899:, upon the same designation "pragmatism," which in its original sense was in generic agreement with his own doctrine, for which he has since found the more appropriate specification "humanism," while he still retains "pragmatism" in a somewhat wider sense. So far all went happily. But at present, the word begins to be met with occasionally in the literary journals, where it gets abused in the merciless way that words have to expect when they fall into literary clutches. Sometimes the manners of the British have effloresced in scolding at the word as ill-chosen, —ill-chosen, that is, to express some meaning that it was rather designed to exclude. So then, the writer, finding his bantling "pragmatism" so promoted, feels that it is time to kiss his child good-by and relinquish it to its higher destiny; while to serve the precise purpose of expressing the original definition, he begs to announce the birth of the word "pragmaticism", which is ugly enough to be safe from kidnappers.
653:" implied by "acceptance" of the conception—that is, if one were to accept, first of all, the conception as true, then what could one conceive to be consequent general modes of rational conduct by all who accept the conception as true?—the whole of such consequent general modes is the whole meaning. His pragmatism, since a conception is general, does not equate a conception's meaning, its intellectual purport, with any definite set of actual consequences or upshots corroborating or undermining the conception or its worth, nor does it equate its meaning, much less its truth (if it is true), with the conceived or actual benefit or cost of the conception itself, like a meme (or, say, propaganda), outside the perspective of its being true in what it purports. If it is true, its truth is not transitory but instead immutable and independent of actual trends of opinion. His pragmatism also bears no resemblance to "vulgar" pragmatism, which misleadingly connotes a ruthless and
383:(CP) 5.414). Today, outside of philosophy, "pragmatism" is often taken to refer to a compromise of aims or principles, even a ruthless search for mercenary advantage. Peirce gave other or more specific reasons for the distinction in a surviving draft letter that year and in later writings. Peirce's pragmatism, that is, pragmaticism, differed in Peirce's view from other pragmatisms by its commitments to the spirit of strict logic, the immutability of truth, the reality of infinity, and the difference between (1) actively willing to control thought, to doubt, to weigh reasons, and (2) willing not to exert the will, willing to believe. In his view his pragmatism is, strictly speaking, not itself a whole philosophy, but instead a general method for the clarification of ideas. He first publicly formulated his pragmatism as an aspect of scientific logic along with
584:
practical differences. It equates any conception of an object with a conception of that object's effects to a general extent of those conceived effects' conceivable implications for informed practice. Those conceivable practical implications are the conception's meaning. The meaning is the consequent form of conduct or practice that would be implied by accepting the conception as true. Peirce's pragmaticism, in the strict sense, is about the conceptual elucidation of conceptions into such meanings — about how to make our ideas clear. Making them true, in the sense of proving and bearing them out in fruitful practice, goes beyond that. A conception's truth is its correspondence to the real, to that which would be found by investigation taken far enough. A conception's actual confirmation (if it occurs) is neither its meaning nor its truth
984:, volumes vi. and vii. Of course, the doctrine attracted no particular attention, for, as I had remarked in my opening sentence, very few people care for logic. But in 1897 Professor James remodelled the matter, and transmogrified it into a doctrine of philosophy, some parts of which I highly approved, while other and more prominent parts I regarded, and still regard, as opposed to sound logic. About the time Professor Papini discovered, to the delight of the Pragmatist school, that this doctrine was incapable of definition, which would certainly seem to distinguish it from every other doctrine in whatever branch of science, I was coming to the conclusion that my poor little maxim should be called by another name; and accordingly, in April 1905, I renamed it
1057:, that of Achilles and the Tortoise, in terms of James's and others' difficulties with it. Peirce therein expressed regret at having used a "contemptuous" manner about such difficulties in his 1903 Harvard lectures on pragmatism (which James had arranged), and said of James, who had died in August 1910: "Nobody has a better right to testify to the morality of his attitude toward his own thoughts than I, who knew and loved him for forty-nine or fifty years. But owing to his almost unexampled incapacity for mathematical thought, combined with intense hatred for logic — probably for its pedantry, its insistence on minute exactitude — the
940:
Schiller's uses of the word "pragmatism": "So far, all went happily." So it would seem that Peirce intended the coinage "pragmaticism" for two distinguishable purposes: (1) protection from literary journals and word-kidnappers, and (2) reference strictly to his own form of pragmatism, as opposed even to other pragmatisms that had not moved him to the new name. In the letter to
Calderoni, Peirce did not reject all significant affiliation with fellow pragmatists, and instead said "the rest of us". Nor did he reject all such affiliation in later discussions.
634:
have absolute theoretical assurance of having actually reached the truth, and later said that the confession of inaccuracy and one-sidedness is an essential ingredient of a true abstract statement.) Peirce argues that even to argue against the independence and discoverability of truth and the real is to presuppose that there is, about that very question under argument, a truth with just such independence and discoverability. For more on Peirce's theory of truth, see the Peirce section in
855:
37:
817:— which promotes conformity less brutally but fosters opinions as something like tastes, arising in conversation and comparisons of perspectives in terms of "what is agreeable to reason." Thereby it depends on fashion in paradigms and goes in circles over time. It is more intellectual and respectable but, like the first two methods, sustains accidental and capricious beliefs, destining some minds to doubt it.
