51:
33:
341:
containing several types of specialized zooids in repeating patterns. Some have a long tentacle used for catching and immobilizing food and distributing their digested nutrients to the rest of the colony. Other zooids known as palpons, or dactylozooids, appear to contain an
707:
365:
dredged up in fishing nets resemble a blob of gelatin, which prevented their identification as a unique creature until the 19th century. In 1987,
984:
1023:
354:), are leaf-shaped organs generally thought to be another type of zooid which covers and forces other zooids to contract in times of danger.
361:
being held together by water pressure above 46 MPa (460 bar), these animals burst when brought to the surface. The remains of
1128:
1133:
958:
366:
997:
1153:
1046:
400:. When it finds itself in a region abundant with food, it holds its position and deploys a curtain of tentacles covered with
1143:
1002:
701:
310:
zooids arrange themselves in a long stalk—usually whitish and transparent (though other colours have been seen)—known as a
314:
colony. The larger end features a transparent, dome-like float known as a pneumatophore, filled with gas which provides
1158:
1138:
945:
826:. YouTube, 22 May 2015, by E/V Nautilus during the 2015 ECOGIG dives in the Gulf of Mexico, Accessed 28, January 2018..
474:
501:
1095:
1028:
1148:
677:
1010:
747:
919:
896:
401:
318:, allowing the organism to remain at its preferred ocean depth. Next to it are the nectophores, powerful
924:
264:. With a body length of up to 50 m (160 ft), it is the second-longest sea organism after the
162:
1100:
1038:
723:
534:
404:
which produce a powerful, toxic sting that can paralyze or kill prey that happen to bump into it.
50:
1077:
989:
851:
291:, each having evolved with a specific function. Zooids cannot survive on their own, relying on
1087:
145:
1064:
832:, YouTube, 10 June 2013, Roatán Institute of Deepsea Exploration, Accessed 28, January 2018.
659:
883:
358:
587:
8:
166:
346:
that may also assist in defense, though little is known about their precise function in
611:
539:
420:
265:
175:
45:
563:
1123:
1059:
932:
235:
888:
502:"Giant siphonophore, Deep Sea, Invertebrates, Praya sp at the Monterey Bay Aquarium"
937:
901:
635:
343:
284:
231:
711:
397:
1015:
874:
835:
425:
122:
829:
823:
1117:
351:
257:
102:
950:
382:
374:
911:
450:
1072:
971:
796:
419:
specimen, filmed in its native habitat, was featured in
Episode 2 of the
311:
963:
840:
409:
269:
976:
836:
Praya dubia
Distribution Map at Ocean Biogeographic Information System
412:, and possibly small fish and fish larvae. It has no known predators.
334:
327:
292:
239:
62:
845:
238:
at 700 m (2,300 ft) to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) below
868:
315:
280:
261:
112:
92:
82:
681:
378:
319:
243:
1051:
772:
72:
32:
396:
is an active swimmer that attracts its prey with bright blue
288:
247:
326:
through ocean waters. Together, the array is known as the
242:. It has been found off the coasts around the world, from
535:"What Eats What: A Landlubber's Guide to Deep Sea Dining"
430:
524:
The Deep; the
University of Chicago Press, London (2007)
830:
Deep sea siphonophore off Roatán
Honduras - 2300 feet
322:
which pulsate in rhythmic coordination which propel
1115:
279:A siphonophore is not a single, multi-cellular
408:'s diet includes gelatinous sea life, small
841:Praya dubia Habitat at Encyclopedia of Life
588:"Pneumatophore - Biology-Online Dictionary"
496:
494:
31:
612:"Nectophore - Biology-Online Dictionary"
367:Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
564:"Siphosome - Biology-Online Dictionary"
491:
451:"Ocean Biodiversity Information System"
1116:
558:
556:
850:
849:
748:"The Deep Next Door | Ecology Center"
287:of tiny biological components called
272:, the sea's largest mammal, although
40:Illustration of a giant siphonophore
1039:48674a64-b820-4723-bf12-5a41db1b030d
636:"Medusa - Biology-Online Dictionary"
553:
13:
350:. Transparent bracts (also called
14:
1170:
817:
1129:Cnidarians of the Atlantic Ocean
337:which extends to the far end of
49:
1134:Cnidarians of the Caribbean Sea
789:
765:
740:
716:
695:
670:
652:
373:during a systematic study of a
773:"The Bioluminescence Web Page"
628:
604:
580:
527:
518:
479:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
467:
443:
302:
1:
1154:Marine fauna of North America
705:, at the Animal Diversity Web
436:
333:Beneath the nectosome is the
268:. Its length also rivals the
276:is as thin as a broomstick.
