669:
781:
2521:
38:
3100:
2306:
2176:
2336:
484:
2326:
2316:
623:" emerged between Edison and Westinghouse over which form of transmission (direct or alternating current) was superior. In 1891, Westinghouse installed the first major power system that was designed to drive an electric motor and not just provide electric lighting. The installation powered a 100 horsepower (75 kW) synchronous motor at
864:
In most projects, a power engineer must coordinate with many other disciplines such as civil and mechanical engineers, environmental experts, and legal and financial personnel. Major power system projects such as a large generating station may require scores of design professionals in addition to the
618:
By 1890 the power industry had flourished and power companies had built thousands of power systems (both direct and alternating current) in the United States and Europe – these networks were effectively dedicated to providing electric lighting. During this time a fierce rivalry in the US known as the
827:
Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid. These systems are called off-grid power systems and may be used in preference to on-grid systems for a variety of reasons. For example, in remote locations it may be cheaper for a mine to generate its own power rather than pay
552:
and operated at a single voltage. Since the direct current power could not be easily transformed to the higher voltages necessary to minimise power loss during transmission, the possible distance between the generators and load was limited to around half-a-mile (800 m).
735:
demonstrated the first solid-state rectifier (solid-state rectifiers are now the standard for HVDC systems) however it was not until the early 1970s that this technology was used in commercial power systems. In 1959 Westinghouse demonstrated the first
771:
could be run more efficiently allowing for much better planning of power systems. Advances in information technology and telecommunication also allowed for much better remote control of the power system's switchgear and generators.
865:
power system engineers. At most levels of professional power system engineering practice, the engineer will require as much in the way of administrative and organizational skills as electrical engineering knowledge.
1047:
881:
in the United States in 1884. These societies contributed to the exchange of electrical knowledge and the development of electrical engineering education. On an international level, the
885:(IEC), which was founded in 1906, prepares standards for power engineering, with 20,000 electrotechnical experts from 172 countries developing global specifications based on consensus.
467:
and the development of specialized power systems such as those used in aircraft or for electric railway networks. Power engineering draws the majority of its theoretical base from
687:
stated "Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country." He was subsequently featured on many Soviet posters, stamps etc. presenting this view. The
463:– the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern world – a significant fraction of the field is concerned with the conversion between
647:
began transmitting three-phase alternating current power to
Buffalo at 11 kV. Following completion of the Niagara Falls project, new power systems increasingly chose
572:
generator. Despite the success of the system, the pair made some fundamental mistakes. Perhaps the most serious was connecting the primaries of the transformers in
564:
demonstrated the first transformer suitable for use in a real power system. The practical value of
Gaulard and Gibbs' transformer was demonstrated in 1884 at
1416:
1239:
615:
filed a range of patents related to power systems including one for a practical two-phase induction motor which
Westinghouse licensed for his AC system.
505:
became a subject of scientific interest in the late 17th century. Over the next two centuries a number of important discoveries were made including the
431:
1202:
Petar
Miljanic, Tesla's Polyphase System and Induction Motor, Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering, pp. 121–130, Vol. 3, No. 2, November 2006.
2281:
1055:
1331:
544:
and his company, The Edison
Electric Light Company, developed the first steam-powered electric power station on Pearl Street in New York City. The
2372:
1317:
3045:
1501:
1213:
1076:
845:
requires the engineering of high voltage transmission lines and substation facilities to interface to generation and distribution systems.
599:
of the secondary winding. Using this knowledge he built the world's first practical transformer based alternating current power system at
1145:
215:
1272:
1108:
150:
882:
764:
1305:
Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country, since industry cannot be developed without electrification.
2222:
2084:
424:
250:
584:
generator and set his engineers to experimenting with them in the hopes of improving them for use in a commercial power system.
112:
691:
was initiated in 1920 as the first
Bolshevik experiment in industrial planning and in which Lenin became personally involved.
3103:
2520:
2006:
1644:
1051:
975:
2942:
874:
532:
in
England. The station employed two waterwheels to produce an alternating current that was used to supply seven Siemens
314:
861:
is the study of the ways an electrical power system can fail, and the methods to detect and mitigate for such failures.