829:"first rule" is that, in order to learn, one must desire to learn and, as a corollary, must not block the way of inquiry. What recommends the scientific method of inquiry above all others is that it is deliberately designed to arrive, eventually, at the ultimately most secure beliefs, upon which the most successful practices can eventually be based. Starting from the idea that people seek not truth
843:
801:), which he held to be fruitless, and it let him also frame it, by the same stroke, as requiring that proof rest on propositions free from actual doubt, rather than on ultimate and absolutely indubitable propositions. He outlined four methods, ordered from least to most successful in achieving a secure fixation of belief:
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of its barbarous formulations, etc. rendered him an easy victim to Zeno and the
Achilles. ... ", called James "about as perfect a lover of truth as it is possible for a man to be. ... " and said: "In speaking, then, of William James as I do, I am saying the most that I could of any man's intellectual
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The method of tenacity (policy of sticking to initial belief) — which brings comforts and decisiveness, but leads to trying to ignore contrary information and others' views, as if truth were intrinsically private, not public. The method goes against the social impulse and easily falters since one may
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be reached, sooner or later but still inevitably, by research taken far enough, such that the real does depend on that ideal final opinion—a dependence to which he appeals in theoretical arguments elsewhere, for instance for the long-run validity of the rule of induction. (Peirce held that one cannot
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A special and limited form of pragmatism, in which the pragmatism is restricted to the determining of the meaning of concepts (particularly of philosophic concepts) by consideration of the experimental differences in the conduct of life which would conceivably result from the affirmation or denial of
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Peirce held that, in practical affairs, slow and stumbling ratiocination is often dangerously inferior to instinct and traditional sentiment, and that the scientific method is best suited to theoretical research, which in turn should not be bound to the other methods and to practical ends; reason's
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Pragmatism starts with the idea that belief is that upon which one is prepared to act. Peirce's pragmatism is about conceptions of objects. His pragmatism is a method for fruitfully sorting out conceptual confusions caused, for example, by distinctions that make (sometimes needful) formal yet not
464:
He framed the theory that a conception, that is, the rational purport of a word or other expression, lies exclusively in its conceivable bearing upon the conduct of life. . . . To serve the precise purpose of expressing the original definition, he begs to announce the birth of the
1331:
I refer to Mr. Charles S. Peirce, with whose very existence as a philosopher I dare say many of you are unacquainted. He is one of the most original of contemporary thinkers; and the principle of practicalism or pragmatism, as he called it, when I first heard him enunciate it at
Cambridge in the
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but as the struggle to settle disturbances or conflicts of belief, irritating, inhibitory doubts, belief being that on which one is willing to act. That let Peirce frame scientific inquiry not only as a special kind of inquiry in a broader spectrum, but also, like inquiry generally, as based on
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article Peirce had said that the coinage "pragmaticism" was intended "to serve the precise purpose of expressing the original definition". Of course this does not mean that Peirce regarded his fellow pragmatist philosophers as word-kidnappers. To the contrary he had said, regarding James's and
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in general. To reason is to presuppose (and at least to hope), as a principle of the reasoner's self-regulation, that the truth is independent of our vagaries of opinion and is discoverable. In clearness's second grade (the "nominal" grade), he defines truth as the correspondence of a sign (in
975:
In 1871, in a
Metaphysical Club in Cambridge, Mass., I used to preach this principle as a sort of logical gospel, representing the unformulated method followed by Berkeley, and in conversation about it I called it "Pragmatism." In December 1877 and January 1878 I set forth the doctrine in the
1957:
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In an article for "The Monist" for 1905, Mr. Peirce says that he "has used it continually in philosophical conversation since, perhaps, the mid-seventies." The term was publicly introduced in print by
Professor William James in 1898 in an address upon "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical
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particular, a proposition) to its object, and the real as the object (be it a possibility or quality, or an actuality or brute fact, or a necessity or norm or law) to which a true sign corresponds, such that truth and the real are independent of that which you or I or any actual, definite
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Indeed, it may be said that if two apparently different definitions of the reality before us should have identical consequences, those two definitions would really be identical definitions, made delusively to appear different merely by the different verbiage in which they are
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The method of authority — which overcomes disagreements but sometimes brutally. Its successes can be majestic and long-lasting, but it cannot regulate people thoroughly enough to suppress doubts indefinitely, especially when people learn about other societies present and
1510:"That the rule of induction will hold good in the long run may be deduced from the principle that reality is only the object of the final opinion to which sufficient investigation would lead", in Peirce, C. S. (1878 April), "The Probability of Induction", p. 718 (
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arriving at conceptions in terms of conceivable confirmatory and disconfirmatory circumstances—a method hospitable to the generation of explanatory hypotheses, and conducive to the employment and improvement of verification to test the truth of putative knowledge.
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has disagreed, pointing out the context in which Peirce publicly introduced the latter term in 1905. Haack's excerpt of Peirce begins below at the words "But at present ...," and continues with some ellipses. The fuller excerpt below supports her case further:
1983:
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but instead to subdue irritating, inhibitory doubt, Peirce shows how, through the struggle, some can come to submit to truth, seek as truth the guidance of potential practice correctly to its given goal, and wed themselves to the scientific method.
522:'s foundation. Peirce (CP 5.11-12), like James saw pragmatism as embodying familiar attitudes, in philosophy and elsewhere, elaborated into a new deliberate method of thinking and resolving dilemmas. Peirce differed from James and the early
1050:, in which Percy described himself as "a thief of Peirce" (page 130). Meanwhile, Schiller, James's wife Alice, and James's son Henry James III believed that James had a habit of overstating his intellectual debts to others such as Peirce.
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3. Clearness in virtue of clearness of conceivable practical implications of the object's effects as conceived of, such as can lead to fruitful reasoning, especially on difficult problems. Here he introduces that which he later called the
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think. After that needful but confined step, next in clearness's third grade (the pragmatic, practice-oriented grade) he defines truth — not as actual consensus, such that to inquire would be to poll the experts — but as that which
887:, first took it up, seeing that his "radical empiricism" substantially answered to the writer's definition of pragmatism, albeit with a certain difference in the point of view. Next, the admirably clear and brilliant thinker, Mr.
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out by name and was vague about which among the others he most particularly referred to. Peirce wrote "It seems to me a pity they should allow a philosophy so instinct with life to become infected with seeds of death. ... "
951:
sm (as I have called it since James and
Schiller made the word imply "the will to believe," the mutability of truth, the soundness of Zeno's refutation of motion, and pluralism generally), upon Kant, Berkeley, and Leibniz.
379:, the original name, which had been used in a manner he did not approve of in the "literary journals". Peirce in 1905 announced his coinage "pragmaticism", saying that it was "ugly enough to be safe from kidnappers" (
931:, and the rest of us, while the particular doctrine which I invented the word to denote, which is your first kind of pragmatism, should be called 'pragmaticism.' The extra syllable will indicate the narrower meaning.
