412:
166:, provided the popular agitators with definite objectives, the first of which was expressed in a single word: Bread! Its political aims were expounded at greater length: putting the Constitution of 1793 into practice, election of a legislative assembly to take the place of the Convention, the release of imprisoned patriots. The people were asked to march in a body to the Convention on 1 Prairial. There can be no doubt about the preparation of the insurrection by the
50:
261:, who opposed their entry, was struck down and his head was severed and paraded on a pike. This time the women were amply supported by armed citizens of the rebellious sections, though few battalions broke into the building in full strength. Yet the demonstrators were in sufficient numbers and their weapons sufficiently imposing to reduce the majority to silence and to encourage the small remnants of deputies of the Mountain, The Crest (
194:
469:; the others were executed alive. This 'heroic sacrifice' put the 'martyrs of Prairial' in the pantheon of the popular movement. But it highlighted the insoluble contradiction of their position. On 1 Prairial the most lucid of them understood the trap which was set up for them and consciously walked into it.
472:
The
Sections were invited to hold special meetings on 24 May to denounce and disarm all suspected 'terrorists' and Jacobin sympathizers. The result was a massive toll of proscriptions, in which the settling of old scores played as large a part as the testing of political orthodoxy. By the 28 May the
433:
a
Military Commission was set up for the summary trial and execution of all persons captured with arms in their possession or wearing the insignia of rebellion. The Commission sat for ten weeks and tried 132 persons; nineteen of these, including six deputies of the Mountain, were condemned to death.
432:
once and for all as a political force it was thought necessary to strike at the remnants of
Jacobins in the Convention and in the Sectional assemblies and National Guard. Twelve deputies were arrested, including six that had supported the demonstrators' demands on 1 Prairial. On 23 May (4 Prairial),
317:
at 3:30 in the afternoon, loaded guns and trained them on the
Convention. General Dubois, who commanded the Convention forces, had 40,000 men under him; the insurgents may have numbered 20,000. It was the largest display of military force drawn up for battle that had been seen in Paris since the
497:
defeated in May 1795? Partly it was for lack of a clear political program and plan of action; partly through the weakness of the deputies of the
Mountain; partly through political inexperience and the failure to follow up an advantage once gained; partly, too, through the correspondingly greater
322:
deserted to the opposing side, the insurgents failed to follow up the advantage. Towards evening negotiations began; petitioners were received at the bar of the
Assembly, repeated their demands for bread and the Constitution of 1793 and received the presidential embrace. Lulled by vain hopes of
265:), to voice their principal demands – the release of the Jacobin prisoners, steps to implement the Constitution of 1793, and new controls to ensure more adequate supplies of food. These were quickly voted and a special committee was set up to give them effect. But the insurgents, like those of
464:
were all lumped together in the same category. The condemned deputies, wishing both to demonstrate their inviolable liberty and to challenge their accusers, attempted to kill themselves before being conducted to the scaffold. The first three were successful. Soubrany died as he reached the
141:
The insurmountable obstacles raised by the premature reestablishment of economic freedom reduced the government to a state of extreme weakness. Lacking resources, it became almost incapable of administration, and the crisis generated troubles that nearly brought its collapse. The
363:
murderers and all arms at its disposal: in the event of refusal it would be declared to be in a state of rebellion and all
Sections would be called upon to help to reduce it by force of arms or to starve it into surrender. Meanwhile, an army under General
269:, lacked leadership and any clear program or plan of action. Having achieved their immediate objective, they spent hours in noisy chatter and speech-making. This gave the Themidorian leaders time to call in the support of the loyal sections – with
123:; this time, though they gave some political direction to the popular movement which arose in the first place in protest against worsening economic conditions, their intervention was timorous and halfhearted and doomed the movement to failure.
131:
The abandonment of the controlled economy provoked a frightful economic catastrophe. Prices soared and the rate of exchange fell. The
Republic was condemned to massive inflation and its currency was ruined. In Thermidor, Year III,
510:
of 1789–1793, the solid alliance of at least the radical wing of the bourgeoisie. When this faltered and failed, their movement for all its breadth and militancy, was reduced to a futile explosion without hope of political gains.
477:
already put their number at 10,000; and the eventual total of arrested and disarmed must have been considerably larger, as, in several
Sections, all former members of Revolutionary Committees, all soldiers of the
110:
ceased to play any effective part until the next round of revolutions in the early nineteenth century. To a lesser extent, these movements are also important in that they mark the final attempt of the remnants of
427:
This time, the repression was thorough and ruthless. It struck both at the leaders – or presumed leaders – of the insurrection itself and at the potential leaders of similar revolts in the future: to behead the
253:
and in the central neighborhoods. In some cases, a minority of insurgents forced the doors of the armories, distributed arms to their comrades, and compelled their commanders to lead them to the
Convention.