3050:
2365:
2291:
2286:
459:, and the electrical apparatus connected to such systems. Although much of the field is concerned with the problems of
417:
245:
951:
839:
covers the selection, design and construction of facilities that convert energy from primary forms to electric power.
2670:
2329:
2271:
1181:
1022:
2264:
2259:
1494:
548:
consisted of several generators and initially powered around 3,000 lamps for 59 customers. The power station used
3134:
3129:
2833:
2758:
2629:
1752:
1444:
755:
to air and, in recent times, its use has been extended to produce far more compact switching equipment (known as
639:
for the
Electrical Engineering Exhibition in Frankfurt. In 1895, after a protracted decision-making process, the
600:
576:
so that switching one lamp on or off would affect other lamps further down the line. Following the demonstration
208:
1420:
1799:
1619:
1248:
3005:
2937:
2927:
2803:
2703:
2358:
2276:
2001:
1880:
1845:
727:. HVDC had previously been achieved by installing direct current generators in series (a system known as the
360:
355:
873:
In both the UK and the US, professional societies had long existed for civil and mechanical engineers. The
2858:
2818:
2395:
1531:
828:
for connection to the grid and in most mobile applications connection to the grid is simply not practical.
592:
573:
339:
20:
1000:
3085:
3080:
2798:
2773:
2763:
2739:
2734:
2440:
2079:
2054:
1850:
1789:
1487:
1454:
1173:
Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent, The
Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17, page 36
852:
846:
842:
797:
712:
1459:
1335:
3124:
3000:
2718:
2688:
2465:
1994:
1989:
1639:
492:
460:
299:
201:
49:
3055:
2544:
2505:
1694:
1684:
1582:
1562:
699:
in 1910. He had also known Lenin since 1897 when they were both in the St. Petersburg chapter of the
595:
and also realised that making the iron core of a transformer a fully enclosed loop would improve the
522:
487:
A sketch of the Pearl Street
Station, the first steam-powered electric power station in New York City
78:
64:
3030:
2838:
2778:
2435:
1954:
1604:
1572:
801:
668:
365:
283:
278:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2192:
2151:
2074:
2034:
1828:
1817:
929:
909:
858:
724:
506:
385:
1217:
1083:
695:
was another key figure involved, having been involved in the construction of a power station in
568:
where the transformer was used to light up forty kilometres (25 miles) of railway from a single
2890:
2753:
2536:
2425:
2069:
2049:
2044:
2029:
1969:
1964:
1823:
1769:
1734:
1679:
1669:
1661:
1634:
1599:
1587:
1577:
1526:
1521:
1298:
836:
793:
472:
468:
452:
83:
1149:
3025:
2793:
2788:
2768:
2184:
2121:
2091:
2064:
1918:
1908:
1870:
1860:
1774:
1742:
1674:
1609:
1171:
720:
121:
31:
1276:
1112:
627:
with the motor being started by a Tesla induction motor. On the other side of the Atlantic,
2619:
2381:
2309:
2217:
2212:
2146:
2141:
2116:
2106:
2059:
1979:
1933:
1809:
1747:
1624:
1592:
855:
engineering covers those elements of a power system from a substation to the end customer.
