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Prader scale

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pathological or require medical treatment. Similarly, an Australian Senate Committee report on involuntary sterilization determined that research "regarding 'adequate' or 'normal' genitals, particularly for women, raises some disturbing questions", including preferences influenced by doctors' specialism and gender.
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denotes complete male virilization, with a normally formed penis with the urethral opening at or near the tip. The scrotum is normally formed but empty. The internal pelvic organs include normal ovaries and uterus, and the vagina connects internally with the urethra as in Stage 4. These infants are
730:
While the scale has been defined as a grading system for "abnormal" genitalia, the concept that atypical genitals are necessarily abnormal is contested. An opinion paper by the Swiss National Advisory Centre for Biomedical Ethics advises that "not infrequently" variations from sex norms may not be
613:(CAH) and identifies five distinct stages, but in recent times has been used to describe the range of differentiation of genitalia, with normal infant presentation being shown on either end of the scale, female on the left (0) and male on the right (6). 1128: 1717: 1061: 267: 876:
Jorge, Juan Carlos; Echeverri, Carolina; Medina, Yailis; Acevedo, Pedro (January 2008). "Male Gender Identity in an XX Individual with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia".
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in a male. X-rays taken after dye injection into this opening reveal the internal connection with the upper vagina and uterus. This common opening can predispose to
250: 1710: 652:, genitalia are obviously abnormal to the eye, with a phallus intermediate in size and a small vaginal opening with separate urethral opening. Posterior 1211: 81: 1703: 1087: 1587: 943:
Diamond, Milton; Watson, Linda Ann (July 2004). "Androgen insensitivity syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome: sex and gender considerations".
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Numerous clinical scales and measurement systems exist to define genitals as normal male or female, or "abnormal", including the
645:) and slightly reduced vaginal opening size. This degree may go unnoticed or may be simply assumed to be within normal variation. 1952: 1642: 1189: 770: 507: 59: 849:
Prader, Andreas (1954). "Der genitalbefund beim pseudohermaphroditismus femininus der kengenitalen adrenogenitalen syndroms".
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looks more male than female, with an empty scrotum and a phallus the size of a normal penis, but not quite free enough of the
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in a male). The single small urethral/vaginal opening at the base or on the shaft of the phallus would be considered a
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On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality".Opinion No. 20/2012
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Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE (November 2012).
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Involuntary Or Coerced Sterilisation of People with Disabilities in Australia
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to be pulled onto the abdomen toward the umbilicus (i.e., what is termed a
609:. It primarily relates to virilization of the female genitalia in cases of 598: 517: 512: 154: 922:(3rd ed.). Sydney: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. pp. 132–134. 1997: 1989: 1657: 714: 704: 681: 522: 502: 2012: 2002: 1871: 1610: 1404: 1389: 470: 1241: 31: 2022: 1632: 1349: 602: 492: 2017: 1853: 1734: 1164: 699:
not visibly ambiguous are usually assumed to be ordinary boys with
673: 638: 22: 2007: 1323: 807:"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency" 718: 677: 597:, is a coarse rating system for the measurement of the degree of 199: 1027:
Hutson, John M. (2012). "The Neonate with Ambiguous Genitalia".
