132:, although in contrast, recent Department of Health data shows that the age-standardised suicide rate decreased by 19.5% from the peak rate of 15.1 deaths per 100,000 population in 1998 to 12.2 deaths per 100,000 population in 2012. The proliferation of food banks increased dramatically; and the number of families and children living in poverty has increased. However serious crimes causing injury and death decreased by 20% between 2012 and 2014, whilst assaults decreased by 3% over the same period. At the same time, health care spending has increased. In 2011 Health spending accounted for 10% of GDP, higher than the OECD average of 9.3%. As in many OECD countries, health spending in New Zealand slowed post-GFC but still reached 3% in real terms in 2010 and 2011 – higher than the OECD average. in 2012 New Zealand has 2.7 doctors per 1,000 population, and increase from 2.2 in the year 2000.
20:
112:
they must have access to education, healthcare and social assistance". British epidemiologists, Richard
Pickett and Kate Wilkinson, argue that inequality is damaging for everyone in society, not just the poor. They say that when the gap between the top and the bottom levels of society becomes too wide, this erodes trust and empathy between citizens leading to alienation and social fragmentation. This exacerbates a multitude of health and social problems such as high infant mortality, obesity, teenage pregnancy, crime and imprisonment.
59:
the Global
Financial Crisis in 2008, increasing again to 2011 and then declining again from then. By 2013, the disposable income of high-income households was more than two-and-a-half times larger than that of low-income households. Highlighting the disparity, the top 1% of the population now owns 16% of the country's wealth – the richest 5% owns 38% – while half the population, including State beneficiaries and pensioners, receive less than $ 24,000.
72:– making New Zealand children 23rd poorest out of 26 rich nations. In 2009 according to NCCSS, over half a million New Zealanders, including 163,000 children were living in poverty. The Expert Advisory Group established by the Children's Commissioner found that the number of children falling below the threshold has continued to grow. In 2013, around 265,000 children, a quarter of all children in New Zealand, were now "mired in poverty".
111:
of
Victoria University says nearly 20% of poorer households in New Zealand now depend on welfare benefits. He says the growing gap between rich and poor enables the rich to "exercise disproportionate political influence", and that "if disadvantaged citizens are not to be excluded from political life,
79:
In 2013 over a dozen different reports were released which focused on the issue and the need to develop agreed ways of describing and measuring poverty. However, the
National Government resisted these attempts maintaining that "endless arguments about definition and measurement are a waste of time".
58:
which keeps track of income disparity using the P80/20 ratio. This ratio shows the difference between high household incomes (those in the 80th percentile) and low household incomes (those in the 20th percentile). The inequality ratio increased between 1988 and 2004, and decreased until the onset of
75:
Statistics New
Zealand also publishes a range of data on the economic well-being of New Zealanders and, in 2012, released a discussion paper highlighting the need for government agreement on the development of more useful criteria and statistics related to poverty. Currently the information that is
50:
grew by 35%. Almost half of that increase went to a small group who were already the richest in the country. During this period, the average income of the top 10% of earners in New
Zealand (those earning more than $ 72,000) almost doubled going from $ 56,300 to $ 100,200. The average income of the
151:
benefits, harm economic growth, provided these policies are well designed, targeted and implemented. It concluded that "focusing exclusively on growth and assuming that its benefits will automatically trickle down to the different segments of the population may undermine growth in the long run."
150:
In
December 2014, the OECD released the Global Income Inequality Report which said "ising inequality is estimated to have knocked more than 10 percentage points off growth in ...New Zealand" between 1990 and 2010. The paper found no evidence that redistributive policies, such as taxes and social
67:
In the 21st century concern has been growing that an increasing number of New
Zealanders, especially children, have been pushed into poverty where poverty is defined in income terms as households living at below 60% of the national median income. In 2005, an international report found that
76:
collected is 'static data' – it shows the percentage of citizens below a certain level of income. But New
Zealand is unique among western OECD countries in that it does not collect 'dynamic' data which captures the extent to which people move in and out of poverty.
