29:
206:
47:
415:
The first ossification centers in the area of the future premaxilla appear during the seventh week above the germ of the second incisor on the outer surface of the nasal capsule. After eleven weeks an accessory ossification center develops into the
431:. However, experiments using mice have shown a different result. The bone that has been called the "premaxilla" (incisive bone) in mice consists of two parts: most of the bone covering the face originates from the
532:, has been largely replaced by septomaxilla; and that only a palatal part of the incisive bone remains a vestige of premaxilla. If this hypothesis is accurate, the bones that have been called "premaxilla" in
317:, the premaxillary element projects higher than the maxillary element behind. The palatal portion of the premaxilla is a bony plate with a generally transverse orientation. The
929:
901:
Wible, John R.; Miao, Desui; Hopson, James A. (March 1990). "The septomaxilla of fossil and recent synapsids and the problem of the septomaxilla of monotremes and armadillos".
962:
340:
was not the first one to discover the incisive bone in humans, he was the first to prove its presence across mammals. Hence, the incisive bone is also known as
424:
of the maxilla. The boundary between the premaxilla and the maxilla remains discernible after birth and a suture is often observable up to five years of age.
267:
108:
420:
of the premaxilla. Then a premaxillary process grow upwards to fuse with the frontal process of the maxilla; and later expands posteriorly to fuse with the
356:
to premaxilla in non-mammalian animals. However, there are counterarguments. According to them, the incisive bone is a novel character first acquired in
1870:
1880:
1845:
1481:
1318:
1533:
1409:
1603:
1543:
1343:
1303:
1246:
500:
444:
373:
365:
1583:
1370:
243:
84:
1729:
1724:
1323:
1166:
1102:
1578:
930:"The history and homology of the os paradoxum or dumb-bell-shaped bone of the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Mammalia, Monotremata)"
1588:
1430:
1338:
711:
Higashiyama, Hiroki; Koyabu, Daisuke; Hirasawa, Tatsuya; Werneburg, Ingmar; Kuratani, Shigeru; Kurihara, Hiroki (November 2, 2021).
451:, as following section. In any case, the development and evolution of this region is complex and needs to be considered carefully.
384:
in 1905 and demonstrated by developmental biological- and paleontological experiments in 2021. This issue is still under debate.
625:
966:
826:
1382:
1067:
988:
Brownstein, Chase D.; Meyer, Dalton L.; Fabbri, Matteo; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Gauthier, Jacques A. (2022-11-29).
528:
However, embryonic and fossil studies in 2021 suggest that the incisive bone, which has been called "premaxilla" in
1095:
536:
are not entirely homologous to the original premaxilla of other vertebrates. This homology is, however, contended.
794:"Growth Characteristics of the Premaxilla and Orthodontic Treatment Principles in Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate"
570:
were the first to describe the incisive bone as a separate bone within the skull in 1779 and 1780, respectively.
563:
372:. In the incisive bones, only the palatine process corresponds to the premaxilla, while the other parts are the
396:
which start their migration down to the face during the fourth week of gestation. A pair of symmetrical nasal
262:
103:
321:
is bound anteriorly and laterally by the premaxilla and posteriorly by the palatine process of the maxilla.
2301:
1464:
1088:
593:
vertebra, and within it, the intermaxillary bone rests as evidence linking the species to other animals.
404:) are each divided into medial and lateral processes by the nasal pits. The medial processes become the
1053:
793:
574:
337:
464:
growth is excessive and directed more horizontally, resulting in a protrusive premaxilla at birth.
274:
440:
428:
361:
67:
35:
567:
2133:
250:
238:
115:
91:
79:
1743:
615:
1001:
724:
644:
Barteczko, K; Jacob, M (March 2004). "A re-evaluation of the premaxillary bone in humans".
590:
476:, the premaxillary bones comprise only the central part in more primitive forms. They are
455:
432:
369:
8:
582:
1005:
770:
728:
1663:
1256:
1173:
1030:
989:
914:
878:
853:
747:
712:
669:
393:
377:
353:
961:
Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. (2006).
210:
The bony palate and alveolar arch. (Premaxilla is not labeled, but region is visible.)
2163:
2140:
2056:
1063:
1057:
1035:
1017:
883:
752:
661:
621:
539:
The differences in the size and composition in the premaxilla of various families of
830:
673:
550:
are fused; this feature can be used to distinguish fossil squamates from relatives.
