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regarding PPD, it is often left untreated as women frequently report feeling ashamed about seeking help and are concerned about being labeled as a "bad mother" if they acknowledge that they are experiencing depression. Although there has been previous research interest in depression-related stigma, few studies have addressed PPD stigma. One study studied PPD stigma by examining how an education intervention would impact it. They hypothesized that an education intervention would significantly influence PPD stigma scores. Although they found some consistency with previous mental health stigma studies, for example, that males had higher levels of personal PPD stigma than females, most of the PPD results were inconsistent with other mental health studies. For example, they hypothesized that education intervention would lower PPD stigma scores, but in reality, there was no significant impact, and also familiarity with PPD was not associated with one's stigma towards people with PPD. This study was a strong starting point for further PPD research but indicates more needs to be done to learn what the most effective anti-stigma strategies are specifically for PPD.
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had to reach out and participate, around 27% of the sample population had symptoms consistent with postpartum depression without even knowing. Also found that on average 8.46 women had minor and major PPDS was found to be 8.46 and 8.69% respectively. The main factors that were found to contribute to this study were the stress during pregnancy, the availability of support after, and a prior diagnosis of depression were all found to be factors. Canada has specific population demographics that also involve a large amount of immigrant and indigenous women which creates a specific cultural demographic localized to Canada. In this study, researchers found that these two populations were at significantly higher risk compared to "Canadian-born non-indigenous mothers". This study found that risk factors such as low education, low-income cut-off, taking antidepressants, and low social support are all factors that contribute to the higher percentage of these populations developing PPDS. Specifically, indigenous mothers had the most risk factors than immigrant mothers with non-indigenous
Canadian women being closer to the overall population.
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are no set criteria for men to have postpartum depression. The cause may be distinct in males. Causes of paternal postpartum depression include hormonal changes during pregnancy, which can be indicative of father-child relationships. For instance, male depressive symptoms have been associated with low testosterone levels in men. Low prolactin, estrogen, and vasopressin levels have been associated with struggles with father-infant attachment, which can lead to depression in first-time fathers. Symptoms of postpartum depression in men are extreme sadness, fatigue, anxiety, irritability, and suicidal thoughts. Postpartum depression in men is most likely to occur 3β6 months after delivery and is correlated with maternal depression, meaning that if the mother is experiencing postpartum depression, then the father is at a higher risk of developing the illness as well. Postpartum depression in men leads to an increased risk of suicide, while also limiting healthy infant-father attachment. Men who experience PPD can exhibit poor parenting behaviors, and distress, and reduce infant interaction.
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Morocco between 6.9% and 14%, in
Nigeria between 10.7% and 22.9%, in Uganda 43%, in Tanzania 12%, in Zimbabwe 33%, in Sudan 9.2%, in Kenya between 13% and 18.7% and, 19.9% for participants in Ethiopia according to studies carried out in these countries among postpartum mothers between the ages of 17β49. This demonstrates the gravity of this problem in Africa and the need for postpartum depression to be taken seriously as a public health concern in the continent. Additionally, each of these studies was conducted using Western-developed assessment tools. Cultural factors can affect diagnosis and can be a barrier to assessing the burden of disease. Some recommendations to combat postpartum depression in Africa include considering postpartum depression as a public health problem that is neglected among postpartum mothers. Investing in research to assess the actual prevalence of postpartum depression, and encourage early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of postpartum depression as an essential aspect of maternal care throughout Africa.
1737:. Another factor is related to the region's women's lack of access to care services because many societies within the region do not prioritize mental health and do not perceive it as a serious issue. The prevailing crises and wars within some countries of the region, lack of education, polygamy, and early childbearing are additional factors. Fertility rates in Palestine are noticeably high; higher fertility rates have been connected to a possible pattern where birth rates increase after violent episodes. Research conducted on Arab women indicates that more cases of postpartum depression are associated with increased parity. A study found that the most common pregnancy and birth variable reported to be associated with PPD in the Middle East was an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy while having a female baby instead of a male baby is also discussed as a factor with 2 to 4 times higher risk.
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traumatic event. The DSM-IV and DSM-5 (standard classifications of mental disorders used by medical professionals) do not explicitly recognize childbirth-related PTSD, but both allow childbirth to be considered as a potential cause of PTSD. Childbirth-related PTSD is closely related to postpartum depression. Research indicates mothers who have childbirth-related PTSD also commonly have postpartum depression. Childbirth-related PTSD and postpartum depression have some common symptoms. Although both diagnoses overlap in their signs and symptoms, some symptoms specific to postpartum PTSD include being easily startled, recurring nightmares and flashbacks, avoiding the baby or anything that reminds one of birth, aggression, irritability, and panic attacks. Real or perceived trauma before, during, or after childbirth is a crucial element in diagnosing childbirth-related PTSD.
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financial obstacles, serve as help-seeking barriers. A history of mistrust within the United States healthcare system or negative health experiences can influence one's willingness and adherence to seek postpartum depression treatment. Cultural responses must be adequate in PPD healthcare and resources. Representation and cultural competency are crucial to equitable healthcare for PPD. Different ethnic groups may believe that healthcare providers will not respect their cultural values or religious practices, which influences their willingness to use mental health services or be prescribed antidepressant medications. Additionally, resources for PPD are limited and often don't incorporate what mothers would prefer. The use of technology can be a beneficial way to provide mothers with resources because it is accessible and convenient.
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analysis put a mean prevalence at 10-15% percent but explicitly stated that cultural factors such as perception of mental health and stigma could be preventing accurate reporting. The analysis for South
America shows that PPD occurs at a high rate looking comparatively at Brazil (42%) Chile (4.6-48%) Guyana and Colombia (57%) and Venezuela (22%). In most of these countries, PPD is not considered a serious condition for women and therefore there is an absence of support programs for prevention and treatment in health systems. Specifically, in Brazil PPD is identified through the family environment whereas in Chile PPD manifests itself through suicidal ideation and emotional instability. In both cases, most women feel regret and refuse to take care of the child showing that this illness is serious for both the mother and child.
602:, children can experience the effects of postpartum depression. If a mother experiences postpartum depression that goes untreated, it can have adverse effects on her children. When a child is in infancy, these problems can include unusual amounts of crying (colic) and not having normal sleeping patterns. These problems can have a cyclical effect, meaning that they can further agitate the mother's postpartum depression and can even lead to the mother further developing postpartum depression. These cyclical effects can affect the way the mother maintains her relationship with her child. These can include the stopping of breastfeeding, as well as negative emotions such as withdrawal, disengagement, and even hostility. If a mother develops a hostile relationship, it can lead to extreme outcomes such as infanticide.
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migrant and giving birth to a child overseas has also been identified as a risk factor for PPD. Specifically for
Japanese women who were born and raised in Japan but who gave birth to their child in Hawaii, USA, about 50% of them experienced emotional dysfunction during their pregnancy. All women who gave birth for the first time and were included in the study experienced PPD. In immigrant Asian Indian women, the researchers found a minor depressive symptomatology rate of 28% and an additional major depressive symptomatology rate of 24% likely due to different healthcare attitudes in different cultures and distance from family leading to homesickness.
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mother and daughter-in-law are notoriously common in Asian societies as traditionally for them, marriage means the daughter-in-law joining and adjusting to the groom's family completely. These conflicts may be responsible for the emergence of PPD. Regarding the gender of the child, many studies have suggested dissatisfaction with an infant's gender (birth of a baby girl) is a risk factor for PPD. This is because, in some Asian cultures, married couples are expected by the family to have at least one son to maintain the continuity of the bloodline which might lead a woman to experience PPD if she cannot give birth to a baby boy.
1805:. A 16th-century physician, Castello Branco, documented a case of postpartum depression without the formal title as a relatively healthy woman with melancholy after childbirth, remained insane for a month, and recovered with treatment. Although this treatment was not described, experimental treatments began to be implemented for postpartum depression for the centuries that followed. Connections between female reproductive function and mental illness would continue to center around reproductive organs from this time through to the modern age, with a slowly evolving discussion around "female madness".
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Depression Scale scores than the heterosexual women in the sample. Postpartum depression is more common among lesbian women than heterosexual women, which can be attributed to lesbian women's higher depression prevalence. Lesbian women have a higher risk of depression because they are more likely to have been treated for depression and to have attempted or contemplated suicide than heterosexual women. These higher rates of PPD in lesbian/bisexual mothers may reflect less social support, particularly from their families of origin, and additional stress due to homophobic discrimination in society.
1801:, was a Christian mystic. She was a pilgrim known as "Madwoman" after having a tough labor and delivery. There was a long physical recovery period during which she started descending into "madness" and became suicidal. Based on her descriptions of visions of demons and conversations she wrote about that she had with religious figures like God and the Virgin Mary, historians have identified what Margery Kempe was experiencing as "postnatal psychosis" and not postpartum depression. This distinction became important to emphasize the difference between postpartum depression and
1947:, a former nurse, became pregnant for the first time in 1993. After giving birth to five children in the coming years, she had severe depression and many depressive episodes. This led to her believing that her children needed to be saved and that by killing them, she could rescue their eternal souls. She drowned her children one by one for an hour, by holding their heads underwater in their family bathtub. When called into trial, she felt that she had saved her children rather than harming them and that this action would contribute to defeating Satan.
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more physical symptoms, whereas those in
Western countries have more feelings of sadness. Depending on one's cultural background, symptoms of postpartum depression may manifest differently, and non-Westerners being screened in Western countries may be misdiagnosed because their screening tools do not account for cultural diversity. Aside from culture, it is also important to consider one's social context, as women with low socioeconomic status may have additional stressors that affect their postpartum depression screening scores.
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1204:(IPT). Support groups and group therapy options focused on psychoeducation around postpartum depression have been shown to enhance the understanding of postpartum symptoms and often assist in finding further treatment options. Other forms of therapy, such as group therapy, home visits, counseling, and ensuring greater sleep for the mother may also have a benefit. While specialists trained in providing counseling interventions often serve this population in need, results from a recent
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factors). Research has identified several factors that increase the chance of developing childbirth-related PTSD. These include a negative subjective experience of childbirth, maternal mental health (prenatal depression, perinatal anxiety, acute postpartum depression, and history of psychological problems), history of trauma, complications with delivery and baby (for example emergency cesarean section or NICU admittance), and a low level of social support.
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maternity leave, healthcare, and financial security, are regulated and influenced by local policies that differ across countries. For example, European social policies differ from country to country contrary to the US, all countries provide some form of paid universal maternity leave and free healthcare. Studies also found differences in symptomatic manifestations of PPD between
European and American women. Women from Europe reported higher scores of
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prevalence measurement. For instance, the studies varied in their approach, with some using a longitudinal panel method tracking PPD at multiple points during pregnancy and postpartum periods, while others employed cross-sectional approaches to estimate point or period prevalences. The
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was commonly used across these studies, yet variations in cutoff scores further determined the results of prevalence.
1479:(IECMH) center is a related technical assistance program that utilizes evidence-based treatment services to address issues of PPD. The IECMH facilitates parenting and home visit programs, early care site interventions with parents and children, and a variety of other consultation-based services. The IECMH's initiatives seek to educate home visitors on screening protocols for PPD as well as ways to refer depressed mothers to professional help.
1241:(CBT) has shown promising results with lower negative parenting behavior scores and lower rates of anxiety, stress, and depression. CBT may be beneficial for mothers who have limitations in accessing in-person CBT. However, the long-term benefits have not been determined. The implementation of cognitive behavioral therapy happens to be one of the most successful and well-known forms of therapy regarding PPD. In simple terms,
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their infant remains in the neonatal intensive care unit. Mothers who score between twelve and nineteen on the EPDS are offered two types of support. The mothers are offered LV treatment provided by a nurse in the NICU and they can be referred to the mental health professional services. If a mother receives a three on item number ten of the EPDS they are immediately referred to the social work team as they may be suicidal.
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follow-up. For example, in Canada, Alberta is the only province with universal PPD screening. This screening is carried out by Public Health nurses with the baby's immunization schedule. In Sweden, Child Health
Services offers a free program for new parents that includes screening mothers for PPD at 2 months postpartum. However, there are concerns about adherence to screening guidelines regarding maternal mental health.
705:. Estradiol levels increase during pregnancy, then drastically decrease following childbirth. When estradiol levels drop postpartum, the levels of serotonin decline as well. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood. Low serotonin levels cause feelings of depression and anxiety. Thus, when estradiol levels are low, serotonin can be low, suggesting that estradiol plays a role in the development of PPD.
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between pregnancy or childbirth and female mental illness. It wasn't until the onset of the twentieth century that the attitude of the scientific community shifted once again: the consensus amongst gynecologists and other medical experts was to turn away from the idea of diseased reproductive organs and instead towards more "scientific theories" that encompassed a broadening medical perspective on mental illness.
514:. Brain activation differences between depressed and nondepressed mothers are more pronounced when stimulated by non-infant emotional cues. Depressed mothers show greater neural activity in the right amygdala toward non-infant emotional cues as well as reduced connectivity between the amygdala and right insular cortex. Recent findings have also identified blunted activity in the anterior cingulate cortex,
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Psychological and cultural factors associated with increased incidence of postpartum depression include family history of depression, stressful life events during early puberty or pregnancy, anxiety or depression during pregnancy, and low social support. Violence against women is a chronic stressor, so depression may occur when someone is no longer able to respond to the violence.
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undergo significant stress and life changes during the postpartum period, similar to biological mothers. This , may raise their chance of developing depressive symptoms and anxious tendencies. Postpartum depression presents in adoptive mothers via sleep deprivation similar to birth mothers, but adoptive parents have added risk factors such as a history of infertility.
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limited access to resources while transitioning into motherhood. These women already have fewer spending options, and having a child may spread those options even further. Low-income women are frequently trapped in a cycle of poverty, unable to advance, affecting their ability to access and receive quality healthcare to diagnose and treat postpartum depression.
1475:(SAMHSA) whose disaster relief program provides medical assistance at both the national and local level. The disaster relief fund not only helps to raise awareness of the benefits of having healthcare professionals screen for PPD but also helps childhood professionals (home visitors and early care providers) develop the skills to diagnose and prevent PPD. The
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worries about social stigma and employment opportunities. Concerns were also raised about possible child removal and a parent's diagnosis including mental illness. From the studies conducted thus far, although limited, it is evident that there is a much larger population that experiences depression associated with childbirth than just biological mothers.
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possess less than 12 years of education, are unmarried, smoke during pregnancy, experience over two stressful life events, or have full-term infant is low-birthweight or was admitted to a NICU. While US prevalence decreased from 2004 to 2012, it did not decrease among
American Indian/Alaska Native women or those with full term, low-birthweight infants.
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which can affect data. The stigma of mental health - with or without support from family members and health professionals - often deters women from seeking help for their PPD. When medical help is achieved, some women find the diagnosis helpful and encourage a higher profile for PPD amongst the health professional community.
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women and men throughout the United States. Peer support models are appealing to many women because they are offered in a group and outside of the mental health setting. The website
Postpartum Progress provides a comprehensive list of support groups separated by state and includes the contact information for each group. The
1352:(REMS) program. The mother is to be enrolled before receiving the medication. It is only available to those at certified healthcare facilities with a healthcare provider who can continually monitor the patient. The infusion itself is a 60-hour, or 2.5-day, process. People's oxygen levels are to be monitored with a
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has been identified as a significant risk factor for postpartum depression in many Arab regions. Based on cultural beliefs that place importance on mothers, mothers-in-law have significant influences on daughters-in-law and grandchildren's lives in such societies as the husbands frequently have close
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that is known as "doing the month" (confinement) in which they spend the first 30 days after giving birth resting in bed, while the mother or mother-in-law takes care of domestic duties and childcare. In addition, the new mother is not allowed to bathe or shower, wash her hair, clean her teeth, leave
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Africa, like all other parts of the world, struggles with the burden of postpartum depression. Current studies estimate the prevalence to be 15-25% but this is likely higher due to a lack of data and recorded cases. The magnitude of postpartum depression in South Africa is between 31.7% and 39.6%, in
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A main issue surrounding PPD is the lack of study and the lack of reported prevalence that is based on studies developed in Western economically developed countries. In countries such as Brazil, Guyana, Costa Rica, Italy, Chile, and South Africa reports are prevalent, around 60%. An itemized research
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Within the United States, the prevalence of postpartum depression was lower than the global approximation at 11.5% but varied between states from as low as 8% to as high as 20.1%. The highest prevalence in the US is found among women who are American Indian/Alaska Natives or Asian/Pacific Islanders,
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However, hotlines can lack cultural competency which is crucial in quality healthcare, specifically for people of color. Calling the police or 911, specifically for mental health crises, is dangerous for many people of color. Culturally and structurally competent emergency hotlines are a huge need in
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Government guidance recommends caution when administering antidepressant medications during breastfeeding. Most antidepressants are excreted in breast milk in low quantities which can have adverse effects on babies. Regarding allopregnanolone, very limited data did not indicate a risk for the infant.