676:", that is, the logic of inference to explanatory hypotheses. As a method conducive to hypotheses as well as predictions and testing, pragmatism leads beyond the usual duo of foundational alternatives, namely:
537:'s definition of belief, as "that upon which a man is prepared to act." From this definition, pragmatism is scarce more than a corollary; so that I am disposed to think of him as the grandfather of pragmatism.
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Now, however, I have a particular occasion to write. Baldwin, arrived at J in his dictionary, suddenly calls on me to do the rest of the logic, in the utmost haste, and various questions of terminology come
1312:
James, William (1898), "Philosophical
Conceptions and Practical Results", delivered before the Philosophical Union of the University of California at Berkeley, August 26, 1898, and first printed in the
403:" or "pragmaticism"—and Peirce himself was not always consistent about it even after the notorious renaming—his conception of pragmatic philosophy is based on one or another version of the so-called "
1284:
You invented 'pragmatism' for which I gave you full credit in a lecture entitled 'Philosophical conceptions and practical results' of which I sent you 2 (unacknowledged) copies a couple of years ago.
575:, and others, it has proved durable and popular. But Peirce did not seize on this fact to enhance his reputation, and even coined the word "pragmaticism" to distinguish his philosophical position.
1038:
There has been some controversy over Peirce's relation to other pragmatists over the years and over the question of what is owed to Peirce, with visible crests in titles such as literary essayist
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A theory that proves itself more successful than its rivals in predicting and controlling our world is said to be nearer the truth. This is an operational notion of truth employed by scientists.
669:, is a department within his theory of inquiry, which he variously called "Methodeutic" and "Philosophical or Speculative Rhetoric". He applied his pragmatism as a method throughout his work.
526:, in some of their tangential enthusiasms, in being decidedly more rationalistic and realistic, in several senses of those terms, throughout the preponderance of his own philosophical moods.
1831:
1167:
v. 7, CP 6.452-485, EP 2:434–450, and elsewhere. See the discussion of pragmatism toward the end. Depending on the edition, it may appear in
Section V or in an "additament" afterward.
1575:(in "The Spirit of Scholasticism"), where Peirce attributes the success of modern science not so much to a novel interest in verification as to the improvement of verification.
1897:, vol. XVI, no. 4, pp. 492–546, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, October 1906, for the Hegeler Institute. Reprinted in CP v. 4, paragraphs 530–572 and
1030:"such confusions of thought as of active willing (willing to control thought, to doubt, and to weigh reasons) with willing not to exert the will (willing to believe)".
2335:. Includes Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms with Peirce's definitions, often many per term across the decades, and the Digital Encyclopedia of Charles S. Peirce (
2287:, Joseph Ransdell, ed. Over 100 online writings by Peirce as of November 24, 2010, with annotations. 100s of online papers on Peirce. The peirce-l e-forum. Much else.
1871:, vol. XV, no. 4, pp. 481–499, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, October 1905, for the Hegeler Institute. Reprinted in CP v. 5, paragraphs 438–463 and
607:, that is, clarified by analysis of just what elements make the given idea applicable. Elsewhere, echoing Kant, Peirce calls such a definition "nominal" (CP 5.553).
1402:
1387:
1344:
1042:'s "Cutpurse Philosopher" about James, in which Dahlberg claimed that Peirce had "tombstone reticences" about making accusations, and Kenneth Laine Ketner's and
1376:¹ See the admirably original "Illustrations of the Logic of Science," by C. S. Peirce, especially the second paper, "How to make our Thoughts clear," [
2017:
including the 1903 lectures on pragmatism, 1998, Peirce
Edition Project, eds., Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. In print
1973:, 4 volumes in 5, Carolyn Eisele, ed., Mouton Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands, 1976. Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. Out of print.
315:
2395:
2246:
1215:
for terms in logic, philosophy and other fields, see B:139. "Pragmatism" and presumably "pragmaticism" were among the words in Peirce's charge in the
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well fail to avoid noticing when another's opinion is as good as one's own initial opinion. Its successes can be brilliant but tend to be transitory.
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search for mercenary or political advantage. Rather, Peirce's pragmatic maxim is the heart of his pragmatism as a method of experimentational mental
1912:", published in part, Hibbert Journal vol. 7, pp. 90–112. Reprinted including one or another unpublished part in CP v. 6, paragraphs 452–485,
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early 70s is the clue or compass by following which I find myself more and more confirmed in believing we may keep our feet upon the proper trail.
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word "pragmatism" has gained general recognition in a generalised sense that seems to argue power of growth and vitality. The famed psychologist,
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has said, "Chauncey Wright also deserves considerable credit, for as both Peirce and James recall, it was Wright who demanded a phenomenalist and
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1982:, vols. 1–6 & 8, of a projected 30, Peirce Edition Project, eds., Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana. In print
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1909:
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1613:"Philosophy and the Conduct of Life", 1898, Lecture 1 of the Cambridge (MA) Conferences Lectures, published CP 1.616-48 in part and in
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to which James replied (CP 8:253 footnote 8) on a post card dated
November 26, 1900, Widener Library (Cambridge, Massachusetts) VB2a:
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Peirce proceeded in "A Neglected Argument" to express both deep satisfaction and deep dismay with his fellow pragmatists. He singled
172:
2422:), eds., ], Brazil, in English. 84 authors listed, 51 papers online & more listed, as of January 31, 2009. Newer edition now at
1849:, vol. XV, no. 2, pp. 161–181, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, April 1905, for the Hegeler Institute. Reprinted in
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2003:. A study edition of Peirce's lecture manuscripts, including unused drafts, which had been previously published in abridged form.
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1995:
1969:
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638:. Peirce's discussions and definitions of truth have influenced several epistemic truth theorists and been used as foil for
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1978:
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2. Clearness of a conception in virtue of clearness of its definition's parts, in virtue of which logicians called an idea
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By way of example of how to clarify conceptions, he addressed conceptions about truth and the real as questions of the
2398:: The Peirce Archive. Humboldt U, Berlin, Germany. Cataloguing Peirce's innumerable drawings & graphic materials.
1588:'s comments and his tabular list of titles of Peirce's proposed list of memoirs in 1902 for his Carnegie application,
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2265:
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2175:
2155:
2132:
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Peirce, C.S. (1903), "Pragmatism — The Logic of Abduction", CP v. 5, paragraphs 195–205, especially paragraph 196.