588:
545:
1449:
8:
2990:
2823:
2723:
2698:
2651:
2460:
2450:
2415:
2319:
2197:
2161:
2156:
2126:
2111:
2039:
2023:
2013:
1938:
1928:
1903:
1875:
1833:
1779:
1759:
1719:
1709:
1649:
1567:
1545:
741:
692:
648:
624:
620:
577:
569:
518:
1376:
2864:
2475:
2339:
2202:
2136:
2131:
1838:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1614:
1311:
1132:
899:
813:
680:
596:
390:
319:
309:
93:
88:
24:
767:
field to the power engineering field. For example, the development of computers meant
3015:
2895:
2500:
2335:
1984:
1890:
1865:
1794:
1629:
1554:
1177:
904:
821:
716:
640:
636:
632:
537:
380:
231:
164:
73:
2964:
2905:
2609:
2604:
2581:
2490:
2430:
1855:
1764:
894:
868:
679:
The generation of electricity was regarded as particularly important following the
628:
604:
561:
405:
189:
2995:
2954:
2932:
2813:
2783:
2748:
2708:
2510:
2018:
1357:
768:
737:
608:
514:
370:
259:
141:
131:
1394:
3020:
3010:
2808:
2420:
1974:
1959:
1923:
979:
955:
817:
673:
652:
580:, an American entrepreneur, imported a number of the transformers along with a
557:
549:
456:
455:
that deals with the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of
329:
324:
169:
159:
136:
103:
591:, recognised the problem with connecting transformers in series as opposed to
513:. Probably the greatest discovery with respect to power engineering came from
3118:
3040:
2828:
2713:
2693:
2624:
2614:
2571:
2455:
2410:
1026:
644:
541:
395:
126:
3060:
3035:
2900:
2869:
2683:
2485:
2101:
728:
612:
510:
375:
334:
763:. Many important developments also came from extending innovations in the
2885:
2853:
2646:
2634:
2554:
2480:
2470:
2400:
1898:
1510:
809:
805:
780:
760:
688:
502:
37:
2175:
2848:
2843:
2656:
2639:
2495:
2350:
1913:
1474:
785:
756:
752:
304:
2564:
2559:
2445:
2405:
2207:
1724:
1082:(Press release). New York Independent System Operator. Archived from
529:
483:
464:
273:
98:
2678:
2248:
2238:
2096:
1470:
National Institute for the Uniform Licensing of Power Engineer Inc.
808:
as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include
533:
184:
179:
1374:
731:) although this suffered from serious reliability issues. In 1957
528:
In 1881 two electricians built the world's first power station at
2599:
2589:
732:
581:
517:
who in 1831 discovered that a change in magnetic flux induces an
268:
869:
Professional societies and international standards organizations
603:
in 1886. In 1885 the Italian physicist and electrical engineer
2594:
696:
400:
174:
1479:
1133:
Great Barrington 1886 - Inspiring an industry toward AC power
684:
631:
built a 20 kV 176 km three-phase transmission line from
565:
2549:
878:
849:
systems are one of the elements of an electric power grid.
1475:
Worcester Polytechnic Institute Power Systems Engineering
1469:
701:
Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class
540:
at 40 volts. However supply was intermittent and in 1882
525:
that helps explain how generators and transformers work.
1464:
1237:
1450:
Jadavpur University, Department of Power Engineering
1332:"A Novel but Short-Lived Power Distribution System"
663:
611:and in 1887 and 1888 the Serbian-American engineer
23:. For the similar term but with a broad sense, see
1170:Froehlich, Fritz E.; Kent, Allen (December 1998).
1455:Power Engineering International Magazine Articles
1375:John Tyner, Rick Bush and Mike Eby (1999-11-01).
1300:Our Foreign and Domestic Position and Party Tasks
3116:
706:
41:A steam turbine used to provide electric power.
2366:
1495:
1169:
877:(IEE) was founded in the UK in 1871, and the
784:Transmission lines transmit power across the
521:in a loop of wire—a principle known as
425:
209:
1273:"Adams Hydroelectric Generating Plant, 1895"
1146:"Alternating Current Electrification, 1886"
2373:
2359:
1502:
1488:
1316:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
432:
418:
216:
202:
1465:American Society of Power Engineers, Inc.
1355:
883:International Electrotechnical Commission
2380:
1296:
1020:
779:
667:
482:
36:
1143:
3117:
2282:Electrical and electronics engineering
1238:Voith Siemens (company) (2007-02-01).
