Presidency of Herbert Hoover

1272: 641: 2238:

United States. He proposed that Roosevelt join him in negotiating an agreement to cancel the war debts, but Roosevelt, who viewed the causes of the Great Depression as primarily domestic in nature, refused to become involved. Hoover and Roosevelt met twice in the period between the election and Roosevelt's inauguration, but they were unable to agree on any united action to combat the Depression. In mid-February 1933, Hoover sought to convince Roosevelt to issue a public statement endorsing Hoover's policies for ending the Depression, but Roosevelt refused to do so. That same month, Roosevelt survived an assassination attempt; the bullets meant for Roosevelt killed Mayor

704: 1753: 409: 403: 1817:– overwhelmingly children. Voluntary repatriation was much more common during the repatriations than formal deportation. Some scholars contend that the unprecedented number of deportations between 1929 and 1933 were part of an “explicit Hoover administration policy". At least 82,000 of those repatriated were formally deported by the federal government, including 34,000 deported to Mexico between 1930 and 1933. According to legal professor Kevin R. Johnson, the repatriation campaign meets the modern legal standards of 2174:

addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government. Hoover urged voters to hold to the "foundations of experience," rejecting the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. In his campaign trips around the country, Hoover was faced with perhaps the most hostile crowds of any sitting president. Besides having his train and motorcades pelted with eggs and rotten fruit, he was often heckled while speaking, and on several occasions, the

1569: 31: 556:, Hoover emerged as the front-runner for the Republican presidential nomination. While Hoover gained the support of important party constituencies and won several primaries, some party leaders opposed his candidacy. Coolidge viewed Hoover's candidacy with ill-concealed disgust, remarking that "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice—all of it bad." Hoover's opponents were unable to unite around an alternative candidate, and Hoover won the presidential nomination on the first ballot of the 160: 2296:(2016) emphasizes Hoover's remarkable combination of advanced technical knowledge, innovative organizing ability, highly profitable business acumen, and compassion for the civilian victims of the Great War. Jeansonne gives Hoover an "A" for effort in dealing with the Great Depression with all the tools known to the White House and new ones as well, albeit without great success. Hoover's reputation has also been affected by works focusing on his career outside of the presidency; biographers such as 124: 696: 2015:, a one-year halt on Allied war loans conditional on a suspension of German reparations payments. Hoover also made American bankers agree to refrain from demanding payment on private loans from Germans. Hoover hoped that the moratorium would help stabilize the European economy, which he viewed as a major cause of economic troubles in the United States. As the moratorium neared its expiration the following year, an attempt to find a permanent solution was made at the 2166: 572: 9584: 6512: 1463:. The intent of the act was to encourage the purchase of American-made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. However, economic depression had spread worldwide, and Canada, France, and other nations retaliated by raising tariffs, resulting in a contraction of international trade and a worsening of the Depression. Progressive Republicans such as Senator 6522: 2199:, and won a larger percentage of the vote than any Democrat before him since the party's founding in 1828. In the electoral vote, Hoover lost 59–472, carrying only six Northeastern states. In the concurrent congressional election, the Democrats extended their control over the House and gained control of the Senate, giving them unified control of the legislative and executive branches for the first time since the 1077: 2281:

revisionist historians depicted Hoover as an individual "deserving of respect and historical study for his roles as a humane reformer, idealistic visionary, and institutional developer." Hawley in 2019 concluded that most revisionist historians "continued to agree that Hoover had not been the hardhearted reactionary, financial charlatan, and do-nothing president depicted in the earlier derogatory portrait."

2183:

government interventionism during the economic crisis. Fausold rejects the notion that the two nominees were similar ideologically, pointing to differences between the two on federal spending on public works, agricultural issues, Prohibition, and the tariff. The Democratic Party, including Al Smith and other national leaders, coalesced behind Roosevelt, while progressive Republicans like George Norris and

1608: 2268:(1957). By the 1950s, however, a new school of consensus historians was replacing the Progressive approach, focusing on values shared across the political spectrum rather than class conflict. They started to praise Hoover for reforms that were picked up and further developed by Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal – such as relief of the unemployed, the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America, and the 1623:, favored deficit spending to address the Great Depression, most politicians and economists believed in the necessity of keeping a balanced budget. Hoover shared this belief, and he sought to avoid a budget deficit through greatly increased tax rates on the wealthy. To pay for government programs and to make up for revenue lost due to the Depression, Hoover signed the 1171:

him and giving them handouts with his statements ahead of time. In his first 120 days in office, he held more regular and frequent press conferences than any other president, before or since. However, he changed his press policies after the 1929 stock market crash, screening reporters and greatly reducing his availability.

1295:. Hoover made extensive use of commissions to study issues and propose solutions, and many of those commissions were sponsored by private donors rather than by the government. One of the commissions started by Hoover, the Research Committee on Social Trends, was tasked with surveying the entirety of American society. 1398:, recognized the danger that speculation posed to the economy, and in 1927 Baker had warned Coolidge and Hoover that a failure to curb speculation would lead to "one of the greatest financial catastrophes that this country has ever seen." President Hoover was reluctant to become involved with the workings of the 1694:. In his 1929 inaugural address, Hoover, in addressing enforcement of Prohibition laws said, "If citizens do not like a law, their duty as honest men and women is to discourage its violation; their right is openly to work for its repeal." Hoover increased federal enforcement of Prohibition by signing the 2237:

took power in Germany, Japan announced its intention to leave the League of Nations, and the British requested that they be allowed to suspend payments on World War I debts. Hoover was interested in linking debt cancellation to disarmament, but debt cancellation was extremely unpopular in much of the

1859:

to return home, some members of the "Bonus Army" remained. Washington police attempted to disperse the demonstrators, but they were outnumbered and unsuccessful. Shots were fired by the police in a futile attempt to attain order, and two protesters were killed while many officers were injured. Hoover

1467:

were outraged when Hoover signed the tariff act, and Hoover's relations with that wing of the party never recovered. By the end of 1930, the national unemployment rate had reached 11.9 percent, but it was not yet clear to most Americans that the economic downturn would be worse than the Depression of

1421:

remain a matter of debate, but Hoover viewed a lack of confidence in the financial system as the fundamental economic problem facing the nation. He sought to avoid direct federal intervention, believing that the best way to bolster the economy was through the strengthening of businesses such as banks

1331:

solutions, Hoover successfully opposed other proposals, such as the McNary–Haugen bill, that would have directly subsidized farmers. During the special session of Congress in 1929, Hoover also sought to raise tariffs on agricultural products, but opposition from eastern senators delayed action on the

2094:, in which several nations (including Japan and the United States) renounced war and promised to peacefully solve disputes. In the aftermath of invasion of Manchuria, Stimson and other members of the Cabinet came to believe that war with Japan might be inevitable, though Hoover continued to push for 1899:

began in the late 1920s. In March 1932, Congress approved a constitutional amendment moving the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3. The amendment also specified procedures for cases in

1886:

states that Congress must meet at least once per year, on the first Monday in December, though Congress could by law set another date and the president could summon special sessions. The original text of the Constitution set a duration for the terms of federal elected officials, but not the specific

1458:

Hoover had taken office hoping to raise agricultural tariffs in order to help farmers reeling from the farm crisis of the 1920s, but his attempt to raise agricultural tariffs became connected with attempts to raise tariffs for other goods. After months of debate, Congress produced a bill that raised

1434:

Though he attempted to put a positive spin on Black Tuesday, Hoover moved quickly to address the stock market collapse. In the days following Black Tuesday, Hoover gathered business and labor leaders, asking them to avoid wage cuts and work stoppages while the country faced what he believed would be

1340:

and Secretary of Agriculture Hyde tried to convince farmers to voluntarily restrict their own production, but farmers were unwilling to do so. Prices for agricultural goods like wheat and cotton sank to new lows in the early 1930s, and Westerners also faced a period of severe drought and dust storms

1286:

Hoover saw the presidency as a vehicle for improving the conditions of all Americans by encouraging public-private cooperation—what he termed "volunteerism". He tended to oppose governmental coercion or intervention, as he thought they infringed on American ideals of individualism and self-reliance.

739:

Ours is a land rich in resources; stimulating in its glorious beauty; filled with millions of happy homes; blessed with comfort and opportunity. In no nation are the institutions of progress more advanced. In no nation are the fruits of accomplishment more secure. In no nation is the government more

2259:

in July 1932 wrote that Hoover was an "exponent of narrow nationalism." He "botched the tariff, he botched farm relief, he botched prohibition—because he showed a Bourbon temper and an inelastic mind." Textbooks written in the older Progressive tradition identified Hoover with the reactionary side

2190:

Hoover's attempts to vindicate his administration fell on deaf ears, as much of the public blamed his administration for the depression. Roosevelt won 57.4 percent of the popular vote compared to Hoover's 39.7 percent. Hoover's popular vote was reduced by 26 percentage points from his result in the

1864:

to the protests. MacArthur, believing he was fighting a Communist revolution, chose to clear out the camp with military force. Though Hoover had not ordered MacArthur's clearing out of the protesters, he endorsed it after the fact. The incident proved embarrassing for the Hoover administration, and

1364:

On taking office, Hoover said that "iven the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall soon with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation." Hoover hoped that coordination among business, labor, and consumers could bring an

1335:

Hoover hoped that the Federal Farm Board would become the agricultural equivalent of the Federal Reserve Board, in that it would help control supply and production, especially during emergencies. With its emphasis on cooperation between business and government, the Federal Farm Board also reflected

1170:

Hoover held a press conference on his first day in office, promising a "new phase of press relations". He asked the group of journalists to elect a committee to recommend improvements to the White House press conference. Hoover declined to use a spokesman, instead asking reporters to directly quote

1832:

in Kansas. Hoover's humanitarian and Quaker reputation, along with Curtis as a vice-president, gave special meaning to his Indian policies. His Quaker upbringing influenced his views that Native Americans needed to achieve economic self-sufficiency. As president, he appointed Charles J. Rhoads as

1635:

were raised by almost 15 percent, and a "check tax" took effect, placing a two-cent tax on all bank checks. Economists William D. Lastrapes and George Selgin conclude that the check tax was "an important contributing factor to that period's severe monetary contraction". Despite the passage of the

1442:

In early 1930, Hoover acquired from Congress an additional $ 100 million to continue the Federal Farm Board lending and purchasing policies. At the end of 1929, the FFB established the National Wool Marketing Corporation (NWMC), a national wool cooperative made up of 30 state associations. Hoover

1369:

and allow for sustained and predictable economic growth. Having seen the fruits of prosperity brought by technological progress, many shared Hoover's optimism, and the already bullish stock market climbed even higher on Hoover's accession. This optimism concealed several threats to sustained U.S.

2182:

The Democrats attacked Hoover as the cause of the Great Depression, and for being indifferent to the suffering of millions. As Governor of New York, Roosevelt had called on the New York legislature to provide aid for the needy, establishing Roosevelt's reputation for being more favorable toward

1564:

for banking interests that was insufficient to address the economic crisis, Congress passed a bill to create the RFC in January 1932. The RFC's initial goal was to provide government-secured loans to financial institutions, railroads, and local governments. The RFC saved numerous businesses from

2173:

Hoover originally planned to make only one or two major speeches, and to leave the rest of the campaigning to proxies, as sitting presidents had traditionally done. However, encouraged by Republican pleas and outraged by Democratic claims, Hoover entered the public fray. In his nine major radio

1713:

As public opinion increasingly turned against Prohibition, more and more people flouted the law, and several states repealed state bans on alcoholic beverages. Though he recognized the change in public opinion, Hoover insisted that federal and state authorities continue to uphold Prohibition. A

1518:

A series of bank failures in late 1930 heralded a larger collapse of the economy in 1931. Bank failures continued in 1931 as foreign investors withdrew money from the United States, and the Federal Reserve raised interest rates in order to prevent outflow of gold. While other countries left the

594:

as "the Happy Warrior of the political battlefield." Hoover campaigned for efficiency and the Republican record of prosperity. Smith ran on his record of efficiency earned over four terms as governor. Both candidates were pro-business, and each promised to improve conditions for farmers, reform

2280:

showed that Hoover and FDR were similar in many ways—both were Wilsonians who were shaped by their First World War experiences, gave government a major role in the economy, and imposed controls on big business. To these historians, Hoover was the link between the 1920s and the New Deal. These

2303:

According to Professor David E. Hamilton, historians have credited Hoover for his genuine belief in voluntarism and cooperation, as well as the innovation of some of his programs. However, Hamilton also notes that Hoover was politically inept and failed to recognize the severity of the Great

1813:. Many of the deportations were overseen by state and local authorities who acted on the encouragement of Doak and the Department of Labor. During the 1930s, between 355,000 and one million were repatriated or deported to Mexico; approximately forty to sixty percent of those repatriated were 1760:

Hoover seldom mentioned civil rights throughout his presidency. He believed that African Americans and other races could improve themselves with education and individual initiative. Hoover appointed more African Americans to federal positions than Harding and Coolidge had combined, but many

1627:. The act increased taxes across the board, so that top earners were taxed at 63 percent on their net income, up from 25 percent when Hoover took office. The 1932 Act also increased the tax on the net income of corporations from 12 percent to 13.75 percent. Additionally, under Hoover, the 2082:, a puppet state. The Hoover administration deplored the invasion, but also sought to avoid antagonizing the Japanese, fearing that taking too strong of a stand would weaken the moderate forces in the Japanese government. Hoover also viewed the Japanese as a potential ally against the 1833:

commissioner of Indian affairs. Hoover supported Rhoads' commitment to Indian assimilation and sought to minimize the federal role in Indian affairs. His goal was to have Indians acting as individuals (not as tribes) and to assume the responsibilities of citizenship granted with the

1439:. Hoover also convinced railroads and public utilities to increase spending on construction and maintenance, while the Federal Reserve announced that it would cut interest rates. These actions were collectively designed to prevent a cycle of deflation and provide a fiscal stimulus. 1555:

As the Great Depression continued, Hoover finally heeded calls for more direct federal intervention, though he vetoed a bill that would have allowed direct federal lending to individuals. When the 72nd Congress convened in December 1931, Hoover proposed the establishment of the

1459:

the average import duties on agricultural products from 38 percent to 49 percent and average import duties on industrial products from 31 percent to 34 percent. In June 1930, over the objection of many economists, Congress approved and Hoover reluctantly signed into law the

1389:

had raised stock prices far beyond their value. Banks played a major role in enabling this speculation, as by 1929 commercial banks were loaning more money for investments in real estate or the stock market than for commercial enterprises. Some regulators and bankers, like

2275:

Hoover's reputation experienced a strong recovery after 1970. Revisionist scholars in the 1970s portrayed Hoover in terms of the activist Secretary of Commerce that was so attractive to voters in the 1920s, while recognizing some failings in the Depression years.

1543:" (the shanty towns and homeless encampments), "Hoover leather" (cardboard used to cover holes in the soles of shoes), and "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used to cover oneself from the cold). Hoover also faced criticism from progressive Republicans like Governor 1534:

and homeless encampments sprang up across the country. A reserved man with a fear of public speaking, Hoover allowed his opponents in the Democratic Party to define him as cold, incompetent, reactionary, and out-of-touch. Hoover's opponents developed defamatory

1891:

period between the election and inauguration of the president. As regular congressional sessions did not begin until December of each year, there was often a long lame duck session following the election, followed by a long period of congressional inactivity.