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in postpartum depression. Allopregnanolone levels drop after giving birth, which may lead to women becoming depressed and anxious. Some trials have demonstrated an effect on PPD within 48 hours from the start of infusion. Other new allopregnanolone analogs under evaluation for use in the treatment of
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A 2013 Cochrane review found evidence that psychosocial or psychological intervention after childbirth helped reduce the risk of postnatal depression. These interventions included home visits, telephone-based peer support, and interpersonal psychotherapy. Support is an important aspect of prevention,
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It is critical to acknowledge the diversity of patient populations diagnosed with postpartum depression and how this may impact the reliability of the screening tools used. There are cultural differences in how patients express symptoms of postpartum depression; those in non-western countries exhibit
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Approximately 3-6% of mothers in the postpartum period have childbirth-related PTSD. The percentage of individuals with childbirth-related PTSD is approximately 15-18% in high-risk samples (women who experience severe birth complications, have a history of sexual/physical violence, or have other risk
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has also been studied as a risk factor for PPD. In a 2007 study conducted by Ross and colleagues, lesbian and bisexual mothers were tested for PPD and then compared with a heterosexual sample group. It was found that lesbian and bisexual biological mothers had significantly higher Edinburgh Postnatal
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are also frequently hypothesized to cause PPD. However, little evidence supports this hypothesis. Mothers who have had several previous children without experiencing PPD can nonetheless experience it with their latest child. Despite the biological and psychosocial changes that may accompany pregnancy
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Postpartum depression is not limited to biological mothers and is not unique to them specifically. While not much research has been done regarding post-adoption depression, difficulties associated with parenting post-partum are similar between biological and adoptive parents. Women who adopt children
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Postpartum depression affects roughly 8.9 to 10.1% of women in high-income countries and 17.8 to 19.7% of women in low and middle-income countries. Postpartum depression commonly affects mothers who have experienced stillbirth, live in urban areas and adolescent mothers. Moreover, this mood disorder
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Postpartum depression is still linked to significant stigma. This can also be difficult when trying to determine the true prevalence of postpartum depression. Participants in studies about PPD carry their beliefs, perceptions, cultural context, and stigma of mental health in their cultures with them
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Also during the 19th century, gynecologists embraced the idea that female reproductive organs, and the natural processes they were involved in, were at fault for "female insanity." Approximately 10% of asylum admissions during this period are connected to "puerperal insanity," the named intersection
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Even with the variety of studies, it is difficult to find the exact rate as approximately 60% of US women are not diagnosed and of those diagnosed, approximately 50% are not treated for PPD. Cesarean section rates did not affect the rates of PPD. While there is discussion of postpartum depression in
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Those with PPD come across many help-seeking barriers, including lack of knowledge, stigma about symptoms, as well as health service barriers. There are also attitudinal barriers to seeking treatment, including stigma. Interpersonal relationships with friends and family, as well as institutional and
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A lack of social support has been identified as a barrier to seeking help for postpartum depression. Peer support programs have been identified as an effective intervention for women experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression. In-person, online, and telephone support groups are available to both
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The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is used within the first week of the newborn being admitted. If mothers receive a score less than 12 they are told to be reassessed because of the depression testing protocol. It is also advised that mothers in the NICU get screened every four to six weeks as
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and postpartum depression. African American mothers have been shown to have the highest risk of PPD at 25%, while Asian mothers had the lowest at 11.5%, after controlling for social factors such as age, income, education, marital status, and baby's health. The PPD rates for First Nations, Caucasian,
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with PPD. This correlation does not mean these factors are causal. Cigarette smoking has been known to have additive effects. Some studies have found a link between PPD and low levels of DHA (an omega-3 fatty acid) in the mother. A correlation between postpartum thyroiditis and postpartum depression
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levels drop back to pre-pregnancy levels within 24 hours of giving birth, and that sudden change may cause it. Aberrant steroid hormone-dependent regulation of neuronal calcium influx via extracellular matrix proteins and membrane receptors involved in responding to the cell's microenvironment might
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lists a virtual support group titled "The Shades of Blue Project," which is available to all women via the submission of a name and email address. Additionally, NAMI recommends the website "National Association of Professional and Peer Lactation Supports of Color" for mothers in need of a lactation
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Therapeutic methods of intervention can begin as early as a few days post-birth when most mothers are discharged from hospitals. Research surveys have revealed a paucity of professional, and emotional support for women struggling in the weeks following delivery despite there being a heightened risk
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is the most recognized international resource for those with PPD as well as healthcare providers. It brings together those experiencing PPD, volunteers, and professionals to share information, referrals, and support networks. Services offered by PSI include the website (with support, education, and
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is a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders. While being a wide branch of therapy, it remains very beneficial when tackling specific emotional distress, which is the foundation of PPD. Thus, CBT manages
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According to two other studies, LGBTQ2S+ people were discouraged from accessing postpartum mental health services due to societal stigma adding a social barrier that heteronormative mothers do not have. Lesbian participants expressed apprehension about receiving a mental health diagnosis because of
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Paternal postpartum depression has not been studied as much as its maternal counterpart. However, postpartum depression affects 8 to 10% of fathers. In men, postpartum depression is typically defined as "an episode of major depressive disorder (MDD) occurring soon after the birth of a child". There
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This was one of the first public and notable cases of postpartum psychosis, which helped create a dialogue on women's mental health after childbirth. The court found that Yates was experiencing mental illness concerns, and the trial started the conversation of mental illness in cases of murder and
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Canada has one of the largest refugee resettlement in the world with an equal percentage of women to men. This means that Canada has a disproportionate percentage of women who develop postpartum depression since there is an increased risk among the refugee population. In a blind study, where women
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is a blog focused on being a community of mothers talking openly about postpartum depression and other mental health conditions associated. Story-telling and online communities reduce the stigma around PPD and promote peer-based care. Postpartum Progress is specifically relevant to people of color
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Instructional videos have been popular among women who turn to the internet for PPD treatment, especially when the videos are interactive and get patients involved in their treatment plans. Since the early 2000s, video tutorials on PPD have been integrated into many web-based training programs for
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Parents may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or suffer post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, following childbirth. While there has been debate in the medical community as to whether childbirth should be considered a traumatic event, the current consensus is childbirth can be a
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Postpartum depression in the DSM-5 is known as "depressive disorder with peripartum onset". Peripartum onset is defined as starting anytime during pregnancy or within the four weeks following delivery. There is no longer a distinction made between depressive episodes that occur during pregnancy or
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Western medical science's understanding and construction of postpartum depression have evolved over the centuries. Ideas surrounding women's moods and states have been around for a long time, typically recorded by men. In 460 B.C., Hippocrates wrote about puerperal fever, agitation, delirium, and
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In the context of Asian countries, premarital pregnancy is an important risk factor for PPD. This is because it is considered highly unacceptable in most Asian cultures as there is a highly conservative attitude toward sex among Asian people than people in the West. In addition, conflicts between
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Postpartum blues, commonly known as "baby blues," is a transient postpartum mood disorder characterized by milder depressive symptoms than postpartum depression. This type of depression can occur in up to 80% of all mothers following delivery. Symptoms typically resolve within two weeks. Symptoms
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Rates of PPD have been shown to decrease as income increases. Women with fewer resources may be more likely to have an unintended or unwanted pregnancy, increasing the risk of PPD. Women with fewer resources may also include single mothers of low income. Single mothers of low income may have more
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Some cultures believe that the symptoms of postpartum depression or similar illnesses can be avoided through protective rituals in the period after birth. These may include offering structures of organized support, hygiene care, diet, rest, infant care, and breastfeeding instruction. The rituals
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Furthermore, the prevalence of postpartum depression in Arab countries exhibits significant variability, often due to diverse assessment methodologies. In a review of twenty-five studies examining PPD, differences in assessment methods, recruitment locations, and timing of evaluations complicate
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From a selected group of studies found from a literature search, researchers discovered many demographic factors of Asian populations that showed significant association with PPD. Some of these include the age of the mother at the time of childbirth as well as the older age at marriage. Being a
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In couples, emotional closeness and global support by the partner protect against both perinatal depression and anxiety. In 2014, Alasoom and Koura found that compared to 42.9 percent of women who did not get spousal support, only 14.7 percent of women who got spousal assistance had PPD. Further
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suggests healthcare providers consider depression screening for perinatal women. Additionally, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends pediatricians screen mothers for PPD at 1-month, 2-month, and 4-month visits. However, many providers do not consistently provide screening and appropriate
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Childbirth-related PTSD has several negative health effects. Research suggests that childbirth-related PTSD may negatively affect the emotional attachment between mother and child. However, maternal depression or other factors may also explain this negative effect. Childbirth-related PTSD in the
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A meta-analysis reviewing research on the association of violence and postpartum depression showed that violence against women increases the incidence of postpartum depression. About one-third of women throughout the world will experience physical or sexual violence at some point in their lives.
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The risk factors for postpartum depression can be broken down into two categories as listed above, biological and psychosocial. Certain biological risk factors include the administration of oxytocin to induce labor. Chronic illnesses such as diabetes, or Addison's disease, as well as issues with
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Reduced paternal interaction can later lead to cognitive and behavioral problems in children. Children as young as 3.5 years old may experience problems with internalizing and externalizing behaviors, indicating that paternal postpartum depression can have long-term consequences. Furthermore, if
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show that the prevalence in the first three months of postpartum was 31%, while the prevalence from the fourth to twelfth months of postpartum was 19%. PPD may last several months or even a year. Postpartum depression can also occur in women who have suffered a miscarriage. For fathers, several
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Currently, there are no widely recognized assessments that measure postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder in medical settings. Existing PTSD assessments (such as the DSM-IV) have been used to measure childbirth-related PTSD. Some surveys exist to measure childbirth-related PTSD specifically,
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Evidence suggests that hormonal changes may play a role. Understanding the neuroendocrinology characteristic of PPD has proven to be particularly challenging given the erratic changes to the brain and biological systems during pregnancy and postpartum. A review of exploratory studies in PPD has
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When stigma occurs, a person is labeled by their illness and viewed as part of a stereotyped group. There are three main elements of stigmas, 1) problems of knowledge (ignorance or misinformation), 2) problems of attitudes (prejudice), and 3) problems of behavior (discrimination). Specifically
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For example, a study in Kom Ombo, Egypt, reported a rate of 73.7% for PPD, but the small sample size of 57 mothers and the broad measurement timeframe spanning from two weeks to one year postpartum contributes to the challenge of making definitive prevalence conclusions (2). This wide array of
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Hotlines, chat lines, and telephone interviews offer immediate, emergency support for those experiencing PPD. Telephone-based peer support can be effective in the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression among women at high risk. Established examples of telephone hotlines include the
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to conduct research on the psychosocial development of children with part of their efforts going towards the support of mothers' health and safety. Training and education services are offered through the NICHD to equip women and their healthcare providers with evidence-based knowledge of PPD.
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may be effective in women with PPD, supported by the idea that the drop in estrogen and progesterone levels post-delivery contributes to depressive symptoms. However, there is some controversy with this form of treatment because estrogen should not be given to people who are at higher risk of
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is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy can be super beneficial for mothers or fathers that are dealing with PPD. It allows individuals to talk with
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suggest that individuals who have experienced family violence are 2.5 times more likely to develop PPD. Further, violence against women was defined as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women".
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There is a general assumption that Western cultures are homogenous and that there are no significant differences in psychiatric disorders across Europe and the USA. However, in reality, factors associated with maternal depression, including work and environmental demands, access to universal
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Treatment for mild to moderate PPD includes psychological interventions or antidepressants. Women with moderate to severe PPD would likely experience a greater benefit with a combination of psychological and medical interventions. Light aerobic exercise is useful for mild and moderate cases.
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The psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression include severe life events, some forms of chronic strain, relationship quality, and support from partner and mother. There is a need for more research regarding the link between psychosocial risk factors and postpartum depression. Some
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As the child grows older, postpartum depression can lead to the child experiencing irregularities in cognitive processes, behaviors, and emotions. In addition to these abnormalities, children who grew up around postpartum depression are also susceptible to developing violent tendencies.
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local resource info), coordinators for support and local resources, online weekly video support groups in English and Spanish, free weekly phone conferences with chats with experts, educational videos, closed Facebook groups for support, and professional training of healthcare workers.
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postpartum depression is diagnosed under "depressive disorder with peripartum onset", in which "peripartum onset" is defined as any time either during pregnancy or within the four weeks following delivery. The prevalence of postpartum depression differs across different months after
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children as young as two are not frequently read to, this negative parent-child interaction can harm their expressive vocabulary. A study focusing on low-income fathers found that increased involvement in their child's first year was linked to lower rates of postpartum depression.
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and the postpartum period, most women are not diagnosed with PPD. Many mothers are unable to get the rest they need to fully recover from giving birth. Sleep deprivation can lead to physical discomfort and exhaustion, which can contribute to the symptoms of postpartum depression.
1754:, depressive feelings, and thoughts of self-harming. Additionally, there are differences in prescribing patterns and attitudes towards certain medications between the US and Europe which are indicative of how different countries approach treatment, and their different stigmas.
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is higher than in the Western world and other regions of the world. Despite the high number of postpartum depression cases in the region in comparison to other areas, there is a large literature gap in correlation with the Arab region, and no studies have been conducted in the
1608:, are accessible to most communities and valued among women as a way to connect with their children and manage symptoms of depression. Well-being activities associated with being outdoors, including walking and running, were noted amongst women as a way to help manage mood.
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circulating some of the first press articles on PPD that helped to normalize the symptoms that women experienced. Feminist writings on PPD from the early seventies shed light on the darker realities of motherhood and amplified the lived experiences of mothers with PPD.
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Additionally, research showed that mothers of female babies had a considerably higher risk of PPD, ranging from 2-4 times higher than those of mothers of male babies, due to the value certain cultures in the Middle East place on female babies compared to male babies.
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Educational interventions can help women struggling with postpartum depression (PPD) to cultivate coping strategies and develop resiliency. The phenomenon of "scientific motherhood" represents the origin of women's education on perinatal care with publications like
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to psychotherapy does not appear to confer any additional benefit. Therefore, it is not completely clear which antidepressants, if any, are most effective for the treatment of PPD, and for whom antidepressants would be a better option than non-pharmacotherapy.
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individuals with PPD and are often considered a type of evidence-based management strategy for individuals. This can take the form of objective-based learning, detailed exploration of case studies, resource guides for additional support and information, etc.
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The most severe symptoms last from 2 to 12 weeks, and recovery takes 6 months to a year. Women who have been hospitalized for a psychiatric condition immediately after delivery are at a much higher risk of suicide during the first year after delivery.
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postpartum period may also lead to issues with the child's social-emotional development. Current research suggests childbirth-related PTSD results in lower breastfeeding rates and may prevent parents from breastfeeding for the desired amount of time.
930:, mothers of female babies had a two-to-four-fold increased risk of postpartum depression (PPD) compared to mothers of male babies. Four studies found that conflicts with the mother-in-law are associated with PPD, with risk ratios of 1.8 and 2.7.
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About half of women who experience postpartum psychosis have no risk factors; but a prior history of mental illness, especially bipolar disorder, a history of prior episodes of postpartum psychosis, or a family history put some at a higher risk.
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Migration away from a cultural community of support can be a factor in PPD. Traditional cultures around the world prioritize organized support during postpartum care to ensure the mother's mental and physical health, well-being, and recovery.
9477:
Carlson ET (1967). "Franz G. Alexander and Sheldon T. Selesnick. The History of Psychiatry: An Evaluation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present, New York: Harper & Row, 1966, p. xvi + 471. $ 11.95".
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included a section focusing on research into postpartum conditions including postpartum depression. Some argue that more resources in the form of policies, programs, and health objectives need to be directed to the care of those with PPD.
1069:), depression, severe confusion, loss of inhibition, paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions begin suddenly in the first two weeks after delivery; the symptoms vary and can change quickly. It is different from postpartum depression and
1954:
Yates' case brought wide media attention to the problem of filicide, or the murder of children by their parents. Throughout history, both men and women have perpetrated this act, but the study of maternal filicide is more extensive.
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Postpartum depression onset usually begins between two weeks to a month after delivery. A study done at an inner-city mental health clinic has shown that 50% of postpartum depressive episodes began before delivery. Therefore, in the
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When this spirit is unsatisfied and venting resentment, it causes the mother to experience frequent crying, loss of appetite, and trouble sleeping, known collectively as "sakit meroyan". The mother can be cured with the help of a
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Mukherjee S, Coxe S, Fennie K, Madhivanan P, Trepka MJ (March 2017). "Antenatal Stressful Life Events and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in the United States: The Role of Women's Socioeconomic Status Indices at the State Level".
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is an effective anxiolytic and in some cases antidepressant treatment in men and women. Exogenous oxytocin has only been explored as a PPD treatment with rodents, but results are encouraging for potential application in humans.
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found that nonspecialist providers, including lay counselors, nurses, midwives, and teachers without formal training in counseling interventions, often provide effective services related to perinatal depression and anxiety.
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Most studies regarding PPD are done using self-report screenings which are less reliable than clinical interviews. This use of self-reporting may have results that underreport symptoms and thus postpartum depression rates.
362:. Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms. While most women experience a brief period of worry or unhappiness after delivery, postpartum depression should be suspected when symptoms are severe and last over two weeks.
1363:, sold under the brand name Zurzuvae for treatment of postpartum depression. Zuranolone is administered through a pill, which is more convenient than brexanolone, which is administered through an intravenous injection.
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someone, maybe even someone who specializes in working with people who are dealing with PPD, and share their emotions and feelings to get help to become more emotionally stable. Psychotherapy proves to show efficacy of
8987:"Examining Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Outcomes of a Culturally Adapted Evidence-Based Postpartum Depression Preventive Intervention for Women in Doha, Qatar: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial"
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Among those at risk, providing psychosocial support may be protective in preventing PPD. This may include community support such as food, household chores, mother care, and companionship. Treatment for PPD may include
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Both individual social and psychological interventions appear equally effective in the treatment of PPD. Social interventions include individual counseling and peer support, while psychological interventions include
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McDonagh MS, Matthews A, Phillipi C, Romm J, Peterson K, Thakurta S, et al. (September 2014). "Depression drug treatment outcomes in pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Baker, C. D., Kamke, H., O'Hara, M. W., & Stuart, S. (2009). Web-based training for implementing evidence-based management of postpartum depression. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 22(5),
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Additionally, preliminary research has shown that childbearing individuals who are part of the LGBTQ2S+ community may be more susceptible to prenatal depression and anxiety than cisgender and heterosexual people.