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U., Frankfurt, Germany. Uses frames. Click on link at bottom of its home page for English. Moved to ], Germany,
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appears to have been in 1898 by James, who credited Peirce with having coined the name during the early 1870s.
336:
2443:, ed., U. of Navarra, Spain. Big study site, Peirce & others in Spanish & English, bibliography, more.
1234:
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v. II, n. 3, April–June 1929, pp. 282–5, see 283–4, reprinted 1934 as "Historical Affinities and Genesis" in
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2018:
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In another manuscript "A Sketch of Logical Critic" dated by the CP editors as 1911, Peirce discussed one of
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I proposed that the word 'pragmatism' should hereafter be used somewhat loosely to signify affiliation with
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771:, which is merely the relabeling of phenomenological patterns. Peirce's pragmatism was the first time the
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Subsequent application of the contingent theory in order to clarify its logical and practical implications;
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Pragmaticism was originally enounced in the form of a maxim, as follows: Consider what effects, that might
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In a 1906 manuscript, Peirce wrote that, in the Metaphysical Club decades earlier, Nicholas St. John Green
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James, among others, regarded Peirce's 1877-8 "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" series, especially "
1321:
2360:. Co-sponsoring the 2014 Peirce International Centennial Congress (100th anniversary of Peirce's death).
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reported that PEP-UQÀM's director François Latraverse informed him that John Dewey actually wrote the
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1887:
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1241:, the Peirce Edition Project's branch at Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM), which is working on
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1102:
85:
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but was dismayed with their "angry hatred of strict logic" and saw seeds of philosophical death in:
2543:, Indiana U.-Purdue U. Indianapolis (IUPUI). André De Tienne, Nathan Houser, et al. Editors of the
1949:
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500:
496:
323:
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However, in the following year 1906, in a manuscript "A Sketch of Logical Critics", Peirce wrote:
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Institut de Recherche en Sémiotique, Communication et Éducation, Gérard Deledalle, Joëlle Réthoré
1996:
Pragmatism as a Principle and Method of Right Thinking: The 1903 Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism"
1733:
1669:
504:
300:
128:
2529:, Louis Hébert, director, supported by U. of Québec. Theory, application, exercises of Peirce's
2350:, Carlo Sini, Rossella Fabbrichesi, et al., U. of Milan, Italy. In Italian and English. Part of
2551:(EP) v. 2. Many study aids such as the Robin Catalog of Peirce's manuscripts & letters and:
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372:
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275:
163:
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As Brent (B:86) points out, in a letter November 10, 1900 (CP 8:253) to James, Peirce wrote:
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310:
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Institut für Didaktik der Mathematik (Michael Hoffman, Michael Otte, Universität Bielefeld,
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1999:, Patricia Ann Turisi, ed., State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, 1997. In print
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625:
305:
138:
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1. Clearness of a conception familiar and readily used even if unanalyzed and undeveloped.
8:
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The foundations of social research : meaning and perspective in the research process
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956:(Peirce proceeded to criticize J. S. Mill but acknowledged probable aid from Mill's
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227:
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Realities," in which authorship of the term and of the method is credited to Mr. Peirce.
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The method of science — the only one whereby inquiry can, by its own account, go wrong (
2115:, Ketner, Kenneth Laine, and Kloesel, Christian J. W., eds., Indiana University Press:
1945:
1839:
1293:
437:
201:
153:
2567:
2461:, Kenneth Laine Ketner, Clyde Hendrick, et al., Texas Tech U. Peirce's life and works.
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See for example "What Pragmatism Is Like", a translation published in October 1907 in
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As Brent also points out (B:88), Peirce — or as Peirce scholars recently say, Dewey (
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vols. 12–13. (Includes "The Fixation of Belief" and "How to Make Our Ideas Clear".)
1617:, Ketner (ed., intro.) and Putnam (intro., comm.), 105–22, reprinted in EP 2:27-41.
1415:
Peirce, C. S., "The Founding of Pragmatism", manuscript written 1906, published in
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295:
118:
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James credited Peirce again the 1901-1902 Gifford Lectures that were published as
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Lane, Robert (2007), "Peirce's Modal Shift: From Set Theory to Pragmaticism",
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the character of consciousness as only "visceral or other external sensation".
2689:
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Peirce, C. S.; James, William; Baldwin, James Mark; and Seth, James (1902), "
1276:, I or you? Where did it first appear in print? What do you understand by it?
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1097:
967:", mentioning both James and the journalist, pragmatist, and literary author
920:
891:, casting about for a more attractive name for the "anthropomorphism" of his
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of inquiry far more solid than the flatter image of inductive generalization
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196:
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824:), and purposely tests itself and criticizes, corrects, and improves itself.
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Pragmatism as a philosophical movement originated in 1872 in discussions in
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Then, in a surviving draft letter to Calderoni, dated by the CP editors as
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It is sometimes stated that James' and other philosophers' use of the word
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1659:, v. XV, n. 2, April 1905, pp. 161-81, reprinted CP 5.411-37, see 5.414.
907:
that same year 1905, Peirce said regarding his above-quoted discussion:
763:. Peirce's appreciation of these three dimensions serves to flesh out a
507:
and Joseph Bangs Warner (1848–1923). The first use in print of the name
2654:
2437:
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1780:
An excerpt of it appears as "Achilles and the Tortoise" in CP 6.177-84.
1342:(p. 444), and then in the 1906 lectures that were published in 1907 as
1176:
See p. 481 in Peirce, C. S. (1905), "Issues of Pragmaticism", The
1062:
morality; and with him this was but one of a whole diadem of virtues."
924:
792:", Peirce characterized inquiry in general not as the pursuit of truth
755:
705:
564:
553:
541:
James and Peirce, inspired by crucial links among belief, conduct, and
523:
519:
443:
400:
376:
133:
55:
2666:
729:
Active process of theory generation, with no prior assurance of truth;
2643:
2351:
1127:
239:
2357:
1987:
1961:
1956:, ed., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. In print
1893:
Peirce, C. S. (1906), "Prolegomena To an Apology For Pragmaticism",
2293:(1998–2003), Donald Cunningham & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, Indiana U.