482:
were arrested or disarmed irrespective of any part they may have played in the events of Germinal or Prairial. The precedent thus established was to be followed on more than one occasion during the
138:
were worth less than 3 percent of their face value. Neither peasants nor merchants would accept anything but coin. The debacle was so swift that economic life seemed to come to standstill.
498:
skill and experience of the Convention and its Committees and the support that these were able to muster – even without the active intervention of the regular army – from the
214:
and the Jardin des Plantes. Once more, as in October 1789, it was the women that took the initiative and brought their menfolk into action with them. In the Faubourg du Nord (
249:
Meanwhile, a general call to arms had been sounded in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine; men quickly armed and followed the women to the Tuileries. A similar movement began in the
146:, who had unprotestingly permitted the Jacobins to be proscribed, began to regret the regime of the Year II, now that they themselves were without work and without bread.
355:
on his way to execution. But, during the night, the Government overcame the resistance of most of the other insurgent Sections; and, on the 4 Prairial, the
331:
But the Convention was determined to make an end of the business. On the morning of 3 Prairial regular army units were mustered, in addition to the
246:. Thus equipped, they burst into the assembly-hall, but were quickly ejected. They returned with armed groups of the National Guard an hour later.
176:
783:
445:
218:) they called the men out from the workshops at 7 o'clock in the morning. There were food riots and assemblies of women at bakers' shops in
798:
420:
230:. As they marched, they compelled women in shops and private houses, and riding in carriages, to join them. They reached the
449:
788:
764:
741:
718:
690:
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17:
309:
sprang to arms and marched on the Convention, led by Guillaume Delorme, a wheelwright and captain of the gunners of
120:
93:
803:
289:
The armed rebellion continued the next day. From 2 o'clock in the morning, the call to arms had sounded in the
215:
457:
181:
had reported a plot to the Convention. As for the deputies of the Left, their attitude on the first of
399:, there were shouts, even after the battle was lost. But no material support was forthcoming; and the
365:
502:
and the merchants, civil servants, and monied classes of the western Sections. But, above all, the
371:
Their situation was hopeless; yet some attempt was made in other Sections to bring them relief. In
242:, at 2 o'clock; pinned to their hats, bonnets, and blouses were the twin slogans of the rebellion,
793:
258:
211:
403:
surrendered, a few hours later, without a shot being fired. The movement was totally crushed.
185:
showed that they looked favorably on the movement, yet did nothing to organize or direct it.
411:
8:
753:
730:
679:
232:
323:
promises to be fulfilled, the insurgents thereupon retired to their various sections.
760:
737:
714:
686:
663:
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97:
41:
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and battalions of the western Sections, and preparations were made to enclose the
199:
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441:
318:
Revolution began. But no shots were fired: when the Convention's gunners and
106:
272:
112:
379:, was later arrested for trying to organize building workers of the rues
162:, gave the signal for the movement. This pamphlet, which was known as
49:
238:
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failed to secure and maintain in Prairial, as they had in the great
171:
160:
Insurrection of the People to obtain bread and reconquer their right
133:
116:
101:
193:
119:
to recapture their political ascendancy in the Convention and the
313:. Supported by some sections of the center, they appeared on the
276:
281:
at their head – and insurgents were driven out the Tuileries.
257:
The second invasion of the Tuileries quickly followed. Deputy
89:
548:
305:
illegal assemblies were held. The three sections of the
351:
workers rescued from the police one of the assassins of
572:
560:
662:. Vol. II. New York: Columbia University Press.
611:
601:
599:
526:
524:
711:
The Thermidorean regime and the Directory, 1794–1799
635:
752:
729:
678:
623:
596:
584:
536:
521:
440:who had gone to over to rioters, and the deputies
375:Étienne Chefson, a cobbler and old soldier of the
775:
96:. It was one of the last popular revolts of the
170:leaders. As early as 29 Germinal (18 April),
92:on 20 May 1795 against the policies of the
759:. Routledge: University of Toronto Press.
154:A pamphlet published on the evening of 30
755:A Social History of the French Revolution
713:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
293:. The tocsin tolled before 10 o'clock in
708:
699:
660:The French Revolution: from 1793 to 1799
657:
617:
578:
566:
554:
410:
368:prepared to advance against the rebels.