911:
80:
Because of the
Government's reluctance to define and measure the problem, in 2012 Children's Commissioner Dr Russell Wills, established an expert advisory group which produced a comprehensive report, called
1057:
1022:
787:
51:
poorest tenth increased by only 13% from $ 9,700 to $ 11,000. Figures from 2016 show that about 15% of the population lives in poverty, compared to 9% in the 1980s, and 22% in 2004.
1062:
926:
1925:
815:
1072:
1032:
1017:
989:
374:
104:
which pushed more people onto welfare. Then in 1991, benefits were also cut back substantially as part of the reforms and those on welfare have been struggling ever since.
956:
644:
1052:
1012:
1047:
1027:
128:
to discuss the relevance of their research to New Zealand. They argued that as inequality in New Zealand has grown, there has been a dramatic increase in the youth
96:
Factors contributing to the growth in inequality include substantial cuts in the top income tax rate in 1986-88 combined with a surge in unemployment caused by
921:
1067:
971:
1042:
966:
430:
961:
951:
941:
931:
741:
231:
1037:
994:
916:
719:
604:
1277:
354:"Measuring child poverty in New Zealand: Issues and practicalities, Paper prepared for the Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty"
1774:
618:
353:
669:
772:
823:
142:
In 2012, life expectancy at birth in New Zealand stood at 81.5 years, more than one year higher than the OECD average of 80.2 years.
1722:
885:
385:
335:
1249:
652:
788:"OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 163 – Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth"
1701:
519:
694:
1767:
1105:
257:
213:
486:
413:
1960:
1950:
1929:
1681:
1244:
339:
192:
1524:
1193:
845:
300:
748:
1760:
1626:
1209:
69:
32:
1955:
1839:
1183:
946:
878:
167:
1224:
1153:
101:
1173:
505:
1229:
1214:
1857:
1312:
1877:
1712:
1509:
1428:
1408:
1403:
1343:
1178:
1143:
871:
853:
580:"Rogernomics and Rupture: Huntly's Response to the Corporatisation of State Coal Mines in 1987"
490:
360:
304:
261:
235:
217:
55:
47:
1747:
1706:
1373:
1353:
1098:
598:
1686:
1636:
1591:
1561:
1540:
1438:
1433:
1383:
1133:
906:
381:
19:
8:
1791:
1783:
1691:
1656:
1616:
1601:
1581:
1423:
1413:
1358:
1327:
1317:
1287:
1239:
1148:
160:
645:"Inclusion, exclusion, poverty, racism and education: An outline of some present issues"
1737:
1631:
1606:
1566:
1519:
1504:
1489:
1474:
1443:
1398:
1348:
1307:
1297:
1272:
555:
538:
1742:
1611:
1576:
1571:
1514:
1499:
1494:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1388:
1368:
1322:
1234:
1188:
1128:
766:
560:
523:
318:
1829:
1727:
1596:
1484:
1448:
1418:
1393:
1378:
1363:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1219:
1168:
1091:
550:
136:
88:
to highlight the living conditions of children in New Zealand on an ongoing basis.
1903:
1862:
1732:
1696:
1671:
1621:
1586:
1163:
1138:
108:
24:
579:
1872:
1867:
1852:
84:
which contains 78 recommendations to combat poverty. Dr Wills also set up the
1944:
1717:
1158:
1898:
1809:
1676:
564:
196:
97:
43:
1661:
619:"Suicide Facts: Deaths and intentional self-harm hospitalisations 2012"
1752:
1819:
863:
720:"Household income and housing-cost statistics: Year ended June 2019"
1882:
1824:
1799:
819:
121:
28:
1847:
1814:
1804:
1666:
1114:
458:
275:
129:
125:
431:"Solutions to Child Poverty in New Zealand: Evidence for Action"
1926:
List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty
187:
185:
183:
70:
one in six children in New Zealand were being raised in poverty
82:
Solutions to Child Poverty in New Zealand: Evidence for Action
670:"Crime Statistics for calendar year ending 31 December 2014"
537:
Wasserman, Danuta; Cheng, Qi; Jiang, Guo-Xin (1 June 2005).