949:
260:Regulation of electrical installations
2354:
1483:
1381:Transmission & Distribution World
1362:Transmission & Distribution World
978:. The Royal Institute. Archived from
493:Electrical engineering § History
2315:
1106:
1052:National Fire Protection Association
658:
274:IEC 60364 IEC international standard
238:Wiring practice by region or country
2325:
1460:Power Engineering Magazine Articles
875:Institution of Electrical Engineers
497:
315:Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable
284:U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC)
13:
3051:Renewable energy commercialization
1334:. IEEE. 2005-05-01. Archived from
1214:"The Day They Turned The Falls On"
1077:"Bulk Electricity Grid Beginnings"
932:. Net Guides Publishing, Inc. 2004
279:Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code)
16:Subfield of electrical engineering
14:
3146:
1438:
1211:
1045:
792:Power Engineering deals with the
587:One of Westinghouse's engineers,
151:Electric power systems components
3099:
3098:
2519:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2174:
1414:
664:Power engineering and Bolshevism
348:Switching and protection devices
1509:
1408:
1387:
1368:
1349:
1324:
1290:
1265:
1231:
1205:
1196:
1163:
1137:
1021:Williams, Jasmin (2007-11-30).
930:"The History Of The Light Bulb"
601:Great Barrington, Massachusetts
1445:IEEE Power Engineering Society
1358:"Electricity Through the Ages"
1144:Blalock, Thomas (2004-10-02).
1126:
1100:
1069:
1039:
1014:
993:
968:
943:
922:
747:as the interrupting medium. SF
641:Adams No. 1 generating station
1:
3046:Renewable Energy Certificates
3006:Cost of electricity by source
2928:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
2804:High-voltage shore connection
915:
711:In 1936 the first commercial
655:for electrical transmission.
536:at 250 volts and thirty-four
269:BS 7671 UK wiring regulations
113:Electric power infrastructure
3061:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
2859:Transmission system operator
2819:Mains electricity by country
2396:Automatic generation control
1532:List of engineering branches
1377:"A Fifty-Year Retrospective"
707:Power engineering in the USA
340:Thermoplastic-sheathed cable
21:Power Engineering (magazine)
7:
3086:List of electricity sectors
3081:Electric energy consumption
2799:High-voltage direct current
2774:Electric power transmission
2764:Electric power distribution
2441:Energy return on investment
1247:. p. 7. Archived from
1107:Katz, Evgeny (2007-04-08).
888:
853:Electric power distribution
847:High voltage direct current
843:Electric power transmission
713:high-voltage direct current
10:
3151:
3001:Carbon offsets and credits
2719:Three-phase electric power
1395:"Gas Insulated Switchgear"
681:Bolshevik seizure of power
490:
478:
300:AC power plugs and sockets
29:
18:
3094:
3069:
3056:Renewable Energy Payments
2979:
2916:
2878:
2732:
2669:
2580:
2545:Fossil fuel power station
2535:
2528:
2517:
2388:
2300:
2247:
2231:
2183:
2172:
1947:
1889:
1808:
1733:
1660:
1553:
1540:
1517:
1001:"Godalming Power Station"
831:
556:That same year in London
523:electromagnetic induction
449:power systems engineering
325:Steel wire armoured cable
79:Electric power conversion
65:Electric power conversion
2839:Single-wire earth return
2779:Electrical busbar system
2436:Energy demand management
1356:Gene Wolf (2000-12-01).
1297:Vladimir, Lenin (1920).
1023:"Edison Lights The City"
775:
366:Electrical busbar system
232:Electrical installations
2970:Residual-current device
2960:Power system protection
2950:Generator interlock kit
2193:Bachelor of Engineering
2035:Engineering mathematics
1003:. Engineering Timelines
910:Power system simulation
859:Power system protection
725:Mechanicville, New York
507:incandescent light bulb
386:Residual-current device
292:Cabling and accessories
251:United Kingdom practice
246:North American practice
3135:Electrical engineering
3130:Mechanical engineering
2754:Distributed generation
2426:Electric power quality
2292:Structural engineering
2287:Mechanical engineering
2030:Engineering management
1275:. IEEE. Archived from
1148:. IEEE. Archived from
837:Electricity generation
789:
676:
488:
473:mechanical engineering
469:electrical engineering
453:electrical engineering
84:HVDC converter station
42:
19:For the magazine, see
3026:Fossil fuel phase-out
2794:Electricity retailing
2789:Electrical substation
2769:Electric power system
2272:Aerospace engineering
2185:Engineering education
783:
671:
486:
122:Electric power system
40:
32:Grid (disambiguation)
2382:Electricity delivery
2213:Graduate certificate
950:Greenslade, Thomas.