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4773:"Prevalence of Maternal Postpartum Depression, Health-Seeking Behavior and Out of Pocket Payment for Physical Illness and Cost Coping Mechanism of the Poor Families in Bangladesh: A Rural Community-Based Study"
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studying interventions and prevention to tackle postpartum depression in Arab mothers. Countries within the Arab region had a postpartum depression prevalence ranging from 10% to 40%, with a PPD prevalence in
1456:
1383:(ECT) has shown efficacy in women with severe PPD who have either failed multiple trials of medication-based treatment or cannot tolerate the available antidepressants. Tentative evidence supports the use of
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The cause of PPD is unknown. Hormonal and physical changes, personal and family history of depression, and the stress of caring for a new baby all may contribute to the development of postpartum depression.
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at 27%. The high prevalence of postpartum depression in the region may be attributed to socio-economic and cultural factors involving social and partner support, poverty, and prevailing societal views on
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A 2010 review found few studies of medications for treating PPD noting small sample sizes and generally weak evidence. Some evidence suggests that mothers with PPD will respond similarly to people with
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Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Mortensen PB, Abel KM, Appleby L, Webb RT (May 2011). "Filicide in offspring of parents with severe psychiatric disorders: a population-based cohort study of child homicide".
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Lai X, Chen J, Li H, Zhou L, Huang Q, Liao Y, et al. (26 December 2022). "The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
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lasting longer than two weeks are a sign of a more serious type of depression. Women who experience "baby blues" may have a higher risk of experiencing a more serious episode of depression later on.
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Lev-Wiesel R, Chen R, Daphna-Tekoah S, Hod M (January 2009). "Past traumatic events: are they a risk factor for high-risk pregnancy, delivery complications, and postpartum posttraumatic symptoms?".
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Cole J, Bright K, Gagnon L, McGirr A (August 2019). "A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of peripartum depression".
1356:. Side effects of the medication include dry mouth, sleepiness, somnolence, flushing, and loss of consciousness. It is also important to monitor for early signs of suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
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Research conducted in the Middle East has demonstrated a link between PPD risk and mothers who were not informed and who are not given due consideration when decisions are made during childbirth.
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Different risk variables linked to postpartum depression (PPD) among Arabic women emphasize regional influences. Risk factors that have been identified include the gender of the infant and
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typically put individuals at risk for further health complications. However, it has been found that these diseases do not increase the risk for postpartum depression, these factors are known to
8220:. Volume 10, Issue 2, Fall/winter 2019, "Open in Emergencyβ―: a Special Issue on Asian American Mental Health." Edited by Mimi KhΓΊc, 2nd edition., The Asian American Literary Review, Inc., 2019.
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Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, Okkerse JM, de Jonge E, Bramer WM, et al. (November 2022). "Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review".
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Held, L., & Rutherford, A. (2012). Can't a mother sing the blues? Postpartum depression and the construction of motherhood in late 20th-century America. History of psychology, 15(2), 107.
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McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH (April 2006). "Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature".
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Suto M, Isogai E, Mizutani F, Kakee N, Misago C, Takehara K (August 2016). "Prevalence and Factors Associated With Postpartum Depression in Fathers: A Regional, Longitudinal Study in Japan".
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Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, et al. (November 2001). "Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system".
1077:. It is important not to confuse psychosis with other symptoms that may occur after delivery, such as delirium. Delirium typically includes a loss of awareness or inability to pay attention.
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While the exact cause of PPD is unclear, the cause is believed to be a combination of physical, emotional, genetic, and social factors. These may include factors such as hormonal changes and
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Violence against women occurs in conflict, post-conflict, and non-conflict areas. The research reviewed only looked at violence experienced by women from male perpetrators. Studies from the
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whether or not it would lessen the sentence or not. It also started a dialogue on women going against "maternal instinct" after childbirth and what maternal instinct was truly defined by.
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has an immediate, 24/7 support line in San Diego/San Diego Access and Crisis Line at (888) 724β7240, in which you can talk with mothers who have recovered from PPD and trained providers.
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Symptoms of PPD can occur at any time in the first year postpartum. Typically, a diagnosis of postpartum depression is considered after signs and symptoms persist for at least two weeks.
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Pilkington PD, Milne LC, Cairns KE, Lewis J, Whelan TA (June 2015). "Modifiable partner factors associated with perinatal depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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WHO/NICHD Planning Meeting on the Use of Longitudinal Data Banks for Research on Child Growth and Psychosocial Development, AMRO, Washington, DC, 1β2 October 1984: report of the meeting
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those that occur after delivery. Nevertheless, the majority of experts continue to diagnose postpartum depression as depression with onset anytime within the first year after delivery.
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Maloni, J. A., Przeworski, A., & Damato, E. G. (2013). Web recruitment and internet use and preferences reported by women with postpartum depression after pregnancy complications.
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Beck, C. T. (2008). State of the science on postpartum depression: What nurse researchers have contributedβPart 2. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 33(3), 151-156.
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Robertson-Blackmore E, Putnam FW, Rubinow DR, Matthieu M, Hunn JE, Putnam KT, et al. (October 2013). "Antecedent trauma exposure and risk of depression in the perinatal period".
1307:, which include women up to 12 weeks after delivery. Additionally, none of the existing studies included women who were breastfeeding. However, there is some evidence that the use of
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While the causes of PPD are not understood, several factors have been suggested to increase the risk. These risks can be broken down into two categories, biological and psychosocial:
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Brown-Bowers A, McShane K, Wilson-Mitchell K, Gurevich M (May 2015). "Postpartum depression in refugee and asylum-seeking women in Canada: A critical health psychology perspective".
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Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE (November 2003). "The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature".
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Certain cases of postpartum mental health concerns received attention in the media and brought about dialogue on ways to address and understand more about postpartum mental health.
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Evagorou O, Arvaniti A, Samakouri M (March 2016). "Cross-Cultural Approach of Postpartum Depression: Manifestation, Practices Applied, Risk Factors and Therapeutic Interventions".
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Screening for postpartum depression is critical as up to 50% of cases go undiagnosed in the US, emphasizing the significance of comprehensive screening measures. In the US, the
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More robust studies on neural activation regarding PPD have been conducted with rodents than humans. These studies have allowed for greater isolation of specific brain regions,
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National Alliance on Mental Illness: 800-950-NAMI (6264), National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 800-273-TALK (8255), Postpartum Support International: 800-944-4PPD (4773), and
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Smith, E. K., Gopalan, P., Glance, J. B., & Azzam, P. N. (2016). Postpartum depression screening: a review for psychiatrists. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 24(3), 173-187.
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studies indicate differences in brain activity between mothers with postpartum depression and those without. Mothers diagnosed with PPD tend to have less activity in the left
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and depressive tendencies after the birth of their baby. Gilman wrote the story to protest the societal oppression of women as the result of her own experience as a patient.
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and increased activity in the right frontal lobe when compared with healthy controls. They also exhibit decreased connectivity between vital brain structures, including the
1257:(IPT) has shown to be effective in focusing specifically on the mother and infant bond. Psychosocial interventions are effective for the treatment of postpartum depression.
10134:
4458:
Mukherjee S, Coxe S, Fennie K, Madhivanan P, Trepka MJ (January 2017). "Stressful Life Event Experiences of Pregnant Women in the United States: A Latent Class Analysis".
394:, a more severe form of postpartum mood disorder, occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women following childbirth. Postpartum psychosis is one of the leading causes of the
9231:"Economic and Health Predictors of National Postpartum Depression Prevalence: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-Regression of 291 Studies from 56 Countries"
7215:"Implementation and Effectiveness of Nonspecialist-Delivered Interventions for Perinatal Mental Health in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
4167:
Ross LE, Dennis CL (April 2009). "The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review".
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Hibbeln JR (May 2002). "Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis".
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Postpartum depression can be influenced by sociocultural factors. There are many examples of particular cultures and societies that hold specific beliefs about PPD.
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Brexanolone has risks that can occur during administration, including excessive sedation and sudden loss of consciousness, and therefore has been approved under the
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may occur. In the United States, postpartum depression is one of the leading causes of the annual reported infanticide incidence rate of about 8 per 100,000 births.
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With the 19th century came a new attitude about the relationship between female mental illness and pregnancy, childbirth, or menstruation. The famous short story, "
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Preventative treatment with antidepressants may be considered for those who have had PPD previously. However, as of 2017, the evidence supporting such use is weak.
10654:
6964:
McCurdy AP, BoulΓ© NG, Sivak A, Davenport MH (June 2017). "Effects of Exercise on Mild-to-Moderate Depressive Symptoms in the Postpartum Period: A Meta-analysis".
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Across different cultures, traditional rituals for postpartum care may be preventative for PPD but are more effective when the support is welcomed by the mother.
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Prevatt BS, Lowder EM, Desmarais SL (September 2018). "Peer-support intervention for postpartum depression: Participant satisfaction and program effectiveness".
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Stowe ZN, Hostetter AL, Newport DJ (February 2005). "The onset of postpartum depression: Implications for clinical screening in obstetrical and primary care".
5536:
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Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period".
1145:, may be used to identify women who have postpartum depression. If the new mother scores 13 or more, she likely has PPD and further assessment should follow.
295:
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McCance-Katz, E. F. (2018). The substance abuse and mental health services administration (SAMHSA): new directions. Psychiatric services, 69(10), 1046-1048.
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Pearlstein, T., Howard, M., Salisbury, A., & Zlotnick, C. (2009). Postpartum depression. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 200(4), 357-364.
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Paulson JF, Bazemore SD (May 2010). "Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis".
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Paulson JF, Bazemore SD (May 2010). "Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis".
819:
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Thomas LJ, Scharp KM, Paxman CG (19 May 2014). "Stories of Postpartum Depression: Exploring Health Constructs and Help-Seeking in Mothers' Talk".
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Dennis CL, Dowswell T (July 2013). "Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression".
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In those who are at risk counseling is recommended. In 2018, 24% of areas in the UK had no access to perinatal mental health specialist services.
885:. Women with fewer resources indicate a higher level of postpartum depression and stress than those women with more resources, such as financial.
9101:"The impact of education, country, race and ethnicity on the self-report of postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale"
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Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R (June 1987). "Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale".
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There is a call to integrate both a consideration of biological and psychosocial risk factors for PPD when treating and researching the illness.
780:, and genetic vulnerabilities such as a family history of depression or PPD. Chronic illnesses caused by neuroendocrine irregularities including
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Jefferies D, Horsfall D, Schmied V (February 2017). "Blurring reality with fiction: Exploring the stories of women, madness, and infanticide".
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Paschetta E, Berrisford G, Coccia F, Whitmore J, Wood AG, Pretlove S, et al. (June 2014). "Perinatal psychiatric disorders: an overview".
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Nielsen Forman D, Videbech P, Hedegaard M, Dalby Salvig J, Secher NJ (October 2000). "Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk".
7167:"Functions of Support Group Communication for Women with Postpartum Depression: How Support Groups Silence and Encourage Voices of Motherhood"
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The criteria required for the diagnosis of postpartum depression are the same as those required to make a diagnosis of non-childbirth-related
6502:
Dennis CL, Dowswell T (February 2013). Dennis CL (ed.). "Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression".
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Davila RC, Segre LS (January 2018). "A Nurse-Based Model of Psychosocial Support for Emotionally Distressed Mothers of Infants in the NICU".
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Feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness, nearly every day, for most of the day, or the observation of a depressed mood made by others
4086:
Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J (November 2014). "Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period".
2804:
Workman JL, Barha CK, Galea LA (February 2012). "Endocrine substrates of cognitive and affective changes during pregnancy and postpartum".
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Halbreich U, Karkun S (April 2006). "Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms".
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Studies have also shown a correlation between postpartum depression in mothers living within areas of conflicts, crises, and wars in the
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activity, however, the directionality of specific hormone increases or decreases remain mixed. Hormones that have been studied include
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5716:"Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis"
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cultures. Furthermore, women may under report symptoms to put the needs of the family before their own because these countries have
1923:, yet it is a major symptom within the EPDS. Words like "depression screen" or "mental health" are considered disrespectful to some
708:
Fathers, who are not undergoing profound hormonal changes, can also have postpartum depression. The cause may be distinct in males.
701:, which helps the uterus thicken and grow, is thought to contribute to the development of PPD. This is due to its relationship with
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3904:"Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year"
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as depressed mothers commonly state that their feelings of depression were brought on by "lack of support" and "feeling isolated."
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193. "Maternal Depression and Child Development." Paediatrics & Child Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, October 2004
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Morof D, Barrett G, Peacock J, Victor CR, Manyonda I (December 2003). "Postnatal depression and sexual health after childbirth".
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has been proposed but remains controversial. There may also be a link between postpartum depression and anti-thyroid antibodies.
383:
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Spinelli MG (September 2004). "Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives".
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The National Child and Maternal Health Education Program functions as a larger education and outreach program supported by the
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factors such as communication between the couple and relationship satisfaction have a protective effect against anxiety alone.
335:, crying episodes, irritability, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. PPD can also negatively affect the newborn child.
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Fisher K (2003). "To Save Her Children's Souls: Theoretical Perspectives on Andrea Yates and Postpartum-Related Infanticide".
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Healthcare providers may take a blood sample to test if another disorder is contributing to depression during the screening.
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6586:"Effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high risk women: multisite randomised controlled trial"
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and adversely affect acute and long-term child development. Postpartum depression may lead mothers to be inconsistent with
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17:
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8472:"Barriers to Service Use for Postpartum Depression Symptoms Among Low-Income Ethnic Minority Mothers in the United States"
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Ross LE, Steele L, Goldfinger C, Strike C (2007). "Perinatal depressive symptomatology among lesbian and bisexual women".
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otherwise known as IPT is a wonderfully intuitive fit for many women with PPD as they typically experience a multitude of
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1995:
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in this period. In the story, an unnamed woman journals her life when she is treated by her physician husband, John, for
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mania experienced by women after childbirth. Hippocrates' ideas still linger in how postpartum depression is seen today.
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214:
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7056:
Dennis CL, Hodnett E (October 2007). "Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression".
5337:
Western D (1 January 2013). "A Conceptual and Contextual Background for Gender-based Violence and Depression in Women".
3276:"Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health"
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Bowen A, Muhajarine N (2006). "Prevalence of antenatal depression in women enrolled in an outreach program in Canada".
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Brummelte S, Galea LA (January 2016). "Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care".
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8727:"Prevalence and characteristics of postpartum depression symptomatology among Canadian women: a cross-sectional study"
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Wu Q, Chen HL, Xu XJ (April 2012). "Violence as a risk factor for postpartum depression in mothers: a meta-analysis".
4572:"The association of childhood sexual abuse with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and selected pregnancy outcomes"
2268:"Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability?"
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9772:"Changes in stigma and help-seeking in relation to postpartum depression: non-clinical parenting intervention sample"
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5661:"The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Stewart DE, Vigod SN (January 2019). "Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics".
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interventions for postpartum depression, both in home and clinical settings and both in group and individual format.
8526:"Addressing the Increased Risk of Postpartum Depression for Black Women | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness"
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Dennis CL, Dowswell T (2013). "Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression".
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8778:"Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors among Indigenous, non-Indigenous and immigrant women in Canada"
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8235:"Postpartum Depression Help-Seeking Barriers and Maternal Treatment Preferences: A Qualitative Systematic Review"
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Ross LE (2005). "Perinatal mental health in lesbian mothers: a review of potential risk and protective factors".
2661:"Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings"
2005:
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5560:"Risk of Postpartum Relapse in Bipolar Disorder and Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3842:"A new molecular risk pathway for postpartum mood disorders: clues from steroid sulfatase-deficient individuals"
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3438:"Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to mothers"
2932:"Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and metaβanalysis"
2147:"Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to mothers"
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is having a partner who has PPD, with fathers developing PPD 50% of the time when their female partner has PPD.
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The Boston Women's Health Book Collective: Our Bodies Ourselves, pages 489β491, New York: Touchstone Book, 2005
7493:"Bench-to-bedside: NIMH research leads to brexanolone, first-ever drug specifically for postpartum depression"
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Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Nephew BC, Babb JA, Guilarte-Walker Y, Moore Simas TA, Deligiannidis KM (February 2017).
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stressors that are associated with their depression, including several disrupted interpersonal relationships.
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4245:"Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration"
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6015:"Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review"
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Beck CT (1996). "A meta-analysis of the relationship between postpartum depression and infant temperament".
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studies show that men experience the highest levels of postpartum depression between 3β6 months postpartum.
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6773:"Interventions to Prevent Perinatal Depression: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
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births had greater PPD rates. On the other hand, Lebanese women in urban areas showed an opposite pattern.
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7648:
5714:
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that appears to occur in about 1 in 1000 pregnancies, in which symptoms of high mood and racing thoughts (
952:, rural residential living is linked to an increased risk. It was found that rural Lebanese women who had
11915:
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10595:
10393:
6200:"Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal and postpartum depression into pediatric practice"
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580:. These childcare inconsistencies may include feeding routines, sleep routines, and health maintenance.
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10974:
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10784:
10753:
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Postpartum Depression Venus, a representation of the loss and emptiness felt after childbirth
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holds a belief in Hantu Meroyan; a spirit that resides in the placenta and amniotic fluid.
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10956:
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2685:
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2514:
2284:
2267:
2245:
2197:
2119:
2094:
1604:
and well-being in an online PPD prevention program. Self-care activities, specifically
1001:. The criteria include at least five of the following nine symptoms, within two weeks:
911:
587:. In these, or among women with a history of previous psychiatric hospital admissions,
84:
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7345:
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7138:
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6851:
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between 13.2% and 19.2%, according to studies carried out in these countries.