180:
794:
1083:
46:
and its measurement. Between 1982 and 2011, New Zealand's
481:
479:
487:"The equality debate: Inequality in NZ under spotlight"
476:
695:"Health Expenditure Trends in New Zealand 2000–2010"
539:"Global suicide rates among young people aged 15-19"
208:
206:
31:
periods, successive governments sponsored a massive
536:
321:. New Zealand Council of Christian Social Services.
232:"New Zealand Progress Indicators:Income inequality"
135:Wealth inequality in New Zealand, measured by the
203:
1942:
785:
42:deals with the incidence of relative poverty in
816:"OECD income inequality gap widest in 30 years"
779:
120:In 2014, Pickett and Wilkinson were invited to
91:
115:
1768:
1099:
879:
336:"One in four Kiwi children living in poverty"
330:
328:
603:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
520:"'Spirit Level' authors to speak in Dunedin"
846:"Income inequality stunts NZ growth – OECD"
1775:
1761:
1106:
1092:
886:
872:
325:
258:"Brian Fallow: Wealth gap goes mainstream"
554:
411:
1723:Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas
407:
405:
301:"NZ's child poverty rate one of highest"
18:
1782:
642:
578:Joy, Dillon, Helena (24 January 2018).
503:
1943:
1250:Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation
893:
771:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1756:
1087:
867:
402:
1702:Self-perceived quality-of-life scale
577:
145:
54:Growing inequality is confirmed by
13:
1930:Deprivation and poverty indicators
786:Federico Cingano (December 2014).
506:"The Spirit Level for New Zealand"
139:, stands at 0.34 as of June 2019.
16:Overview of poverty in New Zealand
14:
1972:
822:. 9 December 2014. Archived from
722:. Statistics New Zealand. Table 9
1278:Democratic Republic of the Congo
384:. p. para 7. Archived from
375:"Data on Poverty in New Zealand"
838:
808:
734:
712:
687:
662:
636:
611:
571:
530:
512:
497:
451:
423:
367:
193:"NZ income gap at crisis level"
1245:Multidimensional Poverty Index
912:Federated States of Micronesia
346:
311:
293:
268:
250:
224:
1:
1194:Sustainable Development Goals
643:Ballard, Keith (2003-10-14).
319:"Facts About Poverty in 2009"
173:
1210:Homeless Vulnerability Index
92:Growth in numbers on welfare
7:
1682:Welfare's effect on poverty
1184:List of basic income models
1113:
508:. “Closer Together” NZCCSS.
168:Homelessness in New Zealand
154:
116:Impact on social indicators
10:
1977:
1225:Genuine progress indicator
1154:Climate change and poverty
102:stock market crash of 1987
62:
1918:
1891:
1858:African sleeping sickness
1838:
1790:
1649:
1554:
1533:
1457:
1336:
1265:
1258:
1202:
1174:Guaranteed minimum income
1121:
1003:
980:
899:
1230:Legatum Prosperity Index
1215:Misery index (economics)
1058:Northern Mariana Islands
1904:Priority review voucher
1023:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
459:"Child Poverty Monitor"
276:"Child Poverty Monitor"
1961:Economy of New Zealand
1951:Poverty in New Zealand
1179:Universal basic income
1144:Disability and poverty
854:The New Zealand Herald
491:The New Zealand Herald
414:"The Heart of Poverty"
361:Statistics New Zealand
305:The New Zealand Herald
262:The New Zealand Herald
236:Statistics New Zealand
218:The New Zealand Herald
56:Statistics New Zealand
48:gross domestic product
40:Poverty in New Zealand
36:
1748:List of global issues
1707:Subjective well-being
1006:and other territories
86:Child Poverty Monitor
22:
1687:Criticism of welfare
1134:Concentrated poverty
382:New Zealand Treasury
214:"Paradise for a few"
199:. 19 September 2013.
