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balance of payments deficit, leading to the adoption of a moderate approach and the dismissal of more radical liberal solutions to domestic issues. President
Kennedy's choice of Dillon as Secretary of the Treasury reflected a deep concern about the balance of payments deficit and the resulting "gold drain." By choosing Dillon, a Wall Street figure with strong Republican connections and a reputation for advocating sound monetary policies, Kennedy aimed to reassure the financial community, which was apprehensive about the potential loose monetary policies of the incoming Democratic administration. According to Theodore Sorensen, the president's choice was primarily influenced by the need to maintain global confidence in the dollar and prevent a massive conversion of dollars into gold. Kennedy shared Dillon's moderately conservative economic perspectives at the time of his appointment, and Dillon enjoyed close access to the president throughout his presidency. He was one of the few political associates who socialized with Kennedy as well. The emphasis placed by Kennedy and Dillon on addressing the balance of payments issue had a substantial impact on the administration's overall economic policy, steering it toward conservatism. The growing annual deficits in dollar payments had led to a significant accumulation of dollars in the hands of foreign banks and governments. The recurring loss of confidence in the value of the dollar prompted foreign holders to exchange their dollars for American gold, which had a fixed value relative to the dollar. This "gold drain" raised concerns within the financial community and remained a prominent issue during both the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. In an effort to stabilize the status of the dollar and halt the outflow of gold, the Kennedy administration avoided economic measures that could potentially increase inflation and undermine foreign confidence in the dollar. During the initial years of Kennedy's presidency, Dillon's success in prioritizing the payments deficit prevented more aggressive fiscal and monetary interventions in the economy or increased spending on social programs.
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2426:, Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty, originally conceived in Adlai Stevenson's 1956 presidential campaign. In their Vienna summit meeting in June 1961, Khrushchev and Kennedy had reached an informal understanding against nuclear testing, but further negotiations were derailed by the resumption of nuclear testing. In his address to the United Nations on September 25, 1961, Kennedy challenged the Soviet Union "not to an arms race, but to a peace race." Unsuccessful in his efforts to reach a diplomatic agreement, Kennedy reluctantly announced the resumption of atmospheric testing on April 25, 1962. Soviet-American relations improved after the resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the powers resumed negotiations over a test ban treaty. Negotiations were facilitated by the Vatican and by the shuttle diplomacy of editor Norman Cousins.
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33:
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4055:, quietly informed Kennedy that his company would raise prices. In response, Attorney General Robert Kennedy began a price-fixing investigation against U.S. Steel, and President Kennedy convinced other steel companies to rescind their price increases until finally even U.S. Steel, isolated and in danger of being undersold, agreed to rescind its own price increase. Aside from his conflict with U.S. Steel, Kennedy generally maintained good relations with corporate leaders compared to his Democratic predecessors Truman and FDR, and his administration did not escalate the enforcement of
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organizers and the president personally edited speeches that were inflammatory and collaborated on all aspects related to times and venues. Thousands of troops were placed on standby. Kennedy watched King's speech on TV and was very impressed. The March was considered a "triumph of managed protest", and not one arrest relating to the demonstration occurred. Afterwards, the March leaders accepted an invitation to the White House to meet with
Kennedy and photos were taken. Kennedy felt that the March was a victory for him as well and bolstered the chances for his civil rights bill.
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4086:, Kennedy's embrace of the tax cut also shifted his administration's focus away from the proposed old-age health insurance program and other domestic expenditures. In January 1963, Kennedy proposed a tax cut that would reduce the top marginal tax rate from 91 percent to 65 percent, and lower the corporate tax rate from 52 percent to 47 percent. The predictions according to the Keynesian model indicated the cuts would decrease income taxes by about $ 10 billion and corporate taxes by about $ 3.5 billion. The plan also included reforms designed to reduce the impact of
2015:
2080:; with the inauguration of a new U.S. president, Khrushchev was once again determined to bring the status of West Berlin to the fore. Kennedy's handling of the Bay of Pigs crisis convinced him that Kennedy would wither under pressure. Kennedy, meanwhile, wanted to meet with Khrushchev as soon as possible in order to reduce tensions and minimize the risk of nuclear war. Prior to the summit, Harriman advised Kennedy, " style will be to attack you and see if he can get away with it. Laugh about it, don't get into a fight. Rise above it. Have some fun."
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president's credibility. Kennedy's approval rating increased from 66% to 77% immediately thereafter. Kennedy's handling of the Cuban
Missile Crisis has received wide praise from many scholars, although some critics fault the Kennedy administration for precipitating the crisis with its efforts to remove Castro. Khrushchev, meanwhile, was widely mocked for his performance, and was removed from power in October 1964. According to Anatoly Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as "a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation."
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5122:βto investigate the assassination. The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy, and that Oswald was not part of any conspiracy. The results of this investigation are disputed by many. Various theories place the blame for the assassination on Cuba, the Soviet Union, the Mafia, the CIA, the FBI, top military leaders, or Johnson himself. A 2004 Fox News poll found that 66% of Americans thought there had been a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy, while 74% thought that there had been a cover-up. A
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500:
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4661:, Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership". His memo concluded that a crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the United States would achieve it first. Kennedy's advisor Ted Sorensen advised him to support the Moon landing, and on May 25, Kennedy announced the goal in a speech titled "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs":
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reduction of trade barriers, and an increase in the number and diversity of exports from Latin
America. At a theoretical level, Kennedy's planners hoped to reverse the under-development of the region and its dependency on North America. Part of the administration's motivation was the fear that Castro's Cuba would introduce anti-American political and economic changes if development did not take place. In response to Kennedy's plea, Congress voted for an initial grant of $ 500 million in May 1961.
5312:, the last commander of Special Forces in Vietnam, spoke at Arlington National Cemetery. Later, a wreath in the form of the Green Beret would be placed on the grave, continuing a tradition that began the day of his funeral when a sergeant in charge of a detail of Special Forces men guarding the grave placed his beret on the coffin. Kennedy was the first of six presidents to have served in the U.S. Navy, and one of the enduring legacies of his administration was the creation in 1961 of another
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2691:(DEPTEL 243) followed, dated August 24, declaring that Washington would no longer tolerate Nhu's actions, and Lodge was ordered to pressure Diem to remove Nhu. Lodge concluded that the only option was to get the South Vietnamese generals to overthrow Diem and Nhu. At week's end, orders were sent to Saigon and throughout Washington to "destroy all coup cables". At the same time, the first formal anti-Vietnam war sentiment was expressed by U.S. clergy from the Ministers' Vietnam Committee.
5189:, a former classmate. Mrs. Kennedy claimed that JFK admired heroes like King Arthur, presenting him as an idealist, although White knew this to be untrue. In her attempt to convey a positive message during a tragic event, she quoted her husband as repeating the end of the "Camelot" show: said, "There will be great presidents again, but there will never be another Camelot." White's influential essay, which included the Camelot story, was published in a special commemorative issue of
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2740:(choice of many to succeed Diem), who in detailed terms obliterated Taylor's information that the military was succeeding in the countryside. At Kennedy's insistence, the mission report contained a recommended schedule for troop withdrawals: 1,000 by year's end and complete withdrawal in 1965, something the NSC considered to be a "strategic fantasy." In late-October, intelligence wires again reported that a coup against the Diem government was afoot. The source, Vietnamese General
2167:" ("I am a Berliner") speech in front of hundreds of thousands of enthusiastic Berliners. Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism: "Freedom has many difficulties, and democracy is not perfect. But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in, to prevent them from leaving us." In remarks to his aides on the Berlin Wall, Kennedy noted that "it's not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war."
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internationally, along with his famous family, made it easy to associate
Kennedy with the legend of King Arthur. Later, White expressed regret for his role in popularizing the Camelot myth. Over the years, critics, especially historians, have mocked the Camelot myth as a distortion of JFK's actions, beliefs, and policies. However, in the public memory, the years of Kennedy's presidency are still seen as a brief, brilliant, and shining moment.
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873:. In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained wide majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Nevertheless, 29 House Democrats were displaced, each of whom was a Kennedy progressive. According to one study, βFor the first time in a century a party taking over the Presidency failed to gain in the Congress.β Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to be elected president, and, at age 43, the
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among all former presidents (down from 6th in 2009). His rankings in the various categories of this most recent poll were as follows: public persuasion (6), crisis leadership (7), economic management (7), moral authority (15), international relations (14), administrative skills (15), relations with congress (12), vision/setting an agenda (9), pursued equal justice for all (7), performance with context of times (9). A 2018 poll of the
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approved the first recommendation of the report to continue providing support to South
Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism and until the Viet Cong was suppressed, while the third recommendation suggested that even if the majority of the U.S. military objective was completed by the end of 1965 that continued presence of U.S. training personnel in more limited numbers could be necessary if the insurgency was not suppressed.
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2649:. It was implemented in early 1962 and involved some forced relocation, village internment, and segregation of rural South Vietnamese into new communities where the peasantry would be isolated from communist insurgents. It was hoped that these new communities would provide security for the peasants and strengthen the tie between them and the central government. By November 1963, the program waned and officially ended in 1964.
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responsibility for the failure, saying: "We got a big kick in the leg and we deserved it. But maybe we'll learn something from it." Kennedy's approval ratings climbed afterwards, helped in part by the vocal support given to him by Nixon and
Eisenhower. Outside the United States, however, the operation undermined Kennedy's reputation as a world leader, and raised tensions with the Soviet Union. A secret review conducted by
4244:, organized integrated Freedom Rides to test a Supreme Court case ruling that declared segregation on interstate transportation illegal. The Riders were repeatedly met with white mob violence, including by law enforcement officers, both federal and state. Robert Kennedy, speaking for the president, urged the Freedom Riders to "get off the buses and leave the matter to peaceful settlement in the courts." Kennedy assigned
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2502:. The U.S. Senate approved the treaty on September 23, 1963, by an 80β19 margin. Kennedy signed the ratified treaty on October 7, 1963. The treaty represented an important deescalation of Cold War tensions, but both countries continued to build their respective nuclear stockpiles. The U.S. and the Soviet Union also reached an agreement whereby the U.S. sold millions of bushels of wheat to the Soviet Union.
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two announcements: 1.) that the
Soviets had expressed a desire to negotiate a nuclear test ban treaty, and 2.) that the U.S. had postponed planned atmospheric tests. "If we cannot end our differences," he said, "at least we can help make the world a safe place for diversity." The Soviet government broadcast a translation of the entire speech and allowed it to be reprinted in the controlled Soviet press.
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2102:, a potential nuclear test ban treaty, and other issues. Shortly after Kennedy returned home, the Soviet Union announced its intention to sign a treaty with East Berlin that would threaten Western access to West Berlin. Kennedy, depressed and angry, assumed that his only option was to prepare the country for nuclear war, which he personally thought had a one-in-five chance of occurring.
2944:, declaring the latter nation "an indivisible part of Iraq" and causing a short-lived "Kuwait Crisis". The United Kingdomβwhich had just granted Kuwait independence on June 19, and whose economy was heavily dependent on Kuwaiti oilβresponded on July 1 by dispatching 5,000 troops to the country to deter an Iraqi invasion. At the same time, Kennedy dispatched a U.S. Navy task force to
2315:, that met secretly between October 16 and 28. The members of EXCOMM agreed that the missiles must be removed from Cuba, but differed as to the best method. Some favored an airstrike, possibly followed by an invasion of Cuba, but Robert Kennedy and others argued that a surprise airstrike would be immoral and would invite Soviet reprisals. The other major option that emerged was a
4975:, and suggested that Shoup bring it up to him as his own discovery, with the proposal that modern day Marines should duplicate this feat. But the real impact of the 50-mile hike was with the public at large. Many Americans took the hike as a challenge from their president. The Kennedy council capitalized on this enthusiasm with a national publicity campaign on physical fitness.
966:. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." He also invited the nations of the world to join to fight what he called the "common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself." To these admonitions he added:
5268:'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Kennedy 14th highest overall among the 43 persons who have been president, including then-president Barack Obama. Then among the "modern presidents", the thirteen from Franklin Roosevelt through Obama, he places in the middle of the pack. The survey also found Kennedy to be the most overrated U.S. president. A 2017
2706:). Krulak said that the military fight against the communists was progressing and being won, while Mendenhall stated that the country was civilly being lost to any U.S. influence. Kennedy reacted, asking, "Did you two gentlemen visit the same country?" Kennedy was unaware that both men were so much at odds that they did not speak to each other on the return flight.
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than kept pace with gains in health and welfare; and according to one study, only 2 percent of economic growth in 1960s Latin
America directly benefited the poor. In addition, American business interests continued to be more concerned about the safety of their private investments in Latin America and far less troubled about promoting social and political reform.
4665:... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.
2087:, who advised him to ignore Khrushchev's abrasive style. The French president feared the United States' presumed influence in Europe. Nevertheless, de Gaulle was quite impressed with the young president and his family. Kennedy picked up on this in his speech in Paris, saying that he would be remembered as "the man who accompanied Jackie Kennedy to Paris."
4082:, who served as the chairman of the CEA, advocated for a Keynesian-style tax cut designed to help spur economic growth, and Kennedy adopted this policy. The idea was that a tax cut would stimulate consumer demand, which in turn would lead to higher economic growth, lower unemployment, and increased federal revenues. To the disappointment of liberals like
2319:, designed to prevent further arms shipments to Cuba. Though he had initially favored an immediate air strike, the president quickly came to favor the naval blockade the first method of response, while retaining the option of an airstrike at a later date. EXCOMM voted 11-to-6 in favor of the naval blockade, which was also supported by British ambassador
2147:. Kennedy acquiesced to the wall, though he sent Vice President Johnson to West Berlin to reaffirm U.S. commitment to the enclave's defense. In the following months, in a sign of rising Cold War tensions, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended a moratorium on nuclear weapon testing. A brief stand-off between U.S. and Soviet tanks occurred at
2736:"emphasized the importance of getting to the bottom of the differences in reporting from U.S. representatives in Vietnam." In meetings with McNamara, Taylor, and Lodge, Diem again refused to agree to governing measures, helping to dispel McNamara's previous optimism about Diem. Taylor and McNamara were enlightened by Vietnam's vice president,
2668:, Secretary of State Dean Rusk argued to Kennedy that "he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an accepted tactic of war. Precedent has been established by the British during the emergency in Malaya in their use of aircraft for destroying crops by chemical spraying."
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conservative
Southern Democrats could block legislation, Kennedy did not introduce civil rights legislation upon taking office. He needed their support to pass his economic and foreign policy agendas, and to support his reelection in 1964. Kennedy did appoint many blacks to office, including civil rights attorney Thurgood Marshall to the
3808:. Though the Senate passed the education bill, it was defeated in the House by a coalition of Republicans, Southern Democrats, and Catholics. Kennedy's health insurance bill, which would have paid for hospitalization and nursing costs for the elderly, failed to pass either house of Congress. A bill that would have established the
4525:(SCLC). Although Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's phones "on a trial basis, for a month or so", Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. The wiretapping continued through June 1966 and was revealed in 1968.
1666:, elite military units that could fight unconventionally in various conflicts. Kennedy hoped that the flexible response strategy would allow the U.S. to counter Soviet influence without resorting to war. At the same time, he ordered a massive build-up of the nuclear arsenal to establish superiority over the Soviet Union.
5169:" is often used to describe his presidency, reflecting both the mythic grandeur accorded Kennedy in death, and the powerful nostalgia that many feel for that era of American history. According to Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, the most popular theme surrounding Kennedy's legacy is its replay of the legend of
1493:, who later joined the Supreme Court. Ivy League undergraduate colleges were attended by 9% of the appointees; 19% attended Ivy League law schools. In terms of religion, 61% were Catholics, 38% were Protestant, and 11% were Jewish. Almost all (91%) were Democrats, but few had extensive experience in electoral politics.
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1831:, Kennedy had developed a special interest in Africa. During the election campaign, Kennedy managed to mention Africa nearly 500 times, often attacking the Eisenhower administration for losing ground on that continent, and stressed that the U.S. should be on the side of anti-colonialism and self-determination.
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1615:," especially in the emerging nations of post-colonial Africa and Asia. In the first twenty-five years, more than 100,000 Americans served in 44 countries as part of the program. Most Peace Corps volunteers taught English in schools, but many became involved in activities like construction and food delivery.
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around 1%, and unemployment dropped from nearly 7 percent in January 1961 to 5.5 percent in December 1963. Industrial production rose by 15% and motor vehicle sales rose by 40%. This sustained rate of growth in GDP and industry continued until around 1969. Kennedy was the first president to fully endorse
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States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union agreed to a limited treaty that prohibited atomic testing on the ground, in the atmosphere, or underwater, but not underground. The Limited Nuclear Test Ban treaty was signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, by U.S. Secretary Dean Rusk, Soviet Foreign Minister
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Kennedy as an above-average president, and he is usually the highest-ranking president who served less than one full term. Assessments of his policies are mixed. The early part of his administration carried missteps highlighted by the failed Bay of Pigs invasion and the 1961 Vienna summit. The second
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The assassination had an enormous impact on the American public and contributed to a growing distrust of governmental institutions. Giglio writes that Kennedy's assassination "invoked immeasurable grief," adding, "o many Americans, John Kennedy's death ended an age of excellence, innocence, hope, and
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On November 21, 1962, in a cabinet meeting with NASA administrator Webb and other officials, Kennedy explained that the Moon shot was important for reasons of international prestige, and that the expense was justified. Johnson assured him that lessons learned from the space program had military value
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The Alliance for Progress supported the construction of housing, schools, airports, hospitals, clinics and water-purification projects as well as the distribution of free textbooks to students. However, the program did not meet many of its goals. Massive land reform was not achieved; populations more
2625:
in the area, from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but he was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. However, Kennedy, who was wary about the region's successful war of independence against France, was also eager to not give the impression to the Vietnamese people that the United
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was established to ensure clear communications between the leaders of the two countries. The Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world closer to nuclear war than at any point before or since. In the end, "the humanity" of the two men prevailed. The crisis improved the image of American willpower and the
2248:
and even the nuclear imbalance. Kennedy himself did not believe that the deployment of missiles to Cuba fundamentally altered the strategic balance of the nuclear forces; more significant for him was the political and psychological implications of allowing the Soviet Union to maintain nuclear weapons
975:
The address reflected Kennedy's confidence that his administration would chart a historically significant course in both domestic policy and foreign affairs. The contrast between this optimistic vision and the pressures of managing daily political realities at home and abroad would be one of the main
848:
On November 8, 1960, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections in American history. Kennedy won the popular vote by a narrow margin of 120,000 votes out of a record 68.8 million ballots cast. He won the electoral vote by a wider margin, receiving 303 votes to Nixon's 219. 14
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relations. On the other hand, his escalation of the U.S. presence in Vietnam has been criticized. Kennedy's effectiveness in domestic affairs has also been the subject of debate. Giglio notes that many of Kennedy's proposals were adopted by Congress, but his most important programs, including health
4398:
Sensitive to criticisms of the administration's commitment to protecting the constitutional rights of minorities at the ballot box, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, early in 1962, urged the president to press Congress to take action. Rather than proposing comprehensive legislation, President Kennedy
4155:
Dillon supervised the development of a reform package. He made a case before Congress to withhold taxes on interest and dividend income. The goal was to combat widespread tax evasion. Additionally, he advocated for the closure of loopholes utilized by foreign "tax haven" corporations and businessmen
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to those areas in which oil was actually being produced, effectively expropriating 99.5% of the IPC concession. U.S. officials were alarmed by the expropriation as well as the recent Soviet veto of an Egyptian-sponsored UN resolution requesting the admittance of Kuwait as UN member state, which they
2489:
in Washington, D.C. Also known as "A Strategy of Peace", not only did Kennedy outline a plan to curb nuclear arms, but he also "laid out a hopeful, yet realistic route for world peace at a time when the U.S. and Soviet Union faced the potential for an escalating nuclear arms race." Kennedy also made
2310:
Kennedy faced a dilemma: if the U.S. attacked the sites, it might lead to nuclear war with the U.S.S.R., but if the U.S. did nothing, it would be faced with the increased threat from close-range nuclear weapons (positioned approximately 90 mi (140 km) away from the Florida coast). The U.S.
1966:
Despite the lack of direct U.S. military involvement, the Soviet Union, Cuba, and the international community all recognized that the U.S. had backed the invasion. Kennedy focused primarily on the political repercussions of the plan rather than military considerations. In the aftermath, he took full
1958:
and immediately came under heavy fire. The goal was to spark a widespread popular uprising against Castro, but no such uprising occurred. Although the Eisenhower administration plan had called for an American airstrike to hold back the Cuban counterattack until the invaders were established, Kennedy
1923:
paramilitary officers. Kennedy had campaigned on a hardline stance against Castro, and when presented with the plan that had been developed under the Eisenhower administration, he enthusiastically adopted it regardless of the risk of inflaming tensions with the Soviet Union. Some advisors, including
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concluded that Oswald shot Kennedy, and that neither a foreign government nor a U.S. governmental institution had been involved in the shooting. However, the committee also found that there was a "high probability" that a second shooter, possibly with connections to the Mafia, had fired at Kennedy.