458:, the growth pattern of the premaxilla differs significantly from the normal case;
427:
It is also common in non-mammals, such as chickens, that premaxilla is derived from
2126:
1909:
1678:
1668:
1376:
1209:
1025:
1009:
941:
910:
873:
865:
854:"New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China"
742:
732:
687:
Gaupp, E. (1905). "Neue
Deutungen auf dem Gebiete der Lehre vom Säugetierschädel".
653:
421:
318:
352:
Incisive bone is a term used for mammals, and it has been generally thought to be
2253:
1828:
1752:
1224:
1080:
1916:
1653:
1636:
1486:
1436:
1348:
1328:
1183:
1013:
559:
509:
657:
2295:
2047:
2002:
1979:
1813:
1780:
1701:
1658:
1491:
1441:
1424:
1388:
1298:
1277:
1234:
1204:
1189:
1021:
481:
292:
141:
737:
499:
have a large, paired, intramembranous bone behind the premaxilla called the
255:
96:
2279:
Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
1997:
1992:
1837:
1719:
1517:
1513:
1475:
1414:
1333:
1261:
1240:
1219:
1160:
1039:
887:
869:
756:
665:
405:
325:
314:
336:, but not always. They are connected to the maxilla and the nasals. While
2179:
2076:
1874:
1865:
1418:
1313:
1214:
946:
852:
Hu, Yaoming; Meng, Jin; Li, Chuankui; Wang, Yuanqing (January 22, 2010).
485:
381:
2258:
2197:
2167:
1951:
1859:
1598:
1593:
1560:
1549:
1199:
1152:
473:
443:. This may be due to the replacement of most of the incisive bone with
417:
401:
62:
28:
280:
121:
2248:
2242:
2202:
2173:
2085:
1956:
1770:
1692:
1645:
1523:
1364:
1251:
586:
522:
504:
496:
477:
1059:
The Edge of
Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
313:, and encompasses the anterior nasal spine and alar region. In the
2081:
2012:
1923:
1885:
1849:
1800:
1775:
1760:
1555:
1505:
1118:
1115:
617:
Clinical anatomy of the masticatory apparatus peripharyngeal spaces
547:
514:
489:
409:
710:
2282:
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
2236:
2071:
2036:
1987:
1891:
1808:
1790:
1785:
1764:
1538:
1527:
1308:
1194:
1143:
990:"Evolutionary origins of the prolonged extant squamate radiation"
578:
397:
310:
153:
2207:
2030:
1961:
1930:
1855:
1685:
1673:
1468:
533:
529:
518:
460:
448:
436:
357:
157:
16:
Cranial bones at the very tip of the upper jaw of many animals
2025:
2020:
1570:
1451:
1445:
1179:
1131:
333:
226:
149:
987:
589:
and their permutations. The human skull is one example of a
1818:
1711:
1111:
562:
was the first to illustrate the incisive suture in humans.
521:
mammal. Intriguingly the septomaxilla is still present in
1062:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 194.
380:
to the non-mammalian premaxilla. This was hypothesized by
205:
46:
540:
329:
145:
960:
376:. Based on this, the incisive bone is not completely
1110:
517:) this species is believed to be the oldest known
148:of many animals, usually, but not always, bearing
309:) and is the part of the maxilla which bears the
2293:
324:It is formed from the fusion of a pair of small
900:
472:Forming the oral edge of the upper jaw in most
347:
1357:
1270:
643:
392:In the embryo, the nasal region develops from
164:. Other terms used for this structure include
1901:
1096:
851:
706:
704:
702:
360:as a composition of premaxilla derived from
713:"Mammalian face as an evolutionary novelty"
609:
607:
302:
1367:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
1103:
1089:
204:
45:
27:
1052:
1029:
945:
903:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
877:
791:
746:
736:
699:
467:
1625:
604:
295:, the premaxilla is referred to as the
2294:
965:. Animal Diversity Web. Archived from
2055:
1836:
1624:
1129:
1084:
927:
686:
581:, and formed the impression that all
152:. In humans, they are fused with the
2170:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
1827:
639:
637:
613:
13:
2046:
1046:
915:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1990.tb01207.x
14:
2313:
1391:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
634:
332:of many animals, usually bearing
495:Reptiles and most non-mammalian
191:
51:Human premaxilla and its sutures
981:
954:
921:
564:Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonet
160:has been usually termed as the
894:
845:
819:
785:
763:
680:
1:
928:Wible, John R. (March 2022).
596:
387:
144:at the very tip of the upper
829:. ZipCodeZoo. Archived from
543:is used for classification.