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Rating system for the degree of virilization of human genitalia
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Examination Paediatrics : a Guide to Paediatric Training
703:. In most cases, the diagnosis of CAH is not suspected until 627: 1627: 1133: 875: 804: 487: 945:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
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Senate Community Affairs References Committee. 2013. 977: 721:, with no hypospadias present and normal testicles. 1733:congenital anomalies of the genitalia, including 2075: 662:shows a further enlarged phallus, with a single 1711: 1149: 942: 566: 805:White PC, Speiser PW; Speiser (June 2000). 798: 1718: 1704: 1156: 1142: 1086:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 573: 559: 1094: 1003: 980:"Early assessment of ambiguous genitalia" 978:Ogilvy-Stuart, AL; Brain, CE (May 2004). 822: 913: 911: 909: 907: 844: 842: 666:and almost complete fusion of the labia. 605:of the human body and is similar to the 626:would be considered as having a normal 2076: 1953:Congenital absence of the vas deferens 1026: 936: 917: 848: 771:Development of the reproductive system 1699: 1137: 971: 904: 839: 1129:The Prader Scale - About Kids Health 1053: 734: 466:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 1969:Persistent MĂĽllerian duct syndrome 1020: 30: 14: 2105: 1122: 1678: 1677: 1240: 1227:Sex characteristics (legal term) 984:Archives of Disease in Childhood 890:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00558.x 97:Sex characteristics (legal term) 637:, the vulva has a mildly large 2049:Progestin-induced virilization 878:The Journal of Sexual Medicine 869: 725: 611:congenital adrenal hyperplasia 1: 791: 1472:International Intersex Forum 1261:Disorders of sex development 1163: 1037:10.1007/978-3-642-22964-0_11 1029:Disorders of Sex Development 323:International Intersex Forum 123:Disorders of sex development 7: 1900:Unilateral ovarian agenesis 1467:Intersex Day of Remembrance 1330:Civil society organizations 754: 318:Intersex Day of Remembrance 206:Civil society organizations 10: 2110: 1877:Sertoli cell-only syndrome 1424:Sex verification in sports 851:Helvetica Paediatrica Acta 616: 263:Sex verification in sports 2089:Female genital procedures 2036: 2028:Penoscrotal transposition 1988: 1981: 1961: 1943: 1908: 1885: 1852: 1843: 1800: 1752: 1745: 1673: 1665:Sex differences in humans 1598: 1480: 1437: 1316: 1250: 1238: 1171: 957:10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.015 1926:Mixed gonadal dysgenesis 1185:Compulsory sterilization 55:Compulsory sterilization 2084:Male genital procedures 1069:. Berne. Archived from 996:10.1136/adc.2002.011312 1921:Ovotesticular syndrome 1643:Non-binary recognition 1462:Intersex Awareness Day 1385:Ancient Greek religion 1308:Sexual differentiation 918:Harris, Wayne (2006). 824:10.1210/edrv.21.3.0398 508:Non-binary recognition 313:Intersex Awareness Day 175:Sexual differentiation 35: 2094:Intersex and medicine 2054:Pseudohermaphroditism 1931:XY gonadal dysgenesis 1895:XX gonadal dysgenesis 1335:Fictional characters‎ 1276:Medical interventions 1232:Yogyakarta Principles 1217:Medical interventions 707:develop a week later. 705:signs of salt-wasting 701:undescended testicles 211:Fictional characters‎ 143:Medical interventions 102:Yogyakarta Principles 87:Medical interventions 34: 2059:True hermaphroditism 1754:Uterine malformation 1031:. pp. 103–114. 498:Anti-gender movement 268:at the Olympic Games 1317:Society and culture 761:Ambiguous genitalia 713:indicates a normal 686:urinary obstruction 622:An infant rated at 194:Society and culture 1815:Vaginal hypoplasia 1772:Unicornuate uterus 1762:MĂĽllerian agenesis 1438:History and events 747:and the satirical 36: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2066: 1977: 1976: 1939: 1938: 1830:Cloacal exstrophy 1820:Imperforate hymen 1782:Bicornuate uterus 1767:Cervical agenesis 1693: 1692: 1638:Non-binary gender 1606:Children's rights 1481:Rights by country 1360:Intersex and LGBT 1266:Genetic diagnosis 1212:Malta declaration 1207:Legal recognition 