4749:
In a September 1963 speech before the United Nations, Kennedy urged cooperation between the Soviets and Americans in space, specifically recommending that Apollo be switched to "a joint expedition to the Moon". Khrushchev again declined, and the Soviets did not commit to a crewed Moon mission until
4226:
Kennedy believed the grassroots movement for civil rights would anger many Southern whites and make it more difficult to pass civil rights laws in Congress, and he distanced himself from it. As articulated by his brother Robert Kennedy, the administration's early priority was to "keep the president
2357:
that the U.S. would remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey "within a short time after this crisis was over." Few members of EXCOMM expected Khrushchev to agree to the offer, but on October 28 Khrushchev publicly announced that he would withdraw the missiles from Cuba. Negotiations over the details
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and Eisenhower, both of whom were consulted privately. On October 22, after privately informing the cabinet and leading members of Congress about the situation, Kennedy announced on national television that the U.S. had discovered evidence of the Soviet deployment of missiles to Cuba. He called for
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to the western sector in reaction to statements from the Soviet Union. Kennedy began intensive meetings on the Berlin issue, where Dean Acheson took the lead in recommending a military buildup alongside NATO allies. In a July 1961 speech, Kennedy announced his decision to add $ 3.25 billion to
1971:
of the CIA concluded that the failure of the invasion resulted less from a decision against airstrikes and had more to do with the fact that Cuba had a much larger defending force and that the operation suffered from "poor planning, organization, staffing and management". The Kennedy administration
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was sentenced to death by a federal court in Iowa and was executed on March 15, 1963. Kennedy commuted a death sentence imposed by a military court on seaman Jimmie Henderson on February 12, 1962, changing the penalty to life in prison. On March 22, 1962, Kennedy signed into law HR5143 (PL87-423),
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The task of coordinating the federal government's involvement in the March on Washington on August 28 was given to the Department of Justice, which channeled several hundred thousand dollars to the six sponsors of the March, including the NAACP and the SCLC. To ensure a peaceful demonstration, the
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wrote that the race question was for a long time a minor ethnic political issue in Massachusetts where the Kennedy brothers came from, and had they been from another part of the country, "they might have been more immediately sensitive to the complexities and depth of black feelings." Civil rights
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had grown by an average of only 2.2% per annum during the Eisenhower presidency (scarcely more than population growth at the time), and had declined by 1% during Eisenhower's last twelve months in office. GDP expanded by an average of 5.5% from early 1961 to late 1963, inflation remained steady at
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on February 8, 1963. While there have been persistent rumors that the CIA orchestrated the coup, declassified documents and the testimony of former CIA officers indicate that there was no direct American involvement, although the CIA was actively seeking a suitable replacement for Qasim within the
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was given an important role of reaching out to Latin Americans in Spanish, Portuguese, and French media. The goals of the Alliance for Progress included long-term permanent improvement in living conditions through the advancement of industrialization, the improvement of communications systems, the
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At the time of Kennedy's death, no final policy decision was made with respect to Vietnam. By November 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower's 900 advisors. More than one hundred Americans had been killed in action. In the aftermath of the aborted
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wrote, "I would like to believe that Kennedy would have found a way to withdraw all American instructors and advisors . But even someone who knew JFK as well as I did can't be certain, because I do not believe he knew in his last weeks what he was going to do." Sorensen added that, in his opinion,
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rejected the strike because it would emphasize the American sponsorship of the invasion. CIA director Allen Dulles later stated that they thought the president would authorize any action required for success once the troops were on the ground. The invading force was defeated within two days by the
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Kennedy and his incoming advisers were apparently unaware of the CIA's involvement in Lumumba's death. In fact, Kennedy wasn't even aware Lumumba had been killed until February 13, 1961. On October 2, 1962, Kennedy signed United Nations bond issue bill to ensure U.S. assistance in financing United
5272:
survey has Kennedy ranked among the top ten presidents of all time. The survey asked 91 presidential historians to rank the 43 former presidents (including then-president Barack Obama) in various categories to come up with a composite score, resulting in an overall ranking. Kennedy was ranked 8th
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was for "research in problems of arid zones and desert flora and fauna." When Ben-Gurion met with Kennedy in New York, he claimed that Dimona was being developed to provide nuclear power for desalinization and other peaceful purposes "for the time being." In 1962, the U.S. and Israeli governments
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worried that if the IPC ceased production in response, Qasim might "grab Kuwait" (thus achieving a "stranglehold" on Middle Eastern oil production), or "throw himself into Russian arms." Komer also made note of widespread rumors that a nationalist coup against Qasim could be imminent, and had the
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led the commission until her death in 1962; she was opposed to the Equal Rights Amendment because it would end special protections for women workers. The commission's final report, entitled "American Women", was issued in October 1963. The report documented the legal and cultural discrimination
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amendments that critically endangered any prospects for its passage. An outraged president called congressional leaders to the White House and by the following day the original bill, without the additions, had enough votes to get it out of the House committee. Gaining Republican support, Senator
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until 1965. According to Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa, Dillon's leadership of the economic policy team, exerted significant conservative influence on the overall direction of the administration. He effectively convinced the president that the nation's main economic challenge was the
4644:
In Kennedy's State of the Union address in 1961, he suggested international cooperation in space. Khrushchev declined, as the Soviets did not wish to reveal the status of their rocketry and space capabilities. Early in his presidency, Kennedy was poised to dismantle the crewed space program but
4480:
on national television and radio. In it, he launched his initiative for civil rights legislation that would guarantee equal access to public schools and other facilities, the equal administration of justice, and also provide greater protection of voting rights. Kennedy's embrace of civil rights
4416:. Several civil rights groups opposed the proposed amendment on the grounds that it "would provide an immutable precedent for shunting all further civil rights legislation to the amendment procedure." The amendment was passed by both houses of Congress in August 1962, and sent to the states for
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to be "the cork in the bottle;" if it fell to communism, Eisenhower believed other Southeast Asian countries would as well. The Joint Chiefs proposed sending 60,000 American soldiers to uphold the friendly government, but Kennedy rejected this strategy in the aftermath of the failed Bay of Pigs
2576:
As a U.S. congressman in 1951, Kennedy became fascinated with Vietnam after visiting the area as part of a fact-finding mission to Asia and the Middle East, even stressing in a subsequent radio address that he strongly favored "check the southern drive of communism." As a U.S. senator in 1956,
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The following month, Kennedy sent W. Averell Harriman to Moscow to negotiate a test-ban treaty with the Soviets. Each party sought a comprehensive test ban treaty, but a dispute over the number of on-site inspections allowed in each year prevented a total ban on testing. Ultimately, the United
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precluded the possibility of passing a Security Council resolution. On the morning of October 24, over 150 U.S. ships were deployed to enforce the blockade against Cuba. Several Soviet ships approached the blockade line, but they stopped or reversed course to avoid the blockade. On October 25,
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Kennedy scrapped the decision-making structure of Eisenhower, preferring an organizational structure of a wheel with all the spokes leading to the president; he was ready and willing to make the increased number of quick decisions required in such an environment. Though the cabinet remained an
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magazine on December 3, 1963, reaching over 30 million people. To the grieving public, this uplifting message seemed logical. After all, JFK, the youngest person to enter the White House, displayed intelligence, articulation, and humor. Furthermore, his young, beautiful wife, who was revered
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in public schools was unconstitutional. Many schools, especially in southern states, did not obey the Supreme Court's decision. Kennedy favored desegregation and other civil rights causes, but he generally did not place a high priority on civil rights, especially before 1963. Recognizing that
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ordering the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by year's end following the third recommendation of the McNamaraβTaylor mission report, which concluded that the training program for the South Vietnamese military had sufficiently progressed to justify the withdrawal. However, NSAM 263 also
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that Kennedy was strongly considering pulling the United States out of Vietnam after the 1964 election. The film also contains a tape recording of Lyndon Johnson stating that Kennedy was planning to withdraw, a position with which Johnson disagreed. Conversely, in 2008, Kennedy administration
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on Sunday, September 15 at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham; by the end of the day, four African American children had died in the explosion, and two other children shot to death in the aftermath. Due to this resurgent violence, the civil rights legislation underwent some drastic
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or other types of tax. He considered the constitutional amendment the best way to avoid a filibuster, as the claim that federal abolition of the poll tax was unconstitutional would be moot. Still, some liberals opposed Kennedy's action, feeling that an amendment would be too slow compared to
970:
All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin." In closing, he expanded on his desire for greater internationalism:
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of Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats. The failed initiatives include federal aid to education, medical care for the aged, and aid to economically depressed areas. Though initially reluctant to pursue civil rights legislation, in 1963 Kennedy proposed a major civil rights bill that
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4090:, as well as provisions to help the elderly and handicapped. Republicans and many Southern Democrats opposed the bill, calling for simultaneous reductions in expenditures, but debate continued throughout 1963. Three months after Kennedy died, Johnson pushed the plan through Congress. The
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In 1962, as the economy continued to grow, Kennedy became concerned with the issue of inflation. He asked companies and unions to work together to keep prices low, and met initial success. He implemented guideposts developed by the Council of Economic Advisers that were designed to avoid
2948:, and the U.K. (at the urging of the Kennedy administration) brought the dispute to United Nations Security Council, where the proposed resolution was vetoed by the Soviet Union. The situation was resolved in October, when the British troops were withdrawn and replaced by a 4,000-strong
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would also appear to the world as less committed to the defense of the Western Hemisphere. On a personal level, Kennedy needed to show resolve in reaction to Khrushchev, especially after the Vienna summit. To deal with the crisis, he formed an ad hoc body of key advisers, later known as
2076:, but was supported by the U.S. and other Western powers. The Soviets wanted to reunify Berlin under the control of East Germany, partly due to the large number of East Germans who had fled to West Berlin. Khrushchev had clashed with Eisenhower over the issue but had tabled it after the
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and made up a majority of both houses of Congress during Kennedy's presidency, had prevented the implementation of progressive reforms since the late 1930s. Kennedy's small margin of victory in the 1960 election, his lack of deep connections to influential members of Congress, and his
5013:(ACLU) to intervene and to halt the project, but he declined, citing a critical need for flood control. He expressed concern about the plight of the Seneca, and directed government agencies to assist in obtaining more land, damages, and assistance to help mitigate their displacement.
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were the first countries to participate in the program. Kennedy took great pride in the Peace Corps, and he ensured that it remained free of CIA influence, but he largely left its administration to Shriver. Kennedy also saw the program as a means of countering the stereotype of the
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The groups were: American Jewish Congress, American Veterans Committee, Americans for Democratic Action, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, International Union of Electrical Workers (AFL-CIO), National Assn. for the Advancement of Colored People, and United Automobile Workers
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left two dead and dozens injured, but Meredith did finally enroll in his first class. Kennedy regretted not sending in troops earlier and he began to doubt whether the "evils of Reconstruction" he had been taught or believed were true. On November 20, 1962, Kennedy signed
2353:. On October 27, Kennedy sent a letter to Khrushchev calling for the removal of the Cuban missiles in return for an end to the blockade and an American promise to refrain from invading Cuba. At the president's direction, Robert Kennedy privately informed Soviet Ambassador
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of 1963 providing funding to local mental health community centers and research facilities. The act proved to be a mixed success. Only half of the proposed centers were ever built; none was fully funded, and the legislation didn't provide money to operate them long-term.
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the defense budget, along with over 200,000 additional troops, stating that an attack on West Berlin would be taken as an attack on the U.S. On August 13, 1961, the Soviet Union and East Berlin began blocking further passage of East Berliners into West Berlin and erected
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On October 23, in a unanimous vote, the OAS approved a resolution that endorsed the blockade and called for the removal of the Soviet nuclear weapons from Cuba. That same day, Adlai Stevenson presented the U.S. case to the UN Security Council, though the Soviet Union's
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617:, but ended in a compromise with the Soviets publicly withdrawing their missiles from Cuba and the U.S. secretly withdrawing some missiles based in Italy and Turkey. To contain Communist expansion in Asia, Kennedy increased the number of American military advisers in
5111:. Kennedy was succeeded as president by Lyndon Johnson, who stated on November 27 that "no memorial or oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of a civil rights bill for which he fought so long."
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coup in September 1963, the Kennedy administration reevaluated its policies in South Vietnam. Kennedy rejected both the full-scale deployment of ground soldiers, but also rejected the total withdrawal of U.S. forces from the country. On October 11, Kennedy signed
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In the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban and Soviet leaders feared that the United States was planning another invasion of Cuba, and Khrushchev increased economic and military assistance to the island. The Soviet Union planned to allocate in Cuba 49
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4617:, an experienced Washington insider who served President Truman as budget director and undersecretary of state. Webb proved to be adept at obtaining the support of Congress, the President, and the American people. Kennedy also persuaded Congress to amend the
1919:, confiscated American property, and accepted Soviet aid. The Eisenhower administration had created a plan to overthrow Castro's regime though an invasion of Cuba by a counter-revolutionary insurgency composed of U.S.-trained, anti-Castro Cuban exiles led by
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women in America faced and made several policy recommendations to bring about change. The creation of this commission, as well its prominent public profile, prompted Congress to begin considering various bills related to women's status. Among them was the
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on December 26, 1960, called "The Soft American" which warned that Americans were becoming unfit in a changing world where automation and increased leisure time replaced the benefits of exercise and hard work. As president, Kennedy addressed the issue of
1963:; 114 were killed and over 1,100 were taken prisoner. Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for a ransom of $ 53 million worth of food and medicine.
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In 1961, Kennedy prioritized passing five bills: federal assistance for education, medical insurance for the elderly, housing legislation, federal aid to struggling areas, and an increase in the federal minimum wage. Kennedy's bill to increase the
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In 1960, Kennedy stated, "Israel will endure and flourish. It is the child of hope and the home of the brave. It can neither be broken by adversity nor demoralized by success. It carries the shield of democracy and it honors the sword of freedom."
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Nations peacekeeping operations in the Congo and elsewhere. Around this time, the Kennedy administration was making private attempts to convince Tshombe to reunite the breakaway Katanga that he led with the Congo, in advance of UN intervention.
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4657:, for reasons of national security and prestige. On April 20, he sent a memo to Johnson, asking him to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. After consulting with
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of Texas to win the presidential nomination on the first ballot of the convention. Kennedy chose Johnson to be his vice-presidential running mate, despite opposition from many liberal delegates and Kennedy's own staff, including his brother
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Kennedy had relatively little interest in agricultural issues, but he sought to remedy the issue of overproduction, boost the income of farmers, and lower federal expenditures on agriculture. Under the direction of Secretary of Agriculture
4327:, which required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." It established the
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U.S. presidents after the Kennedy administration were less supportive of the program and by the early 1970s, the Alliance was considered a failure. In 1973, the permanent committee established to implement the Alliance was disbanded by the
2005:
attacks against American military and civilian targets, and blaming them on the Cuban government in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. However, the administration continued to plan for an invasion of Cuba in the summer of 1962.
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to provide aid to developing countries in various ways. The Food for Peace program became a central element in American foreign policy, and eventually helped many countries to develop their economies and become commercial import customers.
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No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space. ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.
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went ahead with planning for Apollo, funding for the program was far from certain, given Eisenhower's ambivalent attitude to crewed spaceflight. As a U.S. senator, Kennedy had been opposed to the space program and wanted to terminate it.
2349:;" the U.S. would respond to the Khrushchev's first message and ignore the second. Kennedy managed to preserve restraint when a Soviet missile unauthorizedly downed a U.S. Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft over Cuba, killing the pilot
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who deducted entertainment expenses. Although Congress rejected most of the administration's reform program during the summer of 1962, Dillon nevertheless endorsed the final package because it included a 7 percent investment tax credit.
3727:"; he included initiatives such as medical care for the elderly, federal aid to education, and the creation of a department of housing and urban development. His New Frontier program can be traced back to the unsuccessful proposals of
1477:, and two state supreme court justices. Kennedy narrowed his choice down to Goldberg and White, and he ultimately chose the latter, who was quickly confirmed by the Senate. A second vacancy arose later in 1962 due to the retirement of
4898:(PCJD). Attorney General Robert Kennedy was named chairman, and on September 22, 1961, the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act was signed into law. This program aimed to prevent youth from committing delinquent acts.
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on August 28, 1963. Kennedy initially opposed the march, fearing it would have a negative effect on the prospects for the civil rights bills pending in Congress. These fears were heightened just prior to the march when FBI Director
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The president handled Supreme Court appointments. Other judges were selected by Attorney General Robert Kennedy. Including new federal judgeships created in 1961, 130 individuals were appointed to the federal courts. Among them was
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In public opinion Kennedy is idolized like Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt; Gallup Poll surveys consistently show his public approval rating to be around 80 percent. Kennedy's legacy strongly influenced a generation of
2687:. The crackdowns heightened expectations of a coup d'Γ©tat to remove Diem with (or perhaps by) his brother, Nhu. Lodge was instructed to try getting Diem and Nhu to step down and leave the country. Diem would not listen to Lodge.
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5026:, the administration sought to limit the production of farmers, but these proposals were generally defeated in Congress. To increase demand for domestic agricultural products and help the impoverished, Kennedy launched a pilot
3047:, the director of the State Department's Office of Near Eastern Affairs, concluded in March 1965 that Israel was developing nuclear weapons. He reported that Israel's target date for achieving nuclear capability was 1968β1969.
4842:, which focused on the influence of organized crime within businesses and organized labor. Under the leadership of the attorney general, the Kennedy administration shifted the focus of the Justice Department, the FBI, and the
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was given its independence from Belgian colonial rule on June 30, 1960, and was almost immediately torn apart by what President Kennedy described as "civil strife, political unrest and public disorder." Former Prime Minister
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4613:. Wiesner was strongly opposed to crewed space exploration, having issued a report highly critical of Project Mercury. Kennedy was turned down by seventeen candidates for NASA administrator before the post was accepted by
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In 1963, French President Charles de Gaulle was trying to build a Franco-West German counterweight to the American and Soviet spheres of influence. To Kennedy's eyes, this Franco-German cooperation seemed directed against
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to expel Cuba. Kennedy dismissed Dulles as director of the CIA and increasingly relied on close advisers like Sorensen, Bundy, and Robert Kennedy as opposed to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the CIA, and the State Department.
3015:, which would be continued under subsequent presidents. Describing the protection of Israel as a moral and national commitment, he was the first to introduce the concept of a 'special relationship' (as he described it to
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had a special bond with Kennedy. "It was President Kennedy who was responsible for the rebuilding of the Special Forces and giving us back our Green Beret," said Forrest Lindley, a writer for the U.S. military newspaper
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3823:, a three-year program aimed at retraining workers displaced by new technology. The bill did not exclude employed workers from benefiting and it authorized a training allowance for unemployed participants. Its impact on
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2744:(also known as "Big Minh"), wanted to know the U.S. position. Kennedy instructed Lodge to offer covert assistance to the coup, excluding assassination. On November 1, 1963, South Vietnamese generals, led by "Big Minh",
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the threat of Soviet aggression. By 1960, however, public opinion was turning against New Look because it was not effective in stemming communist-inspired Third World revolutions. Fearful of the possibility of a global
1859:, declared its independence from the Congo and the Soviet Union responded by sending weapons and technicians to underwrite their struggle. The crisis, exacerbated by Cold War tensions, continued well into the 1960s.
4136:(GATT), conducted in Geneva 1960β1962; it came to be called the "Dillon Round" and led to substantial tariff reduction. Dillon was important in securing presidential power for reciprocal tariff reductions under the
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down and to encourage growth of the economy. He presided over the first government budget to top the $ 100 billion mark, in 1962, and his first budget in 1961 led to the country's first non-war, non-recession
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half of his presidency was filled with several notable successes, for which he receives acclaim. He skillfully handled the Cuban Missile Crisis, as he avoided nuclear war and set the stage for a less tense era of
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In October 1963, Kennedy appointed Defense Secretary McNamara and General Maxwell D. Taylor to a Vietnamese mission in another effort to synchronize the information and formulation of policy. The objective of the
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of 1958 to allow him to delegate his chairmanship of the National Aeronautics and Space Council to the Vice President, both because of the knowledge of the space program Johnson gained in the Senate working for
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but was prevented from entering. Attorney General Robert Kennedy responded by sending 400 federal marshals, while President Kennedy reluctantly sent 3,000 troops after the situation on campus turned violent. The
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became the first person to fly in space, reinforcing American fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the Soviet Union. Kennedy now became eager for the U.S. to take the lead in the
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4448:, and eager to prevent further violence or damage to U.S. foreign relations, Kennedy took a more active stance on civil rights in 1963. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy intervened when Alabama Governor
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causes would cost him in the South; Gallup polls taken in September 1963 showed his approval rating at 44 percent in the South, compared to a national approval rating of 62 percent. House Majority leader
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Michael Dunne, "Kennedy's Alliance for Progress: countering revolution in Latin America. Part I: From the White House to the Charter of Punta del Este." ββInternational Affairsββ 89#.6 (2013): 1389β1409.
1429:. Kennedy maintained cordial relations with Vice President Johnson, who was involved in issues like civil rights and space policy, but Johnson did not emerge as an especially influential vice president.
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of intermediate-range ballistic missile sites being built in Cuba by the Soviets. The photos were shown to Kennedy on October 16, and a consensus was reached that the missiles were offensive in nature.
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The U.S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba and privately agreed to remove its missiles in Italy and Turkey; the missiles were by then obsolete and had been supplanted by submarines equipped with
1328:, was selected as Secretary of the Treasury. Kennedy balanced the appointment of the relatively conservative Dillon by selecting liberal Democrats to hold two other important economic advisory posts;
4971:, which challenged U.S. Marine officers to finish 50 miles (80 km) in twenty hours, spread out over a maximum of three days. Kennedy passed the document on to his own Marine commandant, General
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In pursuing this military build-up, Kennedy shifted away from Eisenhower's deep concern for budget deficits caused by military spending. In contrast to Eisenhower's warning about the perils of the
1594:, to serve the agency's first director. Due in large part to Shriver's effective lobbying efforts, Congress approved the permanent establishment of the Peace Corps program on September 22, 1961.
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would have escalated if Kennedy had not been assassinated and had won re-election in 1964. Fueling the debate were statements made by Secretary of Defense McNamara in the 2003 documentary film
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with alarm, fearing that it could eventually pose a threat to the United States. Kennedy did not believe that the Soviet Union would risk placing nuclear weapons in Cuba, but he dispatched CIA
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optimism." In 2002, historian Carl M. Brauer concluded that the public's "fascination with the assassination may indicate a psychological denial of Kennedy's death, a mass wish...to undo it."
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in October following a dispute over free movement of Allied personnel. The crisis was defused largely through a backchannel communication the Kennedy administration had set up with Soviet spy
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in early 1962, President Kennedy assigned Attorney General Kennedy to conduct a search of potential successors, and the attorney general compiled a list consisting of Deputy Attorney General
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administration's focus on foreign policy also hindered the passage of New Frontier policies. Passage of the New Frontier was made even more difficult after the death of Speaker of the House
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2163:'s influence in Europe. To reinforce the U.S. alliance with West Germany, Kennedy travelled to West Germany in June 1963. On June 26, Kennedy toured West Berlin, culminating in his famous "
3083:, attended a State Dinner in Dublin, and was conferred with the freedom of the towns and cities of Wexford, Cork, Dublin, Galway, and Limerick. He visited the cottage at Dunganstown, near
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become Attorney General, and the younger Kennedy became the "assistant president" who advised on all major issues. McNamara and Dillon also emerged as important advisers from the cabinet.
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Iraqi military and had been informed of an earlier Ba'athist coup plot. The Kennedy administration was pleased with the outcome and ultimately approved a $ 55 million arms deal for Iraq.
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On January 18, 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) β "Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)". "
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3023:. Historians differ as to whether Kennedy pursued security ties with Israel primarily to shore up support with Jewish-American voters, or because of his admiration of the Jewish state.
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Following the Vienna Summit, Khrushchev came to believe that Kennedy would not respond effectively to provocations. He saw the deployment of the missiles in Cuba as a way to close the "
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2244:(SLBMs). By contrast, the Soviet Union did not possess SLBMs, and had less than 25 ICBMs. The placement of missiles in Cuba thus threatened to significantly enhance the Soviet Union's
1993:, Secretary Robert McNamara, and others. The group's objectiveβto overthrow Castro via espionage, sabotage, and other covert tacticsβwas never pursued. In November 1961, he authorized
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to investigate employment discrimination and expanded the Justice Department's involvement in voting rights cases. Displeased with Kennedy's pace addressing the issue of segregation,
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3827:, however, was minimal. In 1963, Kennedy began to focus more on the issue of poverty, and some of the ideas developed during his presidency would later influence President Johnson's
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Kennedy publicly advocated for greater U.S. involvement in Vietnam. During his presidency, Kennedy continued policies that provided political, economic, and military support to the
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States was acting as the region's new colonizer, even stating in his journal at one point that the United States was "more and more becoming colonists in the minds of the people."
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in its expansion of aid and economic relationships. Kennedy also emphasized close personal relations with Latin American leaders, frequently hosting them in the White House. The
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in key industries such as steel and automobiles. Kennedy was proud that his Labor Department helped keep wages steady in the steel industry, but was outraged in April 1962 when
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Michael Dunne,"Kennedy's Alliance for Progress: countering revolution in Latin America Part II: the historiographical record." ββInternational Affairsββ 92#.2 (2016): 435β452.
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began assuming a predominant presence in late 1961, initially seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh. After a mission to Vietnam in October, presidential adviser General
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insurance for the elderly, federal aid to education, and tax reform, were blocked during his presidency. Many of Kennedy's proposals were passed after his death, during the
801:, as his running mate. Both presidential nominees traveled extensively during the course of the campaign. Not wanting to concede any state as "unwinnable," Nixon undertook a
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and the Housing Act of 1961. The Area Redevelopment Act, a $ 394 million program, provided federal funding to economically struggling regions of the country, primarily in
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and the Soviet Union that interfered with U.S. access rights in West Berlin would be regarded as an act of war. The two leaders also discussed the situation in Laos, the
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bombers left Nicaragua to bomb Cuban airfields. The bombers missed many of their targets and left most of Castro's air force intact. On April 17, the 1,500 U.S.-trained
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4025:, which emphasized the importance of economic growth as opposed to inflation or deficits. He ended a period of tight fiscal policies, loosening monetary policy to keep
1755:. Kennedy set out to woo the leaders and people of the Third World, expanding economic aid and appointing knowledgeable ambassadors. His administration established the
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778:. Kennedy believed that Johnson's presence on the ticket would appeal to Southern voters, and he thought that Johnson could serve as a valuable liaison to the Senate.
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appealed to Kennedy because it fit in with his campaign themes of self-sacrifice and volunteerism, while also providing a way to redefine American relations with the
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on November 24. Ruby claimed to have killed Oswald due to his own grief over Kennedy's death, but the assassination of Kennedy and the death of Oswald gave rise to
1775:, but made little progress in bringing India closer to the United States. Kennedy hoped to minimize Soviet influence in Egypt through good relations with President
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to protect the Freedom Riders rather than using federal troops or uncooperative FBI agents. Kennedy feared sending federal troops would stir up "hated memories of
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The economy, which had been through two recessions in three years, and was in one when Kennedy took office, accelerated notably during his presidency. Despite low
3030:, which he believed could instigate a nuclear arms-race in the Middle East. After the existence of a nuclear plant was initially denied by the Israeli government,
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Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles if the U.S. promised not to invade Cuba. The next day, he sent a second message in which he also demanded the removal of
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4521:, were communists. When King ignored the administration's warning, Robert Kennedy issued a directive authorizing the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the
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Trade policy included both domestic and foreign policy. Here Kennedy had more success, for the conservative coalition was not active in foreign policy. The 1962
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power in an independent Guyana, and forced a reluctant Britain to participate. The CIA also engaged in operations in Brazil and Chile against left-wing leaders.
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President Kennedy called Berlin "the great testing place of Western courage and will." In the weeks immediately after the Vienna summit, more than 20,000 people
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and the Organization of American States (OAS). Finally, he announced that the U.S. would begin a naval blockade of Cuba in order to intercept arms shipments.
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971:"Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.
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called to advise him that his effort to extend the Area Redevelopment Act had been defeated, primarily by the votes of Southern Democrats and Republicans.
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Vietnam "was the only foreign policy problem handed off by JFK to his successor in no better, and possibly worse, shape than it was when he inherited it."
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All figures, except for debt percentage, are presented in billions of dollars. The receipt, outlay, deficit, GDP, and debt figures are calculated for the
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5181:. Mrs. Kennedy emphasized an image that would shape the adoring memory of JFK and his administration, highlighting the president's love for the popular
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in the cities. Kennedy proposed a bill providing for $ 2.3 billion in federal educational aid to the states, with more money going to states with lower
3739:. Kennedy pleased conservatives by calling for a large tax cut as an economic stimulus measure. However, nearly all of his programs were blocked by the
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Denise M. Bostdorff and Daniel J. O'Rourke, "The presidency and the promotion of domestic crisis: John Kennedy's management of the 1962 steel crisis."
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Stephen G Rabe, βJohn F. Kennedyβ in Timothy J Lynch, ed., ββThe Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic Historyββ ( 2013) 1:610β615.
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A 2006 poll of historians ranked Kennedy's decision to authorize the Bay of Pigs invasion as the eighth-worst mistake made by any American president.
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Rehm, John B. (April 1968). "Developments in the law and institutions of international economic relations: the Kennedy Round of Trade Negotiations".
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was nine months younger when he first assumed the presidency on September 14, 1901, but he was not elected to the office until 1904, when he was 46.
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1481:. Kennedy quickly appointed Goldberg, who easily won confirmation by the Senate. Goldberg resigned from the court in 1965 to accept appointment as
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official, to lead the Department of State. Stevenson accepted a non-policy role as the ambassador to the United Nations. In spite of concerns over
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passed Congress by wide majorities. It authorized the president to negotiate tariff reductions on a reciprocal basis of up to 50 percent with the
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4545:. The following summer, on July 2, the guarantees Kennedy proposed in his June 1963 speech became federal law, when President Johnson signed the
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5177:. In the days after JFK's death, his widow Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, who herself would play a central role in the myth, approached journalist
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continued. Many of these nations sought to avoid close alignment with either the United States or the Soviet Union, and in 1961, the leaders of
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Catsam, Derek. "The civil rights movement and the Presidency in the hot years of the Cold War: A historical and historiographical assessment."