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2128:
1944:
1928:
1750:, self-blaming, and anxiety, while women from the US disclosed more severe
1706:
1326:
859:
A lack of strong emotional support from spouse, partner, family, or friends
785:
757:
687:
671:
663:
583:
In rare cases, or about 1 to 2 per 1,000, postpartum depression appears as
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11463:
9639:
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9613:
9492:
10.1002/1520-6696(196701)3:1<99::AID-JHBS2300030129>3.0.CO;2-2
8936:"An Overview of Risk Factors Associated to Post-partum Depression in Asia"
8641:
7024:
6355:
6347:
5846:"Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale"
5235:"Postpartum Depression in The Arab Region: A Systematic Literature Review"
5110:
4624:
4507:
4390:
4180:
3328:
3063:
2866:
11942:
11691:
11643:
11576:
11557:
11542:
11101:
10832:
10563:
10313:
10094:
9412:
8952:
8305:
6834:
Thomson M, Sharma V (May 2017). "Therapeutics of postpartum depression".
5426:
4545:
3968:
3901:
1908:
1716:
There are also examples of nations with noticeably higher rates, such as
1685:
1680:
1576:
1391:
1333:
1322:
1287:
972:
934:
789:
588:
560:
511:
395:
118:
12190:
Mental disorders associated with pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium
8380:
6466:
4748:
4531:
4242:
3545:
Mott SL, Schiller CE, Richards JG, O'Hara MW, Stuart S (1 August 2011).
1888:
appear to be most effective when the support is welcomed by the mother.
1559:
1084:
Postpartum psychosis often requires hospitalization, where treatment is
327:, which can affect men and women. Symptoms may include extreme sadness,
11562:
11469:
11418:
11111:
11016:
10717:
10442:
10437:
10233:
9788:
8164:
8136:
7182:
7123:
6083:
4982:
1679:
With a prevalence of 27%, postpartum depression amongst mothers in the
1360:
1342:
1338:
1291:
1283:
863:
597:
556:
324:
97:, changes in sleeping or eating patterns, crying episodes, irritability
77:
10021:
9337:
6601:
6181:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee Opinion
3363:
2826:
1904:
relationships with their family of origin, including living together.
11606:
11465:
11371:
11303:
11121:
10580:
10318:
10243:
10105:
7935:"Friends of National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"
7279:
6638:"Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: clinical implications"
3919:
2817:
1919:
cultural standards. Thoughts of self-harm are strictly prohibited in
1747:
1730:
1601:
702:
698:
577:
5956:
4570:
Benedict MI, Paine LL, Paine LA, Brandt D, Stallings R (July 1999).
1881:
11500:
11106:
10776:
10743:
10669:
9917:
Coodley L (2002). "Postpartum depression: voice from a historian".
9228:
9042:
7991:
Miller, L. J. (2002). Postpartum depression. Jama, 287(6), 762-765.
7750:
7413:
6378:"Postpartum Depression Screening: MedlinePlus Lab Test Information"
5598:
5368:
5366:
4720:
Figueiredo B, Dias CC, BrandΓ£o S, CanΓ‘rio C, Nunes-Costa R (2013).
4326:
2454:
Seyfried LS, Marcus SM (August 2003). "Postpartum mood disorders".
1966:
1822:
1751:
1488:
1314:
919:
892:
Studies in the US have also shown a correlation between a mother's
683:
679:
659:
515:
507:
398:, which occurs in about 8 per 100,000 births in the United States.
9180:
Atuhaire C, Brennaman L, Cumber SN, Rukundo GZ, Nambozi G (2020).
9003:
8189:
7825:
Davis WN, Raines C, Indman P, Meyer BG, Smith A (1 January 2018).
6635:
4722:"Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review"
1537:
11805:
8775:
8410:
Ramphos ES, Kelman AR, Stanley ML, Barrera AZ (1 December 2019).
7599:
7442:
4777:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
4050:
3386:"NewsCAP: Study finds postpartum depression also affects fathers"
2630:"Depression Among Women | Depression | Reproductive Health | CDC"
2092:
1916:
1721:
1710:
1702:
1113:
however, these are not widely used outside of research settings.
949:
772:(which controls hormonal responses), inflammatory processes like
691:
be important in conferring biological risk. The use of synthetic
538:
534:
332:
94:
8558:
Ko JY, Rockhill KM, Tong VT, Morrow B, Farr SL (February 2017).
7634:
FDA Antidepressant Drug Labels for Pregnant and Postpartum Women
7630:
6447:
5450:
5363:
2990:"Canadian Mental Health Association > Post Partum Depression"
1503:
876:
Maternal age, family food insecurity, and violence against women
342:. Risk factors include prior episodes of postpartum depression,
11809:
10824:
10639:
10128:
10033:
8112:"Postpartum Depression Support Groups in the U.S. & Canada"
7443:
Frieder A, Fersh M, Hainline R, Deligiannidis KM (March 2019).
5454:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.)
4967:"Men's Perinatal Mental Health in the Transition to Fatherhood"
3953:"Neuroendocrine Aspects of Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression"
1877:
1734:
1725:
1698:
1555:
927:
773:
716:
370:
or medications. Types of counseling that are effective include
9823:
Wives and midwives: childbirth and nutrition in rural Malaysia
9589:
Rock-a-by baby: Feminism, Self-help, and Postpartum Depression
9179:
6813:"Most of UK doesn't provide vital perinatal mental healthcare"
5557:
4610:
3611:
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
3547:"Depression and anxiety among postpartum and adoptive mothers"
3544:
3144:
2093:
Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009).
1582:
1417:
11768:
11739:
11572:
11261:
10602:
4492:
4457:
2329:
1924:
1920:
1690:
1493:
1066:
1029:
Recurrent thoughts of death, with or without plans of suicide
945:
938:
923:
559:. Studies done on postpartum depression amongst women in the
551:
11707:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
8280:
7362:
6876:
5713:
4719:
4688:
3715:"The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression"
3712:
2865:. Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
2370:
1061:
is not a formal diagnosis, but is widely used to describe a
10775:
9098:
8409:
8281:"NAMI HelpLine | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness"
7924:(No. MNH/MCH/85.1. Unpublished). World Health Organization.
5457:, Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, p. 186,
4527:
4525:
4122:
4085:
1717:
1104:
Childbirth-Related/Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
654:
observed that women with PPD have more dramatic changes in
9663:"Perinatal depression: a review of US legislation and law"
7545:
6963:
6735:
5147:
Qandil S, Jabr S, Wagler S, Collin SM (25 November 2016).
5003:
4913:
4331:(24th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education Medical.
3713:
Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR (February 2015).
3604:
1498:
526:
in mothers with PPD when viewing images of their infants.
8875:
7977:
Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health in Home Visiting
7827:"History and Purpose of Postpartum Support International"
7574:"First Pill for Postpartum Depression Is Approved by FDA"
7548:"FDA approves first treatment for post-partum depression"
6583:
6273:
3773:. Oxytocin in Human Social Behavior and Psychopathology.
2887:
2707:
1515:
for PPD for new mothers during this transitional period.
1473:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
743:
Chronic illnesses caused by neuroendocrine irregularities
9441:
9299:"Shedding More Light on Postpartum Depression β PR News"
7831:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing
7784:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing
7313:
6931:"Identification and Management of Peripartum Depression"
5488:
5376:. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
4569:
4522:
3897:
3895:
2929:
1595:
1463:. The NICHD has worked alongside organizations like the
1457:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
11048:
8984:
8687:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
7264:"Interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression"
7105:
Fitelson E, Kim S, Baker AS, Leight K (December 2010).
6407:
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing
4770:
4404:
4402:
4400:
3764:
3485:
Foli KJ, South SC, Lim E, Jarnecke AM (1 August 2016).
3349:
2756:"The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression"
2753:
9765:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9283:"Women and hysteria in the history of mental health".
9229:
Hahn-Holbrook J, Cornwell-Hinrichs T, Anaya I (2018).
8606:
8059:
7824:
7671:
7104:
5146:
4210:
2754:
Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS (February 2017).
1548:
1482:
1278:. There is low-certainty evidence which suggests that
737:
Administration of labor-inducing medication synthetic
12180:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
10193:
7212:
6879:"Antidepressants for preventing postnatal depression"
6238:
6177:"Screening for Depression During and After Pregnancy"
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
4408:
3892:
1477:
Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation
10011:
9770:
Thorsteinsson EB, Loi NM, Farr K (8 November 2018).
9769:
9323:
9321:
9319:
8557:
7981:
https://www.nccp.org/mental-health-in-home-visiting/
6770:
6631:
6629:
5844:
Ayers S, Wright DB, Thornton A (18 September 2018).
4875:
4648:"Correlates of early postpartum depressive symptoms"
4397:
3484:
3015:
Miller LJ (February 2002). "Postpartum depression".
2930:
Alshikh Ahmad H, Alkhatib A, Luo J (6 August 2021).
2658:
1962:
1532:
9752:
9614:"Puerperal insanity in the 19th and 20th centuries"
9611:
9285:
Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health
9222:
7316:"Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression"
7006:
6072:
International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
5843:
5658:
5239:
Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health
4645:
4213:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
3950:
2417:
2171:
1385:
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
1131:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
609:
10211:
10135:"Depression during and after pregnancy fact sheet"
9332:. Bibliotheca Psychiatrica. KARGER. pp. 1β5.
9094:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9043:Haque A, Azimeh Namavar, Kelly-Ann Breene (2015).
8829:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8469:
8003:
7979:. NCCP; Bank Street Graduate School of Education.
7637:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
5943:
5659:Yildiz PD, Ayers S, Phillips L (15 January 2017).
5412:
853:Poor marital relationship or single marital status
811:Stressful life events experienced during pregnancy
12049:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
9709:
9480:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences
9398:
9316:
9175:
9173:
9171:
9147:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8865:
7773:
7771:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7092:
6626:
6333:
6128:"Postpartum Depression Screening Tools: A Review"
5232:
3839:
2803:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1766:
1026:Loss of concentration or increased indecisiveness
715:changes that are brought about by caring for the
390:is estimated to affect 1% to 26% of new fathers.
220:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
12166:
10620:
10137:. Womenshealth.gov. 6 March 2009. Archived from
9912:
9910:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8381:"Postpartum Health Alliance | You are not alone"
8159:
8157:
8055:
8053:
8051:
7962:
7960:
7438:
7436:
7007:Pritchett RV, Daley AJ, Jolly K (October 2017).
6125:
5902:
5781:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
4565:
4563:
2749:
2747:
1286:, an SSRI, as very little of it passes into the
572:Postpartum depression can interfere with normal
461:Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities
415:Persistent sadness, anxiousness, or "empty" mood
9942:
9940:
9845:
9579:
9577:
9085:
8833:
8818:
8684:
8465:
8463:
8232:
8228:
8226:
7999:
7997:
7889:
7887:
6924:
6922:
6497:
6495:
6400:
6398:
6012:
5592:
5551:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
3431:
3429:
3314:
3269:
3267:
3049:
2426:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2310:. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality.
1232:
881:psychosocial risk factors can be linked to the
11393:
9848:Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective
9361:
9359:
9357:
9278:
9276:
9168:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8915:
8862:
8720:
8718:
8716:
7768:
7714:
7409:"Postpartum VTE Risk Highest Soon After Birth"
7309:
7307:
7089:
6928:
6544:
6501:
6329:
6327:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5049:
5045:
5043:
4971:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
4964:
4916:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
4829:
4411:"Perinatal depression: an update and overview"
4409:Stuart-Parrigon K, Stuart S (September 2014).
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
2453:
2069:
421:Frustration, irritability, restlessness, anger
11449:
10179:
9907:
9870:
8724:
8398:
8212:
8210:
8154:
8048:
7957:
7649:"FDA Prescribing Information for Brexanolone"
7433:
7055:
6833:
6729:
6241:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
6121:
6119:
6117:
6069:
5839:
5837:
5777:
5775:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5475:
5339:Gender-based Violence and Depression in Women
4909:
4907:
4878:Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology
4646:Howell EA, Mora P, Leventhal H (March 2006).
4560:
4053:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3091:
3089:
2744:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2099:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1450:
567:
448:Feeling inadequate in taking care of the baby
289:
9937:
9612:Rehman AU, St Clair D, Platz C (June 1990).
9574:
9330:Perinatal Stress, Mood and Anxiety Disorders
8460:
8223:
7994:
7985:
7884:
7546:Office of the Commissioner (17 April 2019).
7541:
7539:
6919:
6676:
6492:
6395:
6013:Cook N, Ayers S, Horsch A (1 January 2018).
6008:
6006:
6004:
5233:Ayoub K, Shaheen A, Hajat S (30 July 2020).
4345:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
3426:
3264:
3223:
2586:WebMD: Understanding Post Partum Depression
2219:
1911:women are screened for PPD. The traditional
1907:Furthermore, cultural factors influence how
1788:
1558:'s National Hotline: 1-800-662-HELP (4357).
1429:
1403:Oxytocin treatment for postpartum depression
770:hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation
631:
396:murder of children less than one year of age
9660:
9354:
9327:
9273:
8912:
8713:
8564:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
8553:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8129:
7717:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7320:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7304:
7058:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6883:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6683:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
6538:
6504:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6404:
6324:
6171:
6169:
5741:1871.1/4788a1a5-deff-427f-bd77-a33ebdaf22fc
5643:
5525:
5040:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4195:
3760:
3758:
3173:
3008:
2265:
1092:, and in cases of strong risk for suicide,
11456:
11442:
11083:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
10350:
10186:
10172:
8933:
8207:
7875:
6126:Ukatu N, Clare CA, Brulja M (1 May 2018).
6114:
5834:
5772:
5702:
5332:
5330:
4904:
4166:
3086:
2449:
2447:
2318:
2140:
2138:
2041:
1844:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
1518:
1008:Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
922:. According to three studies conducted in
805:A personal or family history of depression
482:Worry about harming self, baby, or partner
296:
282:
58:
27:Mood disorder experienced after childbirth
9983:
9864:
9797:
9787:
9735:
9686:
9629:
9591:. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 2β6.
9256:
9246:
9205:
9124:
9060:
9012:
9002:
8961:
8951:
8801:
8752:
8742:
8583:
8443:
7975:National Center for Children in Poverty.
7842:
7536:
7468:
7339:
7287:
7238:
7132:
7122:
7032:
6902:
6788:
6712:
6694:
6653:
6609:
6475:
6465:
6291:
6215:
6030:
6001:
5879:
5861:
5817:
5799:
5739:
5626:
5616:
5575:
5451:American Psychiatric Association (2013),
5260:
5250:
5182:
5164:
4871:
4869:
4806:
4788:
4747:
4737:
4671:
4587:
4434:
4268:
4147:
3984:
3927:
3867:
3857:
3790:
3738:
3578:
3518:
3401:
3291:
3247:
3206:
3121:
2965:
2947:
2825:
2684:
2347:
2283:
2261:
2259:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2118:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1808:
1033:
382:. Tentative evidence supports the use of
11346:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
10942:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
10158:Postpartum Depression and the Baby Blues
9873:International Journal of Nursing Studies
9820:
8544:
8233:Dennis CL, Chung-Lee L (December 2006).
7777:
7751:"Postpartum Support International - PSI"
7406:
7164:
6166:
5535:. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2014.
5290:
4231:
3755:
3458:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2488:
2272:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
1611:
1249:
808:Moderate to severe premenstrual symptoms
470:Fatigue, decreased energy and motivation
424:Feelings of hopelessness or helplessness
9916:
9839:
9710:Cheng CY, Fowles ER, Walker LO (2006).
9476:
7268:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
7111:International Journal of Women's Health
7013:The British Journal of General Practice
6740:(Systematic review and meta-analysis).
6547:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6454:International Journal of Women's Health
5446:
5444:
5336:
5327:
4639:
4291:
3435:
3273:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2444:
2144:
2135:
1797:A woman who lived in the 14th century,
1350:Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy
1280:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
594:According to research published in the
384:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
14:
12167:
9946:
9583:
9537:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9032:
8470:Abrams LS, Dornig K, Curran L (2009).
8335:Postpartum Support International (PSI)
8331:"PSI HelpLine (English & Spanish)"
7755:Postpartum Support International (PSI)
7571:
7261:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5090:
4997:
4866:
3951:Trifu S, Vladuti A, Popescu A (2019).
3600:
3598:
3540:
3538:
3229:
3188:
3014:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2418:Mughal S, Azhar Y, Siddiqui W (2023),
2314:from the original on 11 November 2013.
2256:
2208:
2018:
1832:
1541:and queer folks due to an emphasis on
11687:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
11654:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
11437:
11392:
11260:
11195:
11047:
10774:
10619:
10529:
10349:
10210:
10167:
9365:
8725:Lanes A, Kuk JL, Tamim H (May 2011).
6953:from the original on 25 October 2017.
6197:
5388:"The Basics of Postpartum Depression"
5286:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5050:Maccio EM, Pangburn JA (1 May 2011).
4261:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426
4001:
3840:Thippeswamy H, Davies W (June 2021).
3833:
3708:
3706:
3095:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2589:"The Basics of Postpartum Depression"
2565:
1596:Self-care & well-being activities
544:
401:
11753:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
10530:
9965:
7421:from the original on 6 February 2017
5539:from the original on 24 October 2016
5471:from the original on 25 October 2017
5441:
5096:
4368:
4249:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
3236:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
3195:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
2525:
1913:Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
1896:the house, or be blown by the wind.
1837:
1577:National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
1394:, massage, bright lights, or taking
1139:Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
897:and Hispanic women fell in between.
11049:Physiological and physical behavior
9661:Rhodes AM, Segre LS (August 2013).
9029:
7920:World Health Organization. (1985).
7607:"NIMH" Postpartum Depression Facts"
7497:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
5903:Grekin R, O'Hara MW (1 July 2014).
5782:Dekel S, Stuebe C, Dishy G (2017).
5415:The New England Journal of Medicine
3595:
3535:
2722:10.1016/j.obstetgynecol.2003.08.020
2607:
2300:
2161:from the original on 5 August 2012.
1996:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1863:
1571:National Alliance on Mental Illness
1549:Hotlines & telephone interviews
1526:National Alliance on Mental Illness
1483:Links to government-funded programs
1038:
904:One of the strongest predictors of
622:
215:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
24:
11702:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
10995:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
10389:Emotional and behavioral disorders
9716:The Journal of Perinatal Education
8218:The Asian American Literary Review
6929:Langan R, Goodbred AJ (May 2016).