1231:
747:
Testing and evaluation of the provisional theory's utility for the
233:
191:
158:
2284:
1601:
1572:
2605:
Research Group on Semiotic Epistemology and Mathematics Education
2446:
1092:
244:
217:
2540:
2363:
2210:
Nubiola, Jaime (1996), "C. S. Peirce: Pragmatism and Logicism",
2671:
2458:
2193:
Truth and the End of Inquiry : A Peircean Account of Truth
1362:(which James dedicated to Peirce), see p. 124 and footnote via
2396:
Collegium for the Advanced Study of Picture Act and Embodiment
2058:), reprinted, Humanities Press Intl (August 1995), paperback (
1010:, in terms of potential concrete effects even if unactualized;
980:, and the two parts of my essay were printed in French in the
2678:
2598:
2092:
The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods
1006:
the reality of generals and habits, to be understood, as are
595:", Peirce discusses three grades of clearness of conception:
2669:, Henrik Rydenfelt (U. of Helsinki), coordinator. Journal:
2452:
2229:, Blackwell (now Wiley), Malden, MA, 431 pages, hardcover (
842:
753:
of future experience, and that in dual senses of the word:
2322:
1668:
Letter to Signor Calderoni (c. 1905), CP 8.205. See under
2438:
Grupo de Estudios Peirceanos (GEP) / Peirce Studies Group
2380:
2373:. Quarterly journal of Peirce studies since spring 1965.
1378:
2077:
Atkin, Albert (2006), "C.S. Peirce's Pragmatism" in the
1842:, ed., MacMillan, New York and London, pp. 321–323.
371:
for his pragmatic philosophy starting in 1905, in order
2254:
The Road of Inquiry, Charles Peirce's Pragmatic Realism
2013:, 1992, Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel, eds., and
1721:. The original Italian: "Introduzione al pragmatismo",
1382:] in the Popular Science Monthly for January, 1878.
2649:
European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy
2449:(HPRC), Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen et al., U. of Helsinki.
2142:, Oxford University Press, USA, 328 pages, hardcover (
2140:
Truth, Rationality, and Pragmatism: Themes from Peirce
1979:
Writings of Charles S. Peirce, A Chronological Edition
1626:
Peirce (1899), "F.R.L." , CP v. 1, paragraphs 135-40.
556:
as a vital alternative to rationalistic speculation."
407:". Here is one of his more emphatic statements of it:
2009:
The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings
649:
Peirce said that a conception's meaning consists in "
2432:, Jay Zeman, ed., U. of Florida. Has 4 Peirce texts.
1970:
The New Elements of Mathematics by Charles S. Peirce
1403:
Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking
1388:
Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking
1345:
Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking
578:
2465:
International Research Group on Abductive Inference
870:so dismayed Peirce that he renamed his own variant
2663:, Mitchell Aboulafia & John R. Shook, Editors.
2036:Charles S. Peirce: From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism
1813:
2687:
2681:, David Hildebrand & John R. Shook, Editors.
2514:
2508:
2455:. Autobiographical Peirce. Kenneth Laine Ketner.
2409:
2326:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2094:, v. 13, n. 26, December, 709–715. Google Books
1867:Peirce, C. S. (1905), "Issues of Pragmaticism",
1642:, Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press, p. 55
1454:
1257:s definitions of "pragmatic", "pragmatism", etc.
2629:76 definitions of the sign by C. S. Peirce
1198:(CP) v. 5, paragraphs 438–463, see 438, and in
895:, lit, in that most remarkable paper of his on
797:actual doubts, not mere verbal doubts (such as
2319:(PUC-SP), Brazil. In Portuguese, some English.
2483:not in English but see Artikel section there.
2435:
2370:Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society
2343:
2101:Chance, Love, and Logic: Philosophical Essays
1771:, Yale University Press, 2001. See pp. 491-2.
1501:). Reprinted in CP, v. 3, paragraphs 456-552.
665:Peirce's pragmatism, as method and theory of
344:
2608:
2575:
2496:
2490:
2474:
2468:
2119:, Bloomington, IN, 1986, 480 pages, cloth (
1845:Peirce, C. S. (1905), "What Pragmatism Is",
1532:, pp. 174–89), (W 3:290–305), (EP 1:155–69).
1910:A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God
1161:A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God
965:A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God
719:, empiricist or otherwise, as well as from
672:Peirce called his pragmatism "the logic of
2299:Centro Internacional de Estudos Peirceanos
1941:Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce
1417:The Hound & Horn: A Harvard Miscellany
559:Pragmatism is regarded as a distinctively
473:, in The Monist, April, 1905, p. 166.
351:
337:
2406:Digital Encyclopedia of Charles S. Peirce
2199:), Oxford, UK; 2004 paperback 232 pages (
2098:. Reprinted or adapted in Peirce, C. S.,
1504:
1211:Peirce had primary responsibility in the
2323:Commens Digital Companion to C.S. Peirce
1553:. Reprinted CP v. 5, paragraphs 565-566.
1437:(undated), "The Metaphysical Club", the
1003:Peirce remained allied with them about:
853:
841:
2581:. Working on W 7: Peirce's work on the
2527:Signo: Theoretical Semiotics on the Web
1836:Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology
1547:Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology
1489:See also "The Logic of Relatives," The
1027:their view that infinity is unreal; and
533:often urged the importance of applying
2688:
2577:Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM)
2090:(1916), "The Pragmatism of Peirce" in
1758:University Press of Mississippi, 1995.
1749:, University of Minnesota Press, 1967.
837:
667:definitions and the clearness of ideas
478:
427:of those effects is the whole of your
2459:Institute for Studies in Pragmaticism
2096:eprint, but much of p. 714 is missing
1922:Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic
1899:Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic
1821:Illustrations of the Logic of Science
1339:The Varieties of Religious Experience
723:, by the following three dimensions:
651:all general modes of rational conduct
389:Illustrations of the Logic of Science
119:Entitative graph in Qualitative logic
2696:Philosophical schools and traditions
2601:, David Hildebrand & John Shook.