1111:978-1-74229-897-9 1046:978-3-642-22963-3 583: 582: 461:Children's rights 336:Rights by country 226:Intersex and LGBT 128:Genetic diagnosis 82:Malta declaration 77:Legal recognition 2101: 1986: 1985: 1916:Gonadal agenesis 1850: 1849: 1825:Vaginal adenosis 1777:Uterus didelphys 1750: 1749: 1720: 1713: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1681: 1680: 1370:Military service 1244: 1158: 1151: 1144: 1135: 1134: 1116: 1115: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1077: 1075: 1068: 1057: 1051: 1050: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1007: 975: 969: 968: 940: 934: 933: 915: 902: 901: 873: 867: 866: 846: 837: 836: 826: 802: 776:Intersex surgery 735:Related concepts 664:urogenital sinus 656:will be present. 575: 568: 561: 19: 18: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2032: 1973: 1957: 1935: 1904: 1881: 1839: 1835:Vaginal atresia 1796: 1741: 1724: 1694: 1689: 1669: 1594: 1476: 1433: 1312: 1246: 1245: 1236: 1167: 1162: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1025: 1021: 976: 972: 941: 937: 930: 916: 905: 874: 870: 847: 840: 803: 799: 794: 757: 737: 728: 619: 579: 550: 549: 545:Sex differences 451: 443: 442: 338: 328: 327: 291: 280: 279: 195: 187: 186: 118: 107: 106: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2107: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 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1273: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1222:Sex assignment 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1192: 1190:Discrimination 1187: 1181: 1179: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1146: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1124: 1123:External links 1121: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1093: 1076:on 2015-04-23. 1052: 1045: 1019: 970: 951:(3): 623–640. 935: 929:978-0729537728 928: 903: 884:(1): 122–131. 868: 838: 796: 795: 793: 790: 789: 788: 783: 781:Sex assignment 778: 773: 768: 763: 756: 753: 736: 733: 727: 724: 723: 722: 708: 693: 667: 657: 646: 631: 618: 615: 593:, named after 591:Prader staging 581: 580: 578: 577: 570: 563: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 530:Medical ethics 527: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 485: 480: 479: 478: 468: 463: 458: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 433:United Kingdom 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 339: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 309: 308: 303: 292: 286: 285: 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1345:Gender system 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1303:Quigley scale 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1293:Phall-O-Meter 1291: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271:Hermaphrodite 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1113: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1089: 1083: 1072: 1065: 1064: 1056: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1023: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 974: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 939: 931: 925: 921: 914: 912: 910: 908: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 872: 864: 860: 856: 852: 845: 843: 834: 830: 825: 820: 817:(3): 245–91. 816: 812: 808: 801: 797: 787: 786:Quigley scale 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 766:Clitoromegaly 764: 762: 759: 758: 752: 750: 749:Phall-O-Meter 746: 745:Quigley scale 742: 732: 720: 716: 712: 709: 706: 702: 697: 694: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 668: 665: 661: 658: 655: 654:labial fusion 651: 647: 644: 643:clitoromegaly 640: 636: 632: 629: 625: 621: 620: 614: 612: 608: 607:Quigley scale 604: 600: 596: 595:Andrea Prader 592: 588: 576: 571: 569: 564: 562: 557: 556: 554: 553: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 489: 486: 484: 481: 477: 474: 473: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 456:Hermaphrodite 454: 453: 447: 446: 439: 438:United States 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 337: 332: 331: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 293: 289: 284: 283: 276: 273: 269: 