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Carroll, Wallace (January 21, 1961). "A Time of Change Facing Kennedy; Themes of Inaugural Note Future of Nation Under Challenge of New Era".
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4882:. The Justice Department's "Get Hoffa Squad" ultimately secured the conviction of over 100 Teamsters, including Hoffa, who was convicted of
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15759:
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15679:
15659:
15639:
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living in the South, attempted to block Kennedy's election by denying him the necessary number of electoral votes (269 of 537) for victory.
786:
719:
692:
elected president, as well as the youngest candidate ever to win a U.S. presidential election. Historians and political scientists tend to
399:
271:
10626:
10526:
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through downtown Dallas with Jackie Kennedy, Connally, and Connally's wife, Nelly, Kennedy was shot in the head and neck. He was taken to
4488:
17080:
17055:
16943:
14704:
13472:
8696:
John F. Kennedy: "Speech by Senator John F. Kennedy, Zionists of America Convention, Statler Hilton Hotel, New York, NY," August 26, 1960
8391:
3809:
3012:
17214:
14754:
14744:
14729:
13863:
13534:
13426:
13132:
13123:
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7905:
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2333:
1358:", was appointed Secretary of Defense. Rejecting liberal pressure to choose Stevenson as Secretary of State, Kennedy instead turned to
994:
890:
705:
463:
394:
255:
136:
22:
11101:
8783:
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to 424. He authorized 23 new Polaris submarines, each of which carried 16 nuclear missiles. Meanwhile, he called on cities to prepare
17065:
16198:
14856:
14794:
14734:
14719:
13062:
9281:
8730:
Zachary K. Goldman, "Ties that bind: John F. Kennedy and the foundations of the AmericanβIsraeli alliance: The Cold War and Israel."
5027:
4610:
2749:
2358:
of the withdrawal continued, but the U.S. ended the naval blockade on November 20, and most Soviet soldiers left Cuba by early 1963.
1399:
977:
6306:
4699:
After Congress authorized the funding, Webb began reorganizing NASA, increasing its staffing level, and building two new centers: a
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17050:
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14779:
14764:
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13152:
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4918:
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1444:
750:
746:
709:
572:
414:
86:
11218:
11017:
7288:
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2694:
A White House meeting in September was indicative of the different ongoing appraisals; Kennedy received updated assessments after
17106:
15831:
14837:
14804:
14799:
14789:
14774:
14197:
13796:
13555:
13083:
12938:
Dunne, Michael. "Kennedy's Alliance for Progress: countering revolution in Latin America Part II: the historiographical record."
12703:
Dunne, Michael. "Kennedy's Alliance for Progress: Countering Revolution in Latin America Part II: The Historiographical Record."
10813:
7928:
7842:
4189:
4101:
2780:
1663:
1167:
1079:
649:. The economy experienced steady growth, low inflation and a drop in unemployment rates during Kennedy's tenure. Kennedy adopted
541:
409:
197:
10991:
10852:
6042:
Leroy G. Dorsey, "The myth of war and peace in presidential discourse: John Kennedy's 'new frontier' myth and the peace corps."
1839:
17209:
16953:
14769:
13948:
13821:
13462:
12620:
Jacobs, Nicholas F., and James D. Savage. "Kennedyβs Keynesian Budgetary Politics and the 1962 Public Works Acceleration Act."
5274:
5265:
4879:
4542:
4133:
3875:
1925:
1673:, Kennedy focused on rearmament. From 1961 to 1964 the number of nuclear weapons increased by 50 percent, as did the number of
1409:
was a key advisor on domestic issues who also wrote many of Kennedy's speeches. Other important advisers and staffers included
1325:
1186:
478:
12916:
12522:
Silent Spring Revolution: John F. Kennedy, Rachel Carson, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, and the Great Environmental Awakening
10178:
5831:
5735:
5548:
17158:
16823:
13888:
12612:
The Presidents Vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Mediaβfrom the Founding Fathers to Fake News
12418:
12394:
12375:
12325:
12304:
12283:
12236:
12212:
12193:
12172:
12106:
12085:
12055:
12036:
12010:
11984:
11933:
11893:
11855:
11836:
11813:
11755:
9639:
Nicholas F. Jacobs and James D. Savage. "Kennedyβs Keynesian Budgetary Politics and the 1962 Public Works Acceleration Act."
9290:
7094:
7049:
6996:
6969:
6388:
6179:
5656:
5583:
5491:
4836:. Both Robert Kennedy and John F. Kennedy had played a role on that committee, and in 1960 Robert Kennedy published the book
4746:
as well. Costs for the Apollo program were expected to reach $ 40 billion (equivalent to $ 402.9 billion in 2023).
4399:
put his support behind a proposed constitutional amendment that would prohibit states from conditioning the right to vote in
3820:
3744:
2099:
1848:
11426:
10696:. White House TapesβPresidential Recordings Program, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
8261:
15059:
14809:
13826:
13494:
13314:
13247:
11053:
8150:
5769:
5103:, and was subsequently charged with Kennedy's assassination. Oswald denied the charges, but was killed by strip-club owner
5056:
on November 22, 1963, while on a political trip to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals
2320:
2241:
2205:
1485:, but White remained on the court until 1993, often serving as a key swing vote between liberal and conservative justices.
517:
202:
11678:
4778:, who focused on improving the economic status of women. In December 1961, Kennedy signed an executive order creating the
4232:
movement participants, mainly those on the front line in the South, viewed Kennedy as lukewarm, especially concerning the
2538:
invasion. He instead sought a negotiated solution between the government and the left-wing insurgents, who were backed by
17234:
17219:
16833:
15806:
15786:
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15726:
15706:
15686:
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15606:
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15501:
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15461:
15441:
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15401:
15381:
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15321:
15301:
15281:
15261:
15241:
15228:
15215:
15202:
15189:
15176:
15163:
15150:
15137:
15124:
15111:
15098:
15085:
15046:
15033:
15020:
15007:
14994:
14981:
14968:
14538:
13898:
13545:
13540:
13215:
12525:
11686:
11339:"Majority in U.S. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy: Mafia, federal government top list of potential conspirators"
10853:"Not Undertaking the Almost-Impossible Task: The 1961 Wire Act's Development, Initial Applications, and Ultimate Purpose"
9451:
8439:
Matthew D. Jacobs, "Reformists, Revolutionaries, and Kennedy Administration Public Diplomacy in Colombia and Venezuela."
5294:
3842:
a priority for his new administration. The Kennedy family had a personal connection to the issue; the president's sister
3585:
2634:
1678:
1205:
1041:
790:
766:
742:
723:
576:
404:
12834:
12615:
8229:
7820:
6935:
6487:
4963:, an organization established by Kennedy's predecessor, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, on July 16, 1956. The idea of a
4645:
postponed any decision out of deference to Johnson, who had been a strong supporter of the space program in the Senate.
2656:", a large-scale aerial defoliation effort, began on the roadsides of South Vietnam initiating the use of the herbicide
14558:
13893:
12594:
12558:
12461:
12351:
8197:
5206:
5126:
in mid-November 2013, showed 61% believed in a conspiracy, and only 30% thought that Oswald did it alone. In 1979, the
4637:
4618:
4533:
4197:
4185:
The turbulent end of state-sanctioned racial discrimination was one of the most pressing domestic issues of the 1960s.
2993:
2914:
2621:
the deployment of 6,000 to 8,000 U.S. combat troops to Vietnam. Kennedy increased the number of military advisers and
2554:
continued. Though he was unwilling to commit U.S. forces to a major military intervention in Laos, Kennedy did approve
2237:
1973:
1098:
956:
933:
109:
12943:
11324:
8980:
8856:
8462:
3760:
both lacked the influence of their predecessors and struggled to exercise effective leadership over committee chairs.
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14488:
14408:
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12510:
12262:
12146:
12125:
11961:
11874:
11794:
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10893:
10025:
9710:
8609:
8493:
7788:
7520:
5986:
4871:
4562:
3773:
3765:
2709:
2510:
806:
10077:
7468:
17128:
17060:
17017:
16524:
15979:
15879:
14879:
14478:
13913:
13903:
13883:
13731:
13704:
12361:
10203:
10066:
In CQ Almanac 1962, 18th ed., 07-404-07-406. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1963. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
8302:
5305:
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5043:
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4432:
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During his four-day visit to his ancestral home of Ireland beginning on June 26, 1963, Kennedy accepted a grant of
2571:
2402:
1960:
1662:. This strategy relied on conventional arms to achieve limited goals. As part of this policy, Kennedy expanded the
1317:
1224:
1136:
1060:
669:
564:
556:
552:
473:
446:
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76:
53:
13635:
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5157:
Assassinated in the prime of life, Kennedy remains a powerful and popular symbol of both inspiration and tragedy.
4302:
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and President John F. Kennedy attempted to negotiate with Mississippi Governor
16928:
16873:
16838:
16708:
15914:
14628:
14578:
14508:
14448:
14428:
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14278:
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13482:
13477:
13220:
13137:
12478:
5252:
4838:
4775:
2863:
2391:
2325:
2240:(ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear payloads, but the U.S. maintained well over 100 ICBMs, as well as over 100
2217:
1977:
1333:
924:
548:
510:
319:
260:
114:
11342:
5900:
Andrew Preston, "The Little State Department: McGeorge Bundy and the National Security Council Staff, 1961β65."
2064:. The summit would cover several topics, but both leaders knew that the most contentious issue would be that of
1304:
Kennedy spent the eight weeks following his election choosing his cabinet, staff and top officials. He retained
16948:
16913:
16828:
16818:
16778:
16469:
15849:
14929:
14468:
14398:
14348:
14298:
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13086:
12335:
9755:
8962:
8715:
5979:
Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Bush II
5394:
Kennedy reversed the Defense Department rulings that prohibited the Special Forces wearing of the Green Beret.
5143:
5010:
4733:
4712:
4253:
3076:
2201:
1117:
1022:
544:
11656:
11294:
11184:"320βLetter to the President of the Seneca Nation of Indians Concerning the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River"
6196:
16918:
16878:
16868:
16863:
16386:
15902:
15861:
14548:
14518:
14378:
14358:
13748:
13647:
13641:
13456:
13374:
13359:
13291:
13055:
11152:
8243:
7730:
7556:
5300:
5147:
4605:
In constructing his presidential administration, Kennedy elected to retain Eisenhower's last science advisor
4453:
2378:
2090:
On June 4, 1961, the president met with Khrushchev in Vienna, where he made it clear that any treaty between
458:
326:
12808:
Powaski, Ronald E. "John F. Kennedy, the Hawks, the Doves, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962." in Powaski,
9978:
6534:
2955:
In December 1961, Qasim's government passed Public Law 80, which restricted the British- and American-owned
1583:. His use of war rhetoric for peaceful ends made his appeal for the new idea compelling to public opinion.
17096:
16903:
16793:
16738:
16693:
16617:
15885:
15873:
15867:
15843:
14648:
14528:
14498:
14388:
14368:
14288:
13980:
13625:
13593:
12077:
Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America
9253:
5096:
5053:
4220:
2679:
as the U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam. Days after Lodge's arrival in South Vietnam, Diem and his brother
2638:
2298:
2236:" and provide for the defense of Cuba. By late 1962, both the United States and the Soviet Union possessed
1989:
In late-1961, the White House formed the Special Group (Augmented), headed by Robert Kennedy and including
1341:
715:
8347:
3019:) between the U.S. and Israel. In 1962, the Kennedy administration sold Israel a major weapon system, the
753:. In January 1960, Kennedy formally announced his candidacy in that year's presidential election. Senator
16723:
16698:
15855:
15835:
14618:
14588:
14328:
14258:
14190:
13971:
13606:
13437:
13319:
10584:"Lyndon B. Johnson, Vice President, Memo for the President, 'Evaluation of Space Program,' 28 April 1961"
8355:
5672:
5151:
4724:
4692:
4237:
4202:
4056:
3847:
2733:
1920:
1828:
1696:
1689:
1670:
1454:
339:
12689:
Dean, Robert D. "Masculinity as ideology: John F. Kennedy and the domestic politics of foreign policy."
6056:
3007:
President Kennedy ended the arms embargo that the Truman and Eisenhower administrations had enforced on
2361:
2224:
spy planes to determine the extent of the Soviet military build-up. On October 14, 1962, the spy planes
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17123:
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16858:
16763:
16728:
16559:
15932:
15926:
15920:
14668:
14658:
14638:
14608:
14418:
14268:
14007:
13943:
13599:
13431:
10063:
8562:
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4921:
in the District of Columbia, the only remaining jurisdiction in the United States with such a penalty.
3768:
to $ 1.25 an hour passed in early 1961, but an amendment inserted by conservative leader from Georgia,
2921:
2745:
2397:
2056:
In the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs invasion, Kennedy announced that he would meet with Soviet Premier
1608:
1595:
1391:
1377:
951:
Kennedy was inaugurated as the nation's 35th president on January 20, 1961, on the East Portico of the
295:
14338:
12670:
For the Presidentβs Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush
8377:
Logevall, Frederick (1998), "Vietnam and the Question of What Might Have Been," in Mark J. White, ed.
6428:
Gleijeses, Piero (February 1995). "Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs".
6013:
Sheldon Goldman, "Characteristics of Eisenhower and Kennedy appointees to the lower federal courts."
4500:
A crowd of over 250,000, predominantly African Americans, gathered in Washington for the civil rights
4408:
legislation. The poll tax was one of several laws that had been enacted by states across the South to
4335:
and his associates produced a document in 1962 calling on the president to follow in the footsteps of
1911:. Many in the United States, including Kennedy himself, had initially hoped that Batista's successor,
661:
and promised to land an American on the Moon and return him safely to Earth, thereby intensifying the
17188:
17116:
16853:
16808:
16798:
16783:
16773:
16758:
16713:
16703:
15106:
14598:
13928:
13618:
13389:
12605:
12404:
10560:
10460:
9824:
9744:
The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America
8878:
6074:
5455:
5210:
5031:
4476:, which had just been federalized by order of the president. That evening, Kennedy delivered a major
4351:
4264:
4031:
3839:
2793:
2695:
2419:
1414:
13257:
12980:
7686:
4532:
Notwithstanding the success of the March, the larger struggle was far from over. Three weeks later,
3796:
to those who did not qualify for public housing. The act also provided funds for the development of
165:
17229:
16985:
16938:
16923:
16898:
16803:
16743:
16718:
16688:
16678:
16646:
16206:
14318:
14238:
14163:
14085:
13786:
13774:
13384:
13048:
12573:
The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy
11022:
9966:
5317:
4843:
4792:
4763:
4546:
4404:
4259:
3094:, the Irish parliament. Kennedy later told aides that the trip was the best four days of his life.
2642:
1915:
would preside over democratic reforms. Dashing those hopes, by the end of 1960 Castro had embraced
911:
Before taking office at his inauguration, Kennedy went through a transition period. Kennedy placed
646:
11555:"New ranking of U.S. presidents puts Lincoln at No. 1, Obama at 18; Kennedy judged most overrated"
10607:
10507:
7086:
4059:. His administration also implemented new tax policies designed to encourage business investment.
3772:, exempted hundreds of thousands of laundry workers from the law. Kennedy also won passage of the
17002:
16813:
16753:
16683:
16073:
15963:
15938:
14678:
14025:
13841:
13379:
10590:
10490:
5765:
4567:
3824:
3072:
2878:
2832:
2407:
2245:
2213:
2046:
1907:, a Cuban dictator friendly towards the United States, had been forced out office in 1959 by the
1792:
1458:
486:
6945:
6380:
6374:
3454:
2936:
on July 14, 1958, which resulted in the declaration of a republican government led by Brigadier
1518:
17032:
17027:
16888:
16768:
16733:
16399:
15232:
15206:
15193:
15145:
15141:
15028:
14989:
14304:
14183:
14079:
13873:
13683:
12844:
12409:
11747:
11741:
11519:
10623:
10523:
10128:
8898:
6640:
5123:
4767:
4510:
4473:
4332:
4083:
4017:
3908:
3867:
3852:
3835:
3753:
3740:
3325:
3102:
3080:
3068:
2956:
2664:. Initially under consideration as to whether or not the use of the chemical would violate the
2555:
1804:
641:
224:
13923:
9495:
9173:
8791:
8601:
3391:
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closed off the possibility of closer relations. In Southeast Asia, Kennedy helped mediate the
16893:
16848:
16748:
16464:
15405:
15385:
15365:
15345:
15289:
14534:
14061:
14049:
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13339:
13334:
13329:
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13286:
13210:
9747:
5651:. Cambridge Companions to American Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
5002:
4788:
4468:, from attending. Wallace moved aside only after being confronted by Deputy Attorney General
4457:
4361:
4356:
4324:
4268:
4121:
4062:
3878:(GATT) negotiations, concluding on June 30, 1967, the last day before expiration of the Act.
3732:
3728:
2960:
2910:
2844:
2816:
2672:
2423:
2225:
2111:
1936:
1274:
952:
944:
794:
630:
129:
12897:
Bordino, Alex W. "Found Footage, False Archives, and Historiography in Oliver Stone's JFK."
11580:
10968:
10731:
Wikisource: John F. Kennedy's Address Before the 18th General Assembly of the United Nations
8262:"Track the rapid escalation of the Vietnam War under Pres. John F. Kennedy's administration"
7078:
4934:
4420:. It was ratified on January 23, 1964, by the requisite number of states (38), becoming the
4364:, prohibiting racial discrimination in federally supported housing or "related facilities."
745:. After Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower was reelected over Adlai Stevenson in the
16529:
16270:
15071:
15054:
14554:
14142:
13801:
13588:
13449:
13273:
13263:
12948:
Giglio, James N. "John F. Kennedy as Domestic Leader: A Perspective on the Literature." in
11222:
5482:
4700:
4623:
4477:
4437:
4256:(ICC) to adhere to federal law. By September 1961, the ICC ruled in favor of the petition.
3534:
2824:
2653:
2618:
2542:
and the Soviet Union. Kennedy was unwilling to send more than a token force to neighboring
2482:
2303:
2176:
2164:
2126:
1998:
1943:
1939:, despite serious reservations. Kennedy approved the final invasion plan on April 4, 1961.
1877:
1752:
1576:
1395:
900:
802:
738:
610:
307:
300:
12719:
From Development to Dictatorship: Bolivia and the Alliance for Progress in the Kennedy Era
11712:
10050:
7021:
4854:, gambling, and the transportation of firearms. The federal government targeted prominent
3293:
8:
17111:
16404:
16394:
16228:
16133:
16121:
16091:
16085:
15158:
15132:
15093:
15089:
15067:
14907:
14897:
14484:
14404:
14037:
14019:
13831:
13673:
13394:
13242:
12786:
The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American American foreign relations during the 1960s
12758:
To Move a Nation; The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy
10779:
8544:
7079:
6796:"1962 US Joint Chiefs Of Staff Operation Northwoods Unclassified Document Bolsheviks NWO"
5260:
4493:
4469:
4445:
4400:
4141:
4137:
4094:
lowered the top individual rate to 70 percent, and the top corporate rate to 48 percent.
4091:
4022:
3863:
3797:
3781:
3555:
2767:
2622:
2558:
designed to defeat communist insurgents through bombing raids and the recruitment of the
2486:
2461:
2411:
1426:
1394:, but instead relied on a small number of senior aides, including appointments secretary
654:
650:
217:
10697:
10678:
8927:
6958:
Gehler, Michael; Kaiser, Professor of European Studies Wolfram; Kaiser, Wolfram (2004).
5277:βs Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Kennedy as the 16th best president.
4988:
4984:
4832:
had gained national attention during the 1950s due in part to the investigations of the
4386: Cumulative poll tax (missed poll taxes from prior years must also be paid to vote)
3743:
of Republicans and Southern Democrats. The conservative coalition, which controlled key
3710:
2068:, which had been divided into two cities with the start of the Cold War. The enclave of
17012:
16504:
16459:
16454:
16434:
16354:
16312:
16264:
16222:
16079:
16043:
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15991:
15465:
15445:
15329:
15269:
15249:
15079:
15063:
14917:
14912:
14902:
14474:
14115:
14097:
13963:
13953:
13736:
13467:
12955:
Kaufman, Burton I. "John F. Kennedy as world leader: A perspective on the literature."
12839:
Sergunin, Alexander. "John F. Kennedyβs Decision-Making on the Berlin Crisis of 1961."
12770:
Kaufman, Burton I. "John F. Kennedy as world leader: A perspective on the literature."
12656:
12365:
12161:
11973:
11612:
11183:
11128:"Army Reserve officers march 50 miles to honor Teddy Roosevelt, JFK for Presidents Day"
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9543:
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Kennedy sought to contain the threat of communism in Latin America by establishing the
2192:
2148:
2014:
1994:
1800:
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1612:
1351:
1293:
606:
93:
12992:
Selverstone, Marc J. "Eternal Flaming: The Historiography of Kennedy Foreign Policy,"
12491:
The Dillon Era: Douglas Dillon in the Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Administrations
10817:
10780:"Executive Order 10980βEstablishing the President's Commission on the Status of Women"
7846:
17022:
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14274:
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14149:
14127:
14091:
13663:
13404:
13227:
12737:
Gold, Dollars, and Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations, 1958β1971
12590:
12554:
12536:
12506:
12457:
12440:
12414:
12390:
12371:
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12051:
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11980:
11957:
11929:
11889:
11870:
11851:
11832:
11825:
11809:
11790:
11751:
11460:
Linda Czuba Brigance, "For One Brief Shining Moment: Choosing to Remember Camelot."
10889:
10599:
10559:(Memorandum). Boston: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from
10546:
10499:
10021:
9751:
9706:
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was conceived early in 1960, during the Eisenhower administration, as a follow-up to
4174:
4145:
4105:
4098:
4044:
3805:
3801:
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3197:
State visit. Addressed North Atlantic Council. Met with President Charles de Gaulle.
3026:
Kennedy warned the Israeli government against the production of nuclear materials in
2714:
2703:
2676:
2665:
2661:
2611:
2593:
2551:
2514:
Kennedy speaking in a televised press conference on the situation in Southeast Asia,
2499:
2084:
2077:
2057:
2022:
1968:
1904:
1891:
1692:
1659:
1650:
1642:
1624:
1490:
1478:
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1422:
1405:
was the most important adviser on foreign policy, eclipsing Secretary of State Rusk.
1371:
1321:
1153:
1122:
1084:
1046:
866:
850:
775:
770:
681:
677:
579:
210:
12183:
9867:
9394:
9368:
9342:
2281:
Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22, 1962, about the buildup of arms on Cuba
2116:
17101:
16958:
16574:
16554:
16544:
16534:
16514:
16330:
16318:
16294:
16282:
16258:
16240:
16109:
16061:
15973:
15429:
15389:
15309:
15180:
15171:
15167:
15154:
15128:
15015:
14998:
14985:
14976:
14464:
14454:
14434:
14394:
14344:
14294:
14244:
14067:
14043:
14031:
14013:
13816:
13630:
13578:
13232:
11903:
Bryant, Nick (Autumn 2006). "Black Man Who Was Crazy Enough to Apply to Ole Miss".
10951:
Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade
10864:
10043:
9428:. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Archived from
9294:
9028:
Mack C. Shelley, "Presidents and the Conservative Coalition in the U.S. Congress."
8115:
7776:
7709:""America's Stake in Vietnam" Speech by U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy, June 1, 1956"
6437:
5348:
5309:
5057:
4956:
4847:
4807:
4228:
4132:
On tariff policy, Dillon proposed the fifth round of tariff negotiations under the
4116:
Dillon and Kennedy in August 1961. Dillon had just returned from the conference in
4067:
3843:
3813:
3680:
3425:
3163:
3106:
Kennedy made eight international trips to fourteen countries during his presidency.
3031:
2354:
2152:
1908:
1856:
1768:
1682:
1432:
1410:
1355:
1262:
1241:
1210:
286:
14175:
12644:
Stern, Mark. "John F. Kennedy and civil rights: From Congress to the presidency."
12499:
8828:
7014:
5339:
in several states who were opposed to the national Democratic Party's support for
4894:
On May 11, 1961, President Kennedy signed Executive Order 10940, establishing the
4846:
to organized crime. Kennedy also won congressional approval for five bills (i.e.,
2902:
1852:
1767:
During his presidency, Kennedy sought closer relations with Indian Prime Minister
16631:
16499:
16494:
16429:
16414:
16306:
16187:
16049:
15770:
15630:
15553:
15549:
15545:
15525:
15509:
15485:
15425:
15409:
15219:
15102:
15041:
15037:
14963:
14564:
14544:
14514:
14374:
14354:
13071:
12803:
12725:
12566:
White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush
12273:
12246:
12156:
11951:
11784:
11737:
10674:
10630:
10530:
10442:
9739:
8593:
6623:"In Echo Park Many Local Cubans Celebrate Death Of Former President Fidel Castro"
5231:
5186:
5023:
4859:
4829:
4812:
4771:
4716:
4590:
4538:
4518:
4506:
4336:
4252:" among conservative Southern whites. The Justice Department then petitioned the
4245:
4112:
3419:
2917:
2870:
2843:
President Kennedy speaks at a reception in honor of the Committee of Nine of the
2737:
2718:
2684:
2350:
1990:
1844:
1838:
to be one of the most important foreign policy issues facing his presidency. The
1646:
1591:
1587:
1466:
1418:
1363:
1347:
1305:
1229:
1191:
1103:
1027:
878:
821:
754:
689:
537:
352:
180:
32:
10253:
5083:
The Kennedys and the Connallys in the presidential limousine moments before the
3261:
Private visit. Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
3226:
1590:
10924 that officially started the Peace Corps. He appointed his brother-in-law,
1435:
was the last surviving member of Kennedy's cabinet, and died on April 24, 2010.
