear.
374:
Miller, Jeffrey M.; Vorel, Stanislav R.; Tranguch, Anthony J.; Kenny, Edward T.; Mazzoni, Pietro; van Gorp, Wilfred G.; Kleber, Herbert D. (May 2006). "Anhedonia After a
Selective Bilateral Lesion of the Globus Pallidus".
497:
Poynter, Brittany; Shuman, Mira; Diaz-Granados, Natalia; Kapral, Moira; Grace, Sherry L.; Stewart, Donna E. (November 2009). "Sex differences in the prevalence of post-stroke depression: A systematic review".
353:
It has also been postulated that the risk of developing post-stroke depression in male patients is partly linked to having a high level of limitations and disability in functioning, especially in performing
583:
Carson, Alan J.; MacHale, Siobhan; Allen, Kathryn; Lawrie, Stephen M.; Dennis, Martin; House, Allan; Sharpe, Michael (8 July 2000). "Depression after stroke and lesion location: a systematic review".
346:
Post-stroke depression is highly prevalent among both men and women. However, it appears that post-stroke depression is more common in women when prevalence is compared between the sexes.
308:(DSM) IV categorizes post-stroke depression as “mood disorder due to a general medical condition” (i.e. stroke) with the specifiers of depressive features, major depressive-like episodes,
113:
aspects of post stroke depression seems warranted, a number of studies clearly suggest that biological mechanisms play a major role in the development of post stroke depression.
312:
features, or mixed features. Utilizing patient data from acute hospital admission, community surveys, or out patient clinics previous studies have identified two types of
177:, where they arborize and send terminal projections into the superficial cortical layers. These norepinephrinergic and serotoninergic pathways are disrupted in
332:
or loss of interest and at least two but fewer than four symptoms of major depression. Minor depression occurs in up to 30% of patients following stroke.
630:
Gainotti, G; Azzoni, A; Marra, C (August 1999). "Frequency, phenomenology and anatomical-clinical correlates of major post-stroke depression".
350:
depression can not be determined effectively based on the location of the lesion in the brain and more research in this area is needed.
278:
250:
412:"Mouse models of intracerebral hemorrhage in ventricle, cortex, and hippocampus by injections of autologous blood or collagenase"
220:
257:
139:
Some studies reported an association between post-stroke mania and right orbital frontal, basotemporal, basal ganglia lesions.
264:
778:
305:
65:
43:
36:
788:
246:
235:
667:
Gainotti, Guido; Marra, Camillo (February 2002). "Determinants and consequences of post stroke depression".
154:
The only biological model was proposed by
Robinson and co-workers: They hypothesized that the depletion of
485:
704:
Robinson, RG; Starksein, SE (Winter 1990). "Current research in affective disorders following stroke".
355:
735:"A Two year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: findings during the initial evaluation"
325:
86:
548:
Paradiso, Sergio; Robinson, Robert G. (Winter 1998). "Gender
Differences in Poststroke Depression".
271:
30:
783:
231:
188:– sites that are shown to be associated with post stroke depression. Additionally, depletion in
410:
Zhu, Wei; Gao, Yufeng; Chang, Che-Feng; Wan, Jie-Ru; Zhu, Shan-Shan; Wang, Jian (15 May 2014).
47:
106:
733:
Robinson, Robert G.; Starr, Lyn Book; Kubos, Kenneth L.; Price, Thomas R. (September 1983).
423:
8:
313:
427:
692:
655:
608:
446:
411:
90:
596:
227:
756:
721:
684:
680:
647:
600:
565:
525:
451:
392:
329:
696:
612:
81:(PSD) is considered the most frequent and important neuropsychiatric consequence of
746:
713:
676:
659:
639:
592:
557:
515:
507:
441:
431:
384:
321:
161:
occurring after stroke play a role in post stroke-depression. They point out that
436:
174:
102:
caused by social and psychological stressors that emerge as a result of stroke.
388:
170:
162:
511:
772:
178:
129:
751:
734:
688:
651:
604:
529:
455:
396:
182:
133:
110:
760:
725:
643:
569:
146:
who are unaware of their disability still develop post stroke depression.
143:
561:
520:
486:
https://itshealthilyeverafter.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=860&action
328:, which has been defined for research purposes by DSM-IV criteria as a
118:
717:
166:
155:
209:
317:
189:
496:
468:
192:(due to pallidal lesions) can trigger anhedonia and avolition.
185:
125:
82:
471:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV
309:
158:
117:
stroke patients show a higher rate of depression compared to
173:
and arc posteriorly, running through the deep layers of the
89:. Moreover, this condition can have an adverse effect on
85:. Approximately one-third of stroke survivors experience
582:
373:
732:
124:
Several studies proposed an association with specific
706:
550:
629:
121:patients with disabilities of comparable severity.
703:
770:
547:
409:
666:
324:, which occurs in up to 25% of patients; and
473:. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
236:introducing citations to additional sources
136:) and occurrence of post stroke depression.
750:
519:
469:American Psychiatric Association (1994).
445:
435:
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Relevant discussion may be found on the
29:This article includes a list of general
771:
543:
541:
539:
462:
142:It has been shown that patients with
203:
93:, functional recovery and survival.