192:
750:
35:The insurrection of 1 Prairial Year III
14:
776:
727:
702:The Thermidorians & the Directory
339:within a ring of hostile forces. The
784:1795 events of the French Revolution
676:
641:
629:
605:
590:
542:
530:
27:1795 revolt of the French Revolution
685:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
149:
86:insurrection of 1 Prairial Year III
24:
681:The Crowd in the French Revolution
303:Arcis, Gravilliers, and Popincourt
244:Du Pain et la Constitution de 1793
25:
815:
732:The French Revolution:: 1787–1799
343:made a premature sortie into the
421:Musée de la Révolution française
48:
347:and was forced to retreat, and
301:. In these two sections and in
210:the tocsin was sounded in the
188:
13:
1:
514:
436:The murderers of Feraud, the
359:was called upon to hand over
326:
284:
458:fr:Pierre-Amable de Soubrany
387:to march to the help of the
7:
406:
10:
820:
736:. New York: Random House.
700:Lefebvre, Georges (1964).
658:Lefebvre, Georges (1963).
651:
799:18th-century coups d'Ă©tat
704:. New York: Random House.
295:Fidelite (Hotel de Ville)
126:
56:
47:
39:
34:
789:Military coups in France
751:Hampson, Norman (1988).
709:Woronoff, Denis (1984).
417:Les derniers Montagnards
164:The Plan of Insurrection
158:(19 May 1795), entitled
100:. After their defeat in
88:was a popular revolt in
64:1 Prairial (20 May 1795)
728:Soboul, Albert (1974).
415:The martyrs of Prairial
263:la CrĂŞte de la Montagne
94:Thermidorian Convention
677:Rude, Georges (1967).
493:Why were the Parisian
424:
337:Faubourg Saint-Antoine
307:Faubourg Saint-Antoine
212:Faubourg Saint-Antoine
203:
804:Insurgencies in Paris
480:armée révolutionnaire
419:Charles Ronot, 1882 (
414:
377:armée révolutionnaire
251:Faubourg Saint-Marcel
196:
259:Jean-Bertrand FĂ©raud
557:, pp. 142–143.
271:Butte des Moulins (
425:
315:Place du Carrousel
236:, in front of the
233:Place du Carrousel
204:
475:Gazette française
299:Droits de l'Homme
279:), and Lepeletier
228:Droits de l'Homme
197:Prairial uprising
98:French Revolution
82:
81:
78:
77:
42:French Revolution
18:Prairial uprising
16:(Redirected from
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770:
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724:
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150:The insurrection
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28:
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22:
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12:
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5:
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794:1790s in Paris
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644:, p. 159.
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571:
569:, p. 144.
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545:, p. 142.
535:
533:, p. 152.
519:
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500:jeunesse dorée
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385:de l'Échiquier
333:jeunesse dorée
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121:Paris Sections
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766:0-710-06525-6
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692:0-195-00370-5
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669:0-231-02519-X
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620:, p. 19.
619:
618:Woronoff 1984
614:
607:
602:
600:
592:
587:
580:
579:Lefebvre 1964
575:
568:
567:Lefebvre 1963
563:
556:
555:Lefebvre 1963
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544:
539:
532:
527:
525:
520:
512:
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504:sans-culottes
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495:sans-culottes
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485:
481:
476:
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73:Paris, France
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381:d'Hauteville
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373:Poissonnière
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200:FĂ©lix Auvray
182:
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143:
140:
134:
130:
113:the Mountain
105:
85:
83:
40:Part of the
29:
320:gendarmerie
275:), Museum (
224:Gravilliers
216:Saint-Denis
206:Early on 1
189:First round
175: [
778:Categories
515:References
467:guillotine
327:The defeat
311:Popincourt
285:Second day
220:Popincourt
642:Rude 1967
630:Rude 1967
606:Rude 1967
591:Rude 1967
543:Rude 1967
531:Rude 1967
488:Consulate
484:Directory
462:Bourbotte
446:Duquesnoy
438:gendarmes
397:Finistère
239:Tuileries
135:assignats
508:journées
407:Reaction
401:faubourg
389:faubourg
361:FĂ©raud's
357:faubourg
345:faubourg
341:jeunesse
267:Germinal
208:Prairial
183:Prairial
117:Jacobins
115:and the
102:Prairial
69:Location
652:Sources
395:and in
156:Floreal
763:
740:
717:
689:
666:
450:Goujon
353:FĂ©raud
277:Louvre
226:, and
202:, 1831
172:Rovère
127:Causes
104:, the
454:Duroy
442:Romme
393:Arcis
391:; in
366:Menou
179:]
90:Paris
761:ISBN
738:ISBN
715:ISBN
687:ISBN
664:ISBN
486:and
460:and
383:and
297:and
84:The
61:Date
780::
598:^
523:^
490:.
456:,
452:,
448:,
444:,
222:,
177:fr
769:.
746:.
723:.
695:.
672:.
423:)
20:)
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