7:
1144:Biota of the Gulf of Mexico
824:Giant Siphonophore Sighting
388:
10:
1175:
1159:Animals described in 1827
1139:Bioluminescent cnidarians
858:
256:is a member of the order
246:in the North Atlantic to
181:
174:
151:
144:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
295:in order for a complete
188:Quoy & Gaimard, 1833
506:montereybayaquarium.org
377:, the animal's natural
1149:Marine fauna of Europe
724:"Prayid siphonophores"
250:in the South Pacific.
475:"Beauty and the deep"
299:specimen to survive.
777:biolum.eemb.ucsb.edu
678:"Giant siphonophore"
398:bioluminescent light
359:hydrostatic skeleton
209:Prayoides intermedia
193:Nectocarmen antonioi
16:Species of hydrozoan
664:The Free Dictionary
429:, produced for the
710:2008-04-09 at the
640:biology-online.org
616:biology-online.org
592:biology-online.org
568:biology-online.org
540:The New York Times
423:television series
421:David Attenborough
228:giant siphonophore
1111:
1110:
1060:Open Tree of Life
852:Taxon identifiers
801:siphonophores.org
752:ecologycenter.org
260:within the class
236:bathypelagic zone
219:
218:
213:
205:
197:
189:
1166:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1016:NBNSYS0000186022
1006:
1005:
993:
992:
980:
979:
967:
966:
954:
953:
941:
940:
928:
927:
915:
914:
905:
904:
892:
891:
879:
878:
877:
847:
846:
811:
810:
808:
807:
793:
787:
786:
784:
783:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
754:. 15 August 2002
744:
738:
737:
735:
734:
728:lifesci.ucsb.edu
720:
714:
699:
693:
692:
690:
689:
680:. Archived from
674:
668:
667:
656:
650:
649:
647:
646:
632:
626:
625:
623:
622:
608:
602:
601:
599:
598:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
560:
551:
550:
548:
547:
531:
525:
522:
516:
515:
513:
512:
498:
489:
488:
486:
485:
471:
465:
464:
462:
461:
447:
369:observed living
344:excretory system
232:mesopelagic zone
211:
204:Blainville, 1830
203:
195:
187:
157:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1001:
996:
988:
983:
975:
970:
962:
957:
949:
944:
936:
931:
923:
918:
910:
908:
900:
895:
887:
882:
873:
872:
867:
854:
820:
815:
814:
805:
803:
797:"Siphonophores"
795:
794:
790:
781:
779:
771:
770:
766:
757:
755:
746:
745:
741:
732:
730:
722:
721:
717:
712:Wayback Machine
700:
696:
687:
685:
676:
675:
671:
660:"Dactylozooids"
658:
657:
653:
644:
642:
634:
633:
629:
620:
618:
610:
609:
605:
596:
594:
586:
585:
581:
572:
570:
562:
561:
554:
545:
543:
533:
532:
528:
523:
519:
510:
508:
500:
499:
492:
483:
481:
473:
472:
468:
459:
457:
449:
448:
444:
439:
391:
305:
230:, lives in the
170:
159:
153:
140:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1033:
1020:
1007:
994:
981:
968:
955:
942:
929:
916:
906:
893:
880:
864:
862:
856:
855:
844:
843:
838:
833:
827:
819:
818:External links
816:
813:
812:
788:
764:
739:
715:
694:
669:
651:
627:
603:
579:
552:
526:
517:
490:
466:
441:
440:
438:
435:
426:Blue Planet II
390:
387:
304:
301:
217:
216:
215:
214:
206:
198:
196:Alvariño, 1983
190:
179:
178:
172:
171:
160:
149:
148:
142:
141:
134:
132:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
960:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
913:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
870:
866:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
848:
842:
839:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