6836:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
5564:The American Journal of Psychiatry
5394:from the original on 15 April 2015
5277:
5199:
5133:
4534:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
4022:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11609.x
3703:
3448:– via Gale Academic Onefile.
3403:10.1097/01.naj.0000547646.08156.11
3147:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2916:
2890:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2640:from the original on 16 April 2017
2595:from the original on 15 April 2015
2491:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2456:International Review of Psychiatry
1674:
1630:
1600:Women demonstrated an interest in
1509:
1023:Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
835:Previous stillbirth or miscarriage
820:Birth-related psychological trauma
105:A week to a month after childbirth
25:
12201:
11960:Pain management during childbirth
11887:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
11175:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
10007:
9667:Archives of Women's Mental Health
9618:The British Journal of Psychiatry
8782:Canadian Journal of Public Health
6336:The British Journal of Psychiatry
5293:Archives of Women's Mental Health
5006:Archives of Women's Mental Health
4652:Maternal and Child Health Journal
3846:Archives of Women's Mental Health
3551:Archives of Women's Mental Health
3102:Infant Behavior & Development
2234:10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106
2174:Archives of Women's Mental Health
2057:from the original on 21 June 2017
1850:
1533:Personal narratives & memoirs
1011:Weight loss or decreased appetite
12146:
12145:
12132:Sexual activity during pregnancy
10475:X-linked intellectual disability
9959:
9814:
9703:
9654:
9605:
9531:
9506:
9470:
9435:
9392:
9291:
9141:
8978:
8769:
8699:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00064.x
8678:
8635:
8600:
8518:
8373:
8348:
8323:
8298:
8273:
8251:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2006.00130.x
8182:
8104:
7969:
7927:
7914:
7904:
7818:
7796:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00088.x
7778:Honikman JI (1 September 2006).
7743:
7708:
7686:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.015
7665:
7641:
7624:
7565:
7511:
7485:
7400:
7356:
7255:
7231:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4556
7206:
7197:
7158:
7149:
7080:
7049:
7000:
6957:
6870:
6827:
6805:
6764:
6670:
6577:
6441:
6370:
5971:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105667
4383:10.1097/00006199-199607000-00006
3957:Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest)
3352:Research in Nursing & Health
3293:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02857.x
2856:
2266:Soares CN, Zitek B (July 2008).
1965:
1652:
1625:
1583:Postpartum Support International
1424:
1418:Postpartum Support International
1412:
1366:
1216:
610:Postpartum depression in fathers
451:Thoughts of self-harm or suicide
250:Miscarriage and mental disorders
10304:Intermittent explosive disorder
10229:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
9186:The Pan African Medical Journal
9150:Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS
9049:Journal of Muslim Mental Health
8934:Mehta S, Mehta N (March 2014).
7895:Archives of psychiatric nursing
7674:Journal of Psychiatric Research
7171:Journal of Community Psychology
6267:
6232:
6191:
6183:. February 2010. Archived from
6063:
5896:
5406:
5380:
4965:Singley DB, Edwards LM (2015).
4958:
4823:
4764:
4713:
4604:
4486:
4451:
4329:Williams Obstetrics Study Guide
4320:
4285:
4079:
4044:
3944:
3807:
3678:
3653:
3478:
3452:
3390:The American Journal of Nursing
3378:
3343:
3308:
3138:
3043:
2982:
2881:
2850:
2797:
2701:
2652:
2482:
2411:
2006:Breastfeeding and mental health
1884:to force the spirits to leave.
1620:
1141:, a standardized self-reported
796:
723:
676:corticotropin releasing hormone
486:
245:Breastfeeding and mental health
11634:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
10947:Dissociative identity disorder
10212:Adult personality and behavior
9885:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.012
9198:10.11604/pamj.2020.37.89.23572
9062:10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0009.104
8836:Journal of Affective Disorders
7729:10.1002/14651858.CD006795.pub3
7332:10.1002/14651858.cd013560.pub2
7066:10.1002/14651858.CD006116.pub2
6895:10.1002/14651858.CD004363.pub3
6738:Journal of Affective Disorders
6642:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
6555:10.1002/14651858.CD001134.pub3
6516:10.1002/14651858.CD001134.pub3
6280:Journal of Affective Disorders
6019:Journal of Affective Disorders
5668:Journal of Affective Disorders
5577:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15010124
4294:Journal of Affective Disorders
3783:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.009
3491:Journal of Affective Disorders
3232:"Postpartum Depression in Men"
3191:"Postpartum Depression in Men"
2677:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.87
2377:Journal of Affective Disorders
2364:
2165:
1767:Issues in reporting prevalence
1471:Other initiatives include the
1311:might help with PPD symptoms.
944:According to research done in
802:Prenatal depression or anxiety
13:
1:
11836:Prelabor rupture of membranes
9162:10.1016/S1068-607X(99)00003-7
8310:suicidepreventionlifeline.org
6848:10.1080/14737175.2017.1265888
5503:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61278-2
4696:"Postpartum Depression Facts"
4589:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00040-X
4306:10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00374-3
4130:"Postpartum Depression Facts"
4100:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61276-9
2047:"Postpartum Depression Facts"
2011:
1390:As of 2013, it is unclear if
1268:
1181:
1159:
883:social determinants of health
825:Birth-related physical trauma
731:
455:
445:Trouble bonding with the baby
123:Prior postpartum depression,
12115:Systemic lupus erythematosus
11766:Maternal care related to the
11748:Gestational thrombocytopenia
11351:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
10888:Generalized anxiety disorder
10621:Neurological and symptomatic
10266:Sexual relationship disorder
8428:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100275
8385:postpartumhealthalliance.org
8018:10.1080/03630242.2014.896442
7378:10.1097/aog.0000000000000410
6978:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002053
5153:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
3686:"NIMH" Perinatal Depression"
3114:10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.005
2936:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
2902:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1856
1461:National Institute of Health
1407:
1325:, a synthetic analog of the
1243:cognitive behavioral therapy
1239:cognitive behavioral therapy
1233:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
1198:cognitive behavioral therapy
1124:
1053:
979:
869:Unplanned/unwanted pregnancy
862:Infant temperament problems/
838:Formula-feeding rather than
409:
376:cognitive behavioral therapy
255:Pregnancy options counseling
7:
11916:Cephalopelvic disproportion
11127:REM sleep behavior disorder
10596:Seasonal affective disorder
10394:Separation anxiety disorder
9949:Thomas Jefferson Law Review
9456:10.1016/j.wombi.2016.07.001
9370:. Oxford University Press.
8794:10.17269/s41997-019-00182-8
8621:10.1016/j.wombi.2008.03.008
8476:Qualitative Health Research
7407:MacReady N (7 April 2014).
6677:Alasoom L, Koura M (2014).
5347:10.1007/978-1-4614-7532-3_3
5252:10.2174/1745017902016010142
4844:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008
3459:Cassella C (2 March 2021).
3280:Journal of Advanced Nursing
3274:Goodman JH (January 2004).
2503:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1548
1958:
1709:between 10.1 and 10.3, and
984:
965:
479:Insomnia or excessive sleep
427:Guilt, shame, worthlessness
372:interpersonal psychotherapy
356:complications of childbirth
197:Pregnancy and mental health
137:complications of childbirth
10:
12206:
12027:Breastfeeding difficulties
11826:Constriction ring syndrome
11800:Braxton Hicks contractions
11394:Symptoms and uncategorized
10495:developmental disabilities
10261:Sexual maturation disorder
9552:10.1179/000127906805260310
9071:2027/spo.10381607.0009.104
8074:10.1016/j.midw.2018.05.009
7844:10.1016/j.jogn.2017.10.004
7572:Walker J (4 August 2023).
7461:10.1007/s40263-019-00605-7
6655:10.1177/070674370905401206
6419:10.1016/j.jogn.2016.12.007
6253:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.07.054
6198:Earls MF (November 2010).
6144:10.1016/j.psym.2017.11.005
5909:Clinical Psychology Review
5720:Clinical Psychology Review
4739:10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.002
4415:Current Psychiatry Reports
4065:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.10.009
3859:10.1007/s00737-020-01093-1
2949:10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9
2775:10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009
2111:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033
1899:The relationship with the
1783:
1560:Postpartum Health Alliance
1451:Government-funded programs
1400:
1359:In 2023, the FDA approved
1321:In 2019, the FDA approved
1190:
1042:
873:Breastfeeding difficulties
568:Parent-infant relationship
260:Abortion and mental health
29:
12140:
12097:
12064:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
12054:Pubic symphysis diastasis
12017:
11901:
11765:
11738:
11720:
11662:
11624:
11615:
11571:
11489:
11480:
11399:
11388:
11364:
11356:Simple-type schizophrenia
11333:
11325:Schizophreniform disorder
11302:
11281:
11277:
11256:
11209:
11191:
11160:
11137:
11091:
11058:
11054:
11043:
10965:
10932:
10880:
10823:
10814:
10795:
10791:
10770:
10736:
10703:Mild cognitive impairment
10688:CreutzfeldtβJakob disease
10668:
10630:
10626:
10615:
10586:Major depressive disorder
10539:
10525:
10491:Psychological development
10490:
10465:
10362:
10358:
10345:
10274:
10221:
10217:
10206:
10085:
10015:
9968:"An overview of filicide"
9966:West SG (February 2007).
9679:10.1007/s00737-013-0359-6
9368:The Book of Margery Kempe
9117:10.1017/S0033291716002087
8890:10.1007/s11126-015-9367-1
8878:The Psychiatric Quarterly
8848:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051
7366:Obstetrics and Gynecology
6966:Obstetrics and Gynecology
6935:American Family Physician
6815:. OnMedica. 20 April 2018
6750:10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.023
6293:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.013
6032:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045
5921:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.003
5732:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157
5680:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009
5305:10.1007/s00737-011-0248-9
5166:10.1186/s12884-016-1155-x
5068:10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.007
5018:10.1007/s00737-007-0168-x
4928:10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1
4890:10.1080/02646830600643908
4664:10.1007/s10995-005-0048-9
4613:Journal of Women's Health
4576:Child Abuse & Neglect
4496:Journal of Women's Health
4472:10.1016/j.whi.2016.09.007
4427:10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6
4169:Journal of Women's Health
3731:10.1017/S1092852914000480
3563:10.1007/s00737-011-0227-1
3503:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.049
3396:(11): 12. November 2018.
3096:Field T (February 2010).
2710:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2389:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003
2222:Annual Review of Medicine
2186:10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6
1789:Prior to the 19th century
1757:
1740:
1643:
1589:SAMHSA's National Hotline
1465:World Health Organization
1430:Educational interventions
1381:Electroconvulsive therapy
1276:major depressive disorder
1094:electroconvulsive therapy
1014:Changes in sleep patterns
644:
632:Issues for LGBTQ2S people
500:anterior cingulate cortex
442:Inability to be comforted
179:
168:
156:
146:
117:
109:
101:
83:
71:
66:
57:
49:
44:
11590:Gestational hypertension
11404:Impulse-control disorder
11320:Schizoaffective disorder
11315:Brief reactive psychosis
11012:Mass psychogenic illness
10975:Body dysmorphic disorder
10754:Post-concussion syndrome
10364:Emotional and behavioral
9728:10.1624/105812406X119002
9248:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00248
8744:10.1186/1471-2458-11-302
8656:10.1177/1363459314554315
8488:10.1177/1049732309332794
6696:10.4103/2249-4863.137654
5863:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409
5801:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560
5618:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00138
2349:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487
1938:
1819:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
1490:www.nichd.nih.gov/ncmhep
1375:
1017:Feelings of restlessness
856:Low socioeconomic status
847:Childcare or life stress
782:irritable bowel syndrome
754:irritable bowel syndrome
752:Inflammatory illnesses (
358:, lack of support, or a
30:Not to be confused with
11989:Umbilical cord prolapse
11911:Amniotic fluid embolism
11669:dermatoses of pregnancy
11341:Childhood schizophrenia
10693:Frontotemporal dementia
10650:High-functioning autism
10467:Intellectual disability
9401:Literature and Medicine
9235:Frontiers in Psychiatry
8991:JMIR Research Protocols
5959:Early Human Development
5850:Frontiers in Psychiatry
5788:Frontiers in Psychology
5605:Frontiers in Psychiatry
3815:"Postpartum depression"
3661:"Postpartum Depression"
3623:10.1111/1471-0528.17103
3159:10.4088/jcp.09m05508gre
2859:"Postpartum Depression"
2806:Behavioral Neuroscience
2763:Trends in Neurosciences
2420:"Postpartum Depression"
2095:"Postpartum depression"
1893:participate in a ritual
1701:between 21.2 and 22.1,
1661:
1591:: 1-800-662-HELP (4357)
1519:Community-based support
1298:Some studies show that
1073:. It may be a form of
829:History of sexual abuse
574:maternal-infant bonding
12105:Concomitant conditions
12084:Postpartum thyroiditis
11862:Circumvallate placenta
11682:Impetigo herpetiformis
11677:Gestational pemphigoid
11649:Hyperemesis gravidarum
11582:hypertensive disorders
10858:Specific social phobia
10749:Organic brain syndrome
10591:Melancholic depression
10352:Childhood and learning
10154:: Postnatal depression
10152:NHS Choices Health A-Z
9105:Psychological Medicine
8576:10.15585/mmwr.mm6606a1
8416:Internet Interventions
6790:10.1001/jama.2019.0007
6217:10.1542/peds.2010-2348
5533:"Postpartum Psychosis"
4790:10.3390/ijerph17134727
3908:Depression and Anxiety
3230:Scarff JR (May 2019).
3029:10.1001/jama.287.6.762
2468:10.1080/09540260305196
1809:19th century and after
1034:Differential diagnosis
749:Hormone irregularities
746:Genetic history of PPD
346:, a family history of
158:Differential diagnosis
12074:Postpartum infections
12069:Postpartum depression
11414:Psychomotor agitation
11204:and substance-related
11147:Postpartum depression
11027:Somatization disorder
10913:Acute stress reaction
10678:AIDS dementia complex
10125:Postpartum depression
9631:10.1192/bjp.156.6.861
7025:10.3399/bjgp17X692525
6348:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
5111:10.1300/J013v41n03_07
5056:Women's Health Issues
4832:Hormones and Behavior
4625:10.1089/jwh.2008.0774
4508:10.1089/jwh.2016.5872
4460:Women's Health Issues
4181:10.1089/jwh.2008.0953
3329:10.1001/jama.2010.605
3064:10.1001/jama.2010.605
1991:Gender disappointment
1697:between 18% and 24%,
1612:Accessibility to care
1585:: 800-944-4PPD (4773)
1579:: 800-273-TALK (8255)
1573:: 800-950-NAMI (6264)
1505:www.samhsa.gov/iecmhc
1401:Further information:
1259:Interpersonal therapy
1255:Interpersonal therapy
1250:Interpersonal Therapy
1202:interpersonal therapy
1063:psychiatric emergency
380:psychodynamic therapy
309:Postpartum depression
240:Gender disappointment
230:Postpartum depression
45:Postpartum depression
12079:Postpartum psychosis
11948:Obstetrical bleeding
11843:Obstetrical bleeding
11664:Integumentary system
11639:Gestational diabetes
11618:related to pregnancy
11616:Other, predominantly
11409:KlΓΌverβBucy syndrome
11239:Substance dependence
11152:Postpartum psychosis
10698:Huntington's disease
10480:LujanβFryns syndrome
10329:Personality disorder
10146:Postnatal Depression
9413:10.1353/lm.2014.0017
9303:www.pennmedicine.org
8953:10.1108/mi.2014.5370
7165:Anderson LN (2013).
5427:10.1056/NEJMcp011542
4546:10.4088/JCP.13m08364
3969:10.4183/aeb.2019.410
1986:Antenatal depression
1817:", was published by
1815:The Yellow Wallpaper
1803:postpartum psychosis
1059:Postpartum psychosis
596:American Journal of
585:postpartum psychosis
520:orbitofrontal cortex
392:Postpartum psychosis
352:psychological stress
317:postnatal depression
265:Infant mental health
235:Postpartum psychosis
210:Antenatal depression
133:psychological stress
127:, family history of
53:Postnatal depression
18:Postnatal depression
12059:Postpartum bleeding
11882:Placental abruption
11867:Monochorionic twins
11697:Prurigo gestationis
11289:Delusional disorder
11234:Stimulant psychosis
11224:Physical dependence
11078:Rumination syndrome
10980:Conversion disorder
10957:Psychogenic amnesia
10807:with depressed mood
10805:Adjustment disorder
10708:Parkinson's disease
10683:Alzheimer's disease
10576:Atypical depression
10412:Social functioning
10287:Munchausen syndrome
10282:Factitious disorder
9850:. pp. 217β66.
9821:Laderman C (1987).
8194:POSTPARTUM PROGRESS
8116:POSTPARTUM PROGRESS
7578:Wall Street Journal
6467:10.2147/IJWH.S54666
6187:on 2 November 2014.
4726:Jornal de Pediatria
2869:on 25 February 2012
2145:Paulson JF (2010).
2001:Sex after pregnancy
1891:Some Chinese women
1833:Society and culture
1543:cultural competency
1538:Postpartum Progress
1396:omega-3 fatty acids
467:Changes in appetite
270:Paternal depression
192:Articles related to
139:, lack of support,
12089:Puerperal mastitis
12044:Breast engorgement
11831:Monoamniotic twins
11821:Chorionic hematoma
11308:schizophrenia-like
10952:Dissociative fugue
10401:Movement disorders
10086:External resources
9789:10.7717/peerj.5893
9287:. 19 October 2012.
8006:Women & Health
7183:10.1002/jcop.21566
7124:10.2147/IJWH.S6938
7019:(663): e684βe691.