626:", winning in five traditionally Democratic states. Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the booming economy, combined with deep splits in the Democratic Party over religion and prohibition, were the decisive factors in the 1928 election. 2136:

dropped by 30 percent, and by mid-1931 few observers thought that Hoover had much hope of winning a second term. Despite the economic calamity facing the nation and his dim hopes for re-election, Hoover faced little opposition for re-nomination at the

1336:

Hoover's general approach to governance. As the economy worsened in the 1930s, the Hoover administration and the Federal Farm Board struggled to stabilize farm prices, and Hoover continued to reject a stronger federal role. Federal Farm Board Chairman

2019:. The agreement reached there was not approved by any of the affected countries because acceptance was provisional on the United States cancelling the war debts owed to it, and that did not happen. Reparations payments as a result virtually stopped. 1084:

Hoover's cabinet consisted largely of wealthy, business-oriented conservatives. As the third consecutive Republican president to take office in the 1920s, Hoover retained many of the previous administration's personnel, including Secretary of Labor

1983:), but the treaty did not include France or Italy. The treaty provoked a nationalist backlash in Japan due to its reconfirmation of the "5–5–3" ratio which limited Japan to a smaller fleet than the United States or the United Kingdom. At the 1932 1565:

failure, but it failed to stimulate commercial lending as Hoover had hoped, partly because it was run by conservative bankers unwilling to make riskier loans. The RFC would be adopted by Roosevelt and greatly expanded as part of his New Deal.

673:. He delivered twenty-five speeches, stressing his plans to reduce American political and military interference in Latin American affairs. In sum, he pledged that the United States would act as a "good neighbor." While crossing the 8378: 8373: 5603:

Economic revolution from within: Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the emergence of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933" (PhD dissertation, Wayne State University, 2015; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,

2007:. Hoover was wary of agreeing to the plan, as he feared that it would be linked to reduced payments on loans the U.S. extended to France and Britain in World War I. He ultimately agreed to support the proposal at the urging of 487:. Hoover favored policies in which government, business, and labor worked together to achieve economic prosperity, but he generally opposed a direct role for the federal government in the economy. Seeking to address an ongoing 2011:, the American industrialist who chaired the committee. Due to the severe effects of the Great Depression on its economy, Germany was unable to pay reparations under the Young Plan's schedule. In response, Hoover issued the 2178:

halted attempts to kill Hoover by disgruntled citizens, including capturing one man nearing Hoover carrying sticks of dynamite, and another who had removed several spikes from the rails in front of the president's train.

1327:. The Agricultural Marketing Act authorized the Federal Farm Board to loan money to state and local cooperatives, which in turn would help farmers control crop prices by avoiding surpluses. Reflecting his desire to avoid 1228:. Roberts was confirmed by acclamation. Hughes and Roberts both established centrist reputations on the bench, and they often held the balance between their more conservative and more liberal colleagues during the 1930s. 2250:

Hoover was extremely unpopular when he left office in 1933 and remained unpopular for the next several decades. In the 1930s, numerous popular diatribes appeared that were extremely harsh on Hoover; syndicated columnist

2109:

of 1898, and the islands remained a possession of the United States despite a vigorous independence movement. Stimson convinced Hoover to oppose independence on the grounds that it would hurt the Philippine economy.

1887:

dates on which those terms would begin or end. From 1789 until the early 1930s, presidential and congressional terms began on March 4. The result of these scheduling decisions was that there was a long, four-month

1773:

and some other black leaders accepted the lily-white strategy as a temporary measure, most African-American leaders were outraged. Hoover further alienated black leaders by nominating conservative Southern judge

2161:

was in 12 million homes, changing the nature of presidential campaigns. No longer could presidents change the content of their speeches for each audience; anyone with a radio could listen to every major speech.

731:

cameras. Hoover's inaugural address projected an optimistic tone throughout, even as he spoke about the "disregard and disobedience of law," which he considered "the most malign" problem confronting the nation.

1502:. Despite the election defeat, Hoover refused to change his policies, rejecting the Chairman of the Committee on Employment's advice to appropriate additional money for public works. Instead, Hoover's first 1547:

of Pennsylvania, who urged Hoover to call Congress into a special session to approve relief measures before the winter of 1931–1932. Rather than calling Congress into a special session, Hoover created the

1797:, and in 1930 he promulgated an executive order requiring individuals to have employment before migrating to the United States. With the goal of opening up more jobs for U.S. citizens, Secretary of Labor 8751: 740:

worthy of respect. No country is more loved by its people. I have an abiding faith in their capacity, integrity and high purpose. I have no fears for the future of our country. It is bright with hope.

522:

of 1930, which raised tariff rates and reduced international trade. As the depression worsened in 1931 and 1932, Hoover reluctantly gave in to calls for direct federal intervention, establishing the

530:, which sought to maintain a balanced budget by raising taxes. However, the economy did not recover, and as a result, Hoover suffered an overwhelming defeat in the 1932 election. Hoover is usually 1527:

as "collectivism." By mid-1931, the unemployment rate had reached 15 percent, giving rise to growing fears that the country was experiencing a depression far worse than recent economic downturns.

1936:, Hoover was "the last American president to take office with no conspicuous need to pay attention to the rest of the world." But during Hoover's term, the world order established with the 1919 2671: 1932:

In the midst of a worldwide depression, Hoover and Secretary of State Henry Stimson became more closely involved in world affairs than Hoover's Republican predecessors had been. According to

1311:, a glut of agricultural products on the world market had reduced the demand for American exports, resulting in domestic overproduction and a drop in prices. In June 1929, Hoover signed the 1851:

Thousands of World War I veterans and their families demonstrated and camped out in Washington, DC, during June 1932, calling for immediate payment of bonuses that had been promised by the

2035:

and a move towards non-interventionism in Latin America. Hoover did not completely refrain from the use of the military in Latin American affairs; he thrice threatened intervention in the

1963:

Hoover placed a priority on disarmament, which he hoped would allow the United States to shift money from the military to domestic needs. Hoover and Stimson focused on extending the 1922

1765:

law. Hoover also continued to pursue the lily-white strategy, removing African Americans from positions of leadership in the Republican Party in an attempt to end the Democratic Party's

2192: 1706:

to make public policy recommendations regarding Prohibition. The commission found widespread corruption and violations of Prohibition, and its exposure of brutal practices such as the "

2119: 1975:, had failed to produce results, but the Hoover administration convinced the British to re-open negotiations. In 1930, the United States and other major naval powers signed the 1786:

and organized labor. Many black voters switched to the Democratic Party in the 1932 election, and African Americans would later become an important part of Franklin Roosevelt's

7762: 9419: 1672:

against nonviolent labor disputes. Though Hoover had originally tried to stop the bill, he chose to sign it into law as he feared that Congress would simply override a veto.

8402: 1879: 2300:

have shed light on Hoover's career before 1921, while Gary Best wrote a work focused on Hoover's post-presidential career and his influence on the conservative movement.

7755: 6617: 2589: 108: 2292:(2009), reflect the old negative viewpoint of an unattractive character who was cold and overbearing with little to show for his reforms. By contrast, Glen Jeansonne's 2149:, or Governor Gifford Pinchot, but all passed on the opportunity to challenge Hoover. Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential nomination on the fourth ballot of the 6558: 1486:, the incoming Democratic leader in the House of Representatives, emerged as perhaps the most influential individual in Congress. The election was also a victory for 483:

Hoover was the third straight Republican president, and he retained many of the previous administration's policies and personnel, including Secretary of the Treasury

8388: 8383: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 1731: 2027:

As president, Hoover largely made good on his pledge made prior to assuming office not to interfere in Latin America's internal affairs. In 1930, he released the

2305: 1691: 531: 359: 340: 321: 1583:

The economy continued to worsen, with unemployment rates nearing 23 percent in early 1932. With the RFC unable to stem the economic crisis, Hoover signed the

4692: 1905: 1874: 1426:" would permanently weaken the country. Instead, Hoover strongly believed that local governments and private giving should address the needs of individuals. 564:

to be Hoover's running mate, but Coolidge, who hated Dawes, remarked that this would be "a personal affront" to him. The convention instead selected Senator

2511: 1506:

address after the election called for a balancing of the budget. Hoover also refused to call a special session of Congress after the election, leaving the

724: 5575: 5558: 4173:

B. J. C. McKercher, "'A Certain Irritation': The White House, the State Department, and the Desire for a Naval Settlement with Great Britain, 1927–1930."

2675: 1162:

took the position of Postmaster General. Vice President Charles Curtis, who had previously opposed Hoover's nomination, had little influence with Hoover.

8983: 1452: 9250: 1979:. The treaty represented the first time that the naval powers had agreed to cap their tonnage of auxiliary vessels (previous agreements had focused on 1184: 298: 9614: 1443:

also supported new public works projects, although his fear of budget deficits led him to oppose expansive projects such as that contemplated by the

9245: 8770: 8763: 6427: 5318: 2224: 282: 2090:, which held that the United States would not recognize territories gained by force. The Hoover administration based this declaration on the 1928 1591:, establishing 12 district banks overseen by a Federal Home Loan Bank Board in a manner similar to the Federal Reserve System. Hoover and Senator 8973: 8853: 6633: 6580: 6437: 6146: 1271: 1240: 433: 6126: 1595:, another gold standard proponent, recognized that they needed to stop deflation by encouraging lending. Hoover was instrumental in passing the 9394: 8722: 6551: 6402: 5824: 1094: 389: 4389: 8278: 6397: 1927: 1761:

African-American leaders condemned various aspects of the Hoover administration, including Hoover's unwillingness to push for a federal anti-

1719: 603:, calling it an "experiment noble in purpose." While Smith won extra support among Catholics in the big cities, he was the target of intense 1201:

after the latter's death in 1930. A former associate justice, governor, Secretary of State, and presidential nominee, Hughes would lead the

7402: 7382: 7362: 7342: 7322: 7302: 7282: 7262: 7242: 7222: 7202: 7182: 7162: 7142: 7122: 7102: 7082: 7062: 7042: 7022: 7002: 6982: 6962: 6942: 6922: 6902: 6882: 6862: 6842: 6472: 6447: 6412: 6387: 5798: 5766: 1909: 3850: 9262: 8810: 8698: 6392: 2212: 1904:

dies or otherwise fails to qualify. By January 23, 1933, the amendment had been ratified by the requisite number of states to become the

1814: 250: 2563: 9619: 8900: 6442: 6432: 6417: 2242:

of Chicago. Hoover continued to unsuccessfully lobby Roosevelt regarding economic policy until Roosevelt took office on March 4, 1933.

1652:

on construction of public buildings, as well as the payment of at least the local "prevailing wage". The following year, he signed the

1644:

Hoover believed that amicable business-labor relations were an important component of a prosperous economy. In 1931, Hoover signed the

640: 2697: 2648:. West Branch, Iowa: The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library-Museum, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from 9090: 9081: 7558: 6544: 6482: 6422: 6407: 5475:

Kaufman, Bruce E. (July 2012). "Wage Theory, New Deal Labor Policy, and the Great Depression: Were Government and Unions to Blame?".

1552:, a voluntary association of bankers, but the organization did not manage to save banks or ease credit as Hoover had hoped it would. 635: 618:. Though Smith carried every large urban area in the country, Hoover received 58 percent of the popular vote and a massive 444 to 87 240: 233: 20: 5734: 2233:

in the November 1932 election. During that period, the domestic banking system and the international situation continued to worsen.

1345:. Many of the Farm Board's proposals to address the ongoing economic crisis would later be adopted by the Roosevelt administration. 326: 9517: 9512: 9031: 8993: 8825: 8820: 8562: 6515: 6467: 6452: 4901:

Hoffman, Abraham (May 1973). "Stimulus to Repatriation: The 1931 Federal Deportation Drive and the Los Angeles Mexican Community".

2645: 2196: 2127: 1953: 1802: 744:

These words would stand in stark contrast to the sense of desperation that would pervade the nation during much of his presidency.

553: 543: 473: 462: 378: 354: 335: 316: 80: 3545: 2086:, which he saw as a much greater threat. In response to the Japanese invasion, Hoover and Secretary of State Stimson outlined the 1490:

of both parties, as Republicans closely aligned with Hoover lost several congressional elections. Additionally, New York Governor

9399: 9303: 9255: 9052: 8815: 8024: 7869: 7421: 6669: 6525: 6492: 6487: 6477: 6462: 5885: 1180: 979: 860: 599:

which outlawed the sale of liquor and beer. Smith was a "wet" who called for its repeal, whereas Hoover gave limited support for

454: 303: 5021:

Kaufman, Bruce E. (2012). "Wage Theory, New Deal Labor Policy, and the Great Depression: Were Government and Unions to Blame?".

3681: 2255:

in 1931 said Hoover was a failure across the board as a party leader, economist, business authority, and personality. Historian

1599:, which allowed for prime rediscounting at the Federal Reserve, in turn allowing further inflation of credit and bank reserves. 8953: 8933: 8708: 8457: 6457: 3689: 2309: 1805:

in the United States. Though Doak did not seek to deport one specific group of immigrants, his campaign most strongly affected

1722:. A constitutional amendment repealing the Eighteenth Amendment was approved by Congress on January 23, 1933, and submitted to 1379: 1375: 1116: 998: 5572:

United States Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1941: The Golden Age of American Diplomatic and Military Complacency

5255: 2593: 9609: 9358: 9191: 8978: 8875: 8688: 5344: 5207: 5100: 4976: 4891: 4822: 3394: 2626: 2048: 1825: 1584: 1354: 659: 515: 255: 4274:

Halina Parafianowicz, "Hoover's Moratorium and Some Aspects of American Policy Towards Eastern and Central Europe in 1931,"

6585: 6497: 1987:, Hoover urged worldwide cutbacks in armaments and the outlawing of tanks and bombers, but his proposals were not adopted. 1901: 655: 5731:

Herbert Hoover Reassessed: Essays Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Inauguration of Our Thirty-first President

9629: 9624: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9484: 9064: 8577: 7410: 7389: 7369: 7349: 7329: 7309: 7289: 7269: 7249: 7229: 7209: 7189: 7169: 7149: 7129: 7109: 7089: 7069: 7049: 7029: 7009: 6989: 6969: 6949: 6929: 6909: 6889: 6869: 6849: 6825: 6812: 6799: 6786: 6773: 6760: 6747: 6734: 6721: 6708: 6695: 6682: 6656: 6643: 6226: 2150: 2138: 1852: 1499: 1105: 1017: 960: 810: 580: 557: 426: 373: 364: 345: 196: 9110: 8918: 8683: 8268: 8239: 7511: 6246: 5747:

O'Brien, Patrick G. and Philip T. Rosen. "Hoover and the Historians: The Resurrection of a President," Parts I and II,

5695:

Den Hertog, Johan. "The Commission for Relief in Belgium and the Political Diplomatic History of the First World War."

5140: 5079: 3469:

Joseph R. Mason, "The political economy of Reconstruction Finance Corporation assistance during the Great Depression."

2269: 2000: 1779: 1557: 1487: 1324: 1312: 1190: 716: 523: 492: 2802: 9322: 9196: 8860: 8652: 8134: 7487: 7451: 6176: 6096: 4068: 4035: 3892: 3634: 3274: 2988: 2849: 2052: 1952:, Hoover showed a willingness to work within multilateral structures. Hoover pursued United States membership in the 619: 2774: 9448: 9293: 9100: 8830: 7845: 7481: 6567: 6166: 3921: 1921: 1794: 1681: 1260: 1048: 941: 829: 600: 496: 466: 458: 70: 4988: 4746:

Carcasson, Martin (Spring 1998). "Herbert Hoover and the Presidential Campaign of 1932: The Failure of Apologia".