348:Incisive bone and premaxilla
140:) is one of a pair of small
7:
1379:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
1054:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
585:, being bodies composed of
10:
2318:
1014:10.1038/s41467-022-34217-5
575:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
553:
338:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2275:
2228:
2193:
2156:
2118:
2095:
2064:
2011:
1978:
1947:
1799:
1751:
1742:
1710:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1620:
1569:
1504:
1460:
1402:
1291:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1125:
792:Vergervik, Karin (1983).
658:10.1007/s00429-003-0366-x
435:, and only a part of the
273:
261:
249:
237:
225:
220:
215:
203:
198:
114:
102:
90:
78:
73:
61:
56:
44:
26:
21:
1373:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
503:. Because this bone is
275:Anatomical terms of bone
738:10.1073/pnas.2111876118
614:Lang, Johannes (1995).
441:medial nasal prominence
429:medial nasal prominence
362:medial nasal prominence
328:at the very tip of the
68:Median nasal prominence
36:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus
2134:Intermediate cuneiform
1280:(Postparietal+Tabular)
870:10.1098/rspb.2009.0203
646:Anatomy and Embryology
468:Evolutionary variation
303:
156:. The "premaxilla" of
116:Anatomical terminology
39:, premaxilla in orange
994:Nature Communications
963:"Premaxillae of bats"
773:. Medscape. June 2011
1626:Postcranial skeleton
1385:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
947:10.3897/vz.72.e80508
801:Cleft Palate Journal
486:cartilaginous fishes
456:cleft lip and palate
439:originates from the
433:maxillary prominence
400:(thickenings in the
370:maxillary prominence
2182:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
1006:2022NatCo..13.7087B
729:2021PNAS..11811876H
723:(44): e2111876118.
583:animals are similar
546:The premaxillae of
176:intermaxillary bone
2302:Vertebrate anatomy
1664:Cervical vertebrae
934:Vertebrate Zoology
833:on 21 January 2012
412:, and premaxilla.
394:neural crest cells
2289:
2288:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2189:
2188:
2157:Composite tarsals
2141:Lateral cuneiform
2139:Distal tarsal 3 (
2132:Distal tarsal 2 (
2125:Distal tarsal 1 (
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1943:
1942:
1929:Distal carpal 4 (
1922:Distal carpal 3 (
1915:Distal carpal 2 (
1908:Distal carpal 1 (
1738:
1737:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1500:
1499:
1398:
1397:
1287:
1286:
969:on 3 January 2012
864:(1679): 229–236.
627:978-3-13-799101-4
568:Félix Vicq-d'Azyr
474:jawed vertebrates
289:
288:
284:
181:os intermaxillare
166:premaxillary bone
130:
129:
125:
2309:
2127:Medial cuneiform
2065:Proximal tarsals
2062:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2043:
1899:
1898:
1871:Lateral centrale
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1749:
1748:
1679:Caudal vertebrae
1669:Dorsal vertebrae
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1377:Parabasisphenoid
1355:
1354:
1268:
1267:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1126:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1033:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
958:
952:
951:
949:
925:
919:
918:
898:
892:
891:
881:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
798:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
767:
761:
760:
750:
740:
708:
697:
696:
684:
678:
677:
641:
632:
631:
611:
422:alveolar process
319:incisive foramen
306:
281:edit on Wikidata
278:
208:
196:
195:
122:edit on Wikidata
119:
49:
31:
19:
18:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2263:
2254:Ossified tendon
2212:
2185:
2152:
2149:Distal tarsal 5
2146:Distal tarsal 4
2114:
2091:
2042:
2007:
1966:
1939:
1936:Distal carpal 5
1897:
1881:Medial centrale
1823:
1795:
1753:Pectoral girdle
1734:
1706:
1698:
1627:
1608:
1565:
1496:
1456:
1394:
1358:Composite bones
1353:
1283:
1271:Composite bones
1266:
1134:
1121:
1109:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1051:
1047:
986:
982:
972:
970:
959:
955:
926:
922:
899:
895:
850:
846:
836:
834:
825:
824:
820:
810:
808:
796:
790:
786:
776:
774:
771:"Nasal Anatomy"
769:
768:
764:
709:
700:
685:
681:
642:
635:
628:
612:
605:
599:
577:began studying
556:
534:therian mammals
530:therian mammals
470:
390:
358:therian mammals
350:
285:
211:
194:
171:os premaxillare
158:therian mammals
126:
52:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:(Centrale 1+2)
2171:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2119:Distal tarsals
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1902:Distal carpals
1896:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1487:Sclerotic ring
1484:
1482:Extracolumella
1479:
1472:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1349:Supraoccipital
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1329:Orbitosphenoid
1326:
1321:
1319:Laterosphenoid
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1122:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1045:
980:
953:
920:
909:(3): 203–228.