6084:10.1002/ijgo.14643
5099:Women & Health
4983:10.1037/pro0000032
3436:Paulson J (2010).
2996:on 21 October 2010
912:Sexual orientation
850:Low social support
678:, endorphins, and
545:Onset and duration
418:Severe mood swings
402:Signs and symptoms
323:experienced after
12175:Depression (mood)
12162:
12161:
12120:Thyroid disorders
12110:Diabetes mellitus
11994:Uterine inversion
11926:Shoulder dystocia
11921:Obstructed labour
11897:
11896:
11761:
11760:
11730:Chorea gravidarum
11506:Ectopic pregnancy
11431:
11430:
11427:
11426:
11384:
11383:
11380:
11379:
11252:
11251:
11187:
11186:
11183:
11182:
11039:
11038:
11035:
11034:
10928:
10927:
10766:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10723:Vascular dementia
10645:Asperger syndrome
10611:
10610:
10521:
10520:
10517:
10516:
10455:Tourette syndrome
10341:
10340:
10337:
10336:
10120:
10119:
9919:Pediatric Nursing
9857:978-0-7867-2740-7
9832:978-0-520-06036-4
9598:978-0-415-91292-1
9518:www.gutenberg.org
9377:978-0-19-968664-3
9338:10.1159/000087441
8731:BMC Public Health
7262:Stuart S (2012).
6602:10.1136/bmj.a3064
5497:(9956): 1789β99.
5464:978-0-89042-555-8
5356:978-1-4614-7531-6
4338:978-0-07-179327-8
4094:(9956): 1775β88.
4059:(6): 501β509.e6.
3617:(10): 1630β1643.
3442:Psychiatric Times
3364:10.1002/nur.21728
3189:Scarff J (2019).
2151:Psychiatric Times
1973:Psychiatry portal
1880:, who performs a
1838:Legal recognition
1495:www.nichd.nih.gov
1309:estradiol patches
1206:systematic review
763:Cigarette smoking
531:neurotransmitters
504:prefrontal cortex
502:, dorsal lateral
476:Social withdrawal
360:drug use disorder
340:sleep deprivation
306:
305:
187:
186:
152:Based on symptoms
148:Diagnostic method
141:drug use disorder
89:Extreme sadness,
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
12197:
12149:
12148:
11984:Postmature birth
11972:Placenta accreta
11877:Placenta praevia
11872:Placenta accreta
11816:Chorioamnionitis
11626:Digestive system
11622:
11621:
11548:Fetal resorption
11536:Rudimentary horn
11493:abortive outcome
11487:
11486:
11458:
11451:
11444:
11435:
11434:
11390:
11389:
11279:
11278:
11258:
11257:
11193:
11192:
11068:Anorexia nervosa
11056:
11055:
11045:
11044:
11022:Psychogenic pain
10990:Globus pharyngis
10838:Childhood phobia
10821:
10820:
10793:
10792:
10772:
10771:
10628:
10627:
10617:
10616:
10527:
10526:
10426:Selective mutism
10377:Conduct disorder
10360:
10359:
10347:
10346:
10324:Trichotillomania
10299:Gender dysphoria
10294:Fear of intimacy
10251:Sexual anhedonia
10219:
10218:
10208:
10207:
10195:Mental disorders
10188:
10181:
10174:
10165:
10164:
10142:
10141:on 1 March 2012.
10013:
10012:
9998:
9997:
9987:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9944:
9935:
9934:
9914:
9905:
9904:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9843:
9837:
9836:
9818:
9812:
9811:
9801:
9791:
9767:
9750:
9749:
9739:
9707:
9701:
9700:
9690:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9633:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9581:
9572:
9571:
9535:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9510:
9504:
9503:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9439:
9433:
9432:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9366:Kempe M (2015).
9363:
9352:
9351:
9325:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9295:
9289:
9288:
9280:
9271:
9270:
9260:
9250:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9209:
9177:
9166:
9165:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9128:
9096:
9083:
9082:
9064:
9040:
9027:
9026:
9016:
9006:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8965:
8955:
8931:
8910:
8909:
8873:
8860:
8859:
8831:
8816:
8815:
8805:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8756:
8746:
8722:
8711:
8710:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8587:
8555:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8467:
8458:
8457:
8447:
8407:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8327:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8277:
8271:
8270:
8230:
8221:
8214:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8161:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8057:
8046:
8045:
8001:
7992:
7989:
7983:
7973:
7967:
7964:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7945:on 15 March 2022
7941:. Archived from
7931:
7925:
7918:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7891:
7882:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7846:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7775:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7669:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7653:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7611:www.nimh.nih.gov
7603:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7543:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7472:
7440:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7343:
7311:
7302:
7301:
7291:
7280:10.1002/cpp.1778
7259:
7253:
7252:
7242:
7210:
7204:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7162:
7156:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7136:
7126:
7102:
7087:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7036:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6972:(6): 1087β1097.
6961:
6955:
6954:
6926:
6917:
6916:
6906:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6792:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6716:
6698:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6657:
6633:
6624:
6623:
6613:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6499:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6469:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6402:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6295:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6219:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6173:
6164:
6163:
6123:
6112:
6111:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6034:
6010:
5999:
5998:
5954:
5941:
5940:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5883:
5865:
5841:
5832:
5831:
5821:
5803:
5779:
5770:
5769:
5743:
5711:
5700:
5699:
5665:
5656:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5620:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5486:
5473:
5472:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5288:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5254:
5230:
5197:
5196:
5186:
5168:
5144:
5131:
5130:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5047:
5038:
5037:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4873:
4864:
4863:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4792:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4700:www.nimh.nih.gov
4692:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4406:
4395:
4394:
4371:Nursing Research
4366:
4343:
4342:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4240:
4229:
4228:
4208:
4193:
4192:
4164:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4134:www.nimh.nih.gov
4126:
4120:
4119:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3920:10.1002/da.22599
3899:
3890:
3889:
3871:
3861:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3819:womenshealth.gov
3811:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3690:www.nimh.nih.gov
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3522:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3405:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3186:
3171:
3170:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2992:. Archived from
2986:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2951:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2829:
2818:10.1037/a0025538
2801:
2795:
2794:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2626:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2584:
2563:
2560:
2523:
2522:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2217:
2206:
2205:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2090:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2043:
1981:Postpartum blues
1975:
1970:
1969:
1864:Cultural beliefs
1459:(NICHD) and the
1330:allopregnanolone
1090:mood stabilizers
1075:bipolar disorder
1045:Postpartum blues
1039:Postpartum blues
999:minor depression
995:major depression
832:Childhood trauma
815:Postpartum blues
623:Adoptive parents
344:bipolar disorder
298:
291:
284:
225:Postpartum blues
189:
188:
125:bipolar disorder
62:
42:
41:
32:Postpartum blues
21:
12205:
12204:
12200:
12199:
12198:
12196:
12195:
12194:
12165:
12164:
12163:
12158:
12136:
12093:
12037:Cracked nipples
12032:Low milk supply
12013:
11999:Uterine rupture
11893:
11788:Oligohydramnios
11773:amniotic cavity
11767:
11757:
11734:
11716:
11667:
11658:
11617:
11611:
11580:
11567:
11553:Molar pregnancy
11492:
11476:
11462:
11432:
11423:
11395:
11376:
11360:
11329:
11307:
11298:
11273:
11248:
11205:
11202:substance abuse
11179:
11156:
11133:
11087:
11073:Bulimia nervosa
11050:
11031:
11007:Hypochondriasis
11002:False pregnancy
10985:Ganser syndrome
10967:Somatic symptom
10961:
10924:
10876:
10865:Specific phobia
10810:
10787:
10758:
10732:
10664:
10660:Savant syndrome
10632:Autism spectrum
10622:
10607:
10535:
10513:
10492:
10486:
10461:
10354:
10333:
10309:Dermatillomania
10270:
10256:Sexual anorexia
10213:
10202:
10192:
10160:- HelpGuide.org
10133:
10121:
10116:
10115:
10081:
10080:
10024:
10010:
10002:
10001:
9964:
9960:
9945:
9938:
9915:
9908:
9879:(10): 1355β73.
9869:
9865:
9858:
9844:
9840:
9833:
9819:
9815:
9768:
9753:
9708:
9704:
9659:
9655:
9610:
9606:
9599:
9582:
9575:
9536:
9532:
9522:
9520:
9512:
9511:
9507:
9475:
9471:
9444:Women and Birth
9440:
9436:
9397:
9393:
9378:
9364:
9355:
9348:
9326:
9317:
9307:
9305:
9297:
9296:
9292:
9282:
9281:
9274:
9227:
9223:
9178:
9169:
9146:
9142:
9097:
9086:
9041:
9030:
8983:
8979:
8932:
8913:
8874:
8863:
8842:(2β3): 97β111.
8832:
8819:
8774:
8770:
8723:
8714:
8683:
8679:
8640:
8636:
8609:Women and Birth
8605:
8601:
8556:
8545:
8535:
8533:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8468:
8461:
8408:
8399:
8389:
8387:
8379:
8378:
8374:
8364:
8362:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8339:
8337:
8329:
8328:
8324:
8314:
8312:
8304:
8303:
8299:
8289:
8287:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8231:
8224:
8215:
8208:
8198:
8196:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8173:
8171:
8163:
8162:
8155:
8145:
8143:
8135:
8134:
8130:
8120:
8118:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8058:
8049:
8002:
7995:
7990:
7986:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7958:
7948:
7946:
7933:
7932:
7928:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7905:
7892:
7885:
7880:
7876:
7823:
7819:
7776:
7769:
7759:
7757:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7723:(7): CD006795.
7713:
7709:
7670:
7666:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7629:
7625:
7615:
7613:
7605:
7604:
7600:
7590:
7588:
7570:
7566:
7556:
7554:
7544:
7537:
7527:
7525:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7502:
7500:
7499:. 20 March 2019
7491:
7490:
7486:
7441:
7434:
7424:
7422:
7405:
7401:
7361:
7357:
7326:(2): CD013560.
7312:
7305:
7260:
7256:
7219:JAMA Psychiatry
7211:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7163:
7159:
7154:
7150:
7103:
7090:
7085:
7081:
7060:(4): CD006116.
7054:
7050:
7005:
7001:
6962:
6958:
6927:
6920:
6889:(4): CD004363.
6875:
6871:
6832:
6828:
6818:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6806:
6769:
6765:
6734:
6730:
6675:
6671:
6634:
6627:
6582:
6578:
6549:(2): CD001134.
6543:
6539:
6510:(2): CD001134.
6500:
6493:
6446:
6442:
6403:
6396:
6386:
6384:
6382:medlineplus.gov
6376:
6375:
6371:
6332:
6325:
6272:
6268:
6237:
6233:
6196:
6192:
6175:
6174:
6167:
6124:
6115:
6068:
6064:
6011:
6002:
5955:
5944:
5901:
5897:
5842:
5835:
5780:
5773:
5712:
5703:
5663:
5657:
5644:
5597:
5593:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5487:
5476:
5465:
5449:
5442:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5335:
5328:
5289:
5278:
5231:
5200:
5145:
5134:
5095:
5091:
5048:
5041:
5002:
4998:
4963:
4959:
4912:
4905:
4874:
4867:
4828:
4824:
4769:
4765:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4644:
4640:
4609:
4605:
4568:
4561:
4530:
4523:
4491:
4487:
4456:
4452:
4407:
4398:
4367:
4346:
4339:
4325:
4321:
4290:
4286:
4241:
4232:
4209:
4196:
4165:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4084:
4080:
4049:
4045:
4006:
4002:
3949:
3945:
3900:
3893:
3838:
3834:
3824:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3763:
3756:
3711:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3665:medlineplus.gov
3659:
3658:
3654:
3603:
3596:
3543:
3536:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3457:
3453:
3434:
3427:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3348:
3344:
3313:
3309:
3272:
3265:
3228:
3224:
3187:
3174:
3143:
3139:
3094:
3087:
3048:
3044:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2928:
2917:
2896:(11): 1856β63.
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2863:Pregnancy Guide
2855:
2851:
2802:
2798:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2706:
2702:
2665:JAMA Psychiatry
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2566:
2561:
2526:
2487:
2483:
2452:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2416:
2412:
2369:
2365:
2328:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2264:
2257:
2218:
2209:
2170:
2166:
2143:
2136:
2091:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2019:
2014:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1941:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1835:
1811:
1791:
1786:
1769:
1760:
1743:
1677:
1675:The Middle East
1664:
1655:
1646:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1598:
1551:
1535:
1521:
1512:
1485:
1453:
1432:
1427:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1378:
1369:
1300:hormone therapy
1271:
1263:biopsychosocial
1252:
1237:Internet-based
1235:
1219:
1193:
1184:
1162:
1127:
1071:maternity blues
1056:
1047:
1041:
1036:
987:
982:
968:
844:Low self-esteem
799:
734:
726:
668:thyroid hormone
647:
634:
625:
612:
570:
547:
489:
458:
430:Low self-esteem
412:
404:
315:), also called
302:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12203:
12193:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12160:
12159:
12157:
12156:
12141:
12138:
12137:
12135:
12134:
12129:
12127:Maternal death
12124:
12123:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12101:
12099:
12095:
12094:
12092:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12040:
12039:
12034:
12023:
12021:
12015:
12014:
12012:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11975:
11974:
11962:
11957:
11956:
11955:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11933:Fetal distress
11930:
11929:
11928:
11918:
11913:
11907:
11905:
11899:
11898:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11852:
11851:
11850:
11840:
11839:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11802:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11793:Polyhydramnios
11790:
11782:amniotic fluid
11777:
11775:
11763:
11762:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11755:
11750:
11744:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11732:
11726:
11724:
11722:Nervous system
11718:
11717:
11715:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11673:
11671:
11660:
11659:
11657:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11630:
11628:
11619:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11609:
11604:
11603:
11602:
11600:HELLP syndrome
11592:
11586:
11584:
11569:
11568:
11566:
11565:
11560:
11555:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11539:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11503:
11497:
11495:
11491:Pregnancy with
11484:
11478:
11477:
11461:
11460:
11453:
11446:
11438:
11429:
11428:
11425:
11424:
11422:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11400:
11397:
11396:
11386:
11385:
11382:
11381:
11378:
11377:
11375:
11374:
11368:
11366:
11362:
11361:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11337:
11335:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11311:
11309:
11300:
11299:
11297:
11296:
11291:
11285:
11283:
11275:
11274:
11254:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11247:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11229:Rebound effect
11226:
11221:
11216:
11210:
11207:
11206:
11189:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11180:
11178:
11177:
11172:
11170:Hypersexuality
11166:
11164:
11158:
11157:
11155:
11154:
11149:
11143:
11141:
11135:
11134:
11132:
11131:
11130:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11109:
11104:
11098:
11096:
11089:
11088:
11086:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11064:
11062:
11052:
11051:
11041:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10998:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10977:
10971:
10969:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10938:
10936:
10930:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10922:
10921:
10920:
10915:
10905:
10903:Panic disorder
10900:
10895:
10890:
10884:
10882:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10870:Claustrophobia
10862:
10861:
10860:
10855:
10853:Anthropophobia
10845:
10843:Social anxiety
10840:
10835:
10829:
10827:
10818:
10812:
10811:
10809:
10808:
10801:
10799:
10789:
10788:
10768:
10767:
10764:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10740:
10738:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10713:Pick's disease
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10674:
10672:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10636:
10634:
10624:
10623:
10613:
10612:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10599:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10540:
10537:
10536:
10523:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10500:
10498:
10488:
10487:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10482:
10471:
10469:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10457:
10447:
10446:
10445:
10440:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10410:
10409:
10408:
10398:
10397:
10396:
10386:
10385:
10384:
10374:
10368:
10366:
10356:
10355:
10343:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10290:
10289:
10278:
10276:
10272:
10271:
10269:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10241:
10231:
10225:
10223:
10215:
10214:
10204:
10203:
10199:Classification
10191:
10190:
10183:
10176:
10168:
10162:
10161:
10155:
10149:
10143:
10131:
10118:
10117:
10114:
10113:
10102:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10067:
10056:
10041:
10025:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10016:Classification
10009:
10008:External links
10006:
10000:
9999:
9958:
9936:
9906:
9863:
9856:
9838:
9831:
9813:
9751:
9702:
9653:
9604:
9597:
9573:
9546:(105): 35β53.
9530:
9505:
9469:
9450:(1): e24βe31.
9434:
9391:
9376:
9353:
9346:
9315:
9290:
9272:
9221:
9167:
9140:
9111:(5): 787β799.
9084:
9028:
8977:
8940:Mental Illness
8911:
8861:
8817:
8788:(4): 440β452.
8768:
8712:
8677:
8634:
8599:
8570:(6): 153β158.
8543:
8532:. 26 July 2021
8517:
8482:(4): 535β551.
8459:
8397:
8372:
8360:www.samhsa.gov
8347:
8322:
8297:
8272:
8245:(4): 323β331.
8222:
8206:
8181:
8153:
8141:Shades of Blue
8128:
8103:
8047:
8012:(4): 373β387.
7993:
7984:
7968:
7956:
7926:
7913:
7903:
7883:
7874:
7817:
7790:(5): 659β661.
7767:
7742:
7707:
7664:
7640:
7623:
7598:
7564:
7535:
7510:
7484:
7455:(3): 265β282.
7432:
7399:
7372:(3): 526β534.
7355:
7303:
7254:
7225:(5): 498β509.
7205:
7196:
7177:(6): 709β724.
7157:
7148:
7088:
7079:
7048:
6999:
6956:
6918:
6869:
6842:(5): 495β507.
6826:
6804:
6783:(6): 580β587.
6763:
6728:
6689:(2): 146β150.
6669:
6648:(12): 834β40.
6625:
6576:
6537:
6491:
6440:
6413:(1): 114β121.
6394:
6369:
6323:
6266:
6231:
6190:
6165:
6138:(3): 211β219.