2325:, Mats Bergman, Sami Paavola, &
2183:Journal of the History of Philosophy
1914:Charles S. Peirce: Selected Writings
1873:Charles S. Peirce: Selected Writings
1855:Charles S. Peirce: Selected Writings
1545:" in "Truth and Falsity and Error",
1200:Charles S. Peirce: Selected Writings
1155:
1153:
2625:Semiotics according to Robert Marty
2138:Hookway, Christopher (2000, 2003),
2079:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1769:William James: His Life and Thought
1729:5, n. 1, February 1907, pp. 26-37,
1348:, see Lecture 2, fourth paragraph.
1073:Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography
1024:their view that "truth is mutable";
563:philosophy. As advocated by James,
13:
2313:et al., Pontifical Catholic U. of
2291:Center for Applied Semiotics (CAS)
2260:, New York, NY, 261 pages, cloth (
1853:(CP) v. 5, paragraphs 411–437 and
1640:Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate
947:I have always fathered my pragmati
394:
14:
2727:
2272:
2113:Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism
2040:University of Massachusetts Press
1615:Reasoning and the Logic of Things
1150:
579:Clarification of ideas in inquiry
469:."
2655:International Pragmatism Society
2337:old edition still at old website
1832:Pragmatic (1) and (2) Pragmatism
1684:v. 2, pp. 451–62, see pp. 457-8.
1530:Philosophical Writings of Peirce
1524:, v. 12, pp. 705-18. Reprinted (
1317:1, September 1898, pp. 287-310.
1013:the falsity of necessitarianism;
703:from experiential phenomena, or
442:, the entry for pragmaticism by
399:Whether one chooses to call it "
391:" series of articles in 1877-8.
35:
2553:—Biographical introductions to
2447:Helsinki Peirce Research Center
1986:and online (first six volumes)
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1761:
1752:
1739:
1704:
1687:
1675:
1662:
1645:
1632:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1578:
1565:
1556:
1535:
1528:, pp. 82-105), (CP 2.669-93), (
1483:
1425:v. 5, paragraphs 11–13, see 12.
963:Then, in 1908, in his article "
387:and modes of inference in his "
291:Charles Santiago Sanders Peirce
2519:, Brazil. English, Portuguese.
1938:Peirce, C.S. (1931–35, 1958),
1814:References and further reading
1655:-166 in "What Pragmatism Is",
1448:
1428:
1409:
1394:
1391:, Lecture 2, fourth paragraph.
1352:
1260:
1205:
1170:
715:His approach is distinct from
1:
2644:Associazione Culturale Pragma
2545:Writings of Charles S. Peirce
2391:Mathematics Genealogy Project
2256:, Columbia University Press:
1562:Peirce (1902), CP 5.13 note 1
1461:. London: Sage Publications.
685:from self-evident truths, or
415:have practical bearings, you
2672:Nordic Studies in Pragmatism
2541:Peirce Edition Project (PEP)
2358:Charles S. Peirce Foundation
2308:Centro de Estudos Peirceanos
2278:Peirce, including pragmatism
2108:, ed., 1923, still in print.
2042:, hardcover (October 1981) (
1819:Peirce, C. S. (1877–1878), "
779:for philosophical questions.
621:presuppositions of reasoning
455:
7:
2593:Peirce's Existential Graphs
2195:, Oxford University Press (
2006:Peirce, C.S. (1992, 1998),
1879:(with a few botched pages)
1699:How to Make Our Ideas Clear
1245:v. 7: Peirce's work on the
1065:
911:In the April number of the
593:How to Make Our Ideas Clear
516:How to Make Our Ideas Clear
210:Miscellaneous contributions
10:
2732:
2336:
2285:Arisbe: The Peirce Gateway
1288:
1230:" in the list of words at
1020:
1002:
373:to distance himself and it
250:Classification of sciences
2667:Nordic Pragmatism Network
2615:Peirce Project Newsletter
2423:
2381:Charles S. Peirce Studies
2364:Charles S. Peirce Society
2252:Skagestad, Peter (1981),
2227:A Companion to Pragmatism
2185:, v. 45, n. 4, Oct. 2007.
1952:, eds., vols. 7–8, 1958,
1455:Crotty, Michael. (1998).
1118:Pragmatic theory of truth
1103:Philosophy of mathematics
636:Pragmatic theory of truth
460:the meaning in question.
431:of the object (CP 5.438).
2418:) & Ricardo Gudwin (
2402:(Prof. Aud Sissel Hoel).
2310:(CeneP), Lucia Santaella
2162:, 328 pages, paperback (
1299:definition of pragmatism
1272:Who originated the term
1180:, vol. 15, pp. 481–499,
1144:
889:Ferdinand C. S. Schiller
588:, but an actual upshot.
501:Francis Ellingwood Abbot
385:principles of statistics
324:Peirce Geodetic Monument
2660:Contemporary Pragmatism
2595:, Frithjof Dau, Germany
1908:Peirce, C. S. (1908), "
1825:Popular Science Monthly
1712:Popular Science Monthly
1541:Peirce, C. S. (1902), "
1526:Chance, Love, and Logic
1522:Popular Science Monthly
1008:hypostatic abstractions
978:Popular Science Monthly
505:Nicholas St. John Green
301:Christine Ladd-Franklin
129:Functional completeness
2711:Charles Sanders Peirce
2701:Philosophical theories
2609:
2587:Definition of the week
2576:
2515:
2509:
2497:
2491:
2475:
2469:
2436:
2410:
2344:
2327:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2247:Blackwell catalog page
2011:, Volume 1 (1867–1893)
1976:Peirce, C.S. (1981–),
1944:, vols. 1–6, 1931–35,
1695:The Fixation of Belief
1400:James, William (1907)
1385:See also James's 1907
1384:
1334:
1311:
1286:
1278:
1088:Hypostatic abstraction
990:
954:
933:
901:
863:
851:
790:The Fixation of Belief
626:community of inquirers
539:
476:
475:
471:C. S. Peirce
433:
369:Charles Sanders Peirce
276:Joseph Morton Ransdell
260:Quincuncial projection
164:Type-token distinction
29:Charles Sanders Peirce
2333:Commens at Helsinki U
2212:Philosophia Scientiae
2158:), new edition 2003:
1993:Peirce, C.S. (1992),
1370:
1329:
1306:
1282:
1267:
1108:Philosophy of science
973:
945:
909:
881:
857:
845:
545:, agreed with Green.