15:
536:
13:
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
800:
306:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
681:10.1097/00019052-200202000-00013
219:relies largely or entirely on a
208:
20:
169:nuclei send projections to the
576:
490:
477:
403:
377:American Journal of Psychiatry
367:
109:including both biological and
1:
632:British Journal of Psychiatry
597:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02448-X
361:
337:
299:
132:lesions and lesions close to
669:Current Opinion in Neurology
437:10.1371/journal.pone.0097423
199:
96:
7:
10:
805:
622:
389:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.786
356:activities of daily living
779:Major depressive disorder
512:10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.563
316:associated with cerebral
247:"Post-stroke depression"
789:Complications of stroke
752:10.1161/01.str.14.5.736
107:bio-psycho-social model
50:more precise citations.
79:Post-stroke depression
644:10.1192/bjp.175.2.163
314:depressive disorders
232:improve this article
105:While an integrated
562:10.1176/jnp.10.1.41
428:2014PLoSO...997423Z
128:(left anterior and
163:norepinephrinergic
91:cognitive function
718:10.1176/jnp.2.1.1
591:(9224): 122–126.
297:
296:
282:
76:
75:
68:
796:
764:
754:
729:
700:
663:
617:
616:
580:
574:
573:
545:
534:
533:
523:
494:
488:
481:
475:
474:
466:
460:
459:
449:
439:
407:
401:
400:
371:
326:minor depression
322:major depression
292:
289:
283:
281:
240:
212:
204:
87:major depression
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
46:this article by
37:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
804:
803:
799:
798:
797:
795:
794:
793:
769:
768:
767:
625:
620:
581:
577:
546:
537:
495:
491:
482:
478:
467:
463:
408:
404:
372:
368:
364:
340:
302:
293:
287:
284:
241:
239:
225:
213:
202:
99:
72:
61:
55:
52:
42:Please help to
41:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
802:
792:
791:
786:
784:Mood disorders
781:
766:
765:
745:(5): 736–744.
730:
701:
664:
638:(2): 163–167.
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:
575:
535:
506:(6): 563–569.
500:Psychosomatics
489:
476:
461:
402:
383:(5): 786–788.
365:
363:
360:
339:
336:
330:depressed mood
301:
298:
295:
294:
230:. Please help
216:
214:
207:
201:
198:
171:frontal cortex
148:
147:
140:
137:
122:
98:
95:
74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
801:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
774:
762:
758:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
627:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
544:
542:
540:
531:
527:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
487:
480:
472:
465:
457:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
429:
425:
422:(5): e97423.
421:
417:
413:
406:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
366:
359:
357:
351:
347:
344:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
291:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249: –
248:
244:
243:Find sources:
237:
233:
229:
223:
222:
221:single source
217:This section
215:
211:
206:
205:
197:
193:
191:
187:
184:
180:
179:basal ganglia
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
156:monoaminergic
152:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
130:basal ganglia
127:
123:
120:
116:
115:
114:
112:
108:
103:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
742:
738:
709:
705:
675:(1): 85–89.
672:
668:
635:
631:
588:
584:
578:
556:(1): 41–47.
553:
549:
503:
499:
492:
479:
470:
464:
419:
415:
405:
380:
376:
369:
352:
348:
345:
341:
334:
303:
285:
275:
268:
261:
254:
242:
218:
194:
183:frontal lobe
167:serotonergic
153:
149:
134:frontal pole
111:psychosocial
104:
100:
78:
77:
62:
53:
34:
712:(1): 1–14.
521:10315/24309
144:anosognosia
48:introducing
773:Categories
585:The Lancet
362:References
338:Prevalence
300:Definition
258:newspapers
119:orthopedic
31:references
288:June 2020
228:talk page
200:Diagnosis
97:Mechanism
56:June 2020
697:15314498
689:11796955
652:10627800
613:24968663
605:10963248
530:19996226
456:24831292
416:PLOS ONE
397:16648316
318:ischemia
190:dopamine
761:6658957
726:2136055
660:9931981
623:Sources
570:9547465
447:4022524
424:Bibcode
272:scholar
186:lesions
126:lesions
44:improve
759:
739:Stroke
724:
695:
687:
658:
650:
611:
603:
568:
528:
454:
444:
395:
274:
267:
260:
253:
245:
175:cortex
159:amines
83:stroke
33:, but
693:S2CID
656:S2CID
609:S2CID
310:manic
279:JSTOR
265:books
757:PMID
722:PMID
685:PMID
648:PMID
601:PMID
566:PMID
526:PMID
452:PMID
393:PMID
304:The
251:news
181:and
165:and
747:doi
714:doi
677:doi
640:doi
636:175
593:doi
589:356
558:doi
516:hdl
508:doi
442:PMC
432:doi
385:doi
381:163
234:by
775::
755:.
743:14
741:.
737:.
720:.
708:.
691:.
683:.
673:15
671:.
654:.
646:.
634:.
607:.
599:.
587:.
564:.
554:10
552:.
538:^
524:.
514:.
504:50
502:.
450:.
440:.
430:.
418:.
414:.
391:.
379:.
320::
763:.
749::
728:.
716::
710:2
699:.
679::
662:.
642::
615:.
595::
572:.
560::
532:.
518::
510::
458:.
434::
426::
420:9
399:.
387::
290:)
286:(
276:·
269:·
262:·
255:·
238:.
224:.
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