546:Pearl Street Station
461:three-phase AC power
30:For other uses, see
2991:Availability factor
2943:Sulfur hexafluoride
2824:Overhead power line
2724:Virtual power plant
2699:Induction generator
2652:Sustainable biofuel
2461:Home energy storage
2451:Grid energy storage
2416:Droop speed control
2198:Bachelor of Science
2040:Engineering physics
2024:Engineering drawing
1546:Interdisciplinarity
1048:"The Birth of NFPA"
814:electric generators
804:and utilization of
693:Gleb Krzhizhanovsky
649:alternating current
625:Telluride, Colorado
621:war of the currents
578:George Westinghouse
570:alternating current
519:electromotive force
451:, is a subfield of
2865:Transmission tower
2476:Nameplate capacity
1800:Telecommunications
1705:Naval architecture
1279:on January 5, 2008
1152:on January 5, 2008
952:"The Voltaic Pile"
900:Industrial ecology
790:
751:is a far superior
719:was built between
717:mercury-arc valves
715:(HVDC) line using
677:
597:voltage regulation
538:incandescent lamps
489:
391:Distribution board
320:Multiway switching
310:Electrical conduit
94:DC-to-DC converter
89:AC-to-AC converter
43:
25:Energy engineering
3125:Power engineering
3112:
3111:
3016:Environmental tax
2896:Cascading failure
2665:
2664:
2501:Utility frequency
2348:
2347:
2277:Civil engineering
2223:Licensed engineer
2218:Engineer's degree
2170:
2169:
2002:Building services
1985:Health technology
1846:Chemical reaction
1795:Signal processing
1417:"SF6 Transformer"
905:Power electronics
822:power electronics
769:load flow studies
659:Twentieth century
637:Frankfurt am Main
633:Lauffen am Neckar
445:Power engineering
442:
441:
401:Electrical switch
226:
225:
165:Grid-tie inverter
74:Voltage converter
58:Power engineering
3142:
3102:
3101:
3011:Energy subsidies
2965:Protective relay
2906:Rolling blackout
2533:
2532:
2523:
2491:Power-flow study
2431:Electrical fault
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2178:
1765:Electromechanics
1551:
1550:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1419:. Archived from
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1216:. Archived from
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1111:. Archived from
1109:"Lucien Gaulard"
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1054:. Archived from
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
926:
895:Energy economics
629:Oskar von Miller
607:demonstrated an
605:Galileo Ferraris
562:John Dixon Gibbs
498:Pioneering years
434:
427:
420:
406:Earthing systems
371:Circuit breakers
228:
227:
218:
211:
204:
190:Protective relay
45:
44:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3090:
3074:
3072:
3065:
2996:Capacity factor
2984:
2982:
2975:
2955:Numerical relay
2933:Circuit breaker
2921:
2919:
2912:
2874:
2814:Load management
2784:Electrical grid
2749:Demand response
2742:
2737:
2728:
2709:Microgeneration
2661:
2576:
2524:
2515:
2511:Vehicle-to-grid
2384:
2379:
2349:
2344:
2296:
2243:
2227:
2203:Master's degree
2179:
2166:
2080:Instrumentation
1943:
1885:
1851:Electrochemical
1804:
1790:Radio frequency
1729:
1656:
1620:Municipal/Urban
1544:
1542:
1536:
1513:
1508:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1373:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1309:
1308:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1244:
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1004:
999:
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994:
985:
983:
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958:
948:
944:
935:
933:
928:
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923:
918:
891:
871:
834:
818:electric motors
778:
750:
745:
738:circuit breaker
709:
672:1929 poster by
666:
661:
609:induction motor
589:William Stanley
515:Michael Faraday
500:
495:
481:
465:AC and DC power
438:
222:
142:Demand response
132:Electrical grid
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:Statistics and
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Feed-in tariff
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
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2977:
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2862:
2856:
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2826:
2821:
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2811:
2809:Interconnector
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2759:Dynamic demand
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Combined cycle
2686:
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2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2466:Load-following
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2421:Electric power
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
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2235:
2233:
2232:Related topics
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2195:
2189:
2187:
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2165:
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2159:
2154:
2152:Sustainability
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
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2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2014:Geoengineering
2011:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:Rehabilitation
1992:
1990:Pharmaceutical
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Bioinformatics
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1934:Semiconductors
1931:
1926:
1924:Nanotechnology
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
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1640:Transportation
1637:
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1440:
1439:External links
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1195:
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1136:
1125:
1099:
1068:
1046:Grant, Casey.