531:
485:The Metaphysical Club
462:
448:
409:
311:The Metaphysical Club
2549:The Essential Peirce
2383:, Brian Kariger, ed.
2221:Shook, John R., and
2111:Fisch, Max, (1986),
2106:Morris Raphael Cohen
2015:Volume 2 (1893–1913)
1967:Peirce, C.S (1976),
1493:, Vol. 7, 1897, pp.
1315:University Chronicle
897:Axioms as Postulates
893:Riddle of the Sphinx
423:to have. Then, your
419:the objects of your
367:" is a term used by
306:Victoria, Lady Welby
139:Logic of information
109:Continuous predicate
93:Community of inquiry
2160:O.U.P. catalog page
1920:v. 2, 434–450, and
982:Revue Philosophique
838:Pragmaticism's name
775:was proposed as an
646:theories of truth.
573:George Herbert Mead
479:Pragmatism's origin
453:(prag-mat′i-sizm),
66:Abductive reasoning
2679:Pragmatism Cybrary
2637:Related pragmatism
2599:Pragmatism Cybrary
2583:Century Dictionary
2537:. English, French.
2453:His Glassy Essence
2430:Existential Graphs
1946:Charles Hartshorne
1933:Peirce collections
1840:James Mark Baldwin
1767:Myers, Gerald E.,
1714:v. 71, pp. 351–8.
1693:Peirce refers to "
1439:Pragmatism Cybrary
1358:See James (1897),
1294:Century Dictionary
1251:Joseph M. Ransdell
1247:Century Dictionary
1237:2011-07-06 at the
1226:2011-10-02 at the
1217:Century Dictionary
1213:Century Dictionary
864:
852:
813:The method of the
438:Century Dictionary
202:Universal rhetoric
154:Second-order logic
86:as theory of truth
2510:Vinicius Romanini
2375:Table of Contents
2205:978-0-19-927059-0
2125:978-0-253-34317-8
1747:Alms for Oblivion
1123:Scientific method
1083:Existential graph
1048:A Thief of Peirce
1036:
1035:
994:F. C. S. Schiller
859:F. C. S. Schiller
773:scientific method
569:F. C. S. Schiller
361:
360:
124:Existential graph
2723:
2716:1900s neologisms
2612:
2579:
2574:PEP's branch at
2570:readable online.
2518:
2512:
2505:Minute Semeiotic
2500:
2494:
2478:
2472:
2442:
2413:
2347:
2330:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2223:Margolis, Joseph
2189:Misak, Cheryl J.
1918:Essential Peirce
1885:Internet Archive
1851:Collected Papers
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1708:
1702:
1691:
1685:
1682:Essential Peirce
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1512:Internet Archive
1508:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1452:
1446:
1432:
1426:
1422:Collected Papers
1413:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1356:
1350:
1319:Internet Archive
1291:) — in the 1909
1264:
1258:
1209:
1203:
1196:Collected Papers
1189:Internet Archive
1174:
1168:
1159:Peirce (1908), "
1157:
1078:Entitative graph
1055:Zeno's paradoxes
1000:
999:
971:, Peirce wrote:
799:hyperbolic doubt
457:
381:Collected Papers
353:
346:
339:
296:Roberta Kevelson
39:
16:
15:
2731:
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2720:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2634:
2571:
2565:
2552:
2440:, Jaime Nubiola
2366:
2304:and previously
2275:
2225:, eds. (2006),
2032:Apel, Karl-Otto
1954:Arthur W. Burks
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
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1621:
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1608:
1599:
1595:
1586:Joseph Ransdell
1583:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1540:
1536:
1509:
1505:
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1484:
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1360:Will to Believe
1357:
1353:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1239:Wayback Machine
1228:Wayback Machine
1210:
1206:
1175:
1171:
1165:Hibbert Journal
1158:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1113:Pragmatic maxim
1068:
1040:Edward Dahlberg
969:Giovanni Papini
861:
849:
840:
717:foundationalism
613:pragmatic maxim
596:
581:
493:Chauncey Wright
481:
405:pragmatic maxim
397:
395:Pragmatic maxim
357:
286:Juliette Peirce
173:Semiotic theory
58:in epistemology
12:
11:
5:
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2683:
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2676:
2664:
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2640:
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2613:Germany). See
2607:(late 1990s),
2602:
2596:
2590:
2538:
2520:
2502:
2484:
2473:et al., eds.,
2462:
2456:
2450:
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2427:
2403:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2377:of all issues.
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2273:External links
2271:
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2235:978-1405116213
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2214:I/2, 121-130.
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2168:978-0199256587
2148:978-0198238362
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2048:978-0870231773
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1807:From CP 6.184.
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1798:From CP 6.183.
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2266:0-231-05004-6
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2255:
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2248:
2244:
2243:1-4051-1621-8
2240:
2236:
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2176:0-19-925658-6
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2156:0-19-823836-3
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2149:
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2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:0-253-34317-8
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2110:
2107:
2103:
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2097:
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2072:0-391-03895-8
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:0-87023-177-4
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:, 288 pages,
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
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1658:
1654:
1651:Peirce, on p
1648:
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1468:0-7619-6105-4
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1219:– see under "
1218:
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1183:
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1133:Sign relation
1131:
1129:
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1098:Logical graph
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847:William James
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663:
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655:Machiavellian
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489:William James
486:
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221:
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197:Sign relation
195:
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144:Logical graph
142:
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127:
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107:
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38:
34:
33:
30:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2670:
2658:
2647:
2617:v. 3, n. 1,
2614:
2582:
2548:
2544:
2526:
2489:(1974–2003)—
2487:L'I.R.S.C.E.
2411:João Queiroz
2387:Pragmaticism
2368:
2345:Centro Studi
2328:João Queiroz
2258:catalog page
2253:
2226:
2211:
2197:catalog page
2192:
2182:
2139:
2117:catalog page
2112:
2099:
2091:
2078:
2035:
2014:
2007:
1994:
1977:
1968:
1939:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1877:Google Books
1876:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1823:" (series),
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1731:Google Books
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:Google Books
1715:
1711:
1706:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1672:in the CDPT.