893:
844:
818:
784:
762:
698:
679:
652:(6): 417–437.
633:
626:
602:
601:
600:
598:
595:
573:In the 1790s,
560:Volcher Coiter
555:
552:
513:(a Cretaceous
510:Acristatherium
484:and absent in
469:
466:
449:therian mammal
389:
386:
349:
346:
287:
286:
277:
271:
270:
265:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
241:
235:
234:
229:
223:
222:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:
201:
200:
193:
190:
128:
127:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2314:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:Miscellaneous
2227:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2003:Epipubic bone
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1980:Pelvic girdle
1977:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Radius (bone)
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Interclavicle
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1702:Haemal arches
1700:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1492:Wormian bones
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:Ectopterygoid
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Basioccipital
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1279:
1278:Interparietal
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:Supratemporal
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1235:Quadratojugal
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1174:Intertemporal
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1071:
1069:0-691-02350-6
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
968:
964:
957:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
858:Proc Biol Sci
855:
848:
832:
828:
822:
806:
802:
795:
788:
772:
766:
758:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
707:
705:
703:
694:
690:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
638:
629:
623:
619:
618:
610:
608:
603:
594:
592:
591:metamorphosed
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
551:
549:
544:
542:
537:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
465:
463:
462:
457:
454:In bilateral
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:derived from
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
343:
342:Goethe's bone
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:cranial bones
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:incisor teeth
308:
307:
305:
298:
297:incisive bone
294:
293:human anatomy
282:
276:
272:
269:
266:
264:
260:
257:
254:
252:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
233:
230:
228:
224:
219:
214:
207:
202:
199:Incisive bone
197:
192:Human anatomy
189:
187:
186:Goethe's bone
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:incisive bone
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:cranial bones
139:
135:
123:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
72:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2241:
2235:
2035:
1890:
1744:Appendicular
1720:Cervical rib
1691:
1684:
1604:Tympanohyoid
1548:
1544:Prearticular
1518:Ectotympanic
1476:Entotympanic
1474:
1429:
1415:Epipterygoid
1344:Sphenethmoid
1334:Parasphenoid
1304:Basisphenoid
1247:Septomaxilla
1239:
1229:
1220:Postparietal
1172:
1165:
1058:
1048:
997:
993:
983:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
956:
937:
933:
923:
906:
902:
896:
861:
857:
847:
835:. Retrieved
831:the original
827:"Premaxilla"
821:
809:. Retrieved
804:
800:
787:
775:. Retrieved
765:
720:
716:
692:
688:
682:
649:
645:
616:
572:
557:
545:
538:
527:
508:
501:septomaxilla
494:
471:
459:
453:
445:septomaxilla
426:
414:
391:
374:septomaxilla
366:septomaxilla
351:
341:
323:
315:nasal cavity
304:os incisivum
301:
300:
296:
290:
244:A02.1.12.031
232:os incisivum
231:
185:
180:
179:
175:
170:
169:
165:
161:
137:
133:
131:
85:A02.1.12.031
34:
2077:Intermedium
1866:Intermedium
1584:Ceratohyoid
1419:Alisphenoid
1371:Otoccipital
1314:Exoccipital
1215:Postorbital
1210:Postfrontal
1000:(1): 7087.
940:: 143–158.
418:alar region
382:Ernst Gaupp
221:Identifiers
138:praemaxilla
74:Identifiers
2259:Osteoderms
2198:Metatarsal
2164:Astragalus
2111:Centrale 4
2108:Centrale 3
2105:Centrale 2
2102:Centrale 1
1952:Metacarpal
1860:Triquetral
1730:Caudal rib
1725:Dorsal rib
1599:Thyrohyoid
1594:Stylohyoid
1561:Surangular
1550:Predentary
1324:Opisthotic
1230:Premaxilla
1225:Prefrontal
1167:Internasal
1153:Skull roof
973:3 December
837:3 December
811:3 December
777:3 December
695:: 273–310.
620:. Thieme.