1792:Diseases of poverty
1784:Diseases of poverty
1718:Rural access issues
1657:Theories of poverty
1240:Human Poverty Index
1149:Diseases of poverty
856:. 10 December 2014.
826:on 11 December 2014
584:Ir.canterbury.ac.nz
161:Foodbank Canterbury
1956:Poverty by country
1840:Neglected diseases
1825:Diarrheal diseases
1738:Culture of poverty
894:Poverty in Oceania
419:. Maxim Institute.
342:. 9 December 2013.
280:Childpoverty.co.nz
264:. 24 October 2014.
37:
1938:
1937:
1912:
1911:
1743:Causes of poverty
1645:
1644:
1235:Poverty gap index
1189:Poverty reduction
1129:Measuring poverty
1081:
1080:
1073:Wallis and Futuna
981:Associated states
524:Otago Daily Times
340:The Dominion Post
1968:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1728:Post-materialism
1263:
1262:
1220:Gini coefficient
1169:Cycle of poverty
1108:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1063:Pitcairn Islands
1033:French Polynesia
1018:Christmas Island
947:Papua New Guinea
927:Marshall Islands
900:Sovereign states
888:
881:
874:
865:
864:
858:
857:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
792:
783:
777:
776:
770:
762:
760:
759:
753:
747:. Archived from
746:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
716:
710:
709:
707:
705:
691:
685:
684:
682:
680:
666:
660:
659:
657:
651:. Archived from
640:
634:
633:
631:
629:
615:
609:
608:
602:
594:
592:
590:
575:
569:
568:
558:
543:World Psychiatry
534:
528:
527:
516:
510:
509:
501:
495:
494:
483:
474:
473:
471:
469:
455:
449:
448:
446:
444:
435:
427:
421:
420:
418:
409:
400:
399:
397:
396:
390:
379:
371:
365:
364:
358:
350:
344:
343:
332:
323:
322:
315:
309:
308:
297:
291:
290:
288:
286:
272:
266:
265:
254:
248:
247:
245:
243:
228:
222:
221:
210:
201:
200:
189:
146:Impact on growth
137:Gini coefficient
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1887:
1873:River blindness
1863:Schistosomiasis
1834:
1786:
1781:
1697:Quality of life
1672:Welfare culture
1641:
1550:
1529:
1453:
1332:
1254:
1198:
1164:Chronic poverty
1139:Cost of poverty
1117:
1112:
1082:
1077:
1005:
999:
982:
976:
957:Solomon Islands
895:
892:
862:
861:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
814:
813:
809:
799:
797:
790:
784:
780:
764:
763:
757:
755:
751:
744:
742:"Archived copy"
740:
739:
735:
725:
723:
718:
717:
713:
703:
701:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
668:
667:
663:
655:
641:
637:
627:
625:
617:
616:
612:
596:
595:
588:
586:
576:
572:
535:
531:
518:
517:
513:
502:
498:
485:
484:
477:
467:
465:
463:Childpoverty.nz
457:
456:
452:
442:
440:
433:
429:
428:
424:
416:
412:Kieran Madden.
410:
403:
394:
392:
388:
377:
373:
372:
368:
356:
352:
351:
347:
334:
333:
326:
317:
316:
312:
307:. 2 March 2005.
299:
298:
294:
284:
282:
274:
273:
269:
256:
255:
251:
241:
239:
230:
229:
225:
220:. 22 June 2013.
212:
211:
204:
191:
190:
181:
176:
157:
148:
118:
109:Jonathan Boston
94:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Dracunculiasis
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Chagas disease
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1525:United Kingdom
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:Norfolk Island
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:American Samoa
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
986:
984:
983:of New Zealand
978:
977:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
901:
897:
896:
891:
890:
883:
876:
868:
860:
859:
837:
807:
778:
733:
711:
699:Health.govt.nz
686:
674:Police.govt.nz
661:
658:on 2010-05-22.
635:
623:Health.govt.nz
610:
570:
529:
526:. 23 May 2014.