802:
798:
792:
778:
774:
768:
753:
749:
743:
729:
725:
719:
713:
709:
706:
704:
698:
684:on 1999-11-28
683:
679:
673:
665:
661:
655:
641:
637:
631:
617:
613:
607:
593:
589:
583:
569:
565:
559:
557:
542:
541:
536:
530:
521:
507:
503:
497:
495:
480:
476:
470:
456:
452:
446:
442:
434:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:Due to their
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
266:bootlace worm
263:
259:
258:Siphonophorae
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
210:
207:
202:
199:
194:
191:
186:
185:Diphyes dubia
183:
182:
180:
177:
173:
168:
164:
158:
156:
150:
147:
146:Binomial name
143:
139:
138:
137:P. dubia
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
103:Siphonophorae
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
859:
804:. Retrieved
800:
791:
780:. Retrieved
776:
767:
756:. Retrieved
751:
742:
731:. Retrieved
727:
718:
702:
697:
686:. Retrieved
682:the original
672:
663:
654:
643:. Retrieved
639:
630:
619:. Retrieved
615:
606:
595:. Retrieved
591:
582:
571:. Retrieved
567:
544:. Retrieved
538:
529:
520:
509:. Retrieved
505:
482:. Retrieved
478:
469:
458:. Retrieved
454:
445:
424:
416:
414:
405:
393:
392:
383:Monterey Bay
375:water column
370:
362:
356:
352:hydrophyllia
347:
339:Praya dubia,
338:
332:
323:
307:
306:
296:
278:
273:
253:
252:
227:
222:
221:
220:
212:Leloup, 1934
208:
200:
192:
184:
154:
152:
136:
135:
123:
24:
18:
1073:SeaLifeBase
972:iNaturalist
902:Praya_dubia
889:Praya_dubia
860:Praya dubia
703:Praya dubia
417:Praya dubia
410:crustaceans
406:Praya dubia
402:nematocysts
394:Praya dubia
371:Praya dubia
363:Praya dubia
348:Praya dubia
324:Praya dubia
308:Praya dubia
303:Description
297:Praya dubia
274:Praya dubia
254:Praya dubia
223:Praya dubia
201:Praia dubia
155:Praya dubia
25:Praya dubia
1118:Categories
806:2018-01-29
782:2018-01-29
758:2018-01-29
733:2018-01-29
688:2020-05-10
645:2018-01-30
621:2018-01-30
597:2018-01-30
573:2018-01-30
546:2017-12-19
511:2018-01-30
484:2018-01-30
460:2018-01-30
437:References
270:blue whale
455:iobis.org
335:siphosome
328:nectosome
312:physonect
293:symbiosis
240:sea level
131:Species:
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
1124:Prayidae
990:10980037
909:BioLib:
875:Q2512355
869:Wikidata
708:Archived
389:Behavior
316:buoyancy
283:, but a
281:organism
262:Hydrozoa
176:Synonyms
113:Prayidae
109:Family:
93:Hydrozoa
83:Cnidaria
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
1088:4993697
964:5185512
379:habitat
320:medusae
244:Iceland
169:, 1827)
167:Gaimard
119:Genus:
99:Order:
89:Class:
1101:135466
1085:uBio:
1065:486578
1052:135466
1036:NZOR:
1029:316184
977:128784
912:460578
289:zooids
285:colony
226:, the
165:&
1096:WoRMS
1078:44678
1003:51339
985:IRMNG
951:55466
946:EUNIS
938:77XCX
925:24315
381:, in
248:Chile
124:Praya
1047:OBIS
1024:NCBI
998:ITIS
959:GBIF
920:BOLD
385:.
163:Quoy
1011:NBN
933:CoL
897:AFD
884:ADW
431:BBC
234:to
1120::
1098::
1075::
1062::
1049::
1026::
1013::
1000::
987::
974::
961::
948::
935::
922::
899::
886::
871::
799:.
775:.
750:.
726:.
662:.
638:.
614:.
590:.
566:.
555:^
537:.
504:.
493:^
477:.
453:.
433:.
415:A
330:.
809:.
785:.
761:.
736:.
691:.
666:.
648:.
624:.
600:.
576:.
549:.
514:.
487:.
463:.
161:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