16656:
16579:
16549:
16484:
16479:
16449:
16444:
16439:
16424:
16409:
16342:
16324:
16276:
16252:
16157:
16103:
15610:
15594:
15574:
15469:
15265:
15245:
15223:
15119:
15115:
15050:
14972:
14959:
14644:
14524:
14494:
14384:
14364:
14334:
14284:
13999:
13853:
13349:
13192:
12634:
Smith, Thomas G. "John Kennedy, Stewart Udall, and new frontier conservation."
12222:
11690:
10782:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project
9458:
8932:
8879:"Address Before the Irish Parliament in Dublin, June 28, 1963 (Text and audio)"
8298:
7269:
5360:
5313:
5061:
4972:
4883:
4855:
4851:
4796:
4606:
4586:
4514:
4449:
4347:
4233:
4216:
4169:
3828:
3793:
3789:
3757:
3606:
3251:
3159:
2882:
2761:
2741:
2546:, a key American ally. By the end of the year, Harriman had helped arrange the
2530:
2495:
2374:
2338:
2209:
2135:
2019:
1928:
1820:
1756:
1728:
1474:
1402:
912:
362:
357:
232:
12858:
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
12454:
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History
11806:
The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: Forced Relocation Through Two Generations
10644:
7419:"The Malin Notes: Glimpses Inside the Kremlin during the Cuban Missile Crisis"
6441:
3087:, County Wexford, where his ancestors had lived before emigrating to America.
785:
faced little opposition for the 1960 Republican nomination. He easily won the
741:
from 1953 to 1960, had finished second on the vice presidential ballot of the
17203:
17163:
16608:
16594:
16372:
16234:
16175:
15985:
15810:
15794:
15694:
15634:
15529:
15449:
15305:
15197:
15011:
14614:
14584:
14324:
14254:
14109:
13958:
13806:
13344:
13296:
13268:
13184:
13034:
12969:
104.3 (Dec 2017): 707β726. Comprehensive coverage of political scholarship,
12433:
11919:
9927:
9231:
8941:
8531:
8189:
7483:
6770:"U.S. planned massive Cuba invasion force, the kidnapping of Cuban officials"
6549:
6449:
6321:
5704:
5065:
4998:
4964:
4913:
4727:
at Rice to promote the space effort on September 12, 1962, in which he said:
4614:
4594:
4461:
4079:
4026:
3871:
3785:
3650:
3230:
3044:
2940:. On June 25, 1961, Qasim mobilized troops along the border between Iraq and
2828:
2699:
2646:
2630:
2589:
2578:
2539:
2346:
2061:
2050:
1780:
1712:
1337:
1329:
1172:
1141:
862:
782:
734:
626:
618:
568:
560:
12387:
The Unmaking of the Middle East: A History of Western Disorder in Arab lands
10868:
10603:
10503:
9524:
6524:. Elite series #166. Illustrated by Stephen Walsh. Osprey Publishing. p. 17.
4339:
and use an executive order to deliver a blow for civil rights as a kind of "
2811:
Official motion picture on Kennedy's tour of Latin America in December 1961.
2083:
On the way to the summit, Kennedy stopped in Paris to meet French President
1935:, opposed the operation, but Bundy and McNamara both favored it, as did the
765:
state of West Virginia prompted Humphrey's withdrawal from the race. At the
16584:
16489:
16474:
16419:
16288:
16246:
16181:
15750:
15730:
15714:
15670:
15650:
15590:
15570:
15285:
15236:
14664:
14654:
14634:
14604:
14264:
14055:
13306:
12482:
12444:
12428:
11994:
10378:, chapter 27, "The Lunar Landing Decision and Its Aftermath". NASA SP-4102.
10374:
10249:
5340:
5308:. At the commemoration of the 25th anniversary of Kennedy's death, General
5223:
5100:
4967:
developed from Kennedy's discovery in late 1962 of an executive order from
4811:
President Kennedy signing anti-crime bills in September 1961. FBI Director
4649:
4577:
4417:
4303:
4241:
4149:
4048:
3812:
was also defeated because Southern Democrats thought Kennedy would appoint
3724:
3686:
3675:
3523:
3480:
3385:
2965:
2886:
2820:
2771:
2680:
2657:
2559:
2221:
2095:
2073:
1951:
1932:
1912:
1887:
1882:
1835:
1784:
1674:
1633:, manifested by proxy contests in the global state of tension known as the
1630:
1629:
Kennedy's foreign policy was dominated by American confrontations with the
1406:
1313:
829:
637:
602:
590:
276:
11522:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016
11399:"JFK's legacy: Kennedy fell short of greatness, yet inspired a generation"
8579:
Marcin Fatalski, "The United States and the Fall of the Trujillo Regime."
8392:
National Security Action Memoranda [NSAM]: NSAM 263, South Vietnam
8119:
5458:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016
5076:
for emergency medical treatment, but was pronounced dead at 1:00 pm.
4959:
frequently in his public pronouncements, and assigned new projects to the
4782:
to advise him on issues concerning the status of women. Former First Lady
4695:" speech at Rice University, Houston; September 12, 1962 (duration 17:47).
2721:
report to President Kennedy on their recent survey trip to South Vietnam,
2529:
When briefing Kennedy, Eisenhower emphasized that the communist threat in
2324:
the immediate withdrawal of the missiles, as well as the convening of the
2304:
Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba
809:
votes. Ideologically, Kennedy and Nixon agreed on the continuation of the
16636:
16599:
16360:
16348:
16151:
16139:
16097:
16003:
15075:
14594:
14103:
13989:
13237:
13179:
12851:
Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy: The Alliance for Progress in Latin America
11998:
10451:
8476:"JFK proposes an Alliance for Progress for Latin America, March 13, 1961"
7513:
The Improbable Triumvirate: John F. Kennedy, Pope John, Nikita Khrushchev
5477:
5170:
5119:
4875:
4863:
4482:
4125:
3769:
3749:
3611:
3570:
3528:
3414:
3409:
3060:
3020:
2949:
2756:
2615:
2233:
2144:
2140:
2121:
2091:
2069:
1955:
1947:
1796:
1760:
1655:
1638:
1580:
1523:
1513:
1462:
1386:
important body, Kennedy generally relied more on his staffers within the
959:
936:
904:
817:
684:
acted alone in assassinating Kennedy, but the assassination gave rise to
658:
622:
614:
598:
331:
98:
12970:
12965:
Kazin, Michael. "An Idol and Once a President: John F. Kennedy at 100."
12926:
11465:
11074:
8310:
6240:
4723:. Kennedy took the latter occasion as an opportunity to deliver another
1699:. Kennedy interpreted this step as a direct threat to the "free world."
1381:
President John F. Kennedy (seated) with members of his White House staff
16626:
16622:
16604:
16366:
16163:
15710:
15024:
14314:
14234:
12960:
12892:
12779:
Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the most dangerous place on earth
12020:
11975:
Counting Every Vote: The Most Contentious Elections in American History
9527:
9306:
6651:
6235:
Robert G. Lewis, "What Food Crisis?: Global Hunger and Farmers' Woes."
5734:. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from
5255:, and Kennedy's death gave those proposals a powerful moral component.
5219:
4994:
4762:
During the 1960 presidential campaign, Kennedy endorsed the concept of
4654:
4636:
explains the Saturn system to President Kennedy during his tour at the
4572:
4558:
4465:
4315:
4193:
4052:
3784:
programs. Meanwhile, the Housing Act of 1961 allocated federal aid for
3777:
3449:
3091:
3016:
2996:
2473:
2290:
2002:
1736:
1641:, which sought to stop the spread of communism. President Eisenhower's
1567:
840:
762:
662:
12865:
Cold War and Counter-Revolution: The Foreign Policy of John F. Kennedy
9332:
Represents the national debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP
9033:
7270:"The World on the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis"
6018:
2683:
ordered South Vietnam forces, funded and trained by the CIA, to quell
1558:
John F. Kennedy's announcement of the establishment of the Peace Corps
16651:
16641:
16613:
16589:
16169:
16009:
15790:
15774:
15754:
15734:
14674:
13791:
6605:"The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its Aftermath, April 1961βOctober 1962"
5235:
5109:
enormous speculation that Kennedy had been the victim of a conspiracy
5104:
5069:
4867:
4751:
4013:
3736:
3500:
3495:
3459:
Attended Conference of Presidents of the Central American Republics.
3282:
3039:
2988:
2688:
2607:
1740:
1359:
1065:
820:
policy. Major issues in the campaign included the economy, Kennedy's
11608:"How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best β and Worst β Presidents?"
10598:. Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3. Washington, D.C.: NASA.
10498:. Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3. Washington, D.C.: NASA.
9298:
3319:
621:
by a factor of 18; a further escalation of the American role in the
16127:
15814:
15325:
14848:
14121:
13174:
12921:
Craig, Campbell. "Kennedy's international legacy, fifty years on."
12887:
Beck, Kent M. "The Kennedy Image: Politics, Camelot, and Vietnam."
11869:(2nd ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. pp. 481β498.
11075:"The Soft(er) American: From JFK's 1960 Article to Today's Reality"
8851:
5755:
5753:
5344:
4704:
4372:
4186:
3856:
3580:
3314:
3084:
2964:
believed to be connected. Senior National Security Council adviser
2645:
was formed. It was approved by Kennedy and South Vietnam President
2584:
2543:
2316:
1997:(also known as the Cuban Project). In March 1962, Kennedy rejected
1772:
1634:
1599:
1367:
929:
814:
810:
586:
13040:
12931:
Dennett, Bruce. "A conversation about JFK in history and memory."
11865:
Brauer, Carl M. (2002). "John F. Kennedy". In Graff, Henry (ed.).
11848:
The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara
10484:"President John F. Kennedy Memo for Vice President, 20 April 1961"
5680:
5304:
who served with Special Forces in Vietnam. This bond was shown at
4906:
As president, Kennedy oversaw the last federal execution prior to
4541:
promised the legislation would be brought to a vote, preventing a
3043:
agreed to an annual inspection regime. Despite these inspections,
2637:(INR), to assess the situation in Vietnam. There, Hilsman met Sir
789:
and received the nearly-unanimous backing of the delegates at the
605:. In October 1962, the Kennedy administration learned that Soviet
15690:
15674:
15654:
12253:
Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy
11786:
Kennedy, Macmillan and the Cold War: The Irony of Interdependence
9926:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
9913:"The Modern Civil Rights Movement and The Kennedy Administration"
9246:"50 years later, Kennedy's vision for mental health not realized"
9230:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
8530:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7482:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7289:"How the Death of a U.S. Air Force Pilot Prevented a Nuclear War"
6548:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6320:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6075:"Executive Order 10924: Establishment of the Peace Corps. (1961)"
5227:
5174:
5166:
4720:
4117:
3616:
Informal visit with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan at his home.
3565:
3490:
3349:
3287:
3215:
3035:
3011:
in favor of increased security ties, becoming the founder of the
2945:
2823:
standards in the region. The Alliance for Progress drew from the
2641:, head of the British Advisory Mission to South Vietnam, and the
1916:
12985:
Leuchtenburg, William E. "John F. Kennedy: Twenty Years Later."
12793:
JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power
9795:
9793:
8409:
5750:
5079:
4750:
1964. On July 20, 1969, almost six years after Kennedy's death,
4509:
presented Kennedy with reports that some of civil rights leader
3780:. It also authorized $ 4.5 million annually over four years for
1324:, a business-oriented Republican who had served as Eisenhower's
976:
tensions running through the early years of his administration.
13278:
12800:
Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy, 1961β1963
12730:
One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro and Kennedy, 1958β1964
12653:
Politics and Policy; the Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years
9420:
9418:
9416:
7190:
7108:
7106:
6675:
6587:
6585:
6409:
5946:
5269:
5049:
3644:
3575:
3560:
3380:
3256:
3220:
3187:
3153:
3148:
3038:
on December 21, 1960, that the purpose of the nuclear plant at
3027:
3008:
2941:
2366:
2342:
2312:
2065:
2026:
1788:
673:
633:
aimed to promote human rights and foster economic development.
13006:
White, Mark J. "New Scholarship on the Cuban Missile Crisis."
12048:
Sold Out? US Foreign Policy, Iraq, the Kurds, and the Cold War
11713:"Navy SEALs Were Launched in the JFK 'Man on the Moon' Speech"
8903:
8708:
Balancing Act: US Foreign Policy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
4912:, a 1972 case that led to a moratorium on federal executions.
4648:
This quickly changed on April 12, 1961, when Soviet cosmonaut
1886:
President Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy greet members of the
147:
12118:
The Wealth of Nations: A History of Trade Politics in America
11606:
Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018).
11361:
11304:
11261:
11249:
10265:
10263:
10096:
10049:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp.
9790:
9646:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9051:
9000:
8998:
8206:
7494:
7492:
7304:
7302:
6806:
6461:
6102:
6100:
5531:
5529:
5527:
4896:
President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime
3634:
3192:
1827:
Having chaired a subcommittee on Africa of the U.S. Senate's
1748:
1744:
1732:
1716:
1603:
636:
In domestic politics, Kennedy had made bold proposals in his
12751:
From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776
12098:
From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
11743:
John F. Kennedy: Commander in Chief: A Profile in Leadership
11102:"Walking Enthusiasts To Retrace Steps Of 1963 Kennedy March"
9746:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina press. pp.
9413:
8678:
8666:
8654:
7745:
7374:
7103:
6847:
6845:
6582:
6560:
6558:
6332:
6330:
6142:
2827:
in its peaceful engagement with Latin America, and from the
757:
of Minnesota emerged as Kennedy's primary challenger in the
653:
and proposed a tax cut bill that was passed into law as the
9868:"Abraham Bolden: Ex-Secret Service agent pardoned by Biden"
9476:
9217:"John F. Kennedy and People with Intellectual Disabilities"
8784:"President John F. Kennedy on His Historic Trip to Ireland"
8618:
8600:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p.
8421:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7386:
7250:
6874:
6872:
6818:
6735:
6024:
5882:
4626:, and to help keep the politically savvy Johnson occupied.
4598:
4410:
disenfranchise and marginalize black citizens from politics
3654:
3639:
3485:
2929:
2907:
2534:
2160:
2143:
fences across the city, which were quickly upgraded to the
832:
space and missile programs had surpassed those of the U.S.
825:
769:, Kennedy fended off challenges from Stevenson and Senator
749:, Kennedy began to prepare a bid for the presidency in the
594:
12551:
The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon 1960
11553:
Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin (February 16, 2015).
11534:
11495:
11325:"Poll: Most Believe 'Cover-Up' of JFK Assassination Facts"
11198:
10914:
10902:
10832:
10712:
10399:
10287:
10275:
10260:
10108:
10084:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center
9933:
9785:
The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History
9682:
9670:
9621:
9596:
9572:
9488:
9260:
9197:
9153:
9141:
9129:
9099:
9087:
9063:
8995:
8279:
8165:
7967:
7607:
7489:
7326:
7299:
7214:
7202:
7178:
7166:
7130:
7058:
6723:
6257:
6245:
6217:
6097:
5814:
5812:
5524:
3424:
Conferred with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. Concluded
2550:, which temporarily brought an end to the crisis, but the
1847:
had been murdered early in 1961 despite the presence of a
1702:
597:. In Cuba, a failed attempt was made in April 1961 at the
11349:
11278:
11276:
11237:
10636:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10332:
10330:
10304:
10302:
10230:
9979:"Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle"
9878:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9842:
9840:
9838:
9452:"Consumer and Gross Domestic Price Indices: 1913 to 2002"
8511:
8509:
8507:
7667:
7631:
7553:"Obama to follow in John F. Kennedy's historic footsteps"
7398:
6842:
6711:
6699:
6687:
6570:
6555:
6327:
6269:
6130:
6085:
5431:
5429:
5427:
4422:
Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
3505:
Met with Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and other officials.
8806:
8381:, New York: New York University Press, pp. 25, 27, 34-53
7655:
7540:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. pp. 93β102.
7456:
6869:
5934:
5870:
5592:
640:
agenda, but many of his initiatives were blocked by the
12275:
Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon
11953:
JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters
10020:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 290β317.
9703:
Why Budgets Matter: Budget Policy and American Politics
8742:
8740:
7929:"U.S. launches spraying of Agent Orange, Jan. 18, 1962"
7861:
7643:
7338:
6923:
6857:
6663:
6502:
6468:
6397:
5995:
5958:
5910:
5809:
5578:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. pp. 22β23.
4795:, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex (see
4412:
so far as practicable without undeniably violating the
2877:. It supported the government of Trujillo's successor,
2869:
The administration had no role in the assassination of
1637:. Like his predecessors, Kennedy adopted the policy of
11483:
11373:
11273:
11163:
10794:
10759:
10747:
10735:
10423:
10411:
10382:
10342:
10327:
10299:
10158:
10146:
9997:
9835:
9805:
9658:
9584:
8630:
8504:
8325:
8087:
8075:
8063:
8051:
8039:
8027:
8015:
8003:
7991:
7979:
7955:
7943:
7885:
7873:
7797:
7757:
7619:
7595:
7583:
7571:
7444:
7432:
7362:
7350:
7314:
7238:
7226:
7154:
7142:
7118:
6197:"A War Too Long: The USAF in Southeast Asia 1961-1975"
5922:
5732:"The 44th Presidential Inauguration: January 20, 1961"
5424:
5412:
5128:
United States House Select Committee on Assassinations
2819:, which sent aid to some countries and sought greater
13021:
Documentary History of the John F. Kennedy Presidency
12742:
Gioe, David, Len Scott, and Christopher Andrew, eds.
10662:
10218:
9985:
9075:
9039:
9010:
8642:
8598:
U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story
8244:"Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics"
8228:. Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Archived from
7819:. Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Archived from
7076:
6985:
Geis, Anna; MΓΌller, Harald; SchΓΆrnig, Niklas (2013).
6911:
6899:
6887:
6830:
6747:
4901:
4329:
President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity
4148:
to spur industrial growth. He supervised revision of
4104:. Dillon remained Treasury Secretary under President
3887:
Federal finances and GDP during Kennedy's presidency
1618:
12744:
An International History of the Cuban Missile Crisis
12587:
Decade of Disillusionment: The KennedyβJohnson Years
11911:
Burns, Richard Dean, and Joseph M. Siracusa. (2015)
11175:
10992:"Federal Executions Have Been Rare but May Increase"
10018:
Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944β1969
9560:
9548:
8764:
8752:
8737:
7711:. State Historical Society of Iowa. January 25, 2019
5858:
5846:
5628:
3090:
Kennedy was the first foreign leader to address the
2969:
potential to "get Iraq back on more neutral keel."
1503:
Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration
14205:
13400:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
12677:
The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960β1963
12410:
A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
11042:
11018:"Bush: Former Army cook's crimes warrant execution"
8965:. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
8342:
8340:
8106:Ellis, Joseph J. (2000). "Making Vietnam History".
7687:"JFK in the Senate by John T. Shaw:Books in Review"
5784:
5512:
5500:
4597:, flights around the Moon, or landing on it. While
1449:
List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy
13023:(18 vol. University Publications of America, 1996)
12698:John F. Kennedy: The Spirit of Cold War Liberalism
12682:Brinkley, Douglas, and Richard T. Griffiths, eds.
12578:Hart, John. "Kennedy, Congress and Civil Rights."
12498:
12432:
12339:
12250:
12160:
12024:
11972:
11824:
11657:"JFK's personal connection to Army's Green Berets"
11153:"The Federal Government takes on Physical Fitness"
10042:
8705:
8563:"Alliance for Progress and Peace Corps, 1961β1969"
8494:"President Kennedy proposes Alliance for Progress"
7731:"'America's Stake In Vietnam' Speech, 1 June 1956"
7416:
7013:
6984:
6957:
6764:
6762:
5703:
5185:She emphasized how her husband loved the music of
4961:President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
4394:History of the poll tax by state from 1868 to 1966
2464:by John F. Kennedy, June 10, 1963 (duration 26:47)
16:U.S. presidential administration from 1961 to 1963
13939:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
12877:Abramson, Jill. "Kennedy, the Elusive President"
11605:
11552:
11157:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
9917:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
9496:"Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1964"
9444:
9426:"BEA: Quarterly GDP figures by sector, 1953β1964"
9221:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
8521:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
7473:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
7274:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
6539:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
6311:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
6301:
6299:
6297:
6061:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum
5834:. U.S. News & World Report. February 19, 1962
5832:"Bobby Kennedy: Is He the 'Assistant President'?"
5705:"Reagan Transition Costs Will Exceed $ 2 Million"
4948:As president-elect, Kennedy wrote an article for
4870:, while Aiuppa was convicted of violating of the
4124:was formalized, and where Dillon did battle with
2548:International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos
1677:to deliver them. The new ICBM force grew from 63
805:, while Kennedy focused the states with the most
17201:
13812:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
13035:Miller Center on the Presidency at U of Virginia
12389:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
11913:Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era
11449:Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era
11341:. Gallup, Inc. November 15, 2013. Archived from
10888:. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. p. 453.
9772:Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era
9727:Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era
9192:Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era
9124:Historical Dictionary of the Kennedy-Johnson Era
8337:
7783:. New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 169β172.
7426:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
7410:
5099:, was arrested for the murder of police officer
4799:); Kennedy signed it into law on June 10, 1963.
4754:landed the first crewed spacecraft on the Moon.
2216:. The Kennedy administration viewed the growing
1819:President Kennedy with Congolese Prime Minister
1771:through increased economic and a tilt away from
563:, took office following his narrow victory over
13770:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
11944:Camelot's Court: Inside the Kennedy White House
11009:
10457:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
8899:"President Kennedy in Ireland (Text and video)"
8884:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
8790:. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Archived from
8396:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
6759:
6488:"50 Years Later: Learning From The Bay Of Pigs"
6480:
5486:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 121β135.
4770:(ERA). His key appointee on women's issues was
4575:, Kennedy inspects the Project Mercury capsule
4140:of 1962. He also played a role in crafting the
3816:, an African American, as its first secretary.
3533:Delivered several public addresses, including "
1310:Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
52:January 20, 1961 β November 22, 1963 (
13037:, brief articles on Kennedy and his presidency
12996:(April 2015), Vol. 46 Issue 1, pp. 22β29.
12712:Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam
12342:Grand Expectations: The United States 19451974
11925:An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917β1963
11420:
11418:
11416:
10983:
9777:
9729:( Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp. 118β119.
8823:
8821:
6294:
6169:
5981:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 217β221.
4850:of 1961) designed to crack down on interstate
4780:Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
4593:, to be used as a shuttle to an Earth-orbital
4267:campus on October 3, 1962, in the wake of the
4097:In 1961, Kennedy, appointed Republican banker
3097:
2977:overthrew and executed Qasim in a violent coup
2345:. EXCOMM settled on what has been termed the "
1658:, Kennedy implemented a new strategy known as
1575:An agency to enable Americans to volunteer in
14864:
14191:
14074:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
13444:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
13056:
12501:John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction
11970:
11827:Promises Kept: John F. Kennedy's New Frontier
11730:
10671:"President John F. Kennedy: The Space Effort"
10242:
8710:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 55.
7026:de gaulle and germany european counterweight.
5824:
5613:
5535:
5197:
4938:Front cover of U.S. Physical Fitness Program
3846:was born with intellectual disabilities. The
2881:. The CIA launched a covert intervention in
2120:Kennedy delivering his June 26, 1963, speech
877:elected to the office. He was also the first
518:
12952:(Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1998). 222β255.
12207:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
11993:
11587:. National Cable Satellite Corporation. 2017
11581:"Historians Survey Results: John F. Kennedy"
11392:
11390:
11388:
11322:
11297:"Did Castro OK the Kennedy Assassination?,"
10885:Research Handbook on Electronic Commerce Law
9825:"The Kennedys and the Civil Rights Movement"
9401:. Office of Management and Budget. Table 7.1
9375:. Office of Management and Budget. Table 1.2
9349:. Office of Management and Budget. Table 1.1
7751:
5640:
5576:Why the Electoral College Is Bad for America
5388:
5320:, which Kennedy enthusiastically supported.
5241:Historians and political scientists tend to
4978:
4367:
2377:missiles. In the aftermath of the crisis, a
1954:, landed on the beach at Playa GirΓ³n in the
1866:
1390:. Unlike Eisenhower, Kennedy did not have a
720:1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries
17255:1963 disestablishments in the United States
17081:National Democratic Redistricting Committee
17056:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee
12403:
12292:
12185:John F. Kennedy: The Presidential Portfolio
12069:(2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas.
11671:
11451:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp. 75β76.
11447:Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa,
11413:
11050:"Legislative Summary: District of Columbia"
10645:"Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: Chapter 2"
10541:
10539:
9725:Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa,
9237:
9190:Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa,
9171:
9122:Richard Dean Burns and Joseph M. Siracusa,
8818:
8734:9.1 (2009): 23β58, quoting Ben-Zvi on p 25.