3946:

Britten, Thomas A. (1999), "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900–1933",

9240: 9235: 8703: 8617: 8582: 7535: 7493: 7469: 7463: 6316: 6266: 6196: 6136: 6116: 5996: 5966: 5916: 5647:

Williams, C. Fred (Spring 1996). "William M. Jardine and the Foundations for Republican Farm Policy, 1925–1929".

5325: 3174:

Harris Gaylord Warren, Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 175.

2515: 2075: 499:, Hoover increased federal enforcement of Prohibition. In foreign affairs, Hoover favored non-interventionism in 217: 9353: 1482:

The 1930 midterm elections saw Republicans lose control of the House and narrowly retain control of the Senate.

9389: 9310: 9095: 9055: 8923: 8657: 8572: 8522: 8229: 7475: 7445: 6624: 6156: 6086: 6036: 5986: 5936: 5894: 3694: 2842:

Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II

2068: 1834: 1596: 1418: 1127: 922: 891: 791: 690: 450: 419: 245: 206: 9440: 8988: 8662: 8622: 8612: 8607: 8587: 8532: 8507: 7964: 7499: 7433: 6256: 6236: 6206: 6066: 6046: 2414: 1856: 1762: 1718:

movement began working in earnest for Prohibition's repeal, supported by numerous organizations, such as the

518:

by reassuring public confidence and working with business leaders and local government. He also approved the

103: 1378:, an uneasy international situation, and the consolidation of various industries due to weak enforcement of 1093:. Hoover disliked Mellon, who maintained intense support among the party's Old Guard, and instead relied on 9327: 9162: 9024: 8758: 8647: 8537: 8502: 8452: 8437: 7566: 7541: 7439: 6336: 6186: 6076: 6056: 5976: 5547: 3851:"Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–1950" 2200: 2175: 1984: 1707: 1665: 1495: 1477: 9218: 9132: 9122: 8870: 8785: 8739: 8567: 8462: 8442: 7769: 7529: 7517: 7425: 6306: 6276: 6016: 5946: 5878: 5360:

Britten, Thomas A. "Hoover and the Indians: the Case for Continuity in Federal Indian Policy, 1900–1933"

5111: 2284:

Hoover has been the subject of numerous serious biographies in recent years. Only a few of them, such as

2016: 1723: 1573: 1549: 1507: 1460: 703: 9414: 9157: 8790: 8627: 7547: 6356: 6346: 6326: 6296: 6106: 5956: 2261: 1883: 1752: 1588: 6026: 5451:

Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: the Enduring Significance of the 'Associative State' in the United States

3993: 9363: 9315: 9127: 8928: 8632: 8597: 8552: 8542: 8527: 8517: 8482: 8447: 7523: 6286: 2485: 2184: 1653: 1436: 1407: 1248: 1232: 1135: 965: 511: 260: 5013: 2337: 711:

Hoover was inaugurated as the nation's 31st president on March 4, 1929, on the East Portico of the

9137: 8693: 8667: 8642: 8547: 8492: 8487: 8467: 8432: 8422: 6006: 5926: 4397: 2106: 1896: 1855:

in 1924; the terms of the act called for payment of the bonuses in 1945. Although offered money by

4084: 3207:

Kumiko Koyama, "The Passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act: Why Did the President Sign the Bill?"

2215:

of either house of Congress until 1947, and the Democrats would retain the presidency until 1953.

1287:

He sought a balance among labor, capital, and the government, and he has been variously labeled a

9587: 9167: 9017: 8602: 8557: 8497: 8472: 8427: 8194: 8089: 6366: 5355:

From New Era to New Deal: Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy, 1921–1933

4847:"Black Disaffection From the Republican Party During the Presidency of Herbert Hoover, 1928–1932" 3354:. Seattle, Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State Project, University of Washington 2091: 2004: 1972: 1964: 1695: 748: 622:

majority. Hoover won 40 states, including Smith's home state; he also succeeded in cracking the "

519: 5807: 5373: 4930:

Houck, Davis W. (2000). "Rhetoric as Currency: Herbert Hoover and the 1929 Stock Market Crash".

4055:

The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy

4022:

The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy

3626: 9368: 8780: 8512: 8477: 8069: 8039: 6837: 5992: 5871: 5322: 3266: 2133: 1620: 1399: 1320: 1139: 1134:, who was inexperienced regarding agricultural issues. For Secretary of the Navy, Hoover chose 402: 4611:

Quoted in Patrick O'Brien and Philip Rosen, "Hoover and the Historians" part one (1981) p 28.

4561: 2978: 2865: 2616: 2567: 2312:’s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Hoover as the 36th best president. A 2021 1319:

to stabilize farm prices. The act had been formulated by Coolidge's Secretary of Agriculture,

9573: 9298: 9223: 9142: 8865: 8637: 8592: 7077: 6222: 5000: 4989:"The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror" 4060: 4027: 2441: 1957: 1703: 1491: 712: 591: 477: 3735: 9152: 8895: 8885: 8154: 8149: 8139: 7989: 7984: 7893: 7875: 7863: 7851: 7839: 7833: 7053: 7033: 6857: 6853: 6807: 6242: 4717: 2429: 2285: 2230: 2056: 1937: 1933: 1888: 1828:

Vice President, and the first person with acknowledged non-European ancestry, was from the

1747: 1370:

economic growth, including the persistent farm crisis, a saturation of consumer goods like

1209: 1194: 1122:

to the head the Justice Department. Hoover's first choice for Secretary of Agriculture was

595:

immigration laws, and maintain America's isolationist foreign policy. They differed on the

584: 5216:

Watson, Richard L. "The Defeat of Judge Parker: A Study in Pressure Groups and Politics."

4641:

Ellis W. Hawley, "Herbert Hoover and the Historians-Recent Developments: A Review Essay."

2822:

Richard L. Watson, "The Defeat of Judge Parker: A Study in Pressure Groups and Politics."

2800:"Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference – 93 years young!" 1821:, arguing that it involved the forced removal of an ethnic minority by government actors. 191: 8: 9332: 9203: 9147: 8848: 8059: 7797: 6829: 6816: 6712: 6595: 6172: 6092: 5844:

Herbert Hoover: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President

5380:

The Origins and Development of Federal Crime Control Policy: Herbert Hoover's Initiatives

5177:

Olson, James S. (October 1972). "Gifford Pinchot and the Politics of Hunger, 1932-1933".

3698: 2204: 2191:

1928 election, while Roosevelt became the first Democratic presidential nominee to win a

2032: 1976: 1956:, but the Senate never voted on his proposal. The Senate also defeated Hoover's proposed 1810: 1743: 1730:. By December 1933, it had been ratified by the requisite number of states to become the 1657: 1645: 1624: 1403: 1395: 1225: 1198: 1159: 1147: 1119: 946: 927: 720: 527: 504: 5723:

Hawley, Ellis. "Herbert Hoover and the Historians-Recent Developments: A Review Essay."

5542:

McPherson, Alan. "Herbert Hoover, Occupation Withdrawal, and the Good Neighbor Policy."

3351: 2649: 2409:

Marvin Ewy, "Charles Curtis of Kansas: Vice President of the United States, 1929–1933."

1243:, insisted that Hoover nominate a progressive judge to succeed Holmes. Hoover nominated 9539: 9409: 9283: 9115: 8880: 8745: 8174: 8114: 8004: 7899: 7881: 7857: 7779: 7624: 7606: 6803: 6794: 6716: 6605: 6600: 6590: 6162: 5837: 5656: 5641: 5631: 5510: 5502: 5469: 5186: 5056: 5048: 4955: 4947: 4918: 4834: 4799: 4791: 4755: 3959: 3619: 3576: 3568: 3259: 2549: 2392: 2208: 2036: 1787: 1770: 1687: 1503: 1444: 1391: 1316: 1155: 747:

The morning of the inauguration, the Coolidges had briefly met with the Hoovers in the

514:

struck less than eight months after he took office, Hoover tried to combat the ensuing

267: 87: 6647: 5250:

Edwards, Barry C. "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive?."

2264:, a leading progressive exponent, strongly criticized Hoover in his influential work, 1303:

After taking office, Hoover called Congress into session in an attempt to address the

201: 9337: 9288: 9208: 8890: 8224: 8199: 8179: 8129: 8104: 8084: 8074: 8034: 8009: 7911: 7809: 7672: 7660: 7648: 7630: 7594: 7457: 7233: 7213: 7197: 7177: 7097: 6977: 6873: 6764: 6751: 6729: 6725: 6651: 6312: 6262: 6192: 6132: 6112: 6102: 5962: 5912: 5818: 5369: 5340: 5203: 5136: 5129: 5096: 5075: 5069: 4972: 4959: 4887: 4881: 4868: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4064: 4031: 3963: 3888: 3702: 3630: 3572: 3390: 3270: 2984: 2845: 2622: 2564:"The Museum Exhibit Galleries, Gallery 5: The Logical Candidate, The President-Elect" 2456: 2012: 1995:

When Hoover took office, an international committee meeting in Paris promulgated the

1949: 1861: 1806: 1483: 1279: 908: 615: 611:, as well as numerous Protestant preachers in rural areas across the South and West. 394: 277: 5514: 5410: 5060: 4836:

American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover–Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929–1933

4053: 4020: 2434: 1587:, a $ 2 billion public works bill, in July 1932. That same month, Hoover signed the 552:

announced in August 1927 that he would not seek a second full term of office in the

9533: 9213: 8253: 8248: 8159: 8079: 8054: 8044: 7917: 7827: 7690: 7666: 7618: 7582: 6897: 6833: 6820: 6790: 6777: 6699: 6686: 6152: 6142: 6122: 6082: 6032: 5982: 5932: 5682:; ProQuest document ID 303316009; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1984. 8504995) 5492: 5484: 5163: 5038: 5030: 4939: 4910: 4858: 4783: 3955: 3560: 2566:. West Branch, Iowa: Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from 2545: 2087: 2028: 1818: 1660:, created a positive right of noninterference by employers against workers joining 1448: 1447:, which sought to establish government production and distribution of power in the 1411: 1292: 1244: 1236: 1151: 1143: 1022: 984: 846: 834: 646: 604: 5863: 5443:

From New Day to New Deal: American Farm Policy from Hoover to Roosevelt, 1928–1933

5090: 1686:

The United States banned the production, importation, transportation, and sale of

1275:

Herbert Hoover as the new President of the United States; original drawing for an

1251:, and Cardozo was approved by the Senate in a unanimous vote. Cardozo joined with 9566: 9551: 9471: 8332: 8263: 8184: 8124: 8019: 8014: 7999: 7994: 7979: 7821: 7803: 7791: 7785: 7744: 7696: 7642: 7093: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6973: 6893: 6877: 6738: 6690: 6673: 6664: 6660: 6252: 6232: 6202: 6062: 6042: 5709:

Goldberg, David J. "Rethinking the 1920s: Historians and Changing Perspectives."

5624: 3880: 3856:. Vol. 47, no. 4. The International migration review. pp. 944–975. 2799: 1798: 1782:; Parker's nomination ultimately failed in the Senate due to opposition from the 1576: 1544: 1524: 1337: 1256: 1112: 1065: 587: 549: 8303: 5457:

Hutchison, Janet. "Building for Babbitt: the State and the Suburban Home Ideal"

5306:

Hoover, The Fishing President: Portrait of the Private Man and his Life Outdoors

2043:

to support the government against a left-wing revolution. But he wound down the

1568: 9040: 8943: 8938: 8775: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8169: 8119: 7947: 7929: 7887: 7684: 7678: 7636: 7293: 7273: 6937: 6933: 6917: 6913: 6755: 6677: 6332: 6212: 6182: 6072: 6052: 6022: 5972: 5488: 5034: 4250: 2297: 1912:

in 1937 was the first presidential inauguration to take place on the new date.

1775: 1649: 1530:

Millions of Americans became homeless as the economy crumbled, and hundreds of

1366: 1252: 1224:, an attorney who had risen to prominence due to his role in investigating the 1213: 1123: 1097: 1086: 1053: 1003: 877: 815: 796: 565: 446: 174: 30: 4787: 3564: 9603: 8948: 8273: 8214: 8099: 7923: 7654: 7193: 7173: 7133: 7113: 7073: 7057: 7037: 6781: 6768: 6742: 6302: 6272: 6012: 5942: 5640:. (1937). In depth description of his administration by two cabinet members; 4872: 3967: 2806: 2146: 2142: 2008: 1632: 1520: 1464: 1307:

that had affected the country throughout much of the 1920s. Since the end of

1101: 1090: 1034: 896: 865: 677:

from Chile, a plot to bomb Hoover's train as it crossed the vast Argentinian

670: 666: 561: 500: 484: 5857: 5555:

A Rabble of Dead Money: The Great Crash and the Global Depression: 1929–1939

5168: 5151: 4863: 4846: 3621:

Workers' Paradox: The Republican Origins of New Deal Labor Policy, 1886–1935

2316:

poll of historians also ranked Hoover as the 36th most effective president.

123: 9545: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9404: 9373: 8293: 8288: 8209: 8189: 8144: 8094: 8064: 8029: 7953: 7935: 7720: 7708: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7393: 7373: 7353: 6703: 6352: 6342: 6322: 6292: 5952: 5608: 2256: 2252: 2239: 2234: 2083: 1980: 1727: 1592: 1276: 1221: 1202: 608: 596: 159: 5299:

Uncommon Americans: The Lives and Legacies of Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover

4943: 2980:

The American Promise, Volume C: A History of the United States: Since 1890

2383:

Rusnak, Robert J. (Spring 1983). "Andrew W. Mellon: Reluctant Kingmaker".

755:

before departing for the United States Capitol for Hoover's inauguration.

695: 9267: 9186: 9174: 8312: 8307: 8298: 8283: 8258: 8244: 8109: 7905: 7815: 7714: 7612: 7333: 7317: 7313: 7297: 7277: 7153: 7137: 7117: 7017: 6282: 4632:

O'Brien and Rosen, "Hoover and the Historians" part one (1981) pp 36–38.

4623:

O'Brien and Rosen, "Hoover and the Historians" part one (1981) pp 31–36.

2277: 2102: 2095: 2044: 2040: 1766: 1661: 1611:

National debt as a fraction of GNP up from 20% to 40% under Hoover. From

1540: 1531: 1386: 1308: 1304: 1288: 1131: 752: 623: 488: 92: 5506: 5190: 5052: 4951: 4795: 4759: 2674:. New York: Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Archived from 2396: 2304:

Depression. Polls of historians and political scientists have generally

2141:. Some Republicans talked of nominating Coolidge, former Vice President 1406:

continued to encourage speculative practices. In late October 1929, the

472:

of New York. His presidency ended following his landslide defeat in the

9228: 9179: 9105: 8234: 8204: 8164: 8049: 7738: 7732: 7702: 7377: 7357: 7237: 7217: 6957: 6953: 6002: 5922: 5784: 5690: 5660: 5497: 5390: 5221: 5071:

Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945

5043: 4922: 4768: 4328: 2827: 2592:. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from 2165: 2059:

would continue the trend towards non-interventionism in Latin America.

1996: 1846: 1829: 1715: 1710:" sparked outrage and helped lead to the reform of many police forces. 1669: 1636:

Revenue Act, the federal government continued to run a budget deficit.