1038:
1013:
992:
976:"Faraday Page"
967:
956:Kenyon College
942:
920:
919:
917:
914:
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830:
777:
774:
748:
743:
708:
705:
674:Gustav Klutsis
665:
662:
660:
657:
653:direct current
651:as opposed to
558:Lucien Gaulard
550:direct current
499:
496:
491:Main article:
480:
477:
457:electric power
447:, also called
440:
439:
437:
436:
429:
422:
414:
411:
410:
409:
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330:Ring main unit
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170:Energy storage
167:
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160:Ring main unit
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137:Interconnector
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3068:
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3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Pigouvian tax
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
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2997:
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2944:
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2938:Earth-leakage
2936:
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2926:
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2903:
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2879:Failure modes
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2829:Power station
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2747:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Rankine cycle
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:Cooling tower
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
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2668:
2658:
2655:
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2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2537:Non-renewable
2534:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Grid strength
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Demand factor
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
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2255:
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2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
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2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
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2056:
2053:
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2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
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2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
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1996:
1993:
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1988:
1986:
1983:
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1930:
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1925:
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1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
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1897:
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1827:
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1801:
1798:
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1773:
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1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Manufacturing
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Biomechanical
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
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1659:
1651:
1648:
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1641:
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1608:
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1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:Environmental
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Architectural
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
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1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1423:on 2008-06-16
1422:
1418:
1415:Amin, Sayed.
1411:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1338:on 2011-05-24
1337:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1254:on 2012-07-25
1250:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1220:on 2008-05-11
1219:
1215:
1212:Foran, Jack.
1208:
1199:
1185:
1183:9780824729158
1179:
1176:. CRC Press.
1175:
1174:
1166:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1115:on 2008-04-22
1114:
1110:
1103:
1089:on 2009-02-26
1085:
1078:
1072:
1058:on 2007-12-28
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1028:
1027:New York Post
1024:
1017:
1002:
996:
982:on 2008-03-29
981:
977:
971:
957:
953:
946:
931:
925:
921:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
886:
884:
880:
876:
866:
862:
860:
856:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
838:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
782:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
746:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
670:
656:
654:
650:
646:
645:Niagara Falls
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
551:
547:
543:
542:Thomas Edison
539:
535:
531:
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524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
494:
485:
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470:
466:
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458:
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450:
446:
435:
430:
428:
423:
421:
416:
415:
413:
412:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Consumer unit
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
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379:
377:
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367:
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328:
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321:
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316:
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158:
157:
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140:
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135:
133:
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127:Power station
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
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80:
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75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
39:
33:
26:
22:
3036:Net metering
2983:and policies
2901:Power outage
2870:Utility pole
2834:Pumped hydro
2740:distribution
2735:Transmission
2684:Cogeneration
2486:Power factor
2256:Engineering
2102:Mechatronics
1955:Agricultural
1784:
1605:Geotechnical
1573:Construction
1425:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1370:
1361:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1336:the original
1326:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
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810:transformers
802:distribution
798:transmission
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761:transformers
729:Thury system
710:
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617:
613:Nikola Tesla
586:
555:
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511:voltaic pile
501:
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376:Disconnector
335:Ring circuit
57:
3031:Load factor
2886:Black start
2854:Transformer
2555:Natural gas
2506:Variability
2481:Peak demand
2471:Merit order
2401:Backfeeding
2330:Wikiproject
2085:and Control
2075:Information
1899:Biomaterial
1829:Bioresource
1820:/Bioprocess
1818:Biochemical
1770:Electronics
1541:Specialties
1511:Engineering
806:electricity
721:Schenectady
689:GOELRO plan
503:Electricity
3119:Categories
3073:production
2918:Protective
2849:Super grid
2844:Smart grid
2671:Generation
2605:Geothermal
2496:Repowering
2249:Glossaries
2070:Industrial
2050:Facilities
2045:Explosives
1970:Biomedical
1965:Automation
1914:Metallurgy
1824:Biological
1775:Microwaves
1735:Electrical
1680:Automotive
1662:Mechanical
1635:Structural
1600:Geological
1588:Ecological
1578:Earthquake
1427:2008-05-25
1401:2008-05-25
1342:2008-05-25
1303:. Moscow.