8415:
8303:"National Security Action Memorandum # 263"
6681:
6657:
6415:
6372:
6354:
4917:abolishing the mandatory death penalty for
3723:Kennedy called his domestic proposals the "
3662:
3621:
3593:
3542:
3510:
3467:
3436:
3402:
3367:
3336:
3301:
3269:
3238:
3202:
3174:
3135:
2592:with Vice President Johnson and Ambassador
903:and President-elect John F. Kennedy at the
625:would take place after Kennedy's death. In
14871:
14857:
14833:
14198:
14184:
13063:
13049:
12629:John F. Kennedy and the Liberal Persuasion
12602:JFK and LBJ: The Last Two Great Presidents
11845:
11514:
11512:
11510:
10934:Vendetta: Bobby Kennedy Versus Jimmy Hoffa
9896:
9457:. U.S. Census Bureau. 2003. Archived from
8171:
7845:. The American War Library. Archived from
7775:
6788:
6307:"John F. Kennedy and African Independence"
5649:The Cambridge Companion to John F. Kennedy
5456:"John F. Kennedy: Campaigns and Elections"
4227:out of this civil rights mess." Historian
3359:Met with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
2633:, then director of the State Department's
2385:
995:Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy
891:Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy
706:John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign
525:
511:
31:
23:Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency
17066:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee
13884:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
13502:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
13370:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
12824:Kennedy, Johnson and the Nonaligned World
12334:
12205:John F. Kennedy and the Politics of Faith
11971:Dudley, Robert L.; Shiraev, Eric (2008).
11905:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
11850:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
11846:Blight, James G.; Lang, Janet M. (2005).
11822:
11808:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
11635:"Scholars rate worst presidential errors"
11385:
11367:
11355:
11310:
11267:
11255:
11243:
11015:
10881:
10102:
9799:
9652:
9525:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02806371Society
9282:The American Journal of International Law
8839:
8291:
7843:"Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960β73"
7673:
7538:John F. Kennedy and the Politics of Faith
7404:
7037:
6961:Christian Democracy in Europe Since 19455
6881:Incomparable Grace: JFK in the Presidency
6878:
6591:
6427:
6342:
6148:
6030:
5940:
5701:
5598:
5366:
5363:, who had been pledged to vote for Nixon.
5354:
4444:Disturbed by the violent reaction to the
4074:
2533:required priority. Eisenhower considered
799:chief U.S. delegate to the United Nations
609:had been deployed in Cuba; the resulting
17250:1961 establishments in the United States
17076:National Conference of Democratic Mayors
17071:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
17051:Democratic Attorneys General Association
13518:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
12631:(MSU Press, 2019), examines his speeches
12493:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 2023).
12427:
12245:
12221:
11956:(reprint ed.). Simon and Schuster.
11949:
11883:
11736:
11679:"Presidents Who Served in the U.S. Navy"
11659:. CBS Interactive Inc. November 25, 2013
10989:
10850:
10536:
10435:
10075:
9899:The Unfinished Odyssey of Robert Kennedy
9700:
9578:
9501:. U.S. Department of Commerce. July 1964
9194:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p. 241.
9172:Selverstone, Marc J. (October 4, 2016).
9004:
8812:
8581:Ad Americam. Journal of American Studies
8212:
8186:Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History
8183:
7380:
7112:
6883:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 118.
6812:
6705:
6576:
6360:
6136:
5928:
5702:Rosenbaum, David E. (December 9, 1980).
5665:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5330:
5201:
5142:
5138:
5078:
4997:flooded 10,000 acres (4,047 ha) of
4933:
4874:. The attorney general's top target was
4806:
4677:
4628:
4566:
4523:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
4502:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
4487:
4431:
4371:
4258:
4168:
4111:
4061:
3870:. The legislation paved the way for the
3704:
3101:
3054:
2987:
2972:The anti-imperialist and anti-communist
2928:Relations between the United States and
2901:
2838:
2797:
2708:
2583:
2509:
2401:
2360:
2297:
2180:
2115:
2032:
2013:
1881:
1814:
1715:, the first president of an independent
1706:
1517:
1445:John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates
1438:
1376:
928:
894:
839:
728:
710:1960 United States presidential election
17107:National Federation of Democratic Women
13797:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
12841:Review of History and Political Science
12202:
12115:
12094:
12003:Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War
11803:
11507:
11396:
11181:
11169:
10777:
10691:
10669:Kennedy, John F. (September 12, 1962).
10668:
10642:
10581:
10545:
10481:
10441:
10204:"Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)"
9956:. Temple University Press. p. 329.
9323:, which ended on June 30 prior to 1976.
9244:Smith, Michelle R. (October 20, 2013).
9126:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p. 38.
8977:"1963: Warm welcome for JFK in Ireland"
8847:"1963: Warm welcome for JFK in Ireland"
8624:
8427:
7649:
7535:
7510:
7392:
7344:
7287:Klein, Christopher (October 13, 2023).
7256:
7077:Giglio, James; Stephen G. Rabe (2003).
6729:
6263:
6251:
6223:
6106:
5976:
5759:
5646:
5619:
5573:
5005:, and forced 600 Seneca to relocate to
4889:
4460:to stop two African American students,
4152:rules to benefit corporate investment.
3810:Department of Urban Affairs and Housing
3233:with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.
3158:State visit. Met with Governor General
2698:by the Departments of Defense (General
2170:
1871:
1703:Decolonization and developing countries
1664:United States special operations forces
761:, but Kennedy's victory in the heavily-
696:Kennedy as an above-average president.
585:Kennedy's time in office was marked by
17202:
13879:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
13463:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
12530:
12496:
12451:
12360:
12317:JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
12313:
12271:
12181:
12134:
12064:
12045:
11918:
11902:
11864:
11782:
11540:
11501:
11489:
11478:The Kennedy Mystique: Creating Camelot
11397:Gillman, Todd J. (November 16, 2013).
11379:
11288:
11282:
11204:
11125:
10948:
10920:
10908:
10838:
10800:
10778:Kennedy, John F. (December 14, 1961).
10765:
10753:
10741:
10718:
10429:
10417:
10405:
10393:
10348:
10336:
10308:
10293:
10281:
10269:
10248:
10164:
10152:
10114:
10015:
10003:
9991:
9981:. Stanford University. April 26, 2017.
9967:wikisource β Executive Order No. 10925
9939:
9884:
9854:
9811:
9705:. Penn State Press. pp. 173β175.
9688:
9676:
9664:
9627:
9602:
9590:
9482:
9266:
9252:. The Associated Press. Archived from
9203:
9159:
9147:
9135:
9110:
9093:
9081:
9069:
9057:
9045:
9016:
8963:"Travels of President John F. Kennedy"
8684:
8672:
8660:
8648:
8636:
8331:
8285:
8140:
8093:
8081:
8069:
8057:
8045:
8033:
8021:
8009:
7997:
7985:
7973:
7961:
7949:
7906:"The U.S.'s Toxic Agent Orange Legacy"
7891:
7879:
7867:
7803:
7763:
7661:
7637:
7625:
7613:
7601:
7589:
7577:
7498:
7450:
7438:
7368:
7356:
7332:
7320:
7308:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7208:
7196:
7184:
7172:
7160:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7064:
7011:
6929:
6917:
6905:
6893:
6863:
6851:
6836:
6824:
6753:
6741:
6717:
6693:
6669:
6564:
6508:
6474:
6403:
6348:
6336:
6275:
6091:
6001:
5964:
5952:
5916:
5888:
5876:
5864:
5852:
5818:
5634:
5555:. Chicago, Illinois. November 28, 1960
5518:
5506:
5435:
5418:
5395:
5288:
5275:American Political Science Association
5266:American Political Science Association
5048:President Kennedy was assassinated in
5001:land that they had occupied under the
4611:President's Science Advisory Committee
4196:for much of the 20th century, but the
4134:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
3876:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
3588:(parliament). Visited ancestral home.
2481:On June 10, 1963, Kennedy delivered a
2266:Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba
1942:On April 15, 1961, eight CIA-supplied
1727:gained independence as the process of
17225:Cold War history of the United States
17184:2018 House Caucus leadership election
17179:2006 House Caucus leadership election
14852:
14179:
13889:John F. Kennedy International Airport
13044:
12994:Passport: The Newsletter of the SHAFR
12971:https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jax315
12155:
12073:
11126:McCabe, Neil W. (February 18, 2021).
10236:
10224:
10076:Archer, Deborah N.; Muller, Derek T.
10040:
9951:
9519:Herbert Stein, "Tax cut in Camelot."
9291:American Society of International Law
9243:
8297:
8105:
7926:
7903:
7286:
7020:. Syracuse University Press. p.
6941:
5790:
5760:Kennedy, John F. (January 20, 1961).
5712:. The Times Argus. Times News Service
5679:. Columbia University. Archived from
5441:
4438:addressing the nation on civil rights
3821:Manpower Development and Training Act
3819:In 1962, Kennedy won approval of the
3735:" address, as well as Harry Truman's
3711:Manpower Development and Training Act
3075:, received honorary degrees from the
2752:. Kennedy was shocked by the deaths.
2614:and Deputy National Security Adviser
2418:Troubled by the long-term dangers of
2306:in the Oval Office, October 23, 1962.
2206:intermediate-range ballistic missiles
1984:
1453:Kennedy made two appointments to the
672:on November 22, 1963, while visiting
14878:
13944:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
13248:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
12977:Coming to Terms with John F. Kennedy
12533:John F. Kennedy and a New Generation
12384:
12019:
11928:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.
11746:. New York: Penguin Studio. p.
11687:Naval History & Heritage Command
11520:"John F. Kennedy: Impact and Legacy"
11424:
11182:Kennedy, John F. (August 11, 1961).
11054:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
9738:
9566:
9554:
9278:
8979:. BBC. June 27, 1963. Archived from
8925:
8770:
8758:
8746:
8592:
7550:
7417:Jeffery D. Shields (March 7, 2016).
7085:. Rowman & Littlefield. p.
6194:
6172:The Cold War: the essential readings
5766:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
5476:
4496:in the Oval Office, August 28, 1963.
4263:U.S. Army trucks driving across the
3113:
2242:submarine-launched ballistic missile
915:in charge of his transition effort.
551:on January 20, 1961, and ended with
13216:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
13070:
12950:Kennedy: The New Frontier Revisited
12564:Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman,
12367:President Kennedy: Profile of Power
12278:. New York, New York: John Murray.
11979:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.
11867:The Presidents: A Reference History
11585:Presidential Historians Survey 2017
10126:
9174:"John F. Kennedy: Domestic Affairs"
8379:Kennedy: The New Frontier Revisited
5804:Camelot's Court: Inside the Kennedy
5610:Sorensen, Theodore C. Kennedy P.375
4929:
4446:civil rights campaign in Birmingham
4164:
3695:
2755:Historians disagree on whether the
2635:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
2238:intercontinental ballistic missiles
1723:Between 1960 and 1963, twenty-four
1679:intercontinental ballistic missiles
844:1960 Electoral College vote results
835:
791:1960 Republican National Convention
767:1960 Democratic National Convention
743:1956 Democratic National Convention
724:1960 Democratic National Convention
686:a wide array of conspiracy theories
375:
239:35th President of the United States
65:
13:
13014:
12472:
12370:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
11789:(illustrated ed.). Springer.
11689:. January 11, 2007. Archived from
11637:. USA Today. AP. February 18, 2006
11480:(National Geographic Books, 2006).
11221:. Lifeinlegacy.com. Archived from
11099:
11026:. Associated Press. Archived from
10851:Schwartz, David (September 2010).
10816:. Archive.eeoc.gov. Archived from
10206:. Stanford University. May 2, 2017
10176:
10064:"Congress Recommends Poll Tax Ban"
8928:"The best four days of JFK's life"
7927:Glass, Andrew (January 18, 2019).
4985:Kinzua Dam Β§ Native Americans
4902:Federal and military death penalty
4823:
4757:
4619:National Aeronautics and Space Act
4492:Kennedy meets with leaders of the
4276:
4198:Supreme Court of the United States
3855:accelerated after the adoption of
3034:stated in a speech to the Israeli
2696:personal inspections on the ground
2431:
2254:
1619:The Cold War and flexible response
1532:
1496:
14:
17266:
17215:Presidencies of the United States
13539:Democratic National Conventions:
13375:University of Alabama integration
13028:
12871:
12662:
12614:(Dutton, 2020) pp. 193β221.
12067:The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
11186:. The American Presidency Project
9954:Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector
8567:United States Department of State
8473:
8348:MCNAMARA-TAYLOR REPORT ON VIETNAM
6430:Journal of Latin American Studies
6044:Southern Journal of Communication
4872:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
4638:Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex
4563:Space policy of the United States
4323:On March 6, 1961, Kennedy signed
2505:
1849:United Nations peacekeeping force
1645:policy had emphasized the use of
1586:On March 1, 1961, Kennedy signed
1388:Executive Office of the President
1370:, Kennedy's father insisted that
988:
555:on November 22, 1963. Kennedy, a
17129:High School Democrats of America
17061:Democratic Governors Association
17018:Congressional Progressive Caucus
15787:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)
14832:
14823:
14822:
14159:
14158:
13003:(2014) chapters 11β25 pp 207β496
12810:American Presidential Statecraft
12167:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
11915:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2015)
11705:
11649:
11627:
11599:
11573:
11546:
11470:
11454:
11441:
11331:
11316:
11219:"26, 2009#P12844 Life in Legacy"
11216:
11210:
11145:
11119:
11093:
11067:
11016:Riechmann, Deb (July 29, 2008).
10967:. April 13, 2003. Archived from
10957:
10942:
10926:
10875:
10844:
10806:
10771:
10724:
10685:
10592:Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis
10575:
10492:Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis
10475:
10367:
10354:
10314:
10254:"The FBI and Martin Luther King"
10196:
10179:"The FBI and Martin Luther King"
10170:
10120:
10069:
10057:
10034:
10009:
9971:
9960:
9945:
9921:
9905:
9890:
9860:
9817:
9764:
9732:
9719:
9694:
9633:
9608:
9540:The fiscal revolution in America
9532:
9513:
9387:
9361:
9335:
9326:
9313:
9272:
9225:
9209:
9184:
9165:
9116:
9022:
8969:
8955:
8919:
8891:
8871:
8776:
8724:
8699:
8690:
8586:
8573:
8555:
8537:
8525:
8486:
8467:
8455:
8446:
8433:
8384:
8371:
8254:
8236:
8218:
8177:
8134:
8099:
7920:
7904:Dunst, Charles (July 20, 2019).
7897:
7835:
7809:
7769:
7723:
7701:
7679:
7544:
7529:
7504:
7477:
7280:
7262:
7070:
7031:
7005:
6543:
6315:
6174:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 103.
6170:Larres, Klaus; Ann Lane (2001).
5549:"See No Electoral College Block"
5378:
5280:
5044:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
5037:
4766:, as well as the adoption of an
4737:
4709:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
4670:
4513:'s close advisers, specifically
4341:Second Emancipation Proclamation
4314:Problems playing this file? See
4292:
4192:had been established law in the
4144:, which established a 7 percent
3685:Audience with the newly elected
3668:
3627:
3599:
3548:
3516:
3473:
3442:
3408:
3390:State visit. Met with President
3373:
3342:
3307:
3275:
3244:
3208:
3180:
3141:
2787:
2572:United States in the Vietnam War
2498:, and British Foreign Secretary
2472:Problems playing this file? See
2450:
2289:Problems playing this file? See
2270:
2009:
1961:Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces
1931:, and former Secretary of State
1566:Problems playing this file? See
1548:
1544:Establishment of the Peace Corps
1483:ambassador to the United Nations
1318:Director of Central Intelligence
1289:Ambassador to the United Nations
981:
699:
498:
492:
485:
164:
128:
16996:Steering and Outreach Committee
14207:Presidents of the United States
13934:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
13551:U.S. presidential election 1960
13340:Federal housing segregation ban
13221:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
13095:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
12819:(Potomac Books, 2010) 189 pages
12479:Bibliography of John F. Kennedy
12439:(paperback). New York: Bantam.
12141:(2nd ed.). Penguin books.
11427:"The Legacy of John F. Kennedy"
10990:Goldberg, Carey (May 6, 2001).
10857:Gaming Law Review and Economics
10582:Launius, Roger D. (July 1994).
10482:Launius, Roger D. (July 1994).
10447:"Memorandum for Vice President"
10376:Managing NASA in the Apollo Era
9178:Miller Center of Public Affairs
8855:. June 27, 1963. Archived from
8141:Talbot, David (June 21, 2007).
7817:"Brief Overview of Vietnam War"
7551:Wang, Joy Y. (August 4, 2015).
7515:. New York City: W. W. Norton.
7081:Debating the Kennedy presidency
7044:. University of Chicago Press.
6978:
6951:
6633:
6615:
6597:
6527:
6514:
6421:
6366:
6281:
6229:
6188:
6163:
6154:
6112:
6067:
6049:
6036:
6007:
5970:
5894:
5796:
5724:
5695:
5604:
5567:
5091:Hours after the assassination,
4989:Seneca nation Β§ Kinzua Dam
4924:
4552:
4173:In May 1961, Kennedy appointed
4159:
3700:
2934:overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy
2864:Organization of American States
2392:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2326:United Nations Security Council
2202:medium-range ballistic missiles
1978:Organization of American States
1810:
1795:, convincing Indonesia and the
1350:, who was well known as one of
925:Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
918:
657:. Kennedy also established the
601:to overthrow the government of
320:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
21:For a chronological guide, see
13087:President of the United States
13001:A Companion to John F. Kennedy
12831:A Companion to John F. Kennedy
12646:Presidential Studies Quarterly
11775:
11323:Dana Blanton (June 18, 2004).
10551:"Memorandum for the President"
10362:Future of the US Space Program
9616:Presidential Studies Quarterly
6991:. Cambridge University Press.
6988:The Militant Face of Democracy
6520:Quesada, Alejandro de (2009).
6379:. The Penguin Press. pp.
5977:Abraham, Henry Julian (2008).
5902:Presidential Studies Quarterly
5541:
5470:
5222:Democratic leaders, including
5114:President Johnson created the
5068:. Traveling in a presidential
5016:
5011:American Civil Liberties Union
4254:Interstate Commerce Commission
3885:
3077:National University of Ireland
3013:U.S.-Israeli military alliance
2932:became strained following the
2892:
2195:about the Cuban Missile Crisis
1507:
1340:served as the Chairman of the
545:president of the United States
1:
17210:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
13648:John F. Kennedy document hoax
13642:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
13636:Coretta Scott King phone call
13574:Birthplace and childhood home
13457:A rising tide lifts all boats
13360:Presidential Medal of Freedom
12889:Wisconsin Magazine of History
12817:John F. Kennedy: World Leader
10078:"The Twenty-fourth Amendment"
9030:Legislative Studies Quarterly
8788:Shapell Manuscript Collection
7689:. Vietnam Veterans of America
5647:Hoberek, Andrew, ed. (2015).
5405:
5264:survey of 162 members of the
5003:Treaty of Canandaigua in 1794
4939:
4037:
3714:
2885:to deny the left-wing leader
2848:
2750:and then killing Diem and Nhu
2746:overthrew the Diem government
2722:
2597:
2515:
2424:nuclear weapons proliferation
2410:, a major milestone in early
1895:
1526:volunteers on August 28, 1961
884:
47:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
17097:College Democrats of America
13847:LincolnβKennedy coincidences
13315:Communications Satellite Act
12413:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
12296:John F. Kennedy: A Biography
11295:Gus Russo and Stephen Molton
10953:. W. W. Norton. p. 167.
10814:"The Equal Pay Act Turns 40"
10556:Office of the Vice President
10082:The Interactive Constitution
9901:. Random House. p. 142.
6660:, pp. 268β294, 838β839.
6373:Schlesinger, Arthur (2007).
6289:John F. Kennedy: A biography
5574:Edwards, George C. (2011) .
5097:Texas School Book Depository
5032:federal school lunch program
4776:United States Women's Bureau
3428:on nuclear defense systems.
3059:Kennedy's motorcade through
2639:Robert Grainger Ker Thompson
1342:Council of Economic Advisers
716:1960 United States elections
7:
15060:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)
13749:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
13607:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
13530:1960 presidential primaries
13438:We choose to go to the Moon
13320:Community Mental Health Act
12967:Journal of American History
12899:Journal of American Culture
12884:, popular books pro and con
12746:(2014), essays by scholars.
12580:Journal of American Studies
12346:. Oxford University Press.
12314:Parmet, Herbert S. (1983).
12120:. Oxford University Press.
12116:Johnson, C. Donald (2018).
12101:. Oxford University Press.
12095:Herring, George C. (2008).
11950:Douglass, James W. (2010).
10882:Rothchild, John A. (2016).
10624:Key Apollo Source Documents
10524:Key Apollo Source Documents
10041:Ogden, Frederic D. (1958).
10016:Lawson, Steven F. (1999) .
8926:Ryan, Ray (June 21, 2013).
8706:Shannon, Vaughn P. (2003).
8108:Reviews in American History
6879:Updegrove, Mark K. (2022).
6015:Western Political Quarterly
5183:Broadway musical "Camelot".
5152:Arlington National Cemetery
5150:at the Kennedy grave site,
5009:. Kennedy was asked by the
4866:; Marcello was deported to
4693:We choose to go to the Moon
4238:Congress of Racial Equality
4203:Brown v. Board of Education
3848:Community Mental Health Act
3756:and Senate Majority Leader
3098:List of international trips
2629:In late 1961, Kennedy sent
2588:South Vietnamese President
2369:meeting on October 29, 1962
2049:motion picture on the 1961
1888:2506 Cuban Invasion Brigade
1829:Foreign Relations Committee
1803:to determine the status of
1697:wars of national liberation
1671:military-industrial complex
1457:. After the resignation of
1455:United States Supreme Court
1332:became the Director of the
941:presidential oath of office
881:elected to the presidency.
340:We choose to go to the Moon
10:
17271:
17235:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
17220:1960s in the United States
17174:2017 chairmanship election
17169:2005 chairmanship election
17124:Young Democrats of America
13535:1960 presidential campaign
13468:State of the Union Address
13432:American University speech
13335:Federal affirmative action
13165:Presidential Proclamations
12880:New York Times Book Review
12829:Selverstone, Marc J., ed.
12684:John F. Kennedy and Europe
12476:
12228:Jack Kennedy: Elusive Hero
11823:Bernstein, Irving (1991).
11804:Bilharz, Joy Ann (2002) .
11683:Frequently Asked Questions
11462:Studies in Popular Culture
9897:Halberstam, David (1968).
7781:The Best and the Brightest
6522:The Bay of Pigs: Cuba 1961
6204:U.S. Department of Defense
5198:The public and the experts
5160:
5118:βchaired by Chief Justice
5052:, Texas, at 12:30 pm
5041:
4982:
4556:
4350:enrolled at the all-white
3881:
3063:, Ireland on June 28, 1963
3050:
2791:
2569:
2565:
2398:American University speech
2395:
2389:
2174:
2109:
1875:
1622:
1511:
1500:
1469:, federal appellate judge
1442:
992:
922:
888:
747:1956 presidential election
713:
703:
573:1960 presidential election
20:
17189:Weekly Democratic Address
17141:
17117:Stonewall Young Democrats
17089:
17043:
16978:
16967:
16665:
16382:
16197:
15948:
15830:
14928:
14888:
14818:
14690:
14213:
14137:
13998:
13929:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
13862:
13757:
13697:
13656:
13566:
13493:
13417:
13390:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
13305:
13292:MoscowβWashington hotline
13201:
13117:
13078:
12999:Selverstone, Marc J. ed.
12798:Paterson, Thomas G., ed.
12686:(1999) essays by experts.
12636:Pacific Historical Review
12622:Journal of Policy History
12452:Tucker, Spencer (2011) .
12405:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr
12293:O'Brien, Michael (2005).
12203:Lacroix, Patrick (2021).
12065:Giglio, James N. (2006).
12046:Gibson, Bryan R. (2015).
12027:How We Got Here: The '70s
11717:11 Facts About Navy SEALs
10965:"Executions 1790 to 1963"
10643:Kennedy, John F. (1961).
10629:November 8, 2020, at the
10529:November 8, 2020, at the
10373:Levine, Anold S. (1982).
10045:The Poll Tax in the South
9701:Ippolito, Dennis (2004).
9641:Journal of Policy History
7536:Lacroix, Patrick (2021).
7469:"Nuclear Test Ban Treaty"
7038:Ninkovich, Frank (1994).
6442:10.1017/S0022216X00010154
5955:, pp. 32β33, 64, 69.
5536:Dudley & Shiraev 2008
5211:Massachusetts State House
5095:, an order filler at the
4979:Native American relations
4571:Accompanied by astronaut
4368:Abolition of the poll tax
4352:University of Mississippi
4265:University of Mississippi
4002:
3840:intellectual disabilities
3838:, President Kennedy made
3792:, and authorized federal
3463:
3265:
3170:
3021:Hawk antiaircraft missile
2983:
2794:Kennedy and Latin America
2660:on foliage and to combat
2420:radioactive contamination
2379:MoscowβWashington hotline
2105:
2100:fledgling nuclear program
2072:lay within Soviet-allied
1950:invasion force, known as
1867:Cuba and the Soviet Union
1695:declared his support for
1433:William Willard Wirtz Jr.
1415:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
1400:National Security Advisor
1283:
1254:
1250:
1223:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1168:Secretary of the Interior
1162:
1135:
1131:
1112:
1093:
1080:Secretary of the Treasury
1074:
1055:
1036:
1017:
1001:
781:Incumbent Vice President
759:1960 Democratic primaries
733:Kennedy, who represented
567:incumbent vice president
144:
124:
104:
92:
82:
72:
60:
43:
39:
30:
16944:Northern Mariana Islands
14086:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
13787:Civil Rights Act of 1964
13775:Profile in Courage Award
13385:All-Channel Receiver Act
13355:Pilot Food Stamp Program
12925:89.6 (2013): 1367β1378.