1628: 1259:

in forming a progressive block of Supreme Court justices known as the "

571: 526:

and signing a major public works bill. At the same time, he signed the

272: 5436: 1410:

occurred, and the worldwide economy began to spiral downward into the

7941: 7337: 7257: 6362: 5763:

A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover

5754:

O'Brien, Patrick G. "Hoover and Historians: Revisionism Since 1980,"

5720:(Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, 1989) 141pp; Essays by scholars 2340:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2016-10-04 2079: 2071: 1968: 1342: 1130:, which Hoover had strenuously opposed. The position instead went to 5628:

National Conservation Policy: Federal Conservation Policy, 1921–1933

5565:

Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1931–1933

4914: 4693:"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?" 4323:

Richard N. Current, "The Stimson Doctrine and the Hoover Doctrine,"

4197: 4195: 2536:

Deconde, Alexander (March 1950). "Herbert Hoover's Good Will Tour".

8998: 8219: 7726: 7397: 7253: 7157: 6536: 5678:(DA Dissertation, Illinois State University, 1984). (DAI-A 46/01, 3319: 2590:"The 36th Presidential Inauguration Herbert C.Hoover March 4, 1929" 2154: 1793:

As part of his efforts to limit unemployment, Hoover sought to cut

1108:

and a former Secretary of War, became Hoover's Secretary of State.

728: 469: 5685:

Clements, Kendrick A. "Herbert Hoover and conservation, 1921–33."

5385:

Clements, Kendrick A. "Herbert Hoover and conservation, 1921–33."

5333: 5331:

Claus Bernet (2009). "Hoover, Herbert". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).

3177: 2514:. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. Archived from 2471:

Elesha Coffman, "The 'Religious Issue' in Presidential Politics,"

2118: 665:

In November 1928, President-elect Hoover embarked on a ten-nation

9009: 5523:

Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928

4416: 4305: 4281: 4219: 4192: 4089: 3973: 3732:

Hoover, Blacks, & Lily-Whites: A Study of Southern Strategies

1561: 1536: 1423: 1328: 5596:

The Interregnum of Despair: Hoover, Congress, and the Depression

5530:

The President and Protest: Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot

5397:

Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism: Engineering the Good Life

3825: 3546:"The Check Tax: Fiscal Folly and The Great Monetary Contraction" 3283: 3144: 1455:, which issued press releases urging companies to hire workers. 1422:

and railroads. He also feared that allowing individuals on the "

1076: 5537:

Hoover, Blacks, and Lily-whites: A Study of Southern Strategies

5200:

Herbert Hoover in the White House: The Ordeal of the Presidency

4128: 2313: 1971:. A previous effort to extend the Washington Naval Treaty, the 1699: 678: 141: 5621:. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company (2004), 332–343 5612:

Herbert Hoover and the Onset of the Great Depression 1929–1930

4452: 3214: 3009: 2886: 2728: 1865:

destroyed any remaining chance he had of winning re-election.

1607: 5466:

Peddling protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression

5339:(in German). Vol. 30. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 644–653. 4464: 4116: 3366: 3122: 3120: 3105: 2308:

Hoover in the bottom third of presidents. A 2018 poll of the

2158: 1783: 1217: 674: 5589:

The Poverty of Abundance: Hoover, the Nation, the Depression

5285:

The Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression

5152:"Hoover and the Historians: the Resurrection of a President" 4883:

From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

4691:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (19 February 2018).

4524: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4440: 4428: 4345: 4333: 4293: 4231: 4180: 2621:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 137–138. 5765:(2014); 616pp; essays by scholars stressing historiography 5453:, vol. 10, Journal of Policy History, pp. 419–444 4207: 4155: 4104: 3813: 3712: 3666:. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. p. 49. 3643: 3586: 3512: 3500: 3476: 3451: 3439: 3415: 3403: 3387:

The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924

3331: 2958: 2946: 1142:

who shared Hoover's views on disarmament. Hoover persuaded

4404: 4369: 4357: 4145: 4143: 4026:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3598: 3117: 1216:, was rejected by the Senate due to the opposition of the 5774:

Herbert Hoover–A Bibliography: His Writings and Addresses

4059:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 3427: 3307: 3295: 3238: 3226: 3189: 3156: 3132: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 2997: 2934: 2922: 2898: 2752: 2740: 2492:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia 1560:(RFC). Though some progressives criticized the bill as a 1371: 5779:

Zieger, Robert H. "Herbert Hoover: A Reinterpretation."

4536: 3093: 1737: 658:

Hoover would take office, there was a nearly four-month

560:. The delegates considered re-nominating Vice President 457:

on March 4, 1929, and ended on March 4, 1933. Hoover, a

4619: 4617: 4140: 3860: 3801: 3544:

Lastrapes, William D.; Selgin, Grorge (December 1997),

3488: 2910: 2874: 2364: 1756:

Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover aboard a train in Illinois

1115:

declined to serve as Attorney General, Hoover promoted

4969:

The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928-1933

4390:"When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty" 3081: 2716: 3901: 3682:"Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution" 3532:

Encyclopedia of the Great Depression and the New Deal

2794: 2792: 2618:

U.S. Presidents as Orators: A Bio-critical Sourcebook

2352: 1875:

Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1690:

nationwide in 1920 following the ratification of the

1523:, Hoover refused to abandon it; he derided any other 1150:, to serve as Secretary of the Interior. Businessman 735:

Near the end of the speech he confidently observed:

9359:

Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site

5619:

The American Presidency: The Authoritative Reference

5335:

Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)

4614: 2122:

Hoover addresses a large crowd in his 1932 campaign.

727:. This was the first inaugural ceremony recorded by 5893: 3885:

The Praeger Handbook of Latino Education in the U.S

2646:"Inaugural Address of Herbert Hoover March 4, 1929" 2458:

A Catholic runs for President: The campaign of 1928

1208:A second vacancy arose in 1930 due to the death of 5676:Herbert Hoover: a study of historical revisionism. 5332: 5128: 4833: 4052: 4019: 3618: 3258: 2789: 2433: 1212:. Hoover's first nominee, federal appellate judge 1185:List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover 16:U.S. presidential administration from 1929 to 1933 5834:The Hoover Administration; a documented narrative 5832:Myers, William Starr, and Walter H. Newton, eds. 4690: 3992:Dickson, Paul; Allen, Thomas B. (February 2003). 3922:"Charles Curtis: America's Indian Vice President" 3849:Gratton, Brian; Merchant, Emily (December 2013). 2775:"Charles Curtis, 31st Vice President (1929–1933)" 2003:and stipulated the partial forgiveness of German 1948:Though the United States remained outside of the 1111:After Hoover's old friend, Supreme Court Justice 9601: 9246:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt 5858:Miller Center on the Presidency at U of Virginia 5806:, Memoirs, vol. 2, New York, archived from 5580:Robinson, Edgar Eugene and Vaughn Davis Bornet. 5280:(2016), 464pp; comprehensive scholarly biography 5149: 4766: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4134: 3887:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 400–403. 3325: 2225:Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1453:President's Organization for Unemployment Relief 1385:Most dangerous of all to the economy, excessive 5617:Stoff, Michael B. "Herbert Hoover: 1929–1933". 5294:, (1987), biography concentrating on post 1932. 3848: 3625:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 3543: 2640: 2638: 2231:held office for several months after his defeat 2229:As Hoover's term extended until March 1933, he 644:President-elect Hoover and his wife aboard the 461:, took office after a landslide victory in the 5742:Understanding Herbert Hoover: Ten Perspectives 5582:Herbert Hoover: President of the United States 5292:An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover 5179:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 5150:O'Brien, Patrick G.; Rosen, Philip T. (1981). 5109: 4585:Arthur Krock, "President Hoover's Two Years." 3126: 2844:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 156–161. 2440:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 9025: 6552: 5879: 5860:, brief articles on Hoover and his presidency 5769:; essays by scholars stressing historiography 5088: 4548: 4470: 4422: 4311: 4287: 4225: 4201: 4122: 3979: 3675: 3673: 3649: 3289: 3220: 3150: 3015: 2892: 2734: 1720:Association Against the Prohibition Amendment 614:In the November election, Republicans won an 568:of Kansas, who had Native American ancestry. 427: 5668: 5636:Wilbur, Ray Lyman, and Arthur Mastick Hyde. 5330: 4983:Book 5 in The Life of Herbert Hoover Series. 4769:"The Gold Standard and the Great Depression" 4598:Allan Nevins, "President Hoover's Record." 4327:Vol. 59, No. 3 (Apr. 1954), pp. 513–42 3991: 3734:, University of North Carolina Press, 1985 ( 2635: 1510:in recess from March 1931 to December 1931. 1498:established him as the front-runner for the 9395:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite 8811:National Republican Congressional Committee 5424:Fausold Martin L. and George Mazuzan, eds. 3616: 3389:. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. 3265:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 2769: 2767: 2101:The United States had taken control of the 9032: 9018: 8901:High School Republican National Federation 6559: 6545: 6521: 5886: 5872: 5823:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4966: 4745: 4458: 4410: 4381: 4375: 4363: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3670: 3372: 3111: 2672:"Herbert Hoover's Inaugural Address, 1929" 1943: 1698:, which made even minor liquor violations 503:and pursued disarmament policies with the 434: 420: 29: 5800:The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1933 5496: 5167: 5042: 4862: 4767:Eichengreen, Barry; Temin, Peter (2000). 3985: 3680:Huckabee, David C. (September 30, 1997). 2436:The Oxford History of the American People 2424: 2422: 2338:"Herbert Hoover: Campaigns and Elections" 2153:, defeating the 1928 Democratic nominee, 2062: 1928:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1913–1933 1809:, especially Mexican Americans living in 1471: 1247:, the highly regarded chief judge of the 1235:announced his retirement from the Court. 636:Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover 21:Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency 9615:1929 establishments in the United States 9513:1928 United States presidential election 8994:Timeline of modern American conservatism 8826:Republican Attorneys General Association 8821:National Republican Senatorial Committee 5733:(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981) 5411:"Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover" 5197: 5110:Leuchtenburg, William E. (Summer 2009). 5095:. Times Books (Henry Holt and Company). 5067: 4986: 4900: 4810: 4559: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4482: 4446: 4434: 4351: 4339: 4299: 4237: 4186: 4149: 4077: 4050: 4017: 3907: 3866: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3718: 3679: 3592: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3457: 3445: 3421: 3409: 3337: 3313: 3301: 3244: 3232: 3195: 3183: 3162: 3138: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3003: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2904: 2880: 2764: 2758: 2746: 2722: 2704:. The White House Historical Association 2512:"Travels of President Herbert C. Hoover" 2245: 2164: 2128:1932 United States presidential election 2117: 1954:Permanent Court of International Justice 1895:Efforts to change these dates through a 1751: 1606: 1567: 1270: 1220:and labor groups. Hoover next nominated 1174: 1075: 702: 694: 639: 570: 544:1928 United States presidential election 9400:Hoover Institution Library and Archives 9304:Belgian American Educational Foundation 8816:National Republican Redistricting Trust 5020: 4879: 4844: 4831: 4213: 4161: 4110: 3945: 3878: 3837: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3604: 3384: 3349: 3087: 2839: 2556: 2535: 2428: 2358: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2218: 1572:Herbert Hoover in the Oval Office with 1451:. In late 1930, Hoover established the 1231:In 1932, 91-year-old Associate Justice 1189:Hoover appointed three justices of the 1181:Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates 1158:was appointed as Secretary of War, and 495:. Despite growing public resistance to 9602: 8934:Republican National Coalition for Life 5796: 5404:Herbert Hoover's Latin American Policy 5267: 5240: 5176: 4971:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 44–45. 3881:"Repatriation of Mexicans from the US" 3690:Congressional Research Service reports 3433: 2419: 2382: 2310:American Political Science Association 1868: 1117:Solicitor General of the United States 50:March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 9013: 8876:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 6540: 5867: 5126: 5023:Industrial and Labor Relations Review 4929: 4718:"Presidential Historians Survey 2021" 4387: 3919: 3661: 3256: 3099: 2983:. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 772. 2977:Roark, James L.; et al. (2012). 2976: 2858: 2454: 2376: 2370: 2203:. The election marked the end of the 1860:sent U.S. Army forces led by General 1738:Civil rights and Mexican Repatriation 1602: 1585:Emergency Relief and Construction Act 1355:Great Depression in the United States 256:Great Depression in the United States 9493:Republican National Convention, 1920 6566: 5680:Dissertation Abstracts International 5646: 5468:(Princeton University Press, 2011). 5448: 5426:The Hoover Presidency: A Reappraisal 5312: 5218:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5131:Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President 4645:(Winter 2019) 78#1 pp 75–86 at p 76. 2916: 2824:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2614: 2325: 2078:'s military forces and establishing 9065:United States Secretary of Commerce 5433:The Presidents: A Reference History 4814:The Presidency of Herbert C. Hoover 4602:(1932) Vol. 36. No. 4. pp 385–394. 4562:"Herbert Hoover: impact and legacy" 2211:. The Republicans would not regain 2151:1932 Democratic National Convention 2139:1932 Republican National Convention 2113: 1853:World War Adjusted Compensation Act 1824:Charles Curtis, the nation's first 1348: 1266: 1106:Governor-General of the Philippines 581:1928 Democratic National Convention 558:1928 Republican National Convention 537: 224:31st President of the United States 59: 13: 9111:Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 9039: 8919:Republican Main Street Partnership 5790: 5399:(University Press of Kansas, 2000) 5228: 4388:Gibbs, Nancy (November 10, 2008). 3960:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1999.tb01035.x 3872: 2550:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1950.tb00106.x 2270:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 2051:and nearly bringing an end to the 2001:Bank for International Settlements 1967:, which sought to prevent a naval 1915: 1558:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1313:Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 1191:Supreme Court of the United States 590:, who was described by Smith ally 524:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 493:Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 14: 9641: 9620:Presidencies of the United States 8861:Congressional Hispanic Conference 5851: 5718:Herbert Hoover and the Historians 5704:Herbert Hoover and the Historians 5474: 5270:Herbert Hoover and the Historians 5112:"The Wrong Man at the Wrong Time" 5089:Leuchtenburg, William E. (2009). 4560:Hamilton, David E. (2016-10-04). 3920:McKie, Scott (February 4, 2014). 3879:Rosales, F. Arturo (2007-01-01). 2486:"Herbert Hoover: Foreign Affairs" 1513: 1435:a short recession similar to the 1429: 758: 9583: 9582: 9449:The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue 9294:Commission for Relief in Belgium 9236:State of the Union Address, 1929 8831:Republican Governors Association 7370:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 6520: 6511: 6510: 5557:(PublicAffairs, 2017), 389 pp. 5319:Extensive annotated bibliography 4710: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4635: 4626: 4605: 4592: 4579: 4317: 4268: 4243: 4167: 4044: 4011: 3534:. Sharpe Reference, 2001. p. 396 3471:Explorations in Economic History 2698:"Transitions at the White House" 2615:Ryan, Halford Ross, ed. (1995). 2022: 1922:Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover 1795:immigration to the United States 1682:Prohibition in the United States 407: 401: 158: 122: 5895:Presidents of the United States 5326:Miller Center of Public Affairs 5234: 4085:"U.S. Constitution: Amendments" 3939: 3913: 3883:. In Soto, Lourdes Diaz (ed.). 3724: 3655: 3610: 3537: 3524: 3463: 3378: 3352:"Hoovervilles and Homelessness" 3343: 3250: 3201: 3168: 2970: 2833: 2816: 2690: 2664: 2608: 2582: 2529: 2504: 1910:Roosevelt's second inauguration 684: 650:in South America, December 1928 19:For a chronological guide, see 9311:American Relief Administration 9056:President of the United States 8924:Republican Majority for Choice 8752:Steering and Policy Committees 5797:Hoover, Herbert Clark (1952), 5783:(1976) 81#4 pp. 800–810. 5630:(U of California Press, 1963) 5544:Presidential Studies Quarterly 5415:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4817:. University Press of Kansas. 4748:Presidential Studies Quarterly 4738: 3695:Congressional Research Service 3664:Repealing National Prohibition 2840:Abraham, Henry Julian (2008). 2478: 2465: 2448: 2411:Emporia State Research Studies 2403: 2385:Presidential Studies Quarterly 1990: 1880:Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 1835:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 1801:began a campaign to prosecute 1702:. Hoover also established the 1675: 1419:causes of the Great Depression 1325:McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill 1298: 1165: 1154:became Secretary of Commerce, 1128:McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill 1126:, author of the controversial 1095:Undersecretary of the Treasury 1089:and Secretary of the Treasury 691:Inauguration of Herbert Hoover 451:president of the United States 1: 9441:Backstairs at the White House 8989:International Democracy Union 5252:Congress & the Presidency 5243:Herbert Hoover: A Public Life 4932:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 4776:Contemporary European History 2319: 1840: 1619:Though some economists, like 629: 9610:Presidency of Herbert Hoover 9328:Commission for Polish Relief 9192:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua 9163:Federal Home Loan Bank Board 5761:Sibley, Katherine A.S., ed. 5737:, Essays by scholars; 524 pp 5727:(Winter 2019) 78#1 pp 75–86. 4987:Johnson, Kevin (Fall 2005). 3326:Eichengreen & Temin 2000 2193:majority of the popular vote 1985:World Disarmament Conference 1478:1930 United States elections 480:, after one term in office. 293: 45:Presidency of Herbert Hoover 7: 9123:Reapportionment Act of 1929 8871:Republican Jewish Coalition 8786:Republican Governance Group 5674:Anderson, Howard Clifford. 5598:. (1970). Hostile to Hoover 5074:. Oxford University Press. 4995:(1). Pace Law Review: 1–26. 4886:. Oxford University Press. 4880:Herring, George C. (2008). 4832:Ferrell, Robert H. (1957). 4811:Fausold, Martin L. (1985). 3553:Journal of Economic History 2870:, Miller center, 2016-10-04 2475:(Winter 2008) 119#4 pp 1–20 2266:The Crisis of the Old Order 2169:1932 electoral vote results 2132:Between 1928 and 1932, the 2017:Lausanne Conference of 1932 1724:state ratifying conventions 1648:, which required a maximum 1550:National Credit Corporation 1539:to discredit him such as: " 1323:, as an alternative to the 575:1928 electoral vote results 10: 9646: 9630:1930s in the United States 9625:1920s in the United States 9415:Herbert C. Hoover Building 9158:Federal Home Loan Bank Act 8791:Republican Study Committee 5781:American Historical Review 5744:(1987); essays by scholars 5697:Diplomacy & Statecraft 5687:American Historical Review 5489:10.1177/001979391206500302 5387:American Historical Review 5068:Kennedy, David M. (1999). 5035:10.1177/001979391206500302 4845:Garcia, George F. (1980). 4600:Current History and Forum. 4325:American Historical Review 3186:, pp. 98–99, 134–135. 2473:American Catholic Studies, 2262:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. 2222: 2125: 2039:, and he sent warships to 1925: 1919: 1872: 1844: 1741: 1679: 1597:Glass–Steagall Act of 1932 1589:Federal Home Loan Bank Act 1500:1932 Democratic nomination 1475: 1352: 1241:Senate Judiciary Committee 1178: 763: 688: 633: 554:1928 presidential election 541: 474:1932 presidential election 463:1928 presidential election 18: 9561: 9526: 9483: 9459: 9382: 9346: 9316:Russian Famine Relief Act 9276: 9128:Wall Street Crash of 1929 9075: 9047: 8966: 8929:Republican Liberty Caucus 8909: 8839: 8801: 8732: 8721: 8676: 8415: 8401: 8341: 7972: 7963: 7754: 7557: 7420: 6616: 6576: 6506: 6378: 5901: 5669:Historiography and memory 5459:Journal of Policy History 5262:Herbert Hoover Reassessed 5127:McCoy, Donald R. (1967). 4903:Pacific Historical Review 4788:10.1017/S0960777300002010 3565:10.1017/S0022050700019562 3209:Journal of Policy History 2702:www.whitehousehistory.org 2461:. New York: Ronald Press. 2455:Moore, Edmund A. (1956). 2207:and the beginning of the 1408:Wall Street Crash of 1929 1249:New York Court of Appeals 1233:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 1197:to succeed Chief Justice 1136:Charles Francis Adams III 1047: 1043: 1016: 1012: 993: 980:Secretary of the Interior 974: 966:Charles Francis Adams III 955: 936: 917: 890: 886: 861:Secretary of the Treasury 859: 855: 828: 824: 805: 786: 770: 532:ranked lower than average 512:Wall Street Crash of 1929 261:Wall Street Crash of 1929 138: 118: 98: 86: 76: 66: 54: 41: 37: 28: 9323:U.S. Food Administration 9197:U.S. occupation of Haiti 8699:Northern Mariana Islands 5751:46 (1981), 25–42, 83–99; 5601:Smith, Angella LaNette. 5202:. Simon & Schuster. 4967:Jeansonne, Glen (2012). 4840:. Yale University Press. 4135:O'Brien & Rosen 1981 4051:Ackerman, Bruce (2005). 4018:Ackerman, Bruce (2005). 3834:, pp. 208, 217–218. 3662:Kyvig, David E. (1979). 2098:among the world powers. 