597:References
523:monotremes
497:therapsids
482:blowfishes
402:epithelium
388:Embryology
378:homologous
354:homologous
134:premaxilla
22:Premaxilla
2249:Gastralia
2243:Baubellum
2203:Phalanges
2174:Navicular
2096:Centralia
2086:Calcaneum
1957:Phalanges
1917:Trapezoid
1910:Trapezium
1771:Cleithrum
1693:Pygostyle
1646:Vertebrae
1579:Basihyoid
1524:Articular
1465:Columella
1437:Pterygoid
1365:Occipital
1292:Braincase
1252:Squamosal
1184:Zygomatic
1022:2041-1723
689:Anat. Anz
587:vertebrae
558:In 1573,
548:squamates
515:eutherian
505:vestigial
490:sturgeons
63:Precursor
33:Skull of
2296:Category
2082:Fibulare
2013:Hindlimb
1924:Capitate
1886:Pisiform
1850:Scaphoid
1801:Forelimb
1776:Coracoid
1761:Clavicle
1589:Epihyoid
1556:Splenial
1534:Coronoid
1506:Mandible
1442:Quadrate
1431:Prevomer
1425:Palatine
1389:Temporal
1383:Petrosal
1205:Parietal
1190:Lacrimal
1119:skeleton
1116:tetrapod
1056:(1960).
1040:36446761
888:19419990
757:34716275
674:13069026
666:14760532
488:such as
461:in utero
410:philtrum
398:placodes
2237:Baculum
2072:Tibiale
2037:Patella
1988:Ischium
1892:Pteroid
1846:Radiale
1809:Humerus
1791:Sternum
1786:Scapula
1765:Furcula
1539:Dentary
1528:Malleus
1514:Angular
1339:Prootic
1309:Ethmoid
1262:Tabular
1241:Rostral
1195:Maxilla
1161:Frontal
1144:Cranium
1114:in the
1031:9708687
1002:Bibcode
879:2842663
748:8673075
725:Bibcode
579:zoology
554:History
519:therian
447:in the
216:Details
154:maxilla
57:Details
2208:Ungual
2180:Cuboid
2057:Tarsus
2031:Fibula
1962:Ungual
1931:Hamate
1875:Lunate
1856:Ulnare
1838:Carpus
1686:Coccyx
1674:Sacrum
1469:Stapes
1403:Palate
1066:
1038:
1028:
1020:
886:
876:
755:
745:
672:
664:
624:
437:palate
406:septum
184:, and
2168:Talus
2026:Tibia
2021:Femur
1998:Pubis
1993:Ilium
1829:Manus
1654:Atlas
1637:Axial
1571:Hyoid
1452:Vomer
1446:Incus
1200:Nasal
1180:Jugal
1132:Skull
1112:Bones
797:(PDF)
670:S2CID
478:fused
334:teeth
279:[
268:77231
227:Latin
150:teeth
120:[
109:77231
1819:Ulna
1712:Ribs
1659:Axis
1064:ISBN
1036:PMID
1018:ISSN
975:2011
884:PMID
839:2011
813:2011
779:2011
753:PMID
717:PNAS
662:PMID
622:ISBN
566:and
541:bats
364:and
330:jaws
239:TA98
136:(or
132:The
80:TA98
2048:Pes
1026:PMC
1010:doi
942:doi
911:doi
874:PMC
866:doi
862:277
807:(4)
743:PMC
733:doi
721:118
654:doi
650:207
507:in
480:in
291:In
263:FMA
256:833
251:TA2
178:or
168:or
146:jaw
104:FMA
97:833
92:TA2
2298::
1034:.
1024:.
1016:.
1008:.
998:13
996:.
992:.
938:72
936:.
932:.
907:98
905:.
882:.
872:.
860:.
856:.
805:20
803:.
799:.
751:.
741:.
731:.
719:.
715:.
701:^
693:27
691:.
668:.
660:.
648:.
636:^
606:^
525:.
492:.
408:,
344:.
188:.
174:,
2240:/
2166:(
2143:)
2136:)
2129:)
2088:)
2084:(
1933:)
1926:)
1919:)
1912:)
1877:)
1873:(
1862:)
1858:(
1852:)
1848:(
1767:)
1763:(
1530:)
1526:(
1520:)
1516:(
1471:)
1467:(
1448:)
1444:(
1421:)
1417:(
1186:)
1182:(
1104:e
1097:t
1090:v
1072:.
1042:.
1012::
1004::
977:.
950:.
944::
917:.
913::
890:.
868::
841:.
815:.
781:.
759:.
735::
727::
676:.
656::
630:.
299:(
283:]
124:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