12906:JFK: History of an Image
12724:Fursenko, Aleksandr and
12497:Brauer, Carl. J (1977).
12489:Aldous, Richard. (2023)
12320:. New York: Dial Press.
12231:. Simon & Schuster.
12182:Kenney, Charles (2000).
12135:Karnow, Stanley (1991).
10694:"JFK and the Space Race"
7752:Dunnigan & Nofi 1999
7511:Cousins, Norman (1972).
7199:, pp. 210, 212β213.
6609:U.S. Department of State
5323:
4886:and pension fund fraud.
4844:Internal Revenue Service
4802:
4793:Fair Labor Standards Act
4764:equal pay for equal work
4715:on land donated through
4713:Manned Spacecraft Center
4701:Launch Operations Center
4547:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3745:congressional committees
3166:. Addressed parliament.
3092:Houses of the Oireachtas
2994:Israeli Foreign Minister
2922:White House Cabinet Room
2643:Strategic Hamlet Program
2214:tactical nuclear weapons
1974:banned all Cuban imports
1926:Under Secretary of State
1899: December 29, 1962
1851:(supported by Kennedy);
1187:Secretary of Agriculture
865:of Virginia, as did one
688:. Kennedy was the first
647:Civil Rights Act of 1964
425:Assassination and legacy
198:Military service in WWII
173:This article is part of
17154:Presidential candidates
14026:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
13949:John F. Kennedy Stadium
13782:Twenty-fourth Amendment
13380:Voter Education Project
12942:92.2 (2016): 435β452.
12753:(2009) pp. 702β29.
11884:Brinkley, Alan (2012).
10869:10.1089/glre.2010.14708
10256:. The Atlantic Monthly.
8549:Encyclopedia Britannica
8545:"Alliance for Progress"
8517:"Alliance for Progress"
8266:Encyclopedia Britannica
7555:. MSNBC. Archived from
7016:De Gaulle and the World
6124:Encyclopedia Britannica
4478:address on civil rights
4427:
3825:structural unemployment
3401:
3073:Chief Herald of Ireland
2897:
2833:U.S. Information Agency
2734:McNamaraβTaylor mission
2685:Buddhist demonstrations
2524:
2408:Partial Test Ban Treaty
2386:Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2246:first strike capability
2047:U.S. Information Agency
1834:Kennedy considered the
1793:West New Guinea dispute
1459:Charles Evans Whittaker
1326:Undersecretary of State
665:with the Soviet Union.
17033:Problem Solvers Caucus
17028:New Democrat Coalition
15882:(1885β1889; 1893β1897)
14305:William Henry Harrison
14143:β Dwight D. Eisenhower
14080:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
13874:Harvard Kennedy School
13792:Apollo 11 Moon landing
13685:A Nation of Immigrants
13175:Presidential limousine
12959:17.3 (1993): 447β470.
12915:6.1 (2008): 314β344.
12812:(2017) pp. 11β65.
12675:Beschloss, Michael R.
12531:Burner, David (1988).
12385:Salt, Jeremey (2008).
12272:Nelson, Craig (2009).
12074:Herst, Burton (2007).
12050:. Palgrave Macmillan.
10455:(Memorandum). Boston:
10129:"Civil Rights Address"
9060:, pp. 40β41, 100.
8184:Sorensen, Ted (2008).
8172:Blight & Lang 2005
6641:"Bay of Pigs Invasion"
5904:31.4 (2001): 635β659.
5253:Johnson administration
5214:
5207:John F. Kennedy statue
5154:
5088:
4945:
4820:
4819:are in the background.
4791:, an amendment to the
4774:, the Director of the
4768:Equal Rights Amendment
4743:
4696:
4676:
4641:
4582:
4511:Martin Luther King Jr.
4497:
4474:Alabama National Guard
4441:
4395:
4333:Martin Luther King Jr.
4281:
4271:
4182:
4129:
4084:John Kenneth Galbraith
4075:Taxes and the Treasury
4071:
3868:European Common Market
3853:Deinstitutionalization
3836:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
3774:Area Redevelopment Act
3754:John William McCormack
3741:conservative coalition
3720:
3368:June 29 β July 1, 1962
3326:Alberto Lleras Camargo
3107:
3081:Trinity College Dublin
3064:
3000:
2957:Iraq Petroleum Company
2925:
2915:U.S. Defense Secretary
2854:
2812:
2728:
2603:
2556:CIA activities in Laos
2521:
2436:
2415:
2370:
2307:
2259:
2212:bombers and about 100
2196:
2131:
2053:
2030:
1901:
1824:
1720:
1537:
1527:
1382:
1362:, a restrained former
1258:Education, and Welfare
973:
948:
943:to John F. Kennedy at
908:
845:
645:ultimately became the
642:conservative coalition
575:. He was succeeded by
225:A Nation of Immigrants
14535:Franklin D. Roosevelt
14062:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
14050:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
13742:attending dignitaries
13330:Executive Order 11110
13211:Alliance for Progress
13148:Judicial appointments
13010:26.1 (2002): 147β153.
12940:International Affairs
12923:International affairs
12901:42.2 (2019): 112β120.
12774:17.3 (1993): 447β470.
12707:92.2 (2016): 435β452.
12705:International Affairs
12668:Andrew, Christopher.
12657:online free to borrow
12648:19.4 (1989): 797β823.
12638:64.3 (1995): 329-362
12624:30.3 (2018): 522β551.
12582:13.2 (1979): 165β178.
11476:Jon Goodman, et al.,
11401:. Dallas Morning News
10949:Shesol, Jeff (1998).
9952:Hilty, James (2000).
9829:National Park Service
9643:30.3 (2018): 522β551.
9618:27.2 (1997): 343β361.
9544:Online free to borrow
8687:, pp. 60β61, 80.
8675:, pp. 45, 57β58.
8663:, pp. 37, 40β42.
8443:42.5 (2018): 859β885.
8120:10.1353/rah.2000.0068
7012:Kulski, W. W (1966).
6827:, pp. 72β73, 76.
6815:, pp. 74, 77β78.
6744:, pp. 64β65, 68.
6490:. NPR. April 17, 2011
6081:. September 29, 2021.
6017:18.4 (1965): 755β762
5891:, pp. 31β32, 35.
5205:
5146:
5139:Historical reputation
5082:
5054:Central Standard Time
4983:Further information:
4937:
4815:and Attorney General
4810:
4789:Equal Pay Act of 1963
4729:
4690:
4663:
4632:
4570:
4557:Further information:
4491:
4458:University of Alabama
4435:
4375:
4362:Executive Order 11063
4357:Ole Miss riot of 1962
4325:Executive Order 10925
4288:Ole Miss riot of 1962
4280:
4262:
4213:U.S. Court of Appeals
4200:had ruled in 1954 in
4179:U.S. Court of Appeals
4172:
4122:Alliance for Progress
4115:
4065:
3733:Second Bill of Rights
3729:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3708:
3175:May 31 β June 3, 1961
3105:
3058:
2991:
2961:concessionary holding
2911:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
2905:
2845:Alliance for Progress
2842:
2817:Alliance for Progress
2810:
2712:
2673:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
2587:
2519: March 23, 1961
2513:
2435:
2414:, on October 7, 1963.
2405:
2396:Further information:
2364:
2301:
2258:
2191:
2136:fled from East Berlin
2119:
2112:Berlin Crisis of 1961
2045:
2018:Kennedy meeting with
2017:
1937:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1885:
1840:Republic of the Congo
1818:
1710:
1536:
1521:
1465:, Secretary of Labor
1439:Judicial appointments
1380:
1275:Anthony J. Celebrezze
1206:Secretary of Commerce
968:
953:United States Capitol
932:
898:
843:
795:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
729:Democratic nomination
714:Further information:
631:Alliance for Progress
389:Presidential campaign
296:"A Strategy of Peace"
137:Seal of the president
16934:District of Columbia
15607:1984 (San Francisco)
15502:1964 (Atlantic City)
15282:1920 (San Francisco)
14555:Dwight D. Eisenhower
13842:U.S. five cent stamp
13802:Kennedy Space Center
13450:Ich bin ein Berliner
13274:Cuban Missile Crisis
13264:Bay of Pigs Invasion
13170:Presidential pardons
12891:(1974) 58#1: 45β55.
12784:Kunz, Diane B. ed.
12710:Freedman, Lawrence.
12651:Sundquist, James L.
10133:AmericanRhetoric.com
9770:Burns and Siracusa,
9485:, pp. 127, 141.
9256:on October 23, 2013.
8418:, pp. 788, 789.
8301:(October 11, 1963).
8215:, pp. 393, 394.
6684:, pp. 290, 295.
6629:. November 26, 2016.
6418:, pp. 233, 238.
6239:25.1 (2008): 29β35.
6237:World Policy Journal
5483:The Passage of Power
4993:Construction of the
4890:Juvenile Delinquency
4640:on November 16, 1963
4624:the creation of NASA
4581:, February 23, 1962.
4016:and interest rates,
3766:federal minimum wage
3709:Kennedy signing the
3586:Addressed Oireachtas
3535:Ich bin ein Berliner
3403:December 18β21, 1962
3337:December 21β22, 1961
3270:December 16β17, 1961
2825:Good Neighbor Policy
2662:guerrilla defendants
2654:Operation Ranch Hand
2483:commencement address
2218:Cuba-Soviet alliance
2177:Cuban Missile Crisis
2171:Cuban Missile Crisis
2165:Ich bin ein Berliner
2127:Ich bin ein Berliner
1999:Operation Northwoods
1878:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1872:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1753:Non-Aligned Movement
1577:developing countries
1334:Bureau of the Budget
1256:Secretary of Health,
1099:Secretary of Defense
901:Dwight D. Eisenhower
803:fifty-state strategy
739:United States Senate
611:Cuban Missile Crisis
313:Civil Rights Address
308:Cuban Missile Crisis
110:Dwight D. Eisenhower
17112:Stonewall Democrats
15767:2016 (Philadelphia)
15422:1948 (Philadelphia)
15362:1936 (Philadelphia)
14908:Fourth Party System
14898:Second Party System
14485:William Howard Taft
14405:Rutherford B. Hayes
14150:Lyndon B. Johnson β
14038:Tatiana Schlossberg
14020:John F. Kennedy Jr.
13837:U.S. postage stamps
13832:Kennedy half dollar
13822:Cultural depictions
13675:Profiles in Courage
13395:Revenue Act of 1962
13243:Trade Expansion Act
13103:U.S. Representative
12935:53.1 (2019): 20β26.
12863:Walton, Richard J.
12849:Taffet, Jeffrey J.
12843:2.1 (2014): 1β27.
12749:Herring, George C.
12693:22.1 (1998): 29β62.
12672:(1995), pp 257β306.
12571:Harris, Seymour E.
12535:. Pearson Longman.
12520:Brinkley, Douglas.
12247:McNamara, Robert S.
11783:Ashton, N. (2002).
11543:, pp. 122β123.
11504:, pp. 308β309.
11370:, pp. 521β522.
11313:, pp. 520β521.
11270:, pp. 524β525.
11258:, pp. 518β519.
11207:, pp. 109β118.
11081:. December 29, 2021
10923:, pp. 148β149.
10911:, pp. 146β148.
10841:, pp. 145β146.
10692:Selverstone, Marc.
10408:, pp. 115β116.
10296:, pp. 628β631.
10284:, pp. 599β600.
10272:, pp. 580β584.
10239:, pp. 372β374.
10117:, pp. 521β523.
10105:, pp. 480β481.
9942:, pp. 123β126.
9802:, pp. 473β475.
9774:(2015) pp. 118β119.
9691:, pp. 139β141.
9679:, pp. 136β137.
9655:, pp. 464β465.
9630:, pp. 135β136.
9605:, pp. 130β134.
9395:"Historical Tables"
9369:"Historical Tables"
9343:"Historical Tables"
9269:, pp. 107β109.
9206:, pp. 119β122.
9162:, pp. 106β107.
9150:, pp. 104β105.
9138:, pp. 103β104.
9113:, pp. 105β106.
9096:, pp. 102β103.
9072:, pp. 100β101.
8627:, pp. 717β718.
8430:, pp. 716β717.
8288:, pp. 265β266.
8143:"Warrior For Peace"
7976:, pp. 562β563.
7616:, pp. 232β234.
7501:, pp. 230β231.
7395:, pp. 722β723.
7383:, pp. 124β126.
7335:, pp. 184β186.
7311:, pp. 225β226.
7259:, pp. 721β722.
7223:, pp. 217β218.
7211:, pp. 215β217.
7187:, pp. 211β212.
7175:, pp. 207β208.
7139:, pp. 205β208.
7115:, pp. 113β114.
7067:, pp. 203β205.
7041:Modernity and Power
6854:, pp. 161β175.
6732:, pp. 707β708.
6720:, pp. 363β366.
6696:, pp. 370β371.
6647:. November 9, 2022.
6594:, pp. 493β495.
6567:, pp. 71, 673.
6376:Journals: 1952β2000
6339:, pp. 239β242.
6278:, pp. 254β255.
6266:, pp. 713β714.
6254:, pp. 712β713.
6226:, pp. 711β712.
6151:, pp. 489β490.
6120:"Flexible Response"
6109:, pp. 704β705.
6094:, pp. 155β159.
6046:62.1 (1996): 42β55.
5772:on January 11, 2012
5762:"Inaugural Address"
5677:The Pulitzer Prizes
5295:U.S. Special Forces
5289:U.S. Special Forces
5007:Salamanca, New York
4919:first degree murder
4834:McClellan Committee
4494:March on Washington
4470:Nicholas Katzenbach
4414:Fifteenth Amendment
4346:In September 1962,
4236:. In May 1961, the
4142:Revenue Act of 1962
4138:Trade Expansion Act
4092:Revenue Act of 1964
4088:itemized deductions
4066:Graph of Kennedy's
4051:, the president of
4023:Keynesian economics
3888:
3864:Trade Expansion Act
3798:mass transportation
3782:vocational training
3649:Met with President
3392:Adolfo LΓ³pez Mateos
3324:Met with President
3292:Met with President
3225:Met with President
3162:and Prime Minister
2999:, December 27, 1962
2768:White House Counsel
2726: October 1963
2487:American University
2462:American University
2412:nuclear disarmament
1427:W. Averell Harriman
1002:The Kennedy cabinet
947:, January 20, 1961.
907:on December 6, 1960
899:Outgoing president
861:βvoted for Senator
655:Revenue Act of 1964
651:Keynesian economics
479:Cultural depictions
218:Profiles in Courage
17013:Blue Dog Coalition
15687:2000 (Los Angeles)
15542:1972 (Miami Beach)
15482:1960 (Los Angeles)
15262:1916 (Saint Louis)
15216:1904 (Saint Louis)
15203:1900 (Kansas City)
15164:1888 (Saint Louis)
15125:1876 (Saint Louis)
14918:Sixth Party System
14913:Fifth Party System
14903:Third Party System
14475:Theodore Roosevelt
14116:John F. Fitzgerald
14098:Jean Kennedy Smith
14008:Jacqueline Bouvier
13954:Kennedy Expressway
13924:Runnymede memorial
13725:in popular culture
13626:Castle Hot Springs
13180:Presidential yacht
13008:Diplomatic History
12975:Knott, Stephen F.
12957:Diplomatic History
12822:Rakove, Robert B.
12777:Kempe, Frederick.
12772:Diplomatic History
12735:Gavin, Francis J.
12700:(Routledge, 2013).
12691:Diplomatic History
12600:Hodgson, Godfrey.
12429:Sorensen, Theodore
12138:Vietnam: A History
11613:The New York Times
11464:25.3 (2003): 1β12
11345:on August 1, 2016.
10996:The New York Times
10721:, p. 652β653.
10613:on October 9, 2022
10549:(April 28, 1961).
10547:Johnson, Lyndon B.
10513:on October 9, 2022
10445:(April 20, 1961).
9887:, pp. 60, 66.
9542:(1969) pp 372β84
8441:Diplomatic History
8250:. August 15, 2016.
8232:on August 3, 2016.
7640:, pp. 133β37.
6776:. October 30, 2017
6291:(2005) pp. 867β68.
6033:, pp. 259β79.
5879:, pp. 23, 25.
5622:The New York Times
5373:Theodore Roosevelt
5337:Southern Democrats
5215:
5155:
5089:
5028:Food Stamp program
4969:Theodore Roosevelt
4951:Sports Illustrated
4946:
4878:, the head of the
4821:
4697:
4691:Kennedy delivers "
4642:
4583:
4498:
4442:
4396:
4306:(recording above).
4282:
4272:
4219:, the first black
4208:racial segregation
4183:
4130:
4102:Treasury Secretary
4072:
4045:wage-price spirals
3886:
3721:
3108:
3065:
3001:
2974:Iraqi Ba'ath Party
2938:Abd al-Karim Qasim
2926:
2875:Dominican Republic
2855:
2813:
2729:
2604:
2522:
2437:
2416:
2406:Kennedy signs the
2371:
2308:
2302:Kennedy signs the
2260:
2197:
2193:Universal Newsreel
2149:Checkpoint Charlie
2132:
2054:
2031:
1995:Operation Mongoose
1985:Operation Mongoose
1976:and convinced the
1902:
1825:
1777:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1721:
1613:Yankee imperialism
1538:
1528:
1473:, legal professor
1417:, press secretary
1383:
1352:Ford Motor Company
1294:Adlai Stevenson II
1225:Secretary of Labor
1137:Postmaster General
1061:Secretary of State
949:
909:
851:unpledged electors
846:
828:, and whether the
613:carried a risk of
607:ballistic missiles
589:tensions with the
17245:Robert F. Kennedy
17240:Lyndon B. Johnson
17197:
17196:
17137:
17136:
17023:Justice Democrats
16647:Wasserman Schultz
15138:1880 (Cincinnati)
15047:1856 (Cincinnati)
14846:
14845:
14625:George H. W. Bush
14575:Lyndon B. Johnson
14505:Warren G. Harding
14445:Benjamin Harrison
14425:Chester A. Arthur
14415:James A. Garfield
14275:John Quincy Adams
14225:George Washington
14173:
14172:
14128:Billie and Debbie
14092:Robert F. Kennedy
13919:Portland memorial
13899:Brooklyn memorial
13689:
13679:
13669:
13665:Why England Slept
13427:Inaugural address
13413:
13412:
13405:Wetlands Loan Act
13228:Flexible response
12989:35 (1983): 51β59.
12987:American Heritage
12856:Tucker, Spencer.
12833:(2014) ch 11β25.
12815:Rabe, Stephen G.
12717:Field, Thomas C.
12696:Duncan, Jason K.
12517:, on civil rights
12420:978-0-618-21927-8
12396:978-0-520-25551-7
12377:978-0-671-64879-4
12327:978-0-140-07054-5
12306:978-0-312-28129-8
12285:978-0-670-02103-1
12257:. PublicAffairs.
12238:978-1-4516-3508-9
12214:978-0-7006-3049-3
12195:978-1-891620-36-2
12188:. PublicAffairs.
12174:978-0-399-15729-5
12108:978-0-19-507822-0
12087:978-0-7867-1982-2
12057:978-1-137-48711-7
12038:978-0-465-04196-1
12012:978-0-312-19857-2
11986:978-1-59797-224-6
11935:978-0-316-17238-7
11895:978-0-8050-8349-1
11857:978-0-7425-4221-1
11838:978-0-19-504641-0
11815:978-0-8032-1282-4
11757:978-0-670-86310-5
11561:. Washington Post
11299:American Heritage
10971:on April 13, 2003
10177:Garrow, David J.
10127:Kennedy, John F.
9874:. April 26, 2022.
9783:Grantham (1988),
9581:, pp. 15β17.
9523:(1969) 6: 38β44.
9250:The Seattle Times
9007:, pp. 63β65.
8983:on August 3, 2016
8859:on August 3, 2016
8313:on August 3, 2016
8248:National Archives
7849:on August 2, 2016
7823:on August 3, 2016
7777:Halberstam, David
7664:, pp. 96β98.
7559:on August 3, 2016
7096:978-0-7425-0834-7
7051:978-0-226-58650-2
6998:978-1-107-03740-3
6971:978-1-135-75385-6
6932:, pp. 85β86.
6866:, pp. 78β79.
6708:, pp. 70β71.
6672:, pp. 95β97.
6579:, pp. 68β69.
6535:"The Bay of Pigs"
6511:, pp. 52β55.
6477:, pp. 69β73.
6406:, pp. 50β51.
6390:978-1-59420-142-4
6287:Michael O'Brien,
6181:978-0-631-20706-1
6139:, pp. 76β77.
6079:National Archives
6004:, pp. 44β45.
5967:, pp. 41β43.
5919:, pp. 35β37.
5821:, pp. 20β21.
5738:on August 8, 2020
5683:on August 1, 2016
5658:978-1-107-66316-9
5585:978-0-300-16649-1
5493:978-0-679-40507-8
5438:, pp. 16β17.
5421:, pp. 12β13.
5349:African Americans
5306:Kennedy's funeral
5301:Stars and Stripes
5179:Theodore H. White
5116:Warren Commission
5093:Lee Harvey Oswald
5074:Parkland Hospital
5064:and conservative
5030:and expanded the
4909:Furman v. Georgia
4817:Robert F. Kennedy
4784:Eleanor Roosevelt
4705:large Moon rocket
4688:
4659:Wernher von Braun
4634:Wernher von Braun
4543:Senate filibuster
4401:federal elections
4392: No poll tax
4297:
4175:Thurgood Marshall
4146:investment credit
4106:Lyndon B. Johnson
4099:C. Douglas Dillon
4010:
4009:
3834:At the urging of
3806:per capita income
3718: March 1962
3693:
3692:
3437:March 18β20, 1963
3302:December 17, 1961
3294:RΓ³mulo Betancourt
3069:armorial bearings
2924:on April 13, 1962
2852: March 1962
2808:
2770:and speechwriter
2715:Maxwell D. Taylor
2704:Joseph Mendenhall
2677:Frederick Nolting
2666:Geneva Convention
2612:Maxwell D. Taylor
2594:Frederick Nolting
2552:Laotian Civil War
2500:Alec Douglas-Home
2455:
2321:David Ormsby-Gore
2276:
2189:
2085:Charles de Gaulle
2078:1960 U-2 incident
2060:at the June 1961
2058:Nikita Khrushchev
2043:
2023:Nikita Khrushchev
1969:Lyman Kirkpatrick
1905:Fulgencio Batista
1693:Nikita Khrushchev
1688:In January 1961,
1685:for nuclear war.
1660:flexible response
1625:Flexible response
1553:
1491:Thurgood Marshall
1479:Felix Frankfurter
1471:William H. Hastie
1423:Maxwell D. Taylor
1396:Kenneth O'Donnell
1372:Robert F. Kennedy
1322:C. Douglas Dillon
1302:
1301:
1154:John A. Gronouski
1123:Robert F. Kennedy
1085:C. Douglas Dillon
1047:Lyndon B. Johnson
962:administered the
867:faithless elector
787:party's primaries
776:Robert F. Kennedy
771:Lyndon B. Johnson
682:Lee Harvey Oswald
678:Warren Commission
580:Lyndon B. Johnson
553:his assassination
540:'s tenure as the
535:
534:
272:Executive actions
211:Why England Slept
203:Electoral history
190:
189:
155:
154:
115:Lyndon B. Johnson
17262:
17102:Democrats Abroad
16991:Policy Committee
16976:
16975:
16959:Democrats Abroad
15747:2012 (Charlotte)
15242:1912 (Baltimore)
15112:1872 (Baltimore)
15034:1852 (Baltimore)
15021:1848 (Baltimore)
15008:1844 (Baltimore)
14995:1840 (Baltimore)
14982:1835 (Baltimore)
14969:1832 (Baltimore)
14882:
14881:Democratic Party
14873:
14866:
14859:
14850:
14849:
14836:
14835:
14826:
14825:
14465:William McKinley
14455:Grover Cleveland
14435:Grover Cleveland
14395:Ulysses S. Grant
14345:Millard Fillmore
14295:Martin Van Buren
14245:Thomas Jefferson
14200:
14193:
14186:
14177:
14176:
14162:
14161:
14068:Rosemary Kennedy
14044:Jack Schlossberg
14032:Rose Schlossberg
14014:Caroline Kennedy
13909:Hyannis memorial
13687:
13677:
13667:
13631:Hammersmith Farm
13579:Kennedy Compound
13345:Fifty-mile hikes
13233:Kennedy Doctrine
13199:
13198:
13160:Executive Orders
13110:
13098:
13090:
13065:
13058:
13051:
13042:
13041:
12933:Teaching History
12882:October 22, 2013
12791:Newman, John M.
12756:Hilsman, Roger.
12627:Murphy, John M.
12610:Holzer, Harold.
12604:(Yale UP, 2015)
12568:(2010) pp 46β56.
12546:
12516:
12504:
12467:
12448:
12438:
12424:
12400:
12381:
12357:
12345:
12336:Patterson, James
12331:
12310:
12299:. Thomas Dunne.
12289:
12268:
12256:
12242:
12218:
12199:
12178:
12166:
12157:Kempe, Frederick
12152:
12131:
12112:
12091:
12070:
12061:
12042:
12030:
12016:
12005:. St. Martin's.
11990:
11978:
11967:
11942:Dallek, Robert.