1897:constitutional amendment 1639: 1613:Historical Statistics US 1359: 1315:, which established the 999:Secretary of Agriculture 304:Supreme Court candidates 167:This article is part of 9574:Franklin D. Roosevelt → 9472:English translation of 9168:Federal Home Loan Banks 9133:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 5711:OAH Magazine of History 5461:1997 9#2 : 184–210 5449:Hart, David M. (1998), 5290:Smith, Richard Norton. 5169:10.17077/0003-4827.8816 4864:10.17077/0003-4827.8734 4672:Hawley (2019) pp 78–79. 4278:. (1987) v. 6 pp 63–84. 3385:Cabanes, Bruno (2014). 3350:Gregory, James (2009). 2055:. Franklin Roosevelt's 2049:occupation of Nicaragua 2005:World War I reparations 1973:Geneva Naval Conference 1965:Washington Naval Treaty 1944:Multilateral agreements 1696:Increased Penalties Act 1461:Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act 719:(and former president) 707:Inaugural parade ticket 534:among U.S. presidents. 9369:Lou Henry Hoover House 8781:Problem Solvers Caucus 5993:William Henry Harrison 5395:Clements, Kendrick A. 5323:University of Virginia 5278:Herbert Hoover: A Life 5268:Hawley, Ellis (1989), 5254:41#1 (2014) pp 49–83 5241:Burner, David (1996), 5008:Cite journal requires 3617:O'Brien, Ruth (1998). 3257:Busch, Andrew (1999). 3211:(2009) 21#2 pp. 163–86 2777:. United States Senate 2294:Herbert Hoover: A Life 2185:Robert La Follette Jr. 2170: 2134:gross national product 2123: 2063:Affairs in the Pacific 1767:dominance in the South 1757: 1732:Twenty-first Amendment 1621:William Trufant Foster 1616: 1580: 1472:1930 midterm elections 1400:Federal Reserve System 1321:William Marion Jardine 1283: 1239:, the Chairman of the 1140:Adams political family 1081: 742: 708: 700: 699:Inauguration of Hoover 651: 605:anti-Catholic rhetoric 576: 449:'s tenure as the 31st 312:Presidential campaigns 9554:(great-granddaughter) 9364:Hoover–Minthorn House 9299:University Foundation 9251:Judicial appointments 9224:Medicine Ball Cabinet 8866:Log Cabin Republicans 6223:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5846:, 4 vols. (1974–1977) 5699:21.4 (2010): 593–613. 5689:89.1 (1984): 67–88. 5546:44.4 (2014): 623–639 5431:Graff, Henry F., ed. 5220:50.2 (1963): 213-234 4944:10.1353/rap.2010.0156 4400:on November 11, 2008. 4251:"Lausanne Conference" 4177:31.5 (2007): 829–863. 3994:"Marching on History" 3473:40#2 (2003): 101–121. 2826:50.2 (1963): 213–234 2430:Morison, Samuel Eliot 2246:Historical reputation 2168: 2121: 2031:, a rejection of the 1958:Saint Lawrence Seaway 1926:Further information: 1755: 1742:Further information: 1704:Wickersham Commission 1680:Further information: 1654:Norris–La Guardia Act 1610: 1571: 1492:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1437:Depression of 1920–21 1353:Further information: 1274: 1175:Judicial appointments 1079: 1018:Secretary of Commerce 961:Secretary of the Navy 737: 713:United States Capitol 706: 698: 643: 592:Franklin D. Roosevelt 574: 478:Franklin D. Roosevelt 213:Secretary of Commerce 130:Seal of the president 109:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9153:Mexican Repatriation 8896:Republicans Overseas 8886:Teen Age Republicans 8689:District of Columbia 7090:1964 (San Francisco) 7050:1956 (San Francisco) 6586:National Union Party 6243:Dwight D. Eisenhower 5702:Dodge, Mark M., ed. 5649:Agricultural History 5570:Rhodes, Benjamin D. 5409:Doenecke, Justus D. 5402:DeConde, Alexander. 5389:89.1 (1984): 67–88. 5297:Walch, Timothy. ed. 5260:Hatfield, Mark. ed. 4681:Hawley (2019) pp 79. 3926:Cherokee One Feather 2286:William Leuchtenburg 2219:Post–election period 2107:Spanish–American War 2057:Good Neighbor policy 1999:, which created the 1960:Treaty with Canada. 1938:Treaty of Versailles 1934:William Leuchtenburg 1748:Mexican Repatriation 1692:Eighteenth Amendment 1658:yellow-dog contracts 1210:Edward Terry Sanford 1195:Charles Evans Hughes 616:overwhelming victory 491:, Hoover signed the 390:Presidential library 283:Roosevelt transition 9333:Finnish Relief Fund 9284:Sons of Gwalia mine 9204:London Naval Treaty 9148:Revenue Act of 1932 9143:Economy Act of 1932 8849:College Republicans 7270:2000 (Philadelphia) 7010:1948 (Philadelphia) 6970:1940 (Philadelphia) 6787:1900 (Philadelphia) 6696:1872 (Philadelphia) 6644:1856 (Philadelphia) 6596:Fourth Party System 6173:William Howard Taft 6093:Rutherford B. Hayes 5842:Hawley, Ellis, ed. 5758:49 (1988), 394–402. 5638:The Hoover Policies 5594:Schwarz, Jordan A. 5587:Romasco, Albert U. 5574:(Greenwood, 2001). 5553:Morris, Charles R. 5521:Lichtman, Allan J. 5441:Hamilton, David E. 5353:Barber, William J. 5304:Wert, Hal Elliott. 4663:Hawley, (2019) p 77 4589:34 (1931): 488–494. 4533:, pp. 116–117. 4521:, pp. 109–110. 4509:, pp. 108–109. 4497:, pp. 105–107. 4485:, pp. 212–213. 4461:, pp. 361–362. 4449:, pp. 211–212. 4437:, pp. 206–208. 4425:, pp. 138–140. 4354:, pp. 194–195. 4342:, pp. 193–194. 4314:, pp. 122–123. 4302:, pp. 183–186. 4290:, pp. 120–121. 4240:, pp. 143–144. 4228:, pp. 126–127. 4216:, pp. 480–482. 4204:, pp. 117–119. 4189:, pp. 175–176. 4164:, pp. 479–480. 4113:, pp. 478–479. 3982:, pp. 136–138. 3822:, pp. 206–207. 3798:, pp. 476–477. 3786:, pp. 465–467. 3774:, pp. 464–465. 3762:, pp. 462–464. 3750:, pp. 471–474. 3721:, pp. 351–357. 3699:Library of Congress 3693:. Washington D.C.: 3607:, pp. 519–520. 3595:, pp. 159–161. 3521:, pp. 158–159. 3509:, pp. 312–314. 3485:, pp. 162–166. 3460:, pp. 162–163. 3448:, pp. 153–154. 3436:, pp. 508–511. 3424:, pp. 151–153. 3412:, pp. 147–149. 3375:, pp. 351–352. 3340:, pp. 140–141. 3328:, pp. 196–197. 3292:, pp. 112–116. 3261:Horses in Midstream 3153:, pp. 104–105. 3114:, pp. 350–351. 3102:, pp. 155–156. 2967:, pp. 109–112. 2955:, pp. 107–108. 2919:, pp. 230–232. 2652:on January 18, 2017 2596:on January 11, 2017 2373:, pp. 390–391. 2260:of class conflict. 2205:Fourth Party System 2092:Kellogg–Briand Pact 2053:occupation of Haiti 2033:Roosevelt Corollary 1977:London Naval Treaty 1906:Twentieth Amendment 1869:Twentieth Amendment 1815:birthright citizens 1811:Southern California 1744:Lily-white movement 1688:alcoholic beverages 1625:Revenue Act of 1932 1404:Charles E. Mitchell 1402:, and bankers like 1396:George Fisher Baker 1332:tariff until 1930. 1226:Teapot Dome scandal 1199:William Howard Taft 1160:Walter Folger Brown 1148:Stanford University 1146:, the president of 1120:William D. Mitchell 947:Walter Folger Brown 928:William D. Mitchell 721:William Howard Taft 528:Revenue Act of 1932 520:Smoot–Hawley Tariff 505:London Naval Treaty 218:Career as Secretary 9540:Herbert Hoover Jr. 9420:U.S. Postage stamp 9410:Hoover Institution 9116:Federal Farm Board 8881:Republicans Abroad 8746:Legislative Digest 7210:1988 (New Orleans) 7150:1976 (Kansas City) 7130:1972 (Miami Beach) 7110:1968 (Miami Beach) 6910:1928 (Kansas City) 6774:1896 (Saint Louis) 6761:1892 (Minneapolis) 6606:Sixth Party System 6601:Fifth Party System 6591:Third Party System 6163:Theodore Roosevelt 5772:Tracey, Kathleen. 5716:Hawley, Ellis ed. 5713:21.3 (2007): 7–10. 5464:Irwin, Douglas A. 5156:The Annals of Iowa 4851:The Annals of Iowa 4697:The New York Times 4654:Hawley (2019) p 76 4175:Diplomatic History 3127:Leuchtenburg 2009b 2811:American Chronicle 2209:Fifth Party System 2171: 2124: 2037:Dominican Republic 1940:began to crumble. 1803:illegal immigrants 1788:New Deal coalition 1758: 1726:in each state for 1617: 1603:Taxes and deficits 1581: 1504:State of the Union 1445:Muscle Shoals Bill 1392:George L. Harrison 1317:Federal Farm Board 1284: 1156:James William Good 1082: 1049:Secretary of Labor 942:Postmaster General 830:Secretary of State 771:The Hoover cabinet 709: 701: 652: 577: 268:Federal Farm Board 9597: 9596: 9567:← Calvin Coolidge 9444:(1979 miniseries) 9338:Hoover Commission 9209:Hoover Moratorium 9007: 9006: 8962: 8961: 8891:Young Republicans 8759:Senate Conference 8717: 8716: 8397: 8396: 6709:1876 (Cincinnati) 6534: 6533: 6313:George H. W. Bush 6263:Lyndon B. Johnson 6193:Warren G. Harding 6133:Benjamin Harrison 6113:Chester A. Arthur 6103:James A. Garfield 5963:John Quincy Adams 5913:George Washington 5535:Lisio, Donald J. 5528:Lisio, Donald J. 5417:, (Summer 1987), 5378:Calder, James D. 5346:978-3-88309-478-6 5313:Scholarly studies 5276:Jeansonne, Glen. 5209:978-1-4516-4869-0 5198:Rappleye (2016). 5116:American Heritage 5102:978-0-8050-6958-7 4978:978-1-137-34673-5 4893:978-0-19-507822-0 4824:978-0-7006-0259-9 4471:Leuchtenburg 2009 4423:Leuchtenburg 2009 4312:Leuchtenburg 2009 4288:Leuchtenburg 2009 4226:Leuchtenburg 2009 4202:Leuchtenburg 2009 4123:Leuchtenburg 2009 3980:Leuchtenburg 2009 3730:Lisio, Donald J. 3708:on June 27, 2004. 3650:Leuchtenburg 2009 3396:978-1-107-02062-7 3316:, pp. 77–78. 3304:, pp. 65–66. 3290:Leuchtenburg 2009 3247:, pp. 59–61. 3235:, pp. 58–59. 3223:, pp. 91–92. 3221:Leuchtenburg 2009 3198:, pp. 93–97. 3165:, pp. 53–55. 3151:Leuchtenburg 2009 3141:, pp. 74–75. 3078:, pp. 72–74. 3066:, pp. 69–71. 3054:, pp. 68–69. 3042:, pp. 35–36. 3030:, pp. 65–68. 3018:, pp. 80–81. 3016:Leuchtenburg 2009 3006:, pp. 64–65. 2943:, pp. 53–54. 2931:, pp. 49–52. 2907:, pp. 65–66. 2895:, pp. 84–85. 2893:Leuchtenburg 2009 2761:, pp. 34–37. 2749:, pp. 42–43. 2737:, pp. 81–82. 2735:Leuchtenburg 2009 2678:on April 22, 2017 2628:978-0-313-29059-6 2187:deserted Hoover. 2076:Republic of China 2013:Hoover Moratorium 1950:League of Nations 1862:Douglas MacArthur 1807:Mexican Americans 1664:, and barred the 1484:John Nance Garner 1376:income inequality 1280:political cartoon 1138:, a scion of the 1074: 1073: 909:Patrick J. Hurley 723:administered the 660:transition period 620:Electoral College 585:New York Governor 579:Delegates to the 444: 443: 278:Hoover Moratorium 251:Executive actions 197:Electoral history 184: 183: 149: 148: 9637: 9586: 9585: 9534:Lou Henry Hoover 9467:Freedom Betrayed 9289:Zinc Corporation 9263:Executive Orders 9214:Stimson Doctrine 9068: 9059: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9011: 9010: 8764:Policy Committee 8740:House Conference 8730: 8729: 8413: 8412: 7970: 7969: 7390:2024 (Milwaukee) 7350:2016 (Cleveland) 7250:1996 (San Diego) 6950:1936 (Cleveland) 6890:1924 (Cleveland) 6670:1864 (Baltimore) 6570: 6569:Republican Party 6561: 6554: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6524: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6153:William McKinley 6143:Grover Cleveland 6123:Grover Cleveland 6083:Ulysses S. Grant 6033:Millard Fillmore 5983:Martin Van Buren 5933:Thomas Jefferson 5888: 5881: 5874: 5865: 5864: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5812: 5805: 5664: 5625:Swain, Donald C. 5563:Olson, James S. 5532:, 2nd ed. (1994) 5518: 5500: 5454: 5435:(3rd ed. 2002) 5350: 5338: 5272: 5246: 5213: 5194: 5173: 5171: 5146: 5134: 5123: 5106: 5085: 5064: 5046: 5017: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4996: 4982: 4963: 4926: 4897: 4876: 4866: 4841: 4839: 4828: 4807: 4773: 4763: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4596: 4590: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4557: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4396:. Archived from 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4276:American Studies 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4058: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4025: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3846: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3701:. Archived from 3686: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3624: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3575:, archived from 3550: 3541: 3535: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3264: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2837: 2831: 2820: 2814: 2813:, March 15, 2006 2796: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2771: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2570:on March 6, 2016 2560: 2554: 2553: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2490:millercenter.org 2482: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2426: 2417: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2334: 2114:Election of 1932 2088:Stimson Doctrine 2074:, defeating the 2029:Clark Memorandum 1819:ethnic cleansing 1449:Tennessee Valley 1412:Great Depression 1349:Great Depression 1293:associationalist 1282:, March 17, 1929 1267:Domestic affairs 1261:Three Musketeers 1245:Benjamin Cardozo 1237:George W. Norris 1152:Robert P. Lamont 1144:Ray Lyman Wilbur 1080:Hoover's cabinet 1023:Robert P. Lamont 985:Ray Lyman Wilbur 923:Attorney General 892:Secretary of War 847:Henry L. Stimson 835:Frank B. Kellogg 768: 767: 548:After President 538:Election of 1928 516:Great Depression 455:his inauguration 436: 429: 422: 411: 410: 405: 180: 179: 177: 170: 162: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 144: 126: 48: 46: 33: 26: 25: 9645: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9557: 9552:Margaret Hoover 9522: 9479: 9474:De re metallica 9455: 9378: 9342: 9272: 9138:National anthem 9079: 9071: 9062: 9051: 9043: 9038: 9008: 9003: 8958: 8911: 8905: 8841: 8835: 8803: 8797: 8724: 8713: 8672: 8408: 8406: 8393: 8342:Chair elections 8337: 7959: 7858:D. B. Henderson 7846:T. J. Henderson 7771: 7768: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7553: 7426:administrations 7424: 7416: 7310:2008 (St. Paul) 7290:2004 (New York) 6635: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6535: 6530: 6502: 6428:F. D. Roosevelt 6380: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6253:John F. Kennedy 6233:Harry S. Truman 6203:Calvin Coolidge 6063:Abraham Lincoln 6043:Franklin Pierce 5903: 5897: 5892: 5854: 5849: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5793: 5791:Primary sources 5740:Nash, Lee, ed. 5671: 5604:2015. 3734689). 5347: 5315: 5237: 5231: 5229:Further reading 5226: 5210: 5143: 5103: 5082: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4979: 4915:10.2307/3638467 4894: 4825: 4771: 4741: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4593: 4587:Current History 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4558: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4473:, pp. 142. 4469: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413:, pp. 353. 4409: 4405: 4386: 4382: 4378:, pp. 359. 4374: 4370: 4366:, pp. 349. 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4255:U-S-History.com 4249: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3877: 3873: 3869:, pp. 4–5. 3865: 3861: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3684: 3678: 3671: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3497:, pp. 309. 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3090:, pp. 502. 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2883:, pp. 106. 2879: 2875: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2838: 2834: 2821: 2817: 2798:Rouse, Robert. 