266: 265: 264: 261: 259: 256: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 191: 190: 183: 182: 178: 176: 173: 171: 170:Quigley scale 168: 166: 163: 161: 160:Phall-O-Meter 158: 156: 153: 149: 146: 145: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 116: 111: 110: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 71: 68: 67: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 49: 45: 40: 39: 33: 29: 28: 24: 21: 20: 1945:Vas deferens 1682: 1653:Third gender 1648:Queer theory 1553:South Africa 1298:Prader scale 1297: 1288:Orchidometer 1195:Human rights 1177:legal issues 1173:Human rights 1101: 1096: 1071:the original 1062: 1055: 1028: 1022: 990:(5): 401–7. 987: 983: 973: 948: 944: 938: 919: 881: 877: 871: 854: 850: 814: 810: 800: 741:orchidometer 738: 729: 710: 695: 669: 659: 649: 634: 623: 599:virilization 590: 587:Prader scale 586: 584: 518:Third gender 513:Queer theory 408:South Africa 179: 165:Prader scale 164: 155:Orchidometer 65:Human rights 48:legal issues 44:Human rights 1998:Hypospadias 1658:Transgender 1563:Switzerland 1548:New Zealand 1419:Researchers 1254:and biology 863:10016356364 857:: 231–248. 811:Endocr. Rev 726:Controversy 682:hypospadias 523:Transgender 418:Switzerland 403:New Zealand 258:Researchers 133:Definitions 117:and biology 2078:Categories 2013:Micropenis 2003:Epispadias 1872:Monorchism 1611:Disability 1450:of surgery 1429:Television 1405:Androgynos 1390:Aphroditus 1365:Literature 792:References 503:Non-binary 471:Disability 301:of surgery 290:and events 275:Television 231:Literature 138:Healthcare 2023:Diphallia 1633:Androgyny 1493:Australia 1488:Argentina 1350:Guevedoce 1326:(antonym) 1082:cite book 690:infection 603:genitalia 493:Androgyny 348:Australia 343:Argentina 202:(antonym) 2018:Aphallia 1982:External 1854:Testicle 1746:Internal 1735:intersex 1684:Category 1599:See also 1588:military 1513:Colombia 1455:timeline 1401:Judaism 1380:Religion 1252:Medicine 1165:Intersex 1014:15102623 965:15183377 898:17655659 833:10857554 755:See also 674:perineum 639:clitoris 450:See also 368:Colombia 306:timeline 246:Military 241:Religion 115:Medicine 23:Intersex 2008:Chordee 1523:Germany 1445:History 1324:Endosex 1281:history 1200:reports 1005:1719899 719:scrotum 711:Stage 6 696:Stage 5 678:chordee 670:Stage 4 660:Stage 3 650:Stage 2 635:Stage 1 624:Stage 0 617:Staging 601:of the 378:Germany 296:History 288:History 200:Endosex 181:more... 148:history 70:reports 1845:Gonads 1802:Vagina 1727:Female 1623:Gender 1616:rights 1573:Uganda 1568:Taiwan 1538:Mexico 1518:France 1498:Canada 1410:Tumtum 1375:People 1108:  1043:  1012:  1002:  963:  926:  896:  861:  831:  535:Rights 483:Gender 476:rights 428:Uganda 423:Taiwan 393:Mexico 373:France 353:Canada 236:People 25:topics 2037:Other 1990:Penis 1962:Other 1909:Other 1887:Ovary 1558:Spain 1543:Nepal 1533:Malta 1528:Kenya 1508:China 1503:Chile 1340:Films 1074:(PDF) 1067:(PDF) 715:penis 628:vulva 413:Spain 398:Nepal 388:Malta 383:Kenya 363:China 358:Chile 216:Films 1737:and 1731:male 1729:and 1628:LGBT 1355:Flag 1175:and 1106:ISBN 1088:link 1041:ISBN 1010:PMID 961:PMID 924:ISBN 894:PMID 859:NAID 829:PMID 717:and 688:and 648:For 585:The 488:LGBT 221:Flag 46:and 1739:DSD 1033:doi 1000:PMC 992:doi 953:doi 886:doi 819:doi 633:In 589:or 540:Sex 2080:: 1084:}} 1080:{{ 1039:. 1008:. 998:. 988:89 986:. 982:. 959:. 949:13 947:. 906:^ 892:. 880:. 853:. 841:^ 827:. 815:21 813:. 809:. 751:. 743:, 251:US 1719:e 1712:t 1705:v 1157:e 1150:t 1143:v 1114:. 1090:) 1049:. 1035:: 1016:. 994:: 967:. 955:: 932:. 900:. 888:: 882:5 865:. 855:9 835:. 821:: 692:. 641:( 630:. 574:e 567:t 560:v

Index

Intersex
Intersex flag
Human rights
legal issues
Compulsory sterilization
Discrimination
Human rights
reports
Legal recognition
Malta declaration
Medical interventions
Sex assignment
Sex characteristics (legal term)
Yogyakarta Principles
Medicine
Disorders of sex development
Genetic diagnosis
Definitions
Healthcare
Medical interventions
history
Orchidometer
Phall-O-Meter
Prader scale
Quigley scale
Sexual differentiation
more...
Endosex
Civil society organizations
Fictional characters‎

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