11939:
11908:
11899:
11880:
11861:
11842:
11830:
11819:
11800:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11738:Salinger, Pierre
11734:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11723:
11709:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11698:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11664:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11622:
11620:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11594:
11592:
11577:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11550:
11544:
11538:
11532:
11531:
11529:
11527:
11516:
11505:
11499:
11493:
11487:
11481:
11474:
11468:
11458:
11452:
11445:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11425:Brinkley, Alan.
11422:
11411:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11394:
11383:
11377:
11371:
11365:
11359:
11353:
11347:
11346:
11335:
11329:
11328:
11320:
11314:
11308:
11302:
11292:
11286:
11280:
11271:
11265:
11259:
11253:
11247:
11241:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11230:
11214:
11208:
11202:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11179:
11173:
11167:
11161:
11160:
11149:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11138:
11123:
11117:
11116:
11114:
11112:
11100:Penman, Maggie.
11097:
11091:
11090:
11088:
11086:
11071:
11065:
11064:
11062:
11060:
11046:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11035:
11030:on July 31, 2008
11013:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11002:
10987:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10976:
10961:
10955:
10954:
10946:
10940:
10930:
10924:
10918:
10912:
10906:
10900:
10899:
10879:
10873:
10872:
10848:
10842:
10836:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10825:
10820:on June 26, 2012
10810:
10804:
10798:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10787:
10775:
10769:
10763:
10757:
10751:
10745:
10739:
10733:
10728:
10722:
10716:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10705:
10700:on March 5, 2012
10689:
10683:
10682:
10681:on July 8, 2006.
10677:. Archived from
10666:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10649:history.nasa.gov
10640:
10634:
10622:
10620:
10618:
10612:
10606:. Archived from
10597:
10588:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10543:
10534:
10522:
10520:
10518:
10512:
10506:. Archived from
10497:
10488:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10468:
10463:on July 21, 2016
10459:. Archived from
10443:Kennedy, John F.
10439:
10433:
10427:
10421:
10415:
10409:
10403:
10397:
10391:
10380:
10371:
10365:
10358:
10352:
10346:
10340:
10334:
10325:
10320:Murray and Cox,
10318:
10312:
10306:
10297:
10291:
10285:
10279:
10273:
10267:
10258:
10257:
10252:(July 8, 2002).
10250:Garrow, David J.
10246:
10240:
10234:
10228:
10222:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10211:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10174:
10168:
10162:
10156:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10139:
10124:
10118:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10073:
10067:
10061:
10055:
10054:
10048:
10038:
10032:
10031:
10013:
10007:
10001:
9995:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9975:
9969:
9964:
9958:
9957:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9920:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9894:
9888:
9882:
9876:
9875:
9864:
9858:
9852:
9833:
9832:
9821:
9815:
9809:
9803:
9797:
9788:
9781:
9775:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9740:Rabe, Stephen G.
9736:
9730:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9698:
9692:
9686:
9680:
9674:
9668:
9662:
9656:
9650:
9644:
9637:
9631:
9625:
9619:
9612:
9606:
9600:
9594:
9588:
9582:
9576:
9570:
9564:
9558:
9552:
9546:
9536:
9530:
9517:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9506:
9500:
9492:
9486:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9463:
9456:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9432:on March 6, 2012
9422:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9391:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9380:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9339:
9333:
9330:
9324:
9317:
9311:
9310:
9276:
9270:
9264:
9258:
9257:
9241:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9224:
9213:
9207:
9201:
9195:
9188:
9182:
9181:
9169:
9163:
9157:
9151:
9145:
9139:
9133:
9127:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9097:
9091:
9085:
9079:
9073:
9067:
9061:
9055:
9049:
9043:
9037:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8953:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8887:. June 28, 1963.
8875:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8843:
8837:
8836:
8825:
8816:
8810:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8762:
8756:
8750:
8744:
8735:
8732:Cold War History
8728:
8722:
8721:
8703:
8697:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8594:Rabe, Stephen G.
8590:
8584:
8583:14 (2013): 7β18.
8577:
8571:
8570:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8513:
8502:
8501:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8471:
8465:
8459:
8453:
8450:
8444:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8416:Schlesinger 2002
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8388:
8382:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8352:
8344:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8309:. Archived from
8295:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8240:
8234:
8233:
8222:
8216:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8181:
8175:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8153:on June 28, 2007
8149:. Archived from
8138:
8132:
8131:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7936:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7871:
7865:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7794:
7773:
7767:
7761:
7755:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7683:
7677:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7508:
7502:
7496:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7465:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7423:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7297:
7296:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7266:
7260:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7116:
7110:
7101:
7100:
7084:
7074:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7019:
7009:
7003:
7002:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6955:
6949:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6897:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6876:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6800:Internet Archive
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6766:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6682:Schlesinger 2002
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6658:Schlesinger 2002
6655:
6649:
6648:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6531:
6525:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6425:
6419:
6416:Schlesinger 2002
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6303:
6292:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6201:
6195:Schlight, John.
6192:
6186:
6185:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6053:
6047:
6040:
6034:
6028:
6022:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5974:
5968:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5807:
5800:
5794:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5768:. Archived from
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5707:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5644:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5452:
5439:
5433:
5422:
5416:
5399:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5334:
5310:Michael D. Healy
5058:Ralph Yarborough
4957:physical fitness
4944:
4941:
4930:Physical Fitness
4848:Federal Wire Act
4839:The Enemy Within
4741:
4689:
4674:
4403:on payment of a
4391:
4385:
4379:
4299:
4298:
4279:
4246:federal marshals
4229:David Halberstam
4165:Early presidency
4070:approval ratings
3913:Debt as a %
3889:
3814:Robert C. Weaver
3719:
3716:
3696:Domestic affairs
3681:Apostolic Palace
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3594:June 29β30, 1963
3554:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3543:June 26β29, 1963
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3468:June 23β25, 1963
3448:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3426:Nassau Agreement
3413:
3412:
3404:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3164:John Diefenbaker
3147:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3032:David Ben-Gurion
2853:
2850:
2809:
2727:
2724:
2671:In August 1963,
2602:
2599:
2579:South Vietnamese
2520:
2517:
2457:
2456:
2434:
2355:Anatoly Dobrynin
2278:
2277:
2257:
2226:took photographs
2190:
2153:Georgi Bolshakov
2044:
2001:, proposals for
1909:Cuban Revolution
1900:
1897:
1857:State of Katanga
1805:Dutch New Guinea
1769:Jawaharlal Nehru
1759:program and the
1683:fallout shelters
1555:
1554:
1535:
1263:Abraham Ribicoff
1242:W. Willard Wirtz
1211:Luther H. Hodges
1118:Attorney General
999:
998:
985:
939:administers the
853:from two statesβ
836:General election
549:his inauguration
527:
520:
513:
502:
496:
495:
489:
186:
185:
183:
176:
168:
161:
160:
157:
156:
151:
150:
132:
50:
48:
35:
28:
27:
17270:
17269:
17265:
17264:
17263:
17261:
17260:
17259:
17230:John F. Kennedy
17200:
17199:
17198:
17193:
17133:
17085:
17039:
16970:
16963:
16670:
16668:
16661:
16384:
16378:
16271:C. A. Culberson
16217:J. W. Stevenson
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16193:
16080:D. B. Culberson
15965:
15962:
15960:
15955:
15951:
15944:
15836:administrations
15834:
15826:
15647:1992 (New York)
15587:1980 (New York)
15567:1976 (New York)
15302:1924 (New York)
15099:1868 (New York)
14947:
14944:
14942:
14938:
14935:
14931:
14924:
14884:
14880:
14877:
14847:
14842:
14814:
14740:F. D. Roosevelt
14692:
14686:
14685:
14684:
14565:John F. Kennedy
14545:Harry S. Truman
14515:Calvin Coolidge
14375:Abraham Lincoln
14355:Franklin Pierce
14215:
14209:
14204:
14174:
14169:
14133:
14056:Rose Fitzgerald
14040:(granddaughter)
14034:(granddaughter)
13994:
13983:John F. Kennedy
13974:John F. Kennedy
13966:John F. Kennedy
13914:London memorial
13904:Dallas memorial
13865:
13858:
13753:
13737:Riderless horse
13693:
13652:
13562:
13489:
13419:
13409:
13301:
13197:
13121:
13113:
13101:
13093:
13082:
13074:
13072:John F. Kennedy
13069:
13031:
13026:
13017:
13015:Primary sources
12913:History Compass
12904:Brown, Thomas.
12874:
12765:The Bay of Pigs
12763:Jones, Howard.
12726:Timothy Naftali
12665:
12543:
12513:
12505:. Columbia UP.
12485:
12477:Main articles:
12475:
12473:Further reading
12470:
12464:
12421:
12397:
12378:
12362:Reeves, Richard
12354:
12328:
12307:
12286:
12265:
12239:
12223:Matthews, Chris
12215:
12196:
12175:
12149:
12128:
12109:
12088:
12080:. Basic Books.
12058:
12039:
12031:. Basic Books.
12013:
11995:Dunnigan, James
11987:
11964:
11936:
11896:
11888:. Times Books.
11886:John F. Kennedy
11877:
11858:
11839:
11816:
11797:
11778:
11773:
11772:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11735:
11731:
11721:
11719:
11711:
11710:
11706:
11696:
11694:
11677:
11676:
11672:
11662:
11660:
11655:
11654:
11650:
11640:
11638:
11633:
11632:
11628:
11618:
11616:
11604:
11600:
11590:
11588:
11579:
11578:
11574:
11564:
11562:
11551:
11547:
11539:
11535:
11525:
11523:
11518:
11517:
11508:
11500:
11496:
11488:
11484:
11475:
11471:
11459:
11455:
11446:
11442:
11432:
11430:
11423:
11414:
11404:
11402:
11395:
11386:
11378:
11374:
11366:
11362:
11354:
11350:
11337:
11336:
11332:
11321:
11317:
11309:
11305:
11293:
11289:
11281:
11274:
11266:
11262:
11254:
11250:
11242:
11238:
11228:
11226:
11225:on May 12, 2011
11215:
11211:
11203:
11199:
11189:
11187:
11180:
11176:
11168:
11164:
11151:
11150:
11146:
11136:
11134:
11124:
11120:
11110:
11108:
11098:
11094:
11084:
11082:
11073:
11072:
11068:
11058:
11056:
11048:
11047:
11043:
11033:
11031:
11014:
11010:
11000:
10998:
10988:
10984:
10974:
10972:
10963:
10962:
10958:
10947:
10943:
10931:
10927:
10919:
10915:
10907:
10903:
10896:
10880:
10876:
10849:
10845:
10837:
10833:
10823:
10821:
10812:
10811:
10807:
10799:
10795:
10785:
10783:
10776:
10772:
10764:
10760:
10752:
10748:
10740:
10736:
10729:
10725:
10717:
10713:
10703:
10701:
10690:
10686:
10675:Rice University
10667:
10663:
10653:
10651:
10641:
10637:
10631:Wayback Machine
10616:
10614:
10610:
10595:
10586:
10580:
10576:
10566:
10564:
10563:on July 1, 2016
10544:
10537:
10531:Wayback Machine
10516:
10514:
10510:
10495:
10486:
10480:
10476:
10466:
10464:
10452:The White House
10440:
10436:
10428:
10424:
10416:
10412:
10404:
10400:
10392:
10383:
10372:
10368:
10359:
10355:
10347:
10343:
10335:
10328:
10319:
10315:
10307:
10300:
10292:
10288:
10280:
10276:
10268:
10261:
10247:
10243:
10235:
10231:
10223:
10219:
10209:
10207:
10202:
10201:
10197:
10187:
10185:
10175:
10171:
10163:
10159:
10151:
10147:
10137:
10135:
10125:
10121:
10113:
10109:
10101:
10097:
10087:
10085:
10074:
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9911:
9910:
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9891:
9883:
9879:
9866:
9865:
9861:
9853:
9836:
9823:
9822:
9818:
9810:
9806:
9798:
9791:
9782:
9778:
9769:
9765:
9758:
9737:
9733:
9724:
9720:
9713:
9699:
9695:
9687:
9683:
9675:
9671:
9663:
9659:
9651:
9647:
9638:
9634:
9626:
9622:
9613:
9609:
9601:
9597:
9589:
9585:
9577:
9573:
9565:
9561:
9553:
9549:
9538:Herbert Stein,
9537:
9533:
9518:
9514:
9504:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9493:
9489:
9481:
9477:
9467:
9465:
9464:on May 11, 2005
9461:
9454:
9450:
9449:
9445:
9435:
9433:
9424:
9423:
9414:
9404:
9402:
9393:
9392:
9388:
9378:
9376:
9367:
9366:
9362:
9352:
9350:
9341:
9340:
9336:
9331:
9327:
9318:
9314:
9299:10.2307/2196880
9277:
9273:
9265:
9261:
9242:
9238:
9226:
9215:
9214:
9210:
9202:
9198:
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9170:
9166:
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9142:
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9117:
9109:
9100:
9092:
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9076:
9068:
9064:
9056:
9052:
9044:
9040:
9027:
9023:
9015:
9011:
9003:
8996:
8986:
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8975:
8974:
8970:
8961:
8960:
8956:
8946:
8944:
8924:
8920:
8910:
8908:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8862:
8860:
8845:
8844:
8840:
8827:
8826:
8819:
8811:
8807:
8797:
8795:
8794:on May 17, 2020
8782:
8781:
8777:
8769:
8765:
8757:
8753:
8745:
8738:
8729:
8725:
8718:
8704:
8700:
8695:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8671:
8667:
8659:
8655:
8647:
8643:
8639:, pp. 3β5.
8635:
8631:
8623:
8619:
8612:
8591:
8587:
8578:
8574:
8561:
8560:
8556:
8543:
8542:
8538:
8526:
8515:
8514:
8505:
8492:
8491:
8487:
8474:Glass, Andrew.
8472:
8468:
8460:
8456:
8451:
8447:
8438:
8434:
8426:
8422:
8414:
8410:
8400:
8398:
8390:
8389:
8385:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8350:
8346:
8345:
8338:
8330:
8326:
8316:
8314:
8299:Bundy, McGeorge
8296:
8292:
8284:
8280:
8270:
8268:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8224:
8223:
8219:
8211:
8207:
8200:
8192:. p. 359.
8182:
8178:
8170:
8166:
8156:
8154:
8139:
8135:
8104:
8100:
8092:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8056:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8020:
8016:
8008:
8004:
7996:
7992:
7984:
7980:
7972:
7968:
7960:
7956:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7932:
7925:
7921:
7911:
7909:
7902:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7870:, p. 1070.
7866:
7862:
7852:
7850:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7824:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7802:
7798:
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7774:
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7762:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7736:
7734:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7714:
7712:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7692:
7690:
7685:
7684:
7680:
7672:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7636:
7632:
7624:
7620:
7612:
7608:
7600:
7596:
7588:
7584:
7576:
7572:
7562:
7560:
7549:
7545:
7534:
7530:
7523:
7509:
7505:
7497:
7490:
7478:
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7466:
7457:
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7421:
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7411:
7403:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7355:
7351:
7343:
7339:
7331:
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7319:
7315:
7307:
7300:
7285:
7281:
7268:
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7263:
7255:
7251:
7243:
7239:
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7119:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7075:
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7063:
7059:
7052:
7036:
7032:
7010:
7006:
6999:
6983:
6979:
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6952:
6940:
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6892:
6888:
6877:
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6858:
6850:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6811:
6807:
6794:
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6789:
6779:
6777:
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6767:
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6752:
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6740:
6736:
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6704:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6668:
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6652:
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6638:
6634:
6621:
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6603:
6602:
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6583:
6575:
6571:
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6556:
6544:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6519:
6515:
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6503:
6493:
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6469:
6426:
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6410:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6371:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6347:
6343:
6335:
6328:
6316:
6305:
6304:
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6286:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6262:
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6234:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6189:
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6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
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6143:
6135:
6131:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6098:
6090:
6086:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6041:
6037:
6029:
6025:
6012:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5975:
5971:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5927:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5899:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5817:
5810:
5802:Robert Dallek,
5801:
5797:
5789:
5785:
5775:
5773:
5758:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5715:
5713:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5645:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5553:Chicago Tribune
5547:
5546:
5542:
5534:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5494:
5478:Caro, Robert A.
5475:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5442:
5434:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5291:
5283:
5261:Washington Post
5232:Michael Dukakis
5200:
5187:Alan Jay Lerner
5163:
5141:
5046:
5040:
5024:Orville Freeman
5019:
4991:
4981:
4942:
4932:
4927:
4904:
4892:
4880:Teamsters Union
4860:Carlos Marcello
4830:organized crime
4826:
4824:Organized crime
4813:J. Edgar Hoover
4805:
4772:Esther Peterson
4760:
4758:Status of women
4717:Rice University
4678:
4609:as head of the
4591:Project Mercury
4565:
4555:
4539:Everett Dirksen
4534:a bomb exploded
4519:Stanley Levison
4507:J. Edgar Hoover
4440:, June 11, 1963
4430:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4337:Abraham Lincoln
4321:
4320:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4240:(CORE), led by
4167:
4162:
4077:
4040:
3914:
3904:
3893:
3884:
3802:open-space land
3717:
3703:
3698:
3669:
3667:
3643:
3628:
3626:
3600:
3598:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3549:
3547:
3517:
3515:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3474:
3472:
3443:
3441:
3407:
3374:
3372:
3343:
3341:
3308:
3306:
3276:
3274:
3245:
3243:
3209:
3207:
3181:
3179:
3142:
3140:
3136:May 16β18, 1961
3127:Key highlights
3100:
3053:
2986:
2918:Robert McNamara
2913:, Kennedy, and
2900:
2895:
2871:Rafael Trujillo
2851:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2738:Nguyen Ngoc Tho
2725:
2719:Robert McNamara
2600:
2574:
2568:
2527:
2518:
2508:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2438:
2432:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2351:Rudolf Anderson
2296:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2124:, known as the
2114:
2108:
2033:
2012:
1991:Edward Lansdale
1987:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1845:Patrice Lumumba
1813:
1779:, but Nasser's
1705:
1647:nuclear weapons
1627:
1621:
1592:Sargent Shriver
1588:Executive Order
1573:
1572:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1522:Kennedy greets
1516:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:Foreign affairs
1467:Arthur Goldberg
1451:
1443:Main articles:
1441:
1419:Pierre Salinger
1348:Robert McNamara
1306:J. Edgar Hoover
1298:1961–1963
1279:1962–1963
1267:1961–1962
1257:
1246:1962–1963
1234:1961–1962
1230:Arthur Goldberg
1215:1961–1963
1196:1961–1963
1192:Orville Freeman
1177:1961–1963
1146:1961–1963
1127:1961–1963
1108:1961–1963
1104:Robert McNamara
1089:1961–1963
1070:1961–1963
1051:1961–1963
1032:1961–1963
1028:John F. Kennedy
997:
991:
927:
921:
893:
887:
875:youngest person
838:
755:Hubert Humphrey
731:
726:
712:
704:Main articles:
702:
680:concluded that
538:John F. Kennedy
531:
493:
490:
483:
426:
423:
422:
421:
390:
386:
385:
371:
268:
265:
240:
237:
182:John F. Kennedy
181:
179:
178:
177:
174:
172:
148:Library website
146:
145:
140:
139:
134:
133:
120:
119:
118:
112:
51:
46:
44:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17268:
17258:
17257:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17232:
17227:
17222:
17217:
17212:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17166:
17161:
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17143:
17139:
17138:
17135:
17134:
17132:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17120:
17119:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17093:
17091:
17087:
17086:
17084:
17083:
17078:
17073:
17068:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17047:
17045:
17041:
17040:
17038:
17037:
17036:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17005:
17000:
16999:
16998:
16993:
16982:
16980:
16973:
16965:
16964:
16962:
16961:
16956:
16954:Virgin Islands
16951:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16929:American Samoa
16926:
16921:
16916:
16911:
16906:
16901:
16896:
16891:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16874:South Carolina
16871:
16866:
16861:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16841:
16839:North Carolina
16836:
16831:
16826:
16821:
16816:
16811:
16806:
16801:
16796:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16776:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16756:
16751:
16746:
16741:
16736:
16731:
16726:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16686:
16681:
16675:
16673:
16663:
16662:
16660:
16659:
16654:
16649:
16644:
16639:
16634:
16629:
16620:
16611:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16552:
16547:
16542:
16537:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16517:
16512:
16507:
16502:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16391:
16389:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16376:
16370:
16364:
16358:
16352:
16346:
16340:
16334:
16328:
16322:
16316:
16310:
16304:
16298:
16292:
16286:
16280:
16274:
16268:
16262:
16256:
16250:
16244:
16238:
16232:
16226:
16220:
16213:
16211:
16195:
16194:
16192:
16191:
16185:
16179:
16173:
16167:
16161:
16155:
16149:
16143:
16137:
16131:
16125:
16119:
16113:
16107:
16101:
16095:
16089:
16083:
16077:
16071:
16065:
16059:
16053:
16047:
16041:
16031:
16025:
16019:
16013:
16007:
16001:
15995:
15989:
15983:
15977:
15970:
15968:
15946:
15945:
15943:
15942:
15936:
15930:
15924:
15918:
15912:
15906:
15900:
15889:
15883:
15877:
15871:
15865:
15859:
15853:
15847:
15840:
15838:
15828:
15827:
15825:
15824:
15823:
15822:
15807:2024 (Chicago)
15804:
15803:
15802:
15784:
15783:
15782:
15764:
15763:
15762:
15744:
15743:
15742:
15724:
15723:
15722:
15704:
15703:
15702:
15684:
15683:
15682:
15667:1996 (Chicago)
15664:
15663:
15662:
15644:
15643:
15642:
15627:1988 (Atlanta)
15624:
15623:
15622:
15604:
15603:
15602:
15584:
15583:
15582:
15564:
15563:
15562:
15539:
15538:
15537:
15522:1968 (Chicago)
15519:
15518:
15517:
15499:
15498:
15497:
15479:
15478:
15477:
15462:1956 (Chicago)
15459:
15458:
15457:
15442:1952 (Chicago)
15439:
15438:
15437:
15419:
15418:
15417:
15402:1944 (Chicago)
15399:
15398:
15397:
15382:1940 (Chicago)
15379:
15378:
15377:
15359:
15358:
15357:
15342:1932 (Chicago)
15339:
15338:
15337:
15322:1928 (Houston)
15319:
15318:
15317:
15299:
15298:
15297:
15279:
15278:
15277:
15259:
15258:
15257:
15239:
15226:
15213:
15200:
15190:1896 (Chicago)
15187:
15177:1892 (Chicago)
15174:
15161:
15151:1884 (Chicago)
15148:
15135:
15122:
15109:
15096:
15086:1864 (Chicago)
15083:
15057:
15044:
15031:
15018:
15005:
14992:
14979:
14966:
14952:
14950:
14926:
14925:
14923:
14922:
14921:
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14889:
14886:
14885:
14876:
14875:
14868:
14861:
14853:
14844:
14843:
14841:
14840:
14830:
14819:
14816:
14815:
14813:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14782:
14777:
14772:
14767:
14762:
14757:
14752:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14732:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14696:
14694:
14688:
14687:
14683:
14682:
14672:
14662:
14652:
14645:George W. Bush
14642:
14632:
14622:
14612:
14602:
14592:
14582:
14572:
14562:
14552:
14542:
14532:
14525:Herbert Hoover
14522:
14512:
14502:
14495:Woodrow Wilson
14492:
14482:
14472:
14462:
14452:
14442:
14432:
14422:
14412:
14402:
14392:
14385:Andrew Johnson
14382:
14372:
14365:James Buchanan
14362:
14352:
14342:
14335:Zachary Taylor
14332:
14322:
14312:
14302:
14292:
14285:Andrew Jackson
14282:
14272:
14262:
14252:
14242:
14232:
14221:
14220:
14219:
14217:
14214:Presidents and
14211:
14210:
14203:
14202:
14195:
14188:
14180:
14171:
14170:
14168:
14167:
14154:
14153:
14146:
14138:
14135:
14134:
14132:
14131:
14125:
14119:
14113:
14107:
14101:
14095:
14089:
14083:
14077:
14071:
14065:
14059:
14053:
14047:
14041:
14035:
14029:
14023:
14017:
14011:
14004:
14002:
13996:
13995:
13993:
13992:
13987:
13985: (CVN-79)
13978:
13969:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
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13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
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13876:
13870:
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13860:
13859:
13857:
13856:
13854:Operation Sail
13851:
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13834:
13829:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
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13784:
13779:
13778:
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13767:
13761:
13759:
13755:
13754:
13752:
13751:
13746:
13745:
13744:
13739:
13729:
13728:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13715:media coverage
13712:
13701:
13699:
13695:
13694:
13692:
13691:
13681:
13671:
13660:
13658:
13654:
13653:
13651:
13650:
13645:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13616:
13615:
13614:
13609:
13598:Navy service:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13570:
13568:
13564:
13563:
13561:
13560:
13559:
13558:
13548:
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13532:
13527:
13522:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13499:
13497:
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13475:
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13460:
13453:
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13434:
13429:
13423:
13421:
13415:
13414:
13411:
13410:
13408:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13392:
13387:
13382:
13377:
13372:
13367:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13350:Food for Peace
13347:
13342:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13311:
13309:
13303:
13302:
13300:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13285:Soviet Union:
13283:
13282:
13281:
13271:
13266:
13260:
13255:
13250:
13245:
13240:
13235:
13230:
13225:
13224:
13223:
13213:
13207:
13205:
13203:Foreign policy
13196:
13195:
13193:Situation Room
13190:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13162:
13157:
13156:
13155:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13129:
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13115:
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13091:
13079:
13076:
13075:
13068:
13067:
13060:
13053:
13045:
13039:
13038:
13030:
13029:External links
13027:
13025:
13024:
13016:
13013:
13012:
13011:
13004:
12997:
12990:
12983:
12973:
12963:
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12946:
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12929:
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12909:
12902:
12895:
12885:
12873:
12872:Historiography
12870:
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12740:
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12722:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12687:
12680:
12673:
12664:
12663:Foreign policy
12661:
12660:
12659:
12649:
12642:
12632:
12625:
12618:
12608:
12598:
12595:978-0253316707
12585:Heath, Jim F.