2797: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2427: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2248: 2227: 2221: 2157:. By 1932, the 2130: 2116: 2067:In 1931, Japan 2065: 2025: 1993: 1946: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1916:Foreign affairs 1902:president-elect 1877: 1871: 1849: 1843: 1826:Native American 1799:William N. Doak 1750: 1740: 1684: 1678: 1656:, which banned 1646:Davis–Bacon Act 1642: 1633:corporate taxes 1605: 1574:press secretary 1545:Gifford Pinchot 1525:monetary system 1516: 1480: 1474: 1432: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1338:Alexander Legge 1301: 1269: 1257:Harlan F. Stone 1193:. He appointed 1187: 1179:Main articles: 1177: 1168: 1113:Harlan F. Stone 1070:1930–1933 1066:William N. Doak 1058:1929–1930 1039:1932–1933 1027:1929–1932 1008:1929–1933 989:1929–1933 970:1929–1933 951:1929–1933 932:1929–1933 913:1929–1933 882:1932–1933 870:1929–1932 851:1929–1933 820:1929–1933 801:1929–1933 766: 761: 693: 687: 656:President-elect 638: 632: 588:Alfred E. Smith 550:Calvin Coolidge 546: 540: 440: 408: 406: 399: 386: 385:Post-presidency 383: 379:1940 Convention 374:1936 Convention 313: 310: 290: 287: 225: 222: 214: 211: 175: 173: 172: 171: 168: 166: 142:Library website 140: 139: 134: 133: 131: 128: 127: 114: 113: 112: 106: 104:Calvin Coolidge 49: 44: 42: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9643: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9578: 9577: 9570: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9549: 9543: 9537: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9469: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9445: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9108: 9103: 9101:Foreign policy 9098: 9093: 9087: 9085: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9060: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9041:Herbert Hoover 9037: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9014: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8944:Liberty Caucus 8941: 8939:ConservAmerica 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8845: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8807: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8776:Freedom Caucus 8768: 8767: 8766: 8756: 8755: 8754: 8749: 8736: 8734: 8727: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8709:Virgin Islands 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8684:American Samoa 8680: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8618:South Carolina 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8583:North Carolina 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8419: 8417: 8410: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7776: 7774: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7573: 7571: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7430: 7428: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7411:2028 (Houston) 7407: 7406: 7405: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7230:1992 (Houston) 7227: 7226: 7225: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7170:1980 (Detroit) 7167: 7166: 7165: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7070:1960 (Chicago) 7067: 7066: 7065: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7030:1952 (Chicago) 7027: 7026: 7025: 7007: 7006: 7005: 6990:1944 (Chicago) 6987: 6986: 6985: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6930:1932 (Chicago) 6927: 6926: 6925: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6870:1920 (Chicago) 6867: 6866: 6865: 6850:1916 (Chicago) 6847: 6846: 6845: 6826:1912 (Chicago) 6823: 6813:1908 (Chicago) 6810: 6800:1904 (Chicago) 6797: 6784: 6771: 6758: 6748:1888 (Chicago) 6745: 6735:1884 (Chicago) 6732: 6722:1880 (Chicago) 6719: 6706: 6693: 6683:1868 (Chicago) 6680: 6667: 6657:1860 (Chicago) 6654: 6640: 6638: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6360: 6350: 6340: 6333:George W. Bush 6330: 6320: 6310: 6300: 6290: 6280: 6270: 6260: 6250: 6240: 6230: 6220: 6213:Herbert Hoover 6210: 6200: 6190: 6183:Woodrow Wilson 6180: 6170: 6160: 6150: 6140: 6130: 6120: 6110: 6100: 6090: 6080: 6073:Andrew Johnson 6070: 6060: 6053:James Buchanan 6050: 6040: 6030: 6023:Zachary Taylor 6020: 6010: 6000: 5990: 5980: 5973:Andrew Jackson 5970: 5960: 5950: 5940: 5930: 5920: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5902:Presidents and 5899: 5898: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5852:External links 5850: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5830: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5777: 5770: 5759: 5756:Annals of Iowa 5752: 5749:Annals of Iowa 5745: 5738: 5728: 5725:Annals of Iowa 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5683: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5655:(2): 216–232. 5644: 5634: 5622: 5615: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5568: 5561: 5551: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5483:(3): 501–532. 5472: 5462: 5455: 5446: 5439: 5429: 5422: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5383: 5376: 5368:(3): 518–538. 5358: 5351: 5345: 5328: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5301:Praeger, 2003. 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5265: 5258: 5248: 5245:, Easton Press 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5208: 5195: 5185:(4): 508–520. 5174: 5147: 5142:978-1468017779 5141: 5124: 5107: 5101: 5092:Herbert Hoover 5086: 5081:978-0195038347 5080: 5065: 5029:(3): 501–532. 5018: 5010:|journal= 4984: 4977: 4964: 4938:(2): 155–181. 4927: 4909:(2): 205–219. 4898: 4892: 4877: 4857:(6): 462–477. 4842: 4829: 4823: 4808: 4782:(2): 183–207. 4764: 4754:(2): 349–365. 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4709: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4643:Annals of Iowa 4634: 4625: 4613: 4604: 4591: 4578: 4547: 4545:, p. 133. 4535: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4459:Carcasson 1998 4451: 4439: 4427: 4415: 4411:Carcasson 1998 4403: 4380: 4376:Carcasson 1998 4368: 4364:Carcasson 1998 4356: 4344: 4332: 4316: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4267: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4191: 4179: 4166: 4154: 4139: 4137:, pp. 92. 4127: 4125:, p. 117. 4115: 4103: 4076: 4069: 4043: 4036: 4010: 3984: 3972: 3954:(3): 518–538, 3938: 3912: 3900: 3893: 3871: 3859: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3810:, p. 247. 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3723: 3711: 3669: 3654: 3642: 3635: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3536: 3530:James Ciment. 3523: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3395: 3377: 3373:Carcasson 1998 3365: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3275: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3116: 3112:Carcasson 1998 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2989: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2857: 2850: 2832: 2815: 2805:2012-11-23 at 2788: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2689: 2663: 2634: 2627: 2607: 2581: 2555: 2544:(2): 167–181. 2528: 2503: 2477: 2464: 2447: 2418: 2402: 2391:(2): 269–278. 2375: 2363: 2361:, p. 195. 2351: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2298:George H. Nash 2290:Herbert Hoover 2247: 2244: 2223:Main article: 2220: 2217: 2201:1918 elections 2176:Secret Service 2126:Main article: 2115: 2112: 2064: 2061: 2024: 2021: 1992: 1989: 1945: 1942: 1920:Main article: 1917: 1914: 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1845:Main article: 1842: 1839: 1776:John J. Parker 1739: 1736: 1677: 1674: 1666:federal courts 1650:eight-hour day 1641: 1638: 1604: 1601: 1515: 1514:Later response 1512: 1476:Main article: 1473: 1470: 1431: 1430:Early response 1428: 1367:business cycle 1361: 1358: 1350: 1347: 1300: 1297: 1268: 1265: 1253:Louis Brandeis 1214:John J. Parker 1176: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1124:Charles McNary 1098:Ogden L. Mills 1087:James J. Davis 1072: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1054:James J. Davis 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1004:Arthur M. Hyde 1001: 995: 994: 991: 990: 987: 982: 976: 975: 972: 971: 968: 963: 957: 956: 953: 952: 949: 944: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 925: 919: 918: 915: 914: 911: 905: 903: 902: 899: 894: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 878:Ogden L. Mills 874: 872: 871: 868: 863: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 843: 841: 840: 837: 832: 826: 825: 822: 821: 818: 816:Charles Curtis 813: 811:Vice President 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 797:Herbert Hoover 794: 788: 787: 784: 783: 780: 777: 773: 772: 765: 762: 760: 759:Administration 757: 725:oath of office 689:Main article: 686: 683: 634:Main article: 631: 628: 566:Charles Curtis 542:Main article: 539: 536: 447:Herbert Hoover 442: 441: 439: 438: 431: 424: 416: 413: 412: 400: 398: 397: 392: 384: 382: 381: 376: 370: 369: 368: 367: 362: 351: 350: 349: 348: 343: 332: 331: 330: 329: 324: 311: 309: 308: 307: 306: 296: 288: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 264: 263: 253: 248: 243: 238: 237: 236: 223: 221: 220: 212: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176:Herbert Hoover 169:a series about 165: 163: 147: 146: 136: 135: 129: 121: 120: 119: 116: 115: 107: 101: 100: 99: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 56: 52: 51: 39: 38: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9642: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9590: 9589: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9560: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9256:Supreme Court 9254: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9066: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9035: 9030: 9028: 9023: 9021: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8955: 8954:The Wish List 8952: 8950: 8949:Ripon Society 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8800: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8725:organizations 8720: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658:West Virginia 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:New Hampshire 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8523:Massachusetts 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7536:G. H. W. Bush 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7234:G. H. W. Bush 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7214:G. H. W. Bush 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7198:G. H. W. Bush 7195: 7191: 7190:1984 (Dallas) 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7178:G. H. W. Bush 7175: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6628: 6621: 6615: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6550: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6527: 6519: 6517: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6473:G. H. W. Bush 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:L. B. Johnson 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6377: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303:Ronald Reagan 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6273:Richard Nixon 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6013:James K. Polk 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5943:James Madison 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5813:on 2008-12-17 5809: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5609:Sobel, Robert 5607: 5605: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5559:online review 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5382:Praeger, 1993 5381: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5283:Smith, Gene. 5282: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135:. Macmillan. 5133: 5132: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4588: 4582: 4567: 4566:Miller Center 4563: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4152:, p. 58. 4151: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4070:9780674018662 4066: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4047: 4039: 4037:9780674018662 4033: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4014: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3896: 3894:9780313338304 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3852: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3808:Rappleye 2016 3804: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3719:Rappleye 2016 3715: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3676: 3674: 3665: 3658: 3652:, p. 85. 3651: 3646: 3638: 3636:9780807866955 3632: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3582:on 2006-03-11 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3559:(4): 859–78, 3558: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3508: 3507:Rappleye 2016 3503: 3496: 3495:Rappleye 2016 3491: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3278: 3276:9780822975076 3272: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2992: 2990:9780312569440 2986: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2851:9780742558953 2847: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2807:archive.today 2804: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2725:, p. 34. 2724: 2719: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2518:on 2016-03-08 2517: 2513: 2507: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Hiram Johnson 2144: 2143:Charles Dawes 2140: 2135: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2047:, ending the 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2023:Latin America 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:Owen D. Young 2006: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1981:capital ships 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Supreme Court 1777: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1668:from issuing 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1634: 1631:was doubled, 1630: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1609: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521:gold standard 1511: 1509: 1508:72nd Congress 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494:'s landslide 1493: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1469: 1466: 1465:William Borah 1462: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1380:antitrust law 1377: 1373: 1368: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1341:known as the 1339: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1182: 1172: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1102:Henry Stimson 1099: 1096: 1092: 1091:Andrew Mellon 1088: 1078: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1035:Roy D. Chapin 1033: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 973: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 954: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 939: 935: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 916: 912: 910: 907: 906: 904: 900: 898: 897:James W. Good 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 879: 876: 875: 873: 869: 867: 866:Andrew Mellon 864: 862: 858: 854: 850: 848: 845: 844: 842: 838: 836: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 804: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 785: 781: 778: 775: 774: 769: 756: 754: 750: 745: 741: 736: 733: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:Chief Justice 714: 705: 697: 692: 682: 680: 679:central plain 676: 672: 671:Latin America 668: 667:goodwill tour 663: 661: 657: 649: 648: 642: 637: 627: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 589: 586: 582: 573: 569: 567: 563: 562:Charles Dawes 559: 555: 551: 545: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 501:Latin America 498: 494: 490: 486: 485:Andrew Mellon 481: 479: 475: 471: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 437: 432: 430: 425: 423: 418: 417: 415: 414: 404: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 356: 353: 352: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 325: 323: 320: 319: 318: 315: 314: 305: 302: 301: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 262: 259: 258: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 226: 219: 216: 215: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 188: 187: 178: 164: 161: 157: 156: 153: 152: 143: 137: 125: 117: 111: → 110: 105: 102:← 97: 94: 91: 89: 85: 82: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 47: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 9581: 9572: 9565: 9546:Allan Hoover 9473: 9466: 9447: 9439: 9435:Hoover Field 9430:Hoover Chair 9425:Hoover Medal 9405:Hoover Tower 9390:Bibliography 9374:Rapidan Camp 9277:Other events 9096:Inauguration 9076: 8984:Bibliography 8744: 8623:South Dakota 8613:Rhode Island 8608:Pennsylvania 8588:North Dakota 7505: 7422:Presidential 7409: 7330:2012 (Tampa) 6634:presidential 6618:Presidential 6398:T. Roosevelt 6367:2021–present 6353:Donald Trump 6343:Barack Obama 6323:Bill Clinton 6293:Jimmy Carter 6216: 5953:James Monroe 5904:presidencies 5843: 5833: 5808:the original 5799: 5780: 5773: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5730: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5686: 5679: 5675: 5652: 5648: 5637: 5627: 5618: 5611: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5571: 5564: 5554: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5480: 5476: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5442: 5432: 5425: 5421:(2): 311–340 5418: 5414: 5403: 5396: 5386: 5379: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5334: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5251: 5242: 5235:Biographical 5217: 5199: 5182: 5178: 5162:(2): 83–99. 5159: 5155: 5130: 5119: 5115: 5091: 5070: 5026: 5022: 5001:cite journal 4992: 4968: 4935: 4931: 4906: 4902: 4882: 4854: 4850: 4835: 4813: 4779: 4775: 4751: 4747: 4725:. Retrieved 4721: 4712: 4700:. Retrieved 4696: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4642: 4637: 4628: 4607: 4599: 4594: 4586: 4581: 4569:. Retrieved 4565: 4543:Kennedy 1999 4538: 4531:Kennedy 1999 4526: 4519:Kennedy 1999 4514: 4507:Kennedy 1999 4502: 4495:Kennedy 1999 4490: 4483:Fausold 1985 4478: 4466: 4454: 4447:Fausold 1985 4442: 4435:Fausold 1985 4430: 4418: 4406: 4398:the original 4393: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4352:Fausold 1985 4347: 4340:Fausold 1985 4335: 4324: 4319: 4307: 4300:Fausold 1985 4295: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4258:. Retrieved 4254: 4245: 4238:Fausold 1985 4233: 4221: 4214:Herring 2008 4209: 4187:Fausold 1985 4182: 4174: 4169: 4162:Herring 2008 4157: 4150:Fausold 1985 4130: 4118: 4111:Herring 2008 4106: 4094:. Retrieved 4088: 4079: 4054: 4046: 4021: 4013: 4001:. Retrieved 3997: 3987: 3975: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3929:. Retrieved 3925: 3915: 3910:, p. 6. 