1283:2008-05-25
1258:2008-05-25
1224:2008-05-25
1189:2012-09-10
1156:2008-05-25
1119:2008-05-25
1093:2008-05-25
1062:2008-03-31
1032:2008-03-31
1007:2009-05-03
986:2008-03-31
961:2008-03-31
936:2007-05-02
916:References
794:generation
757:switchgear
753:dielectric
740:that used
305:Cable tray
2981:Economics
2704:Micro CHP
2582:Renewable
2565:Petroleum
2560:Oil shale
2446:Grid code
2406:Base load
2208:Doctorate
2122:Packaging
2092:Logistics
2065:Geomatics
2026:/graphics
1919:Molecular
1909:Corrosion
1891:Materials
1871:Petroleum
1861:Molecular
1743:Broadcast
1725:Tribology
1675:Aerospace
1610:Hydraulic
1312:cite book
534:arc lamps
530:Godalming
99:Rectifier
3104:Category
2891:Brownout
2679:AC power
2389:Concepts
2310:Category
2239:Engineer
2147:Software
2142:Security
2117:Ontology
2107:Military
2097:Robotics
2060:Forensic
1980:Clinical
1939:Surfaces
1929:Polymers
1904:Ceramics
1881:Reaction
1810:Chemical
1748:Computer
1670:Acoustic
1625:Offshore
1593:Sanitary
889:See also
593:parallel
509:and the
185:Recloser
180:Bus duct
104:Inverter
50:a series
48:Part of
2920:devices
2630:Thermal
2625:Osmotic
2620:Current
2600:Biomass
2590:Biofuel
2572:Nuclear
2529:Sources
2320:Commons
2162:Textile
2157:Systems
2127:Privacy
2112:Nuclear
1876:Process
1834:Genetic
1780:Optical
1760:Control
1753:outline
1720:Thermal
1710:Railway
1650:Railway
1645:Traffic
1568:Coastal
1527:Outline
1522:History
1241:HyPower
733:Siemens
582:Siemens
479:History
2615:Marine
2595:Biogas
2340:Portal
2137:Survey
2132:Safety
2019:Design
1839:Tissue
1715:Sports
1700:Marine
1690:Energy
1615:Mining
1180:
832:Fields
759:) and
697:Moscow
574:series
175:Busbar
2972:(GFI)
2861:(TSO)
2647:Solar
2635:Tidal
2610:Hydro
1960:Audio
1948:Other
1866:Paper
1785:Power
1630:River
1555:Civil
1397:. ABB
1252:(PDF)
1245:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
776:Power
685:Lenin
566:Turin
2738:and
2657:Wind
2640:Wave
2550:Coal
2055:Fire
1856:Food
1318:link
1178:ISBN
879:AIEE
820:and
786:grid
723:and
560:and
471:and
381:Fuse
361:ELCB
356:AFCI
2265:M–Z
2260:A–L
2007:MEP
1543:and
765:ICT
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635:to
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