511:
496:
493:. 13 May 2014.
475:
450:
422:
401:
366:
345:
324:
310:
292:
267:
249:
223:
202:
178:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
153:
147:
144:
117:
114:
93:
90:
64:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1973:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:Miscellaneous
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Leishmaniasis
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:United States
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
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754:on 2016-03-04
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549:(2): 114–20.
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504:Paul Barber.
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391:on 2015-01-13
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238:. August 2014
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33:state housing
30:
26:
21:
1899:Malnutrition
1810:Tuberculosis
1733:Pen's parade
1677:Welfare trap
1545:
1313:South Africa
1004:Dependencies
990:Cook Islands
936:
849:
840:
828:. Retrieved
824:the original
810:
798:. Retrieved
781:
756:. Retrieved
749:the original
736:
724:. Retrieved
714:
702:. Retrieved
698:
689:
677:. Retrieved
673:
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653:the original
648:
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599:cite journal
587:. Retrieved
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386:the original
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1546:New Zealand
1510:Switzerland
1429:Philippines
1409:South Korea
1404:North Korea
1344:Afghanistan
1259:By location
937:New Zealand
800:11 December
242:22 December
197:Stuff.co.nz
98:Rogernomics
44:New Zealand
1945:Categories
1662:Well-being
1374:East Timor
1354:Bangladesh
830:24 January
758:2015-08-26
704:24 January
679:24 January
649:Ihc.org.nz
628:24 January
589:24 January
468:24 January
443:24 January
438:Occ.org.nz
395:2018-01-24
285:24 January
174:References
107:Professor
35:programme.
1820:Pneumonia
1637:Venezuela
1592:Guatemala
1562:Argentina
1541:Australia
1439:Sri Lanka
1434:Singapore
1384:Indonesia
907:Australia
850:NZ Herald
1922:See also
1883:Trachoma
1692:Wellness
1617:Paraguay
1602:Honduras
1582:Colombia
1555:Americas
1424:Pakistan
1414:Malaysia
1359:Cambodia
1328:Zimbabwe
1318:Tanzania
1288:Ethiopia
922:Kiribati
820:TV3 News
767:cite web
726:18 March
565:16633527
155:See also
130:suicides
122:Auckland
100:and the
29:post-war
25:interwar
1848:Cholera
1815:Measles
1805:Malaria
1667:Welfare
1632:Uruguay
1607:Jamaica
1567:Bolivia
1534:Oceania
1520:Ukraine
1505:Romania
1490:Moldova
1475:Germany
1444:Vietnam
1399:Lebanon
1349:Armenia
1308:Nigeria
1298:Namibia
1273:Algeria
1203:Metrics
1122:Aspects
1115:Poverty
1068:Tokelau
972:Vanuatu
556:1414751
126:Dunedin
63:Poverty
23:In the
1830:Plague
1713:Stress
1612:Mexico
1577:Canada
1572:Brazil
1515:Turkey
1500:Poland
1495:Norway
1480:Greece
1470:France
1465:Cyprus
1458:Europe
1389:Israel
1369:Cyprus
1323:Uganda
1266:Africa
1043:Hawaii
967:Tuvalu
563:
553:
1709:(SWB)
1650:Other
1597:Haiti
1485:Italy
1449:Yemen
1419:Nepal
1394:Japan
1379:India
1364:China
1303:Niger
1293:Kenya
1283:Egypt
962:Tonga
952:Samoa
942:Palau
932:Nauru
791:(PDF)
752:(PDF)
745:(PDF)
656:(DOC)
434:(PDF)
417:(PDF)
389:(PDF)
378:(PDF)
357:(PDF)
1800:AIDS
1622:Peru
1587:Cuba
1337:Asia
1038:Guam
995:Niue
917:Fiji
832:2018
802:2014
795:OECD
773:link
728:2020
706:2018
681:2018
630:2018
605:link
591:2018
561:PMID
470:2018
445:2018
287:2018
244:2014
124:and
27:and
551:PMC
1947::
1928:·
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