6132:Psychosomatics
6113:
6078:(1): 211β221.
6062:
6000:
5942:
5915:(5): 389β401.
5895:
5833:
5771:
5701:
5642:
5591:
5550:
5524:
5474:
5463:
5440:
5405:
5379:
5362:
5355:
5326:
5276:
5245:(1): 142β155.
5198:
5132:
5089:
5062:(3): 187β190.
5039:
4996:
4977:(5): 309β319.
4957:
4922:(4): 316β321.
4903:
4865:
4822:
4763:
4712:
4687:
4638:
4603:
4559:
4540:(10): e942-8.
4521:
4502:(3): 276β285.
4485:
4450:
4396:
4344:
4337:
4319:
4300:(1β3): 15β29.
4284:
4230:
4194:
4146:
4121:
4078:
4043:
4016:(10): 1210β7.
4000:
3963:(3): 410β415.
3943:
3914:(2): 137β146.
3891:
3852:(3): 391β401.
3832:
3821:. 9 April 2018
3806:
3771:Brain Research
3754:
3702:
3677:
3652:
3594:
3557:(4): 335β343.
3534:
3477:
3451:
3425:
3377:
3342:
3323:(19): 1961β9.
3307:
3263:
3242:(5β6): 11β14.
3222:
3201:(5β6): 11β14.
3172:
3153:(5): 698β703.
3137:
3085:
3058:(19): 1961β9.
3042:
3007:
2981:
2915:
2880:
2849:
2796:
2769:(2): 106β120.
2743:
2716:(6): 1318β25.
2700:
2651:
2606:
2564:
2524:
2497:(9): 1548β57.
2481:
2443:
2410:
2363:
2342:(4): 487β502.
2336:Women's Health
2317:
2299:
2255:
2228:(1): 183β196.
2207:
2164:
2134:
2068:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1960:
1957:
1940:
1937:
1909:Middle Eastern
1865:
1862:
1852:
1851:Role of stigma
1849:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1810:
1807:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1742:
1739:
1724:at 37.1%, and
1676:
1673:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1550:
1547:
1534:
1531:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:www.samhsa.gov
1496:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1452:
1449:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1354:pulse oximeter
1270:
1267:
1251:
1248:
1234:
1231:
1218:
1215:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1161:
1158:
1126:
1123:
1055:
1052:
1043:Main article:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:Loss of energy
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
986:
983:
981:
978:
967:
964:
878:
877:
874:
871:
866:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:breast-feeding
836:
833:
830:
827:
822:
817:
812:
809:
806:
803:
798:
795:
778:celiac disease
765:
764:
761:
750:
747:
744:
741:
733:
730:
725:
722:
646:
643:
633:
630:
624:
621:
611:
608:
600:and Gynecology
569:
566:
546:
543:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:Poor self-care
471:
468:
465:
462:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
411:
408:
403:
400:
304:
303:
301:
300:
293:
286:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
204:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
185:
184:
183:~15% of births
181:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
150:
144:
143:
121:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12202:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12155:
12154:
12150:
12143:
12142:
12139:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12107:
12106:
12103:
12102:
12100:
12096:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12022:
12020:
12016:
12010:
12009:Uterine atony
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11979:Preterm birth
11977:
11973:
11970:
11969:
11968:
11967:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11927:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11904:
11900:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11846:
11845:
11844:
11841:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11813:
11812:
11811:
11807:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11785:
11784:
11783:
11779:
11778:
11776:
11774:
11770:
11764:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11741:
11737:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11723:
11719:
11713:
11712:Stretch marks
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11665:
11661:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11631:
11629:
11627:
11623:
11620:
11614:
11608:
11605:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11595:Pre-eclampsia
11593:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11583:
11578:
11574:
11570:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11498:
11496:
11494:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11464:Pathology of
11459:
11454:
11452:
11447:
11445:
11440:
11439:
11436:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11401:
11398:
11391:
11387:
11373:
11370:
11369:
11367:
11363:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11334:Schizophrenia
11332:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11305:
11301:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11268:
11264:
11263:Schizophrenia
11259:
11255:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11214:Drug overdose
11212:
11211:
11208:
11203:
11199:
11194:
11190:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11163:
11162:Sexual desire
11159:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11144:
11142:
11140:
11136:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11095:
11090:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11065:
11063:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11046:
11042:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10964:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10939:
10937:
10935:
10931:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10910:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10885:
10883:
10879:
10871:
10868:
10867:
10866:
10863:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10850:
10849:
10848:Social phobia
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10813:
10806:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10794:
10790:
10786:
10783:-related and
10782:
10778:
10773:
10769:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10671:
10667:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10629:
10625:
10618:
10614:
10604:
10601:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10572:
10569:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10542:
10541:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10524:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10489:
10481:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10468:
10464:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10448:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10435:
10434:
10431:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10402:
10399:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10387:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10348:
10344:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10283:
10280:
10279:
10277:
10273:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10220:
10216:
10209:
10205:
10200:
10196:
10189:
10184:
10182:
10177:
10175:
10170:
10169:
10166:
10159:
10156:
10153:
10150:
10147:
10144:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10130:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10112:
10108:
10107:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10096:
10092:
10091:
10088:
10084:
10077:
10073:
10072:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10061:
10057:
10055:
10051:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10040:
10036:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10026:
10023:
10018:
10014:
10005:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9962:
9954:
9950:
9943:
9941:
9932:
9928:
9924:
9920:
9913:
9911:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9867:
9859:
9853:
9849:
9842:
9834:
9828:
9824:
9817:
9809:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9758:
9756:
9747:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9706:
9698:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9680:
9676:
9673:(4): 259β70.
9672:
9668:
9664:
9657:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9608:
9600:
9594:
9590:
9586:
9580:
9578:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9534:
9519:
9515:
9509:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9486:(1): 99β100.
9485:
9481:
9473:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9438:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9407:(2): 348β64.
9406:
9402:
9395:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9373:
9369:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9349:
9347:3-8055-7865-2
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9304:
9300:
9294:
9286:
9279:
9277:
9268:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9225:
9217:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9174:
9172:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9144:
9136:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9024:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9004:10.2196/11623
9000:
8997:(1): e11623.
8996:
8992:
8988:
8981:
8973:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8916:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8887:
8884:(1): 129β54.
8883:
8879:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8866:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8813:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8772:
8764:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8681:
8673:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8650:(3): 318β35.
8649:
8645:
8638:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8603:
8595:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8466:
8464:
8455:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8361:
8357:
8351:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8311:
8307:
8301:
8286:
8282:
8276:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8227:
8219:
8213:
8211:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8170:
8166:
8160:
8158:
8142:
8138:
8132:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8000:
7998:
7988:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7963:
7961:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7923:
7917:
7907:
7900:
7896:
7890:
7888:
7878:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7774:
7772:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7650:
7644:
7636:
7635:
7627:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7553:
7549:
7542:
7540:
7524:
7520:
7514:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7439:
7437:
7420:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7310:
7308:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7274:(2): 134β40.
7273:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7200:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7152:
7144:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7044:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6941:(10): 852β8.
6940:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6923:
6914:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6830:
6814:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6673:
6665:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6632:
6630:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6498:
6496:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6399:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6328:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6210:(5): 1032β9.
6209:
6205:
6201:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5899:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5840:
5838:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5778:
5776:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5570:(2): 117β27.
5569:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5331:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5299:(2): 107β14.
5298:
5294:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5105:(3): 113β28.
5104:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4884:(2): 99β106.
4883:
4879:
4872:
4870:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4783:(13): E4727.
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:(2): 149β57.
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4619:(1): 119β25.
4618:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4582:(7): 659β70.
4581:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4377:(4): 225β30.
4376:
4372:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4255:(1): 99β137.
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4175:(4): 475β86.
4174:
4170:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:CNS Spectrums
3716:
3709:
3707:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3358:(4): 253β62.
3357:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:(3): 231β42.
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2278:(4): 331β43.
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:(4): 263β74.
2179:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:(4): 357β64.
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1901:mother-in-law
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1870:Malay culture
1861:
1857:
1848:
1845:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:Margery Kempe
1795:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1653:South America
1650:
1641:
1637:
1631:United States
1626:North America
1618:
1609:
1607:
1606:music therapy
1603:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1527:
1516:
1510:Psychotherapy
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1425:United States
1422:
1419:
1413:International
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1367:Breastfeeding
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:intravenously
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1227:psychodynamic
1223:
1222:Psychotherapy
1217:Psychotherapy
1214:
1211:
1210:meta-analysis
1207:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:questionnaire
1140:
1135:
1132:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:medications,
1087:
1086:antipsychotic
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
977:
974:
963:
960:
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
937:. Studies in
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
909:
907:
902:
898:
895:
890:
886:
884:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
841:
837:
834:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
762:
759:
755:
751:
748:
745:
742:
740:
736:
735:
729:
721:
718:
714:
709:
706:
704:
700:
696:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
642:
638:
629:
620:
616:
607:
603:
601:
599:
592:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
565:
562:
558:
553:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:
407:
399:
397:
393:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:mood disorder
318:
314:
310:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
279:
277:
276:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
201:
200:
196:
195:
191:
190:
182:
178:
175:, medications
174:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
12151:
12144:
12068:
12004:Vasa praevia
11964:
11938:Locked twins
11854:
11804:
11780:
11526:Interstitial
11294:Folie Γ deux
11219:Intoxication
11200:substances,
11198:Psychoactive
11146:
11117:Night terror
10934:Dissociative
10898:Panic attack
10450:Tic disorder
10139:the original
10104:
10093:
10069:
10058:
10043:
10028:
10003:
9978:(2): 48β57.
9975:
9971:
9961:
9952:
9948:
9922:
9918:
9876:
9872:
9866:
9847:
9841:
9822:
9816:
9779:
9775:
9722:(3): 34β42.
9719:
9715:
9705:
9670:
9666:
9656:
9624:(6): 861β5.
9621:
9617:
9607:
9588:
9543:
9539:
9533:
9521:. Retrieved
9517:
9508:
9483:
9479:
9472:
9447:
9443:
9437:
9404:
9400:
9394:
9367:
9329:
9306:. Retrieved
9302:
9293:
9284:
9238:
9234:
9224:
9189:
9185:
9156:(3): 82β87.
9153:
9149:
9143:
9108:
9104:
9052:
9048:
8994:
8990:
8980:
8946:(1): 14β17.
8943:
8939:
8881:
8877:
8839:
8835:
8785:
8781:
8771:
8734:
8730:
8693:(4): 491β8.
8690:
8686:
8680:
8647:
8643:
8637:
8615:(2): 65β70.
8612:
8608:
8602:
8567:
8563:
8534:. Retrieved
8530:www.nami.org
8529:
8520:
8479:
8475:
8419:
8415:
8388:. Retrieved
8384:
8375:
8363:. Retrieved
8359:
8350:
8338:. Retrieved
8334:
8325:
8313:. Retrieved
8309:
8300:
8288:. Retrieved
8285:www.nami.org
8284:
8275:
8242:
8238:
8217:
8216:KhΓΊc, Mimi.
8197:. Retrieved
8193:
8184:
8172:. Retrieved
8168:
8144:. Retrieved
8140:
8131:
8119:. Retrieved
8115:
8106:
8065:
8061:
8009:
8005:
7987:
7976:
7971:
7947:. Retrieved
7943:the original
7938:
7929:
7921:
7916:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7877:
7837:(1): 75β83.
7834:
7830:
7820:
7787:
7783:
7758:. Retrieved
7754:
7745:
7720:
7716:
7710:
7677:
7673:
7667:
7655:. Retrieved
7643:
7633:
7626:
7614:. Retrieved
7610:
7601:
7589:. Retrieved
7577:
7567:
7555:. Retrieved
7551:
7526:. Retrieved
7522:
7513:
7501:. Retrieved
7496:
7487:
7452:
7448:
7423:. Retrieved
7412:
7402:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7323:
7319:
7271:
7267:
7257:
7222:
7218:
7208:
7199:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7151:
7114:
7110:
7082:
7057:
7051:
7016:
7012:
7002:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6938:
6934:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6817:. Retrieved
6807:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6686:
6682:
6672:
6645:
6641:
6593:
6589:
6579:
6546:
6540:
6507:
6503:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6410:
6406:
6385:. Retrieved
6381:
6372:
6342:(6): 782β6.
6339:
6335:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6247:(2): 522β6.
6244:
6240:
6234:
6207:
6203:
6193:
6185:the original
6180:
6135:
6131:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6022:
6018:
5962:
5958:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5853:
5849:
5791:
5787:
5723:
5719:
5671:
5667:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5541:. Retrieved
5527:
5494:
5490:
5453:
5421:(3): 194β9.
5418:
5414:
5408:
5396:. Retrieved
5382:
5373:
5338:
5296:
5292:
5242:
5238:
5156:
5152:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5059:
5055:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4919:
4915:
4881:
4877:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4749:10216/102955
4732:(4): 332β8.
4729:
4725:
4715:
4703:. Retrieved
4699:
4690:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4579:
4575:
4537:
4533:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4466:(1): 83β92.
4463:
4459:
4453:
4418:
4414:
4374:
4370:
4328:
4322:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4252:
4248:
4219:(4): 193β8.
4216:
4212:
4172:
4168:
4137:. Retrieved
4133:
4124:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3911:
3907:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3823:. Retrieved
3818:
3809:
3774:
3770:
3725:(1): 48β59.
3722:
3718:
3695:25 September
3693:. Retrieved
3689:
3680:
3670:25 September
3668:. Retrieved
3664:
3655:
3614:
3610:
3554:
3550:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3465:ScienceAlert
3464:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3286:(1): 26β35.
3283:
3279:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3198:
3194:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3105:
3101:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3023:(6): 762β5.
3020:
3016:
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2994:the original
2984:
2939:
2935:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2862:
2852:
2812:(1): 54β72.
2809:
2805:
2799:
2766:
2762:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2671:(5): 490β8.
2668:
2664:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2633:
2597:. Retrieved
2494:
2490:
2484:
2459:
2455:
2437:18 September
2435:, retrieved
2423:
2413:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2339:
2335:
2302:
2275:
2271:
2225:
2221:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2154:
2150:
2102:
2098:
2059:. Retrieved
2050:
1953:
1949:
1945:Andrea Yates
1942:
1933:
1929:collectivist
1906:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1841:
1827:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1744:
1715:
1707:Saudi Arabia
1678:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1621:Epidemiology
1615:
1599:
1564:
1552:
1536:
1522:
1513:
1470:
1454:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1416:
1398:are useful.
1389:
1379:
1370:
1358:
1347:
1337:PPD include
1327:neurosteroid
1320:
1313:
1297:
1272:
1253:
1236:
1220:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1083:
1079:
1057:
1048:
992:
988:
969:
961:
958:
943:
932:
917:
910:
906:paternal PPD
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
797:Psychosocial
786:fibromyalgia
766:
758:fibromyalgia
727:
724:Risk factors
710:
707:
697:
688:progesterone
672:testosterone
664:progesterone
652:
648:
639:
635:
626:
617:
613:
604:
595:
593:
582:
571:
548:
528:
496:frontal lobe
490:
487:Neurobiology
405:
388:
364:
337:
316:
312:
308:
307:
229:
119:Risk factors
36:
11943:Nuchal cord
11692:Linea nigra
11644:Hepatitis E
11577:proteinuria
11558:Miscarriage
11543:Embryo loss
11521:Heterotopic
11267:schizotypal
11102:Hypersomnia
11092:Nonorganic
10833:Agoraphobia
10564:Cyclothymia
10559:Bipolar NOS
10534:(affective)
10406:Stereotypic
10314:Kleptomania
10095:MedlinePlus
8169:napplsc.org
7939:www.apa.org
7901:(2), 90-95.
7680:: 142β150.
7616:20 November
7591:16 November
7523:www.fda.gov
6387:20 November
6286:: 165β173.
5674:: 634β645.
5012:(2): 53β9.
4705:20 November
4139:20 November
3825:20 November
3497:: 293β302.
2634:www.cdc.gov
1686:Middle East
1681:Middle East
1392:acupuncture
1323:brexanolone
1305:blood clots
1288:breast milk
973:Middle East
935:Middle East
926:and one in
589:infanticide
561:Middle East
512:hippocampus
436:, emptiness
378:(CBT), and
173:Counselling
102:Usual onset
50:Other names
12185:Motherhood
12169:Categories
11953:Postpartum
11848:Antepartum
11563:Stillbirth
11474:puerperium
11472:, and the
11470:childbirth
11419:Stereotypy
11282:Delusional
11271:delusional
11244:Withdrawal
11112:Parasomnia
11017:Nosophobia
10797:Adjustment
10785:somatoform
10718:Sundowning
10571:Depression
10554:Bipolar II
10443:Stuttering
10438:Cluttering
10234:Paraphilia
10071:DiseasesDB
9972:Psychiatry
9925:(3): 300.
8737:(1): 302.
8422:: 100275.
7425:31 October
6744:: 165β80.
6460:: 975β87.
6204:Pediatrics
5965:: 105667.
5726:: 102157.
5543:27 October
5159:(1): 375.
4838:: 153β66.
4421:(9): 468.
3777:: 219β32.
3470:10 January
3108:(1): 1β6.
2942:(1): 542.
2873:22 October
2827:2429/66579
2424:StatPearls
2012:References
1931:cultures.
1823:hysterical
1735:motherhood
1720:at 40.2%,
1693:at 18.6%,
1566:PPD care.