1670:Pragmaticism
1664:
1656:
1647:
1639:
1634:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1596:
1580:
1571:See CP 1.34
1567:
1558:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1499:Google Books
1498:
1490:
1485:
1457:
1450:
1438:
1430:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1364:Google Books
1363:
1359:
1354:
1343:
1337:
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1330:
1318:
1314:
1307:
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1292:
1283:
1279:
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1268:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1194:. Reprinted
1188:
1182:Google Books
1181:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1138:Truth theory
1058:
1052:
1047:
1044:Walker Percy
1037:
991:
986:Pragmaticism
985:
981:
977:
974:
962:
957:
955:
946:
942:
936:
934:
912:
910:
904:
902:
896:
892:
882:
872:pragmaticism
871:
867:
865:
830:
827:
814:
793:
787:
784:
777:epistemology
768:
760:
754:
750:anticipation
748:
714:
704:
686:
671:
666:
664:
648:
640:deflationary
630:
618:
604:
590:
585:
582:
558:
540:
532:
528:
518:" (1878) as
513:
508:
482:
470:
467:pragmaticism
466:
463:
454:
451:pragmaticism
450:
449:
436:
435:In the 1909
434:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
410:
398:
380:
365:Pragmaticism
364:
362:
322:
268:Biographical
232:
187:Interpretant
182:Indexicality
114:Peirce's law
76:Pragmaticism
75:
47:Bibliography
2657:. Journal:
2568:Most of W 2
2555:EP 1–2
2416:now at UFJF
2331:, formerly
2088:Dewey, John
1988:via InteLex
1962:via InteLex
1960:and online
1435:Shook, John
1373:expressed.¹
1249:. However,
958:Examination
876:Susan Haack
822:fallibilism
769:simpliciter
765:physiognomy
721:coherentism
688:rationalism
551:fallibilist
543:disposition
413:conceivably
149:Logical NOR
71:Fallibilism
2706:Pragmatism
2690:Categories
2559:W 1–6
2420:at Unicamp
1950:Paul Weiss
1895:The Monist
1869:The Monist
1847:The Monist
1725:series 3,
1657:The Monist
1549:v. 2, see
1497:-217 (via
1305:), wrote:
1303:Wikisource
1296:Supplement
1274:pragmatism
1255:Supplement
868:pragmatism
756:prediction
706:empiricism
659:reflection
565:John Dewey
554:empiricism
547:John Shook
524:John Dewey
520:pragmatism
509:pragmatism
497:John Fiske
444:John Dewey
440:Supplement
429:conception
425:conception
421:conception
401:pragmatism
377:pragmatism
228:Categories
134:Logic gate
56:Pragmatism
2535:Esthetics
2531:Semiotics
2516:São Paulo
2501:, France.
2498:Perpignan
2481:home page
2470:Uwe Wirth
2400:More info
2316:São Paulo
2001:from SUNY
1924:260–278.
1916:358–379,
1901:249–252.
1875:203–226.
1857:180–202.
1289:see above
1128:Semeiotic
862:1863–1937
850:1842–1910
701:Induction
683:Deduction
674:abduction
240:Synechism
2547:(W) and
2513:, U. of
2495:, U. of
2191:(1991),
2034:(1981),
2019:from IUP
1984:from IUP
1958:from HUP
1838:, v. 2,
1723:Leonardo
1477:39076972
1243:Writings
1235:Archived
1232:PEP-UQÀM
1224:Archived
1066:See also
917:Schiller
815:a priori
605:distinct
561:American
417:conceive
234:Phaneron
192:Semiosis
159:Trikonic
81:as maxim
21:a series
19:Part of
2627:, with
2424:Commens
2389:at the
1697:" and "
1543:Logical
1093:Inquiry
761:control
245:Tychism
218:Agapism
2561:&
2523:Peirce
2476:Goethe
2352:Pragma
2348:Peirce
2301:(CIEP)
2264:
2241:
2233:
2216:Eprint
2203:
2174:
2166:
2154:
2146:
2131:
2123:
2083:Eprint
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
1926:Eprint
1903:Eprint
1888:Eprint
1881:Eprint
1862:Eprint
1859:Arisbe
1734:Eprint
1719:Eprint
1653:p. 165
1638:1998,
1628:Eprint
1602:Eprint
1590:Eprint
1573:Eprint
1551:p. 718
1516:Eprint
1491:Monist
1475:
1465:
1443:Eprint
1367:Eprint
1326:p. 290
1322:Eprint
1192:Eprint
1185:Eprint
1178:Monist
937:Monist
913:Monist
831:per se
794:per se
586:per se
465:word "
2646:with
2619:p. 13
2026:Other
1834:" in
1324:. On
1145:Notes
929:Royce
925:Dewey
921:James
905:circa
885:James
810:past.
631:would
375:from
101:Logic
2557:and
2533:and
2262:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2172:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2044:ISBN
1948:and
1727:anno
1584:See
1473:OCLC
1463:ISBN
1059:gêne
788:In "
759:and
642:and
591:In "
535:Bain
446:was
316:book
2525:at
1745:In
1520:in
1495:161
1379:sic
1328:::
1270:up.
1163:",
1046:'s
960:.)
952:...
2692::
2585:.
2507:,
2467:,
2408:,
2339:).
2245:)
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2207:).
2178:).
2170:,
2150:,
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2127:,
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2081:.
2074:).
2066:,
2050:,
1883:.
1701:".
1518:)
1471:.
1441:.
1369::
1187:,
1152:^
949:ci
927:,
923:,
919:,
874:.
571:,
567:,
499:,
495:,
491:,
456:n.
23:on
2675:.
2631:.
2621:.
2589:.
2572:—
2566:—
2563:8
2426:.
2414:(
2367:—
2354:.
2268:)
2249:.
2218:.
2021:.
1990:.
1964:.
1928:.
1905:.
1890:.
1864:.
1736:.
1604:.
1479:.
1445:.
1406:.
1301:(
1221:P
988:.
709:.
691:;
615:.
363:"
352:e
345:t
338:v
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