3908:Johnson 2005 3903: 3884: 3874: 3867:Johnson 2005 3862: 3832:Hoffman 1973 3827: 3820:Hoffman 1973 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3726: 3714: 3703:the original 3688: 3663: 3657: 3645: 3620: 3612: 3605:Kaufman 2012 3600: 3593:Fausold 1985 3588: 3577:the original 3556: 3552: 3539: 3531: 3526: 3519:Fausold 1985 3514: 3502: 3490: 3483:Fausold 1985 3478: 3470: 3465: 3458:Fausold 1985 3453: 3446:Fausold 1985 3441: 3429: 3422:Fausold 1985 3417: 3410:Fausold 1985 3405: 3386: 3380: 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3345: 3338:Fausold 1985 3333: 3321: 3314:Kennedy 1999 3309: 3302:Kennedy 1999 3297: 3285: 3260: 3252: 3245:Kennedy 1999 3240: 3233:Kennedy 1999 3228: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3196:Fausold 1985 3191: 3184:Fausold 1985 3179: 3170: 3163:Kennedy 1999 3158: 3146: 3139:Fausold 1985 3134: 3107: 3095: 3088:Kaufman 2012 3083: 3076:Fausold 1985 3071: 3064:Fausold 1985 3059: 3052:Fausold 1985 3047: 3040:Kennedy 1999 3035: 3028:Fausold 1985 3023: 3011: 3004:Fausold 1985 2999: 2979: 2972: 2965:Fausold 1985 2960: 2953:Fausold 1985 2948: 2941:Fausold 1985 2936: 2929:Fausold 1985 2924: 2912: 2905:Fausold 1985 2900: 2888: 2881:Fausold 1985 2876: 2866: 2860: 2841: 2835: 2823: 2818: 2810: 2779:. Retrieved 2759:Fausold 1985 2754: 2747:Fausold 1985 2742: 2730: 2723:Fausold 1985 2718: 2706:. Retrieved 2701: 2692: 2680:. Retrieved 2676:the original 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2650:the original 2617: 2610: 2598:. Retrieved 2594:the original 2584: 2574:February 24, 2572:. Retrieved 2568:the original 2558: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2520:. Retrieved 2516:the original 2506: 2496:February 24, 2494:. Retrieved 2489: 2480: 2472: 2467: 2457: 2450: 2435: 2413:10#2 (1961) 2410: 2405: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2366: 2359:Ferrell 1957 2354: 2344:February 19, 2342:. Retrieved 2302: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2257:Allan Nevins 2253:Arthur Krock 2249: 2240:Anton Cermak 2235:Adolf Hitler 2228: 2189: 2181: 2172: 2131: 2100: 2084:Soviet Union 2066: 2026: 1994: 1962: 1947: 1931: 1894: 1884:Constitution 1878: 1850: 1823: 1792: 1771:Robert Moton 1759: 1728:ratification 1712: 1708:third degree 1685: 1662:trade unions 1643: 1618: 1612: 1593:Carter Glass 1582: 1554: 1532:shanty towns 1529: 1517: 1488:progressives 1481: 1457: 1441: 1433: 1416: 1384: 1363: 1334: 1302: 1285: 1277:Oscar Cesare 1230: 1222:Owen Roberts 1207: 1205:until 1941. 1203:Hughes Court 1188: 1169: 1110: 1083: 746: 743: 738: 734: 710: 685:Inauguration 681:was foiled. 664: 653: 645: 613: 609:Ku Klux Klan 597:Volstead Act 578: 547: 509: 482: 476:by Democrat 445: 289:Appointments 246:Inauguration 228: 207:Bibliography 58: 43: 9452:(1996 film) 9268:Hoover desk 9187:Banana Wars 9175:Hooverville 9067:(1921–1928) 9058:(1929–1933) 8802:Fundraising 8723:Affiliated 8704:Puerto Rico 8538:Mississippi 8453:Connecticut 8175:Summerfield 7950:(2019–2023) 7944:(2015–2019) 7938:(2007–2015) 7932:(1999–2007) 7926:(1995–1999) 7920:(1981–1995) 7914:(1973–1981) 7908:(1965–1973) 7902:(1959–1965) 7896:(1939–1959) 7890:(1931–1939) 7884:(1925–1931) 7878:(1919–1925) 7872:(1911–1919) 7866:(1903–1911) 7860:(1899–1903) 7854:(1895–1899) 7848:(1891–1895) 7842:(1889–1891) 7836:(1883–1889) 7830:(1881–1883) 7824:(1879–1881) 7818:(1877–1879) 7812:(1875–1877) 7806:(1869–1875) 7794:(1863–1869) 7788:(1861–1863) 7782:(1860–1861) 7741:(2003–2007) 7735:(1996–2003) 7729:(1985–1996) 7723:(1980–1985) 7717:(1979–1980) 7711:(1977–1979) 7705:(1969–1977) 7699:(1959–1969) 7693:(1953–1959) 7681:(1952–1953) 7675:(1949–1952) 7669:(1944–1949) 7663:(1941–1944) 7657:(1940–1941) 7651:(1933–1940) 7645:(1929–1933) 7639:(1924–1929) 7633:(1918–1924) 7627:(1913–1918) 7621:(1911–1913) 7615:(1908–1911) 7609:(1897–1908) 7603:(1891–1897) 7597:(1885–1891) 7591:(1884–1885) 7585:(1862–1884) 7579:(1859–1862) 7559:U.S. Senate 7550:(2017–2021) 7544:(2001–2009) 7538:(1989–1993) 7532:(1981–1989) 7526:(1974–1977) 7520:(1969–1974) 7514:(1953–1961) 7508:(1929–1933) 7502:(1923–1929) 7496:(1921–1923) 7490:(1909–1913) 7484:(1901–1909) 7478:(1897–1901) 7472:(1889–1893) 7466:(1881–1885) 7454:(1877–1881) 7448:(1869–1877) 7442:(1865–1868) 7436:(1861–1865) 6627:conventions 6283:Gerald Ford 5498:10072/48703 5044:10072/48703 4739:Works cited 3998:Smithsonian 3796:Garcia 1980 3784:Garcia 1980 3772:Garcia 1980 3760:Garcia 1980 3748:Garcia 1980 2278:Carl Degler 2103:Philippines 2096:disarmament 2045:Banana Wars 2041:El Salvador 1991:Reparations 1676:Prohibition 1670:injunctions 1541:Hooverville 1496:re-election 1387:speculation 1372:automobiles 1365:end to the 1309:World War I 1305:farm crisis 1299:Agriculture 1289:corporatist 1166:Press corps 1132:Arthur Hyde 753:White House 624:Solid South 601:Prohibition 497:Prohibition 489:farm crisis 132:(1894–1945) 93:White House 9604:Categories 9354:Early life 9229:Hooverball 9180:Bonus Army 9106:Hoover Dam 9091:Transition 9077:Presidency 8653:Washington 8573:New Mexico 8568:New Jersey 8443:California 8254:Fahrenkopf 8249:Fahrenkopf 8170:Gabrielson 7780:Pennington 7770:Conference 7756:U.S. House 7577:J. P. Hale 7567:Conference 7542:G. W. Bush 7512:Eisenhower 7294:G. W. Bush 7274:G. W. Bush 7054:Eisenhower 7034:Eisenhower 6483:G. W. Bush 6438:Eisenhower 6388:Washington 6379:Presidency 6003:John Tyler 5923:John Adams 5836:. (1936). 5477:ILR Review 4571:5 December 4260:5 November 4003:7 February 3434:Olson 1972 3100:Houck 2000 2781:7 February 2522:2017-02-08 2371:McCoy 1967 2320:References 2145:, Senator 2105:after the 1997:Young Plan 1900:which the 1847:Bonus Army 1841:Bonus Army 1716:grassroots 1629:estate tax 1577:Ted Joslin 1374:, growing 630:Transition 583:nominated 459:Republican 365:convention 346:convention 327:convention 273:Hoover Dam 241:Transition 229:Presidency 192:Early life 71:Republican 9485:Elections 8974:Primaries 8910:Factional 8840:Sectional 8677:Territory 8663:Wisconsin 8628:Tennessee 8533:Minnesota 8508:Louisiana 8409:territory 8407:state and 8294:Gillespie 8279:Nicholson 8215:R. Morton 8195:T. Morton 8080:Rosewater 8070:Hitchcock 8060:Cortelyou 7882:Longworth 7745:McConnell 7625:Gallinger 7482:Roosevelt 7403:primaries 7383:primaries 7363:primaries 7343:primaries 7323:primaries 7303:primaries 7283:primaries 7263:primaries 7243:primaries 7223:primaries 7203:primaries 7183:primaries 7163:primaries 7143:primaries 7123:primaries 7103:primaries 7094:Goldwater 7083:primaries 7063:primaries 7043:primaries 7023:primaries 7003:primaries 6983:primaries 6963:primaries 6943:primaries 6923:primaries 6903:primaries 6883:primaries 6863:primaries 6858:Fairbanks 6843:primaries 6808:Fairbanks 6804:Roosevelt 6795:Roosevelt 6636:primaries 6381:timelines 6363:Joe Biden 6357:2017–2021 6347:2009–2017 6337:2001–2009 6327:1993–2001 6317:1989–1993 6307:1981–1989 6297:1977–1981 6287:1974–1977 6277:1969–1974 6267:1963–1969 6257:1961–1963 6247:1953–1961 6237:1945–1953 6227:1933–1945 6217:1929–1933 6207:1923–1929 6197:1921–1923 6187:1913–1921 6177:1909–1913 6167:1901–1909 6157:1897–1901 6147:1893–1897 6137:1889–1893 6127:1885–1889 6117:1881–1885 6097:1877–1881 6087:1869–1877 6077:1865–1869 6067:1861–1865 6057:1857–1861 6047:1853–1857 6037:1850–1853 6027:1849–1850 6017:1845–1849 6007:1841–1845 5987:1837–1841 5977:1829–1837 5967:1825–1829 5957:1817–1825 5947:1809–1817 5937:1801–1809 5927:1797–1801 5917:1789–1797 5374:0018-2370 5362:Historian 4960:154447214 4873:0003-4827 4804:150932332 4096:April 29, 3968:0018-2370 3948:Historian 3931:April 28, 3573:154681514 3358:April 24, 2867:Biography 2600:April 29, 2538:Historian 2080:Manchukuo 2072:Manchuria 1969:arms race 1889:lame duck 1830:Kaw tribe 1769:. Though 1468:1920–21. 1343:Dust Bowl 792:President 749:Blue Room 607:from the 510:When the 453:began on 360:primaries 341:primaries 322:primaries 299:Judiciary 9588:Category 9082:timeline 8999:Trumpism 8854:Chairmen 8771:Factions 8733:Congress 8648:Virginia 8598:Oklahoma 8578:New York 8553:Nebraska 8543:Missouri 8528:Michigan 8518:Maryland 8503:Kentucky 8483:Illinois 8458:Delaware 8448:Colorado 8438:Arkansas 8328:McDaniel 8304:Martínez 8240:Richards 8155:Brownell 8150:Spangler 8135:Hamilton 8130:Fletcher 8040:Campbell 8035:Clarkson 8005:Chandler 7948:McCarthy 7924:Gingrich 7763:Speakers 7691:Knowland 7500:Coolidge 7476:McKinley 7470:Harrison 7458:Garfield 6894:Coolidge 6878:Coolidge 6791:McKinley 6778:McKinley 6765:Harrison 6752:Harrison 6726:Garfield 6625:national 6516:Category 6418:Coolidge 6393:McKinley 5819:citation 5776:. (1977) 5706:. (1989) 5584:. (1976) 5515:54877676 5507:24368882 5445:. (1991) 5406:. (1951) 5357:. (1985) 5191:20090681 5061:54877676 5053:24368882 4952:41940224 4796:20081742 4760:27551864 4329:in JSTOR 2917:Williams 2803:Archived 2432:(1965). 2397:27547924 2155:Al Smith 1882:of the 1857:Congress 1763:lynching 1700:felonies 1537:epithets 729:newsreel 647:USS Utah 470:Al Smith 467:Democrat 234:timeline 77:Election 60:See list 9219:Cabinet 8979:Debates 8967:Related 8668:Wyoming 8643:Vermont 8548:Montana 8488:Indiana 8468:Georgia 8463:Florida 8433:Arizona 8423:Alabama 8403:Parties 8333:Whatley 8323:Priebus 8299:Mehlman 8289:Racicot 8284:Gilmore 8274:Barbour 8264:Yeutter 8259:Atwater 8180:Roberts 8125:Sanders 8010:Cameron 7995:Claflin 7985:Raymond 7956:(2023–) 7954:Johnson 7936:Boehner 7930:Hastert 7900:Halleck 7876:Gillett 7810:McCrary 7798:Pomeroy 7758:leaders 7747:(2007–) 7715:Stevens 7697:Dirksen 7679:Bridges 7613:E. Hale 7607:Allison 7601:Sherman 7595:Edmunds 7589:Sherman 7583:Anthony 7561:leaders 7494:Harding 7440:Johnson 7434:Lincoln 6998:Bricker 6974:Willkie 6874:Harding 6834:Sherman 6821:Sherman 6717:Wheeler 6678:Johnson 6674:Lincoln 6661:Lincoln 6648:Frémont 6620:tickets 6581:History 6478:Clinton 6443:Kennedy 6413:Harding 5661:3744534 5321:at the 5308:(2005). 4923:3638467 4090:FindLaw 4028:117–118 3736:excerpt 3627:169–170 2442:935–936 2213:control 2069:invaded 1778:to the 1562:bailout 1329:statist 764:Cabinet 751:of the 654:Before 294:Cabinet 55:Cabinet 9536:(wife) 9527:Family 9383:Legacy 8912:groups 8842:groups 8804:groups 8603:Oregon 8558:Nevada 8498:Kansas 8473:Hawaii 8428:Alaska 8318:Steele 8313:Duncan 8308:Duncan 8245:Laxalt 8200:Miller 8190:Alcorn 8140:Martin 8115:Huston 8105:Butler 8090:Wilcox 8085:Hilles 8045:Carter 8015:Jewell 8000:Morgan 7980:Morgan 7973:Chairs 7918:Michel 7912:Rhodes 7894:Martin 7864:Cannon 7834:Cannon 7828:Keifer 7804:Blaine 7800:(1869) 7792:Colfax 7772:chairs 7687:(1953) 7673:Wherry 7661:McNary 7655:Austin 7649:McNary 7643:Watson 7637:Curtis 7619:Cullom 7569:chairs 7530:Reagan 7506:Hoover 7464:Arthur 7460:(1881) 7334:Romney 7314:McCain 7298:Cheney 7278:Cheney 7238:Quayle 7218:Quayle 7194:Reagan 7174:Reagan 7098:Miller 7018:Warren 6978:McNary 6954:Landon 6938:Curtis 6934:Hoover 6918:Curtis 6914:Hoover 6854:Hughes 6838:Butler 6782:Hobart 6756:Morton 6739:Blaine 6730:Arthur 6704:Wilson 6691:Colfax 6665:Hamlin 6652:Dayton 6468:Reagan 6463:Carter 6433:Truman 6423:Hoover 6408:Wilson 5838:online 5785:Online 5767:online 5735:Online 5691:Online 5659: 5642:online 5632:online 5614:(1975) 5591:(1965) 5576:online 5567:(1977) 5548:online 5539:(1985) 5525:(1979) 5513: 5505: 5470:online 5437:online 5428:(1974) 5391:online 5372: 5343: 5287:(1970) 5264:(2002) 5256:online 5222:online 5206: 5189: 5139: 5099: 5078: 5059: 5051: 4975: 4958: 4950: 4921: 4890: 4871: 4821: 4802: 4794: 4758: 4727:1 July 4722:C-SPAN 4702:14 May 4067: 4034: 3966: 3891: 3697:, The 3633: 3571: 3393: 3273: 2987: 2848: 2828:online 2708:26 May 2682:May 1, 2656:May 1, 2625: 2415:online 2395: 2314:C-SPAN 2306:ranked 2195:since 1615:(1976) 1579:, 1932 1104:, the 776:Office 202:Legacy 9548:(son) 9542:(son) 9460:Books 8633:Texas 8513:Maine 8478:Idaho 8416:State 8235:Brock 8230:Smith 8210:Bliss 8205:Burch 8165:Scott 8160:Reece 8145:Walsh 8100:Adams 8055:Payne 8050:Hanna 8025:Jones 8020:Sabin 7888:Snell 7739:Frist 7721:Baker 7709:Baker 7703:Scott 7667:White 7631:Lodge 7548:Trump 7518:Nixon 7452:Hayes 7446:Grant 7398:Vance 7394:Trump 7378:Pence 7374:Trump 7358:Pence 7354:Trump 7318:Palin 7138:Agnew 7134:Nixon 7118:Agnew 7114:Nixon 7078:Lodge 7074:Nixon 7058:Nixon 7038:Nixon 7014:Dewey 6994:Dewey 6898:Dawes 6743:Logan 6713:Hayes 6700:Grant 6687:Grant 6498:Biden 6493:Trump 6488:Obama 6453:Nixon 5811:(PDF) 5804:(PDF) 5657:JSTOR 5511:S2CID 5503:JSTOR 5364:1999 5187:JSTOR 5057:S2CID 5049:JSTOR 4956:S2CID 4948:JSTOR 4919:JSTOR 4800:S2CID 4792:JSTOR 4772:(PDF) 4756:JSTOR 3854:(PDF) 3706:(PDF) 3685:(PDF) 3580:(PDF) 3569:S2CID 3549:(PDF) 3269:–78. 2393:JSTOR 2159:radio 1784:NAACP 1640:Labor 1360:Onset 1218:NAACP 675:Andes 465:over 395:Death 67:Party 9518:1932 9508:1940 9503:1932 9498:1928 9347:Life 9241:1930 9063:3rd 9053:31st 8694:Guam 8638:Utah 8593:Ohio 8493:Iowa 8389:2024 8384:2023 8379:2021 8374:2019 8369:2017 8364:2015 8359:2013 8354:2011 8349:2009 8269:Bond 8225:Bush 8220:Dole 8185:Hall 8120:Fess 8110:Work 8095:Hays 8075:Hill 8030:Quay 7990:Ward 7942:Ryan 7906:Ford 7870:Mann 7852:Reed 7840:Reed 7822:Frye 7816:Hale 7786:Grow 7733:Lott 7727:Dole 7685:Taft 7524:Ford 7488:Taft 7338:Ryan 7258:Kemp 7254:Dole 7158:Dole 7154:Ford 6958:Knox 6830:Taft 6817:Taft 6769:Reid 6526:List 6458:Ford 6403:Taft 6107:1881 5997:1841 5825:link 5370:ISSN 5341:ISBN 5204:ISBN 5137:ISBN 5122:(2). 5097:ISBN 5076:ISBN 5014:help 4973:ISBN 4888:ISBN 4869:ISSN 4819:ISBN 4729:2021 4704:2018 4573:2017 4394:Time 4262:2023 4098:2017 4065:ISBN 4032:ISBN 4005:2017 3964:ISSN 3933:2017 3889:ISBN 3631:ISBN 3391:ISBN 3360:2017 3271:ISBN 2985:ISBN 2846:ISBN 2783:2017 2710:2021 2684:2017 2658:2017 2623:ISBN 2602:2017 2576:2016 2498:2016 2346:2017 2197:1876 1746:and 1424:dole 1417:The 1394:and 1255:and 1183:and 901:1929 839:1929 782:Term 779:Name 355:1932 336:1928 317:1920 88:Seat 81:1928 8065:New 7965:RNC 7767:and 7564:and 6631:and 5493:hdl 5485:doi 5164:doi 5039:hdl 5031:doi 4940:doi 4911:doi 4859:doi 4784:doi 4061:119 3956:doi 3561:doi 2546:doi 2288:'s 1291:or 1263:". 669:of 9606:: 8405:by 7392:: 7372:: 7352:: 7332:: 7312:: 7292:: 7272:: 7252:: 7232:: 7212:: 7192:: 7172:: 7152:: 7132:: 7112:: 7092:: 7072:: 7052:: 7032:: 7012:: 6992:: 6972:: 6952:: 6932:: 6912:: 6892:: 6872:: 6852:: 6828:: 6815:: 6802:: 6789:: 6776:: 6763:: 6750:: 6737:: 6724:: 6711:: 6698:: 6685:: 6672:: 6659:: 6646:: 5821:}} 5817:{{ 5653:70 5651:. 5509:. 5501:. 5491:. 5481:65 5479:. 5413:. 5366:61 5183:96 5181:. 5160:46 5158:. 5154:. 5120:59 5118:. 5114:. 5055:. 5047:. 5037:. 5027:65 5025:. 5005:: 5003:}} 4999:{{ 4993:26 4991:. 4954:. 4946:. 4934:. 4917:. 4907:42 4905:. 4867:. 4855:45 4853:. 4849:. 4798:. 4790:. 4778:. 4774:. 4752:28 4750:. 4720:. 4695:. 4616:^ 4564:. 4550:^ 4392:. 4253:. 4194:^ 4142:^ 4087:. 4063:. 4030:. 3996:. 3962:, 3952:61 3950:, 3924:. 3839:^ 3687:. 3672:^ 3629:. 3567:, 3557:57 3555:, 3551:, 3267:77 3119:^ 2809:, 2791:^ 2766:^ 2700:. 2637:^ 2542:12 2540:. 2488:. 2421:^ 2389:13 2387:. 2327:^ 2272:. 1908:. 1837:. 1790:. 1734:. 1414:. 1382:. 1100:. 715:. 662:. 507:. 9084:) 9080:( 9033:e 9026:t 9019:v 8306:/ 8247:/ 7765:, 7760:, 7396:/ 7376:/ 7356:/ 7336:/ 7316:/ 7296:/ 7276:/ 7256:/ 7236:/ 7216:/ 7196:/ 7176:/ 7156:/ 7136:/ 7116:/ 7096:/ 7076:/ 7056:/ 7036:/ 7016:/ 6996:/ 6976:/ 6956:/ 6936:/ 6916:/ 6896:/ 6876:/ 6856:/ 6836:/ 6832:/ 6819:/ 6806:/ 6793:/ 6780:/ 6767:/ 6754:/ 6741:/ 6728:/ 6715:/ 6702:/ 6689:/ 6676:/ 6663:/ 6650:/ 6629:, 6622:, 6560:e 6553:t 6546:v 6369:) 6365:( 6359:) 6355:( 6349:) 6345:( 6339:) 6335:( 6329:) 6325:( 6319:) 6315:( 6309:) 6305:( 6299:) 6295:( 6289:) 6285:( 6279:) 6275:( 6269:) 6265:( 6259:) 6255:( 6249:) 6245:( 6239:) 6235:( 6229:) 6225:( 6219:) 6215:( 6209:) 6205:( 6199:) 6195:( 6189:) 6185:( 6179:) 6175:( 6169:) 6165:( 6159:) 6155:( 6149:) 6145:( 6139:) 6135:( 6129:) 6125:( 6119:) 6115:( 6109:) 6105:( 6099:) 6095:( 6089:) 6085:( 6079:) 6075:( 6069:) 6065:( 6059:) 6055:( 6049:) 6045:( 6039:) 6035:( 6029:) 6025:( 6019:) 6015:( 6009:) 6005:( 5999:) 5995:( 5989:) 5985:( 5979:) 5975:( 5969:) 5965:( 5959:) 5955:( 5949:) 5945:( 5939:) 5935:( 5929:) 5925:( 5919:) 5915:( 5887:e 5880:t 5873:v 5829:. 5827:) 5663:. 5550:. 5517:. 5495:: 5487:: 5419:8 5349:. 5273:. 5247:. 5212:. 5193:. 5172:. 5166:: 5145:. 5105:. 5084:. 5063:. 5041:: 5033:: 5016:) 5012:( 4981:. 4962:. 4942:: 4936:3 4925:. 4913:: 4896:. 4875:. 4861:: 4827:. 4806:. 4786:: 4780:9 4762:. 4731:. 4706:. 4575:. 4264:. 4100:. 4073:. 4040:. 4007:. 3958:: 3935:. 3897:. 3738:) 3639:. 3563:: 3399:. 3362:. 3279:. 3129:. 2993:. 2854:. 2830:. 2785:. 2712:. 2686:. 2660:. 2631:. 2604:. 2578:. 2552:. 2548:: 2525:. 2500:. 2444:. 2399:. 2348:. 435:e 428:t 421:v 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Presidency of Herbert Hoover

Index