1361:zuranolone
1343:ganaxolone
1339:zuranolone
1332:, for use
1292:sertraline
1284:sertraline
1269:Medication
1200:(CBT) and
1182:Treatments
1160:Prevention
732:Biological
598:Obstetrics
557:childbirth
464:Low libido
456:Behavioral
439:Exhaustion
368:counseling
348:depression
329:low energy
325:childbirth
163:Baby blues
129:depression
91:low energy
78:Psychiatry
12019:Puerperal
11607:Eclampsia
11511:Abdominal
11482:Pregnancy
11466:pregnancy
11372:Catatonia
11304:Psychosis
11139:Postnatal
11122:Nightmare
10728:Wandering
10581:Dysthymia
10549:Bipolar I
10504:Pervasive
10319:Pyromania
10244:Voyeurism
10239:Fetishism
10106:eMedicine
9782:: e5893.
9568:191660461
9560:0001-2793
9500:1520-6696
9386:931662216
9079:1556-5009
8672:206717561
8496:1049-7323
8436:2214-7829
8259:0730-7659
8082:1532-3099
8068:: 38β47.
8062:Midwifery
8026:0363-0242
7869:206337303
7853:0884-2175
7804:0884-2175
7702:167209199
7586:0099-9660
7449:CNS Drugs
7191:1520-6629
6705:2249-4863
6596:: a3064.
6318:232773376
6302:0165-0327
6152:0033-3182
6108:255181351
6092:1879-3479
6041:1573-2517
6025:: 18β31.
5995:252342586
5979:1872-6232
5929:0272-7358
5872:1664-0640
5810:1664-1078
5766:248337797
5750:1873-7811
5688:1573-2517
5175:1471-2393
5076:1049-3867
4936:1433-9285
4898:144993416
4799:1660-4601
3977:1841-0987
3886:227076500
3647:246064324
3631:1470-0328
3571:1435-1102
3511:0165-0327
2958:1471-2393
2857:Chen PJ.
2844:207642327
2397:0165-0327
2383:: 86β92.
1748:anhedonia
1731:pregnancy
1602:self-care
1408:Resources
1125:Screening
1054:Psychosis
980:Diagnosis
954:Caesarean
790:correlate
713:lifestyle
711:Profound
703:serotonin
699:Estradiol
578:childcare
410:Emotional
386:(SSRIs).
180:Frequency
169:Treatment
73:Specialty
12153:Category
11966:placenta
11856:placenta
11516:Cervical
11501:Abortion
11107:Insomnia
10777:Neurotic
10744:Delirium
10670:Dementia
10509:Specific
10111:med/3408
9994:20805899
9931:12087655
9901:19493163
9893:19327773
9808:30425892
9746:17541458
9697:23740222
9648:33439247
9587:(1996).
9585:Taylor V
9523:27 April
9464:27444643
9429:45847065
9421:25693316
9308:25 March
9267:29449816
9216:33244352
9135:27866476
9023:37566449
9014:10457694
8972:25478140
8898:25986531
8856:16466664
8812:30767191
8763:21569372
8707:16881993
8664:25389234
8629:18479990
8594:28207685
8512:26227040
8504:19299758
8454:31890624
8390:28 April
8365:28 April
8340:28 April
8315:28 April
8290:28 April
8267:17150072
8098:49304436
8090:29908406
8042:39250196
8034:24617862
7949:16 April
7911:588-589.
7861:29156212
7812:16958724
7737:23904069
7694:31129438
7657:23 March
7557:2 August
7528:23 March
7503:2 August
7479:30790145
7419:Archived
7414:Medscape
7386:25004304
7350:33580709
7298:22473762
7249:33533904
7143:21339932
7117:: 1β14.
7074:17943888
7043:28855163
6994:43035658
6986:28486363
6951:Archived
6947:27175720
6913:29669175
6864:20919770
6856:27892736
6799:30747971
6758:25837550
6723:25161973
6664:20047722
6620:19147637
6563:23450532
6524:23450532
6486:25473317
6435:39562650
6427:28482172
6364:13841634
6310:33799034
6261:15695997
6226:20974776
6160:29396166
6100:36571476
6049:28777972
5987:36152399
5937:24952134
5890:30279664
5828:28443054
5758:35584590
5696:27865585
5637:27570512
5586:26514657
5537:Archived
5519:44481055
5511:25455249
5469:archived
5435:12124409
5392:Archived
5321:33870094
5313:22382278
5271:33029191
5193:27887649
5127:38024879
5119:15970579
5084:21521621
5034:44227469
5026:17262172
4991:21726189
4952:20586114
4944:17370048
4860:15205497
4852:26319224
4817:32630173
4758:23791236
4682:16341910
4633:19132883
4598:10442831
4554:24229763
4516:27875058
4480:27810166
4445:25034859
4314:12103448
4279:25822344
4225:16627773
4189:19361314
4116:11378573
4108:25455248
4073:24113256
4038:23118990
4030:11028570
3995:32010366
3938:28133901
3878:33219387
3801:24239932
3749:25263255
3639:35048502
3589:21725836
3529:27155072
3420:53025016
3412:30358579
3372:27209152
3337:20483973
3302:14675298
3258:31440396
3217:31440396
3167:21034682
3132:19962196
3080:27189811
3072:20483973
3037:11851544
2976:34362325
2910:11691692
2836:21967374
2791:28613743
2783:28129895
2738:39467608
2730:14662221
2695:23487258
2644:15 April
2638:Archived
2593:Archived
2519:35255623
2511:15337641
2476:15276962
2432:30085612
2405:28531848
2358:19804024
2312:Archived
2294:18592034
2250:59341428
2242:30691372
2202:20966469
2194:14628179
2159:Archived
2129:19318144
2055:Archived
1959:See also
1752:insomnia
1705:at 21%,
1315:Oxytocin
985:Criteria
966:Violence
920:polygamy
739:oxytocin
693:oxytocin
684:Estrogen
680:cortisol
660:estrogen
656:HPA axis
539:steroids
535:hormones
516:striatum
508:amygdala
434:Numbness
202:Overview
85:Symptoms
11806:chorion
11531:Ovarian
10816:Anxiety
10655:PDD-NOS
10544:Bipolar
10197: (
10065:D019052
9985:2922347
9799:6230434
9737:1595301
9688:3725295
9640:2207517
9258:5799244
9241:: 248.
9207:7680231
9126:5369767
8963:4253395
8906:1285417
8803:6964473
8754:3118237
8585:5657855
8445:6926164
8199:9 April
8174:9 April
8146:9 April
8121:9 April
7760:9 April
7470:6424603
7394:1508392
7341:8094614
7289:4141636
7240:7859878
7134:3039003
7034:5604832
6904:6494522
6819:17 June
6714:4139996
6611:2628301
6571:4812056
6532:4812056
6477:4247145
6356:3651732
6057:5007700
5881:6153962
5856:: 409.
5819:5387093
5794:: 560.
5628:4981602
5611:: 138.
5398:9 April
5262:7536723
5184:5124263
4808:7370050
4673:1592250
4436:4920261
4391:8700656
4270:5659274
3986:6992410
3929:5310833
3869:8116278
3792:4156558
3740:4363269
3580:3433270
3520:4887416
3249:6659987
3208:6659987
3123:2819576
3000:13 June
2967:8343347
2686:4440326
2599:9 April
2285:2440795
2120:3918890
2061:11 June
1784:History
1722:Bahrain
1711:Tunisia
1703:Lebanon
1191:Therapy
950:Lebanon
374:(IPT),
333:anxiety
319:, is a
113:Unclear
95:anxiety
11810:amnion
11060:Eating
10908:Stress
10825:Phobia
10781:stress
10640:Autism
10433:Speech
10222:Sexual
10129:Curlie
10100:007215
9992:
9982:
9955:: 599.
9929:
9899:
9891:
9854:
9829:
9806:
9796:
9744:
9734:
9695:
9685:
9646:
9638:
9595:
9566:
9558:
9498:
9462:
9427:
9419:
9384:
9374:
9344:
9265:
9255:
9214:
9204:
9192:: 89.
9133:
9123:
9077:
9021:
9011:
8970:
8960:
8904:
8896:
8854:
8810:
8800:
8761:
8751:
8705:
8670:
8662:
8644:Health
8627:
8592:
8582:
8510:
8502:
8494:
8452:
8442:
8434:
8306:"Home"
8265:
8257:
8137:"HOME"
8096:
8088:
8080:
8040:
8032:
8024:
7867:
7859:
7851:
7810:
7802:
7735:
7700:
7692:
7584:
7477:
7467:
7392:
7384:
7348:
7338:
7296:
7286:
7247:
7237:
7189:
7141:
7131:
7072:
7041:
7031:
6992:
6984:
6945:
6911:
6901:
6862:
6854:
6797:
6756:
6721:
6711:
6703:
6662:
6618:
6608:
6569:
6561:
6530:
6522:
6484:
6474:
6433:
6425:
6362:
6354:
6316:
6308:
6300:
6259:
6224:
6158:
6150:
6106:
6098:
6090:
6055:
6047:
6039:
5993:
5985:
5977:
5935:
5927:
5888:
5878:
5870:
5826:
5816:
5808:
5764:
5756:
5748:
5694:
5686:
5635:
5625:
5584:
5517:
5509:
5491:Lancet
5461:
5433:
5353:
5319:
5311:
5269:
5259:
5191:
5181:
5173:
5125:
5117:
5082:
5074:
5032:
5024:
4989:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4896:
4858:
4850:
4815:
4805:
4797:
4756:
4680:
4670:
4631:
4596:
4552:
4514:
4478:
4443:
4433:
4389:
4335:
4312:
4277:
4267:
4223:
4187:
4114:
4106:
4088:Lancet
4071:
4036:
4028:
3993:
3983:
3975:
3936:
3926:
3884:
3876:
3866:
3799:
3789:
3747:
3737:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3587:
3577:
3569:
3527:
3517:
3509:
3418:
3410:
3370:
3335:
3300:
3256:
3246:
3215:
3205:
3165:
3130:
3120:
3078:
3070:
3035:
2974:
2964:
2956:
2908:
2842:
2834:
2789:
2781:
2736:
2728:
2693:
2683:
2517:
2509:
2474:
2430:
2403:
2395:
2356:
2292:
2282:
2248:
2240:
2200:
2192:
2127:
2117:
1917:Muslim
1882:sΓ©ance
1878:shaman
1758:Africa
1741:Europe
1726:Turkey
1699:Jordan
1644:Canada
1556:SAMHSA
928:Jordan
774:asthma
717:infant
645:Causes
537:, and
524:insula
522:, and
510:, and
110:Causes
12098:Other
11903:Labor
11769:fetus
11740:Blood
11579:, and
11573:Edema
11365:Other
11094:sleep
10881:Other
10737:Other
10603:Mania
10275:Other
10076:10921
10054:648.4
10039:F53.0
9897:S2CID
9776:PeerJ
9644:S2CID
9564:S2CID
9425:S2CID
9055:(1).
8902:S2CID
8668:S2CID
8536:1 May
8508:S2CID
8239:Birth
8094:S2CID
8038:S2CID
7865:S2CID
7698:S2CID
7652:(PDF)
7390:S2CID
6990:S2CID
6860:S2CID
6567:S2CID
6528:S2CID
6431:S2CID
6360:S2CID
6314:S2CID
6104:S2CID
6053:S2CID
5991:S2CID
5762:S2CID
5664:(PDF)
5515:S2CID
5317:S2CID
5123:S2CID
5030:S2CID
4987:S2CID
4948:S2CID
4894:S2CID
4856:S2CID
4112:S2CID
4034:S2CID
3882:S2CID
3643:S2CID
3416:S2CID
3076:S2CID
2840:S2CID
2787:S2CID
2759:(PDF)
2734:S2CID
2515:S2CID
2246:S2CID
2198:S2CID
2157:(2).
1939:Media
1921:Islam
1691:Qatar
1376:Other
1067:mania
946:Egypt
939:Qatar
924:Egypt
864:colic
552:DSM-5
11771:and
11269:and
10918:PTSD
10532:Mood
10372:ADHD
10060:MeSH
10049:9-CM
9990:PMID
9927:PMID
9889:PMID
9852:ISBN
9827:ISBN
9804:PMID
9742:PMID
9693:PMID
9636:PMID
9593:ISBN
9556:ISSN
9544:2006
9525:2020
9496:ISSN
9460:PMID
9417:PMID
9382:OCLC
9372:ISBN
9342:ISBN
9310:2020
9263:PMID
9212:PMID
9131:PMID
9075:ISSN
9019:PMID
8968:PMID
8894:PMID
8852:PMID
8808:PMID
8759:PMID
8703:PMID
8660:PMID
8625:PMID
8590:PMID
8538:2022
8500:PMID
8492:ISSN
8450:PMID
8432:ISSN
8392:2022
8367:2022
8342:2022
8317:2022
8292:2022
8263:PMID
8255:ISSN
8201:2022
8176:2022
8148:2022
8123:2022
8086:PMID
8078:ISSN
8030:PMID
8022:ISSN
7951:2022
7857:PMID
7849:ISSN
7808:PMID
7800:ISSN
7762:2022
7733:PMID
7690:PMID
7659:2019
7618:2019
7593:2023
7582:ISSN
7559:2019
7530:2019
7505:2019
7475:PMID
7427:2017
7382:PMID
7346:PMID
7324:2021
7294:PMID
7245:PMID
7187:ISSN
7139:PMID
7070:PMID
7039:PMID
6982:PMID
6943:PMID
6909:PMID
6887:2018
6852:PMID
6821:2018
6795:PMID
6777:JAMA
6754:PMID
6719:PMID
6701:ISSN
6660:PMID
6616:PMID
6559:PMID
6520:PMID
6482:PMID
6423:PMID
6389:2019
6352:PMID
6306:PMID
6298:ISSN
6257:PMID
6222:PMID
6156:PMID
6148:ISSN
6096:PMID
6088:ISSN
6045:PMID
6037:ISSN
5983:PMID
5975:ISSN
5933:PMID
5925:ISSN
5886:PMID
5868:ISSN
5824:PMID
5806:ISSN
5754:PMID
5746:ISSN
5692:PMID
5684:ISSN
5633:PMID
5582:PMID
5545:2016
5507:PMID
5459:ISBN
5431:PMID
5400:2015
5351:ISBN
5309:PMID
5267:PMID
5189:PMID
5171:ISSN
5115:PMID
5080:PMID
5072:ISSN
5022:PMID
4940:PMID
4932:ISSN
4848:PMID
4813:PMID
4795:ISSN
4754:PMID
4707:2019
4678:PMID
4629:PMID
4594:PMID
4550:PMID
4512:PMID
4476:PMID
4441:PMID
4387:PMID
4333:ISBN
4310:PMID
4275:PMID
4221:PMID
4185:PMID
4141:2019
4104:PMID
4069:PMID
4026:PMID
4010:BJOG
3991:PMID
3973:ISSN
3934:PMID
3874:PMID
3827:2019
3797:PMID
3775:1580
3745:PMID
3697:2020
3672:2020
3635:PMID
3627:ISSN
3585:PMID
3567:ISSN
3525:PMID
3507:ISSN
3472:2024
3408:PMID
3368:PMID
3333:PMID
3317:JAMA
3298:PMID
3254:PMID
3213:PMID
3163:PMID
3128:PMID
3068:PMID
3052:JAMA
3033:PMID
3017:JAMA
3002:2010
2972:PMID
2954:ISSN
2906:PMID
2875:2008
2832:PMID
2779:PMID
2726:PMID
2691:PMID
2646:2017
2601:2015
2507:PMID
2472:PMID
2439:2023
2428:PMID
2401:PMID
2393:ISSN
2354:PMID
2290:PMID
2238:PMID
2190:PMID
2125:PMID
2063:2017
2051:NIMH
1925:Arab
1733:and
1718:Iran
1662:Asia
1341:and
1208:and
1137:The
948:and
894:race
784:and
686:and
492:fMRI
11306:and
10893:OCD
10421:RAD
10416:DAD
10382:ODD
10127:at
10045:ICD
10030:ICD
9980:PMC
9881:doi
9794:PMC
9784:doi
9732:PMC
9724:doi
9683:PMC
9675:doi
9626:doi
9622:156
9548:doi
9488:doi
9452:doi
9409:doi
9334:doi
9253:PMC
9243:doi
9202:PMC
9194:doi
9158:doi
9121:PMC
9113:doi
9067:hdl
9057:doi
9009:PMC
8999:doi
8958:PMC
8948:doi
8886:doi
8844:doi
8798:PMC
8790:doi
8786:110
8749:PMC
8739:doi
8695:doi
8652:doi
8617:doi
8580:PMC
8572:doi
8484:doi
8440:PMC
8424:doi
8247:doi
8070:doi
8014:doi
7839:doi
7792:doi
7725:doi
7682:doi
7678:115
7552:FDA
7465:PMC
7457:doi
7374:doi
7370:124
7336:PMC
7328:doi
7284:PMC
7276:doi
7235:PMC
7227:doi
7179:doi
7129:PMC
7119:doi
7062:doi
7029:PMC
7021:doi
6974:doi
6970:129
6899:PMC
6891:doi
6844:doi
6785:doi
6781:321
6746:doi
6742:178
6709:PMC
6691:doi
6650:doi
6606:PMC
6598:doi
6594:338
6590:BMJ
6551:doi
6512:doi
6472:PMC
6462:doi
6415:doi
6344:doi
6340:150
6288:doi
6284:287
6249:doi
6245:192
6212:doi
6208:126
6140:doi
6080:doi
6076:162
6027:doi
6023:225
5967:doi
5963:174
5917:doi
5876:PMC
5858:doi
5814:PMC
5796:doi
5736:hdl
5728:doi
5676:doi
5672:208
5623:PMC
5613:doi
5572:doi
5568:173
5499:doi
5495:384
5423:doi
5419:347
5343:doi
5301:doi
5257:PMC
5247:doi
5179:PMC
5161:doi
5107:doi
5064:doi
5014:doi
4979:doi
4924:doi
4886:doi
4840:doi
4803:PMC
4785:doi
4744:hdl
4734:doi
4668:PMC
4660:doi
4621:doi
4584:doi
4542:doi
4504:doi
4468:doi
4431:PMC
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