12583:
12576:
12569:
12562:
12559:978-0195374483
12549:Casey, Shaun.
12547:
12541:
12528:
12518:
12511:
12494:
12486:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12468:
12463:978-1851099603
12462:
12449:
12425:
12419:
12401:
12395:
12382:
12376:
12358:
12353:978-0195117974
12352:
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12237:
12219:
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12126:
12113:
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12092:
12086:
12071:
12062:
12056:
12043:
12037:
12017:
12011:
11991:
11985:
11968:
11962:
11947:
11940:
11934:
11920:Dallek, Robert
11916:
11909:
11900:
11894:
11881:
11875:
11862:
11856:
11843:
11837:
11820:
11814:
11801:
11795:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11771:
11770:
11756:
11729:
11704:
11693:on May 5, 2011
11670:
11648:
11626:
11598:
11572:
11545:
11533:
11506:
11494:
11492:, p. 304.
11482:
11469:
11453:
11440:
11429:. The Atlantic
11412:
11384:
11382:, p. 303.
11372:
11368:Patterson 1996
11360:
11358:, p. 521.
11356:Patterson 1996
11348:
11330:
11315:
11311:Patterson 1996
11303:
11301:, Winter 2009.
11287:
11285:, p. 497.
11272:
11268:Patterson 1996
11260:
11256:Patterson 1996
11248:
11246:, p. 518.
11244:Patterson 1996
11236:
11209:
11197:
11174:
11162:
11144:
11118:
11092:
11066:
11041:
11008:
10982:
10956:
10941:
10925:
10913:
10901:
10894:
10874:
10863:(7): 533β540.
10843:
10831:
10805:
10803:, p. 433.
10793:
10770:
10768:, p. 143.
10758:
10756:, p. 142.
10746:
10744:, p. 654.
10734:
10723:
10711:
10684:
10661:
10635:
10574:
10535:
10474:
10434:
10432:, p. 393.
10422:
10420:, p. 502.
10410:
10398:
10396:, p. 146.
10381:
10366:
10353:
10351:, p. 145.
10341:
10339:, p. 138.
10326:
10313:
10311:, p. 492.
10298:
10286:
10274:
10259:
10241:
10229:
10227:, p. 372.
10217:
10195:
10169:
10167:, p. 524.
10157:
10155:, p. 201.
10145:
10119:
10107:
10103:Patterson 1996
10095:
10068:
10056:
10033:
10026:
10008:
10006:, p. 580.
9996:
9984:
9970:
9959:
9944:
9932:
9904:
9889:
9877:
9859:
9857:, p. 490.
9834:
9816:
9814:, p. 487.
9804:
9800:Patterson 1996
9789:
9776:
9763:
9756:
9731:
9718:
9711:
9693:
9681:
9669:
9667:, p. 125.
9657:
9653:Patterson 1996
9645:
9632:
9620:
9607:
9595:
9593:, p. 238.
9583:
9571:
9569:, p. 324.
9559:
9557:, p. 293.
9547:
9531:
9512:
9487:
9475:
9443:
9412:
9386:
9360:
9334:
9325:
9312:
9271:
9259:
9236:
9208:
9196:
9183:
9164:
9152:
9140:
9128:
9115:
9098:
9086:
9074:
9062:
9050:
9038:
9032:(1983): 79β96
9021:
9009:
8994:
8968:
8954:
8933:Irish Examiner
8918:
8890:
8870:
8838:
8817:
8815:, p. 656.
8805:
8775:
8773:, p. 203.
8763:
8761:, p. 202.
8751:
8749:, p. 201.
8736:
8723:
8716:
8698:
8689:
8677:
8665:
8653:
8651:, pp. 36.
8641:
8629:
8617:
8610:
8585:
8572:
8554:
8536:
8503:
8485:
8466:
8454:
8445:
8432:
8420:
8408:
8383:
8370:
8336:
8334:, p. 680.
8324:
8290:
8278:
8253:
8235:
8217:
8205:
8199:978-0060798710
8198:
8176:
8174:, p. 276.
8164:
8133:
8114:(4): 625β629.
8098:
8096:, p. 650.
8086:
8084:, p. 617.
8074:
8072:, p. 613.
8062:
8060:, p. 610.
8050:
8048:, p. 609.
8038:
8036:, p. 602.
8026:
8024:, p. 595.
8014:
8012:, p. 560.
8002:
8000:, p. 577.
7990:
7988:, p. 573.
7978:
7966:
7964:, p. 559.
7954:
7952:, p. 558.
7942:
7919:
7908:. The Atlantic
7896:
7894:, p. 259.
7884:
7882:, p. 281.
7872:
7860:
7834:
7808:
7806:, p. 242.
7796:
7789:
7768:
7766:, p. 240.
7756:
7754:, p. 257.
7744:
7722:
7700:
7678:
7676:, p. 498.
7674:Patterson 1996
7666:
7654:
7652:, p. 708.
7642:
7630:
7628:, p. 230.
7618:
7606:
7604:, p. 550.
7594:
7592:, p. 542.
7582:
7580:, p. 514.
7570:
7543:
7528:
7521:
7503:
7488:
7455:
7453:, p. 227.
7443:
7441:, p. 552.
7431:
7409:
7407:, p. 506.
7405:Patterson 1996
7397:
7385:
7373:
7371:, p. 425.
7361:
7359:, p. 189.
7349:
7347:, p. 723.
7337:
7325:
7323:, p. 228.
7313:
7298:
7279:
7261:
7249:
7247:, p. 220.
7237:
7235:, p. 219.
7225:
7213:
7201:
7189:
7177:
7165:
7163:, p. 245.
7153:
7151:, p. 211.
7141:
7129:
7127:, p. 345.
7117:
7102:
7095:
7069:
7057:
7050:
7030:
7004:
6997:
6977:
6970:
6950:
6934:
6922:
6920:, p. 213.
6910:
6908:, p. 201.
6898:
6896:, p. 185.
6886:
6868:
6856:
6841:
6839:, p. 145.
6829:
6817:
6805:
6787:
6758:
6756:, p. 264.
6746:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6662:
6650:
6632:
6614:
6596:
6592:Patterson 1996
6581:
6569:
6554:
6526:
6513:
6501:
6479:
6467:
6420:
6408:
6396:
6389:
6365:
6353:
6341:
6326:
6293:
6280:
6268:
6256:
6244:
6228:
6216:
6187:
6180:
6162:
6153:
6149:Patterson 1996
6141:
6129:
6111:
6096:
6084:
6066:
6048:
6035:
6031:Bernstein 1991
6023:
6006:
5994:
5987:
5969:
5957:
5945:
5943:, p. 459.
5941:Patterson 1996
5933:
5921:
5909:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5857:
5845:
5823:
5808:
5795:
5783:
5749:
5723:
5710:Newspapers.com
5694:
5664:
5657:
5639:
5627:
5612:
5603:
5601:, p. 441.
5599:Patterson 1996
5591:
5584:
5566:
5540:
5523:
5511:
5499:
5492:
5469:
5440:
5423:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:, p. 116.
5387:
5377:
5365:
5361:Henry D. Irwin
5353:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5314:special forces
5290:
5287:
5282:
5279:
5199:
5196:
5162:
5159:
5140:
5137:
5062:Don Yarborough
5042:Main article:
5039:
5036:
5018:
5015:
4980:
4977:
4973:David M. Shoup
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4903:
4900:
4891:
4888:
4884:jury tampering
4825:
4822:
4804:
4801:
4797:gender pay gap
4759:
4756:
4607:Jerome Wiesner
4587:Apollo program
4554:
4551:
4450:George Wallace
4429:
4426:
4388:
4382:
4380: Poll tax
4376:
4369:
4366:
4348:James Meredith
4311:
4301:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4250:Reconstruction
4234:Freedom Riders
4221:Secret Service
4217:Abraham Bolden
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4076:
4073:
4039:
4036:
4027:interest rates
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3977:
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3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3957:
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3937:
3936:
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3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3883:
3880:
3829:War on Poverty
3794:mortgage loans
3790:public housing
3758:Mike Mansfield
3752:; new Speaker
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3653:, Italian and
3647:
3637:
3624:
3622:July 1β2, 1963
3618:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3607:United Kingdom
3596:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3558:
3545:
3539:
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3322:
3317:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3252:United Kingdom
3241:
3239:June 4β5, 1961
3235:
3234:
3223:
3218:
3205:
3203:June 3β4, 1961
3199:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3160:Georges Vanier
3156:
3151:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3099:
3096:
3052:
3049:
2985:
2982:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2883:British Guiana
2792:Main article:
2789:
2786:
2762:The Fog of War
2742:Duong Van Minh
2717:and Secretary
2623:special forces
2570:Main article:
2567:
2564:
2531:Southeast Asia
2526:
2523:
2507:
2506:Southeast Asia
2504:
2496:Andrei Gromyko
2469:
2459:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2390:Main article:
2387:
2384:
2375:UGM-27 Polaris
2341:missiles from
2339:PGM-19 Jupiter
2317:naval blockade
2286:
2280:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2175:Main article:
2172:
2169:
2107:
2104:
2020:Soviet Premier
2011:
2008:
1986:
1983:
1929:Chester Bowles
1876:Main article:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1821:Cyrille Adoula
1812:
1809:
1757:Food for Peace
1729:decolonization
1704:
1701:
1690:Soviet Premier
1623:Main article:
1620:
1617:
1563:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1512:Main article:
1509:
1506:
1501:Main article:
1498:
1495:
1475:Paul A. Freund
1440:
1437:
1403:McGeorge Bundy
1392:chief of staff
1300:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1269:
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1235:
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1217:
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1213:
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1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
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1128:
1125:
1120:
1114:
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1101:
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1091:
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1087:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1042:Vice President
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
990:
989:Administration
987:
964:oath of office
923:Main article:
920:
917:
913:Clark Clifford
889:Main article:
886:
883:
879:Roman Catholic
837:
834:
793:. Nixon chose
730:
727:
701:
698:
690:Roman Catholic
577:Vice President
533:
532:
530:
529:
522:
515:
507:
504:
503:
484:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
455:
454:
444:
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440:media coverage
437:
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402:
391:
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372:
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368:
367:
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355:
348:Space programs
344:
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335:
334:
329:
323:
322:
316:
315:
310:
304:
303:
298:
292:
291:
290:
289:
282:Foreign policy
279:
274:
266:
264:
263:
258:
253:
252:
251:
238:
236:
235:
229:
228:
221:
214:
206:
205:
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192:
191:
188:
187:
175:a series about
171:
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152:
142:
141:
135:
127:
126:
125:
122:
121:
113:
107:
106:
105:
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9:
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4:
3:
2:
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17190:
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17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17164:Superdelegate
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17146:
17144:
17140:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17118:
17115:
17114:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17094:
17092:
17088:
17082:
17079:
17077:
17074:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17048:
17046:
17042:
17034:
17031:
17029:
17026:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17010:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16997:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16988:
16987:
16986:Senate Caucus
16984:
16983:
16981:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16966:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16937:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16915:
16914:West Virginia
16912:
16910:
16907:
16905:
16902:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16892:
16890:
16887:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16865:
16862:
16860:
16857:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16825:
16822:
16820:
16819:New Hampshire
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16779:Massachusetts
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
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16727:
16725:
16722:
16720:
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16707:
16705:
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16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16682:
16680:
16677:
16676:
16674:
16672:
16664:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
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16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16606:
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16601:
16598:
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16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
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16568:
16566:
16563:
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16548:
16546:
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16538:
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16528:
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16511:
16508:
16506:
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16501:
16498:
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16488:
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16468:
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16441:
16438:
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16428:
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16423:
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16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
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16344:
16341:
16338:
16335:
16332:
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16320:
16317:
16314:
16311:
16308:
16305:
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16299:
16296:
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16281:
16278:
16275:
16272:
16269:
16266:
16263:
16260:
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16245:
16242:
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16233:
16230:
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16221:
16218:
16215:
16214:
16212:
16210:
16202:
16196:
16189:
16186:
16183:
16180:
16177:
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16165:
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16099:
16096:
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16090:
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16075:
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16060:
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16051:
16048:
16045:
16042:
16039:
16035:
16032:
16029:
16026:
16023:
16020:
16017:
16014:
16011:
16008:
16005:
16002:
15999:
15996:
15993:
15990:
15987:
15984:
15981:
15978:
15975:
15972:
15971:
15969:
15967:
15958:
15953:
15947:
15940:
15937:
15934:
15931:
15928:
15925:
15922:
15919:
15916:
15915:L. B. Johnson
15913:
15910:
15907:
15904:
15901:
15898:
15894:
15890:
15887:
15884:
15881:
15878:
15875:
15872:
15869:
15866:
15863:
15860:
15857:
15854:
15851:
15848:
15845:
15842:
15841:
15839:
15837:
15833:
15829:
15821:
15818:
15817:
15816:
15812:
15808:
15805:
15801:
15798:
15797:
15796:
15792:
15788:
15785:
15781:
15778:
15777:
15776:
15772:
15768:
15765:
15761:
15758:
15757:
15756:
15752:
15748:
15745:
15741:
15738:
15737:
15736:
15732:
15728:
15727:2008 (Denver)
15725:
15721:
15718:
15717:
15716:
15712:
15708:
15707:2004 (Boston)
15705:
15701:
15698:
15697:
15696:
15692:
15688:
15685:
15681:
15678:
15677:
15676:
15672:
15668:
15665:
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15656:
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15641:
15638:
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15628:
15625:
15621:
15618:
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15612:
15608:
15605:
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15598:
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15588:
15585:
15581:
15578:
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15576:
15572:
15568:
15565:
15561:
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15507:
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15480:
15476:
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15471:
15467:
15463:
15460:
15456:
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15387:
15383:
15380:
15376:
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15360:
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15336:
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15331:
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15320:
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15311:
15307:
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15300:
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15283:
15280:
15276:
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15263:
15260:
15256:
15253:
15252:
15251:
15247:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15234:
15230:
15229:1908 (Denver)
15227:
15225:
15221:
15217:
15214:
15212:
15208:
15204:
15201:
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15195:
15191:
15188:
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15077:
15073:
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15026:
15022:
15019:
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15009:
15006:
15004:
15000:
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14993:
14991:
14987:
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14961:
14957:
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14940:
14933:
14927:
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14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14895:
14894:
14891:
14890:
14887:
14883:
14874:
14869:
14867:
14862:
14860:
14855:
14854:
14851:
14839:
14831:
14829:
14821:
14820:
14817:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14785:G. H. W. Bush
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14760:L. B. Johnson
14758:
14756:
14753:
14751:
14748:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14697:
14695:
14689:
14680:
14676:
14673:
14670:
14666:
14663:
14660:
14656:
14653:
14650:
14646:
14643:
14640:
14636:
14633:
14630:
14626:
14623:
14620:
14616:
14615:Ronald Reagan
14613:
14610:
14606:
14603:
14600:
14596:
14593:
14590:
14586:
14585:Richard Nixon
14583:
14580:
14576:
14573:
14570:
14566:
14563:
14560:
14556:
14553:
14550:
14546:
14543:
14540:
14536:
14533:
14530:
14526:
14523:
14520:
14516:
14513:
14510:
14506:
14503:
14500:
14496:
14493:
14490:
14486:
14483:
14480:
14476:
14473:
14470:
14466:
14463:
14460:
14456:
14453:
14450:
14446:
14443:
14440:
14436:
14433:
14430:
14426:
14423:
14420:
14416:
14413:
14410:
14406:
14403:
14400:
14396:
14393:
14390:
14386:
14383:
14380:
14376:
14373:
14370:
14366:
14363:
14360:
14356:
14353:
14350:
14346:
14343:
14340:
14336:
14333:
14330:
14326:
14325:James K. Polk
14323:
14320:
14316:
14313:
14310:
14306:
14303:
14300:
14296:
14293:
14290:
14286:
14283:
14280:
14276:
14273:
14270:
14266:
14263:
14260:
14256:
14255:James Madison
14253:
14250:
14246:
14243:
14240:
14236:
14233:
14230:
14226:
14223:
14222:
14218:
14212:
14208:
14201:
14196:
14194:
14189:
14187:
14182:
14181:
14178:
14166:
14165:
14156:
14155:
14152:
14151:
14147:
14145:
14144:
14140:
14139:
14136:
14129:
14126:
14123:
14120:
14118:(grandfather)
14117:
14114:
14112:(grandfather)
14111:
14110:P. J. Kennedy
14108:
14105:
14102:
14099:
14096:
14093:
14090:
14087:
14084:
14081:
14078:
14075:
14072:
14069:
14066:
14063:
14060:
14057:
14054:
14051:
14048:
14045:
14042:
14039:
14036:
14033:
14030:
14027:
14024:
14021:
14018:
14015:
14012:
14009:
14006:
14005:
14003:
14001:
13997:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13984:
13979:
13977:
13976: (CV-67)
13975:
13970:
13968:
13967:
13962:
13960:
13959:Mount Kennedy
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13894:Boston statue
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13869:
13867:
13861:
13855:
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13848:
13845:
13843:
13840:
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13835:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13825:
13824:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13815:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13807:Kennedy Round
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13776:
13773:
13772:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13762:
13760:
13756:
13750:
13747:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13734:
13733:
13732:State funeral
13730:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13706:
13705:Assassination
13703:
13702:
13700:
13696:
13690:
13686:
13682:
13680:
13676:
13672:
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13666:
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13608:
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13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13571:
13569:
13567:Personal life
13565:
13557:
13554:
13553:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13538:
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13507:
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13476:
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13471:
13470:
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13416:
13406:
13403:
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13353:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13325:Equal Pay Act
13323:
13321:
13318:
13316:
13313:
13312:
13310:
13308:
13304:
13298:
13297:Vienna summit
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13287:Berlin Crisis
13284:
13280:
13277:
13276:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13269:Cuban Project
13267:
13265:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13254:
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13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13239:
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13176:
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13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13154:
13153:Supreme Court
13151:
13150:
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13002:
12998:
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12907:
12903:
12900:
12896:
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12881:
12876:
12875:
12866:
12862:
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12848:
12846:
12842:
12838:
12836:
12832:
12828:
12825:
12821:
12818:
12814:
12811:
12807:
12805:
12801:
12797:
12794:
12790:
12787:
12783:
12780:
12776:
12773:
12769:
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12762:
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12752:
12748:
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12713:
12709:
12706:
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12695:
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12688:
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12678:
12674:
12671:
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12666:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12647:
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12641:
12637:
12633:
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12613:
12609:
12607:
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12599:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12581:
12577:
12574:
12570:
12567:
12563:
12560:
12556:
12552:
12548:
12544:
12542:9780205603459
12538:
12534:
12529:
12527:
12523:
12519:
12514:
12512:9780231083676
12508:
12503:
12502:
12495:
12492:
12488:
12487:
12484:
12480:
12465:
12459:
12455:
12450:
12446:
12442:
12437:
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12422:
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12412:
12411:
12406:
12402:
12398:
12392:
12388:
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11876:0-684-80551-0
11872:
11868:
11863:
11859:
11853:
11849:
11844:
11840:
11834:
11831:. Oxford UP.
11829:
11828:
11821:
11817:
11811:
11807:
11802:
11798:
11796:9780230800014
11792:
11788:
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11185:
11178:
11172:, p. 55.
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11096:
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10199:
10184:
10180:
10173:
10166:
10161:
10154:
10149:
10138:September 20,
10134:
10130:
10123:
10116:
10111:
10104:
10099:
10083:
10079:
10072:
10065:
10060:
10053:β13, 170β231.
10052:
10047:
10046:
10037:
10029:
10027:0-7391-0087-4
10023:
10019:
10012:
10005:
10000:
9994:, p. 71.
9993:
9988:
9980:
9974:
9968:
9963:
9955:
9948:
9941:
9936:
9929:
9928:public domain
9918:
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9745:
9741:
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9728:
9722:
9714:
9712:0-271-02260-4
9708:
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9697:
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9685:
9678:
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9629:
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9611:
9604:
9599:
9592:
9587:
9580:
9579:Brinkley 2012
9575:
9568:
9563:
9556:
9551:
9545:
9541:
9535:
9529:
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9516:
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9460:
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9447:
9431:
9427:
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9419:
9417:
9400:
9396:
9390:
9374:
9370:
9364:
9348:
9344:
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9329:
9322:
9316:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9283:
9275:
9268:
9263:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9240:
9233:
9232:public domain
9222:
9218:
9212:
9205:
9200:
9193:
9187:
9179:
9175:
9168:
9161:
9156:
9149:
9144:
9137:
9132:
9125:
9119:
9112:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9095:
9090:
9084:, p. 99.
9083:
9078:
9071:
9066:
9059:
9054:
9048:, p. 39.
9047:
9042:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9019:, p. 97.
9018:
9013:
9006:
9005:Brinkley 2012
9001:
8999:
8982:
8978:
8972:
8964:
8958:
8943:
8939:
8935:
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8907:
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8900:
8894:
8886:
8885:
8880:
8874:
8858:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8842:
8834:
8833:JFKhomecoming
8830:
8824:
8822:
8814:
8813:Sorensen 1966
8809:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8779:
8772:
8767:
8760:
8755:
8748:
8743:
8741:
8733:
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8650:
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8638:
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8626:
8621:
8613:
8611:0-8078-5639-8
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8589:
8582:
8576:
8568:
8564:
8558:
8550:
8546:
8540:
8533:
8532:public domain
8522:
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8328:
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8300:
8294:
8287:
8282:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8249:
8245:
8239:
8231:
8227:
8226:"Vietnam War"
8221:
8214:
8213:Matthews 2011
8209:
8201:
8195:
8191:
8190:HarperCollins
8187:
8180:
8173:
8168:
8152:
8148:
8147:Time Magazine
8144:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
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7876:
7869:
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7848:
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7822:
7818:
7812:
7805:
7800:
7792:
7790:0-449-90870-4
7786:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7765:
7760:
7753:
7748:
7733:. JFK Library
7732:
7726:
7710:
7704:
7688:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7663:
7658:
7651:
7646:
7639:
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7603:
7598:
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7579:
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7547:
7539:
7532:
7524:
7522:9780393053968
7518:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7495:
7493:
7485:
7484:public domain
7474:
7470:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7452:
7447:
7440:
7435:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7401:
7394:
7389:
7382:
7381:Brinkley 2012
7377:
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7358:
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7334:
7329:
7322:
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7205:
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7174:
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7138:
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7126:
7121:
7114:
7113:Brinkley 2012
7109:
7107:
7098:
7092:
7088:
7083:
7082:
7073:
7066:
7061:
7053:
7047:
7043:
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7034:
7027:
7023:
7018:
7017:
7008:
7000:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6981:
6973:
6967:
6964:. Routledge.
6963:
6962:
6954:
6947:
6943:
6938:
6931:
6926:
6919:
6914:
6907:
6902:
6895:
6890:
6882:
6875:
6873:
6865:
6860:
6853:
6848:
6846:
6838:
6833:
6826:
6821:
6814:
6813:Brinkley 2012
6809:
6801:
6797:
6791:
6775:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6750:
6743:
6738:
6731:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6707:
6706:Brinkley 2012
6702:
6695:
6690:
6683:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6610:
6606:
6600:
6593:
6588:
6586:
6578:
6577:Brinkley 2012
6573:
6566:
6561:
6559:
6551:
6550:public domain
6540:
6536:
6530:
6523:
6517:
6510:
6505:
6489:
6483:
6476:
6471:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6412:
6405:
6400:
6392:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6369:
6363:, p. 212
6362:
6361:Douglass 2010
6357:
6351:, p. 116
6350:
6345:
6338:
6333:
6331:
6323:
6322:public domain
6312:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6290:
6284:
6277:
6272:
6265:
6260:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6157:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6137:Brinkley 2012
6133:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6101:
6093:
6088:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6057:"Peace Corps"
6052:
6045:
6039:
6032:
6027:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5990:
5988:9780742558953
5984:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5942:
5937:
5931:, p. 55.
5930:
5929:Brinkley 2012
5925:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5867:, p. 22.
5866:
5861:
5855:, p. 37.
5854:
5849:
5833:
5827:
5820:
5815:
5813:
5805:
5799:
5793:, p. 52.
5792:
5787:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5754:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5711:
5706:
5698:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5637:, p. 21.
5636:
5631:
5623:
5616:
5607:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5538:, p. 83.
5537:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5521:, p. 15.
5520:
5515:
5509:, p. 17.
5508:
5503:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5397:
5391:
5381:
5374:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5346:
5345:voting rights
5342:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5321:
5319:
5316:command, the
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5296:
5286:
5281:Worst mistake
5278:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5148:Eternal Flame
5145:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5086:
5085:assassination
5081:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5066:John Connally
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5038:Assassination
5035:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4999:Seneca nation
4996:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4952:
4936:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4914:Victor Feguer
4911:
4910:
4899:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4858:leaders like
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4828:The issue of
4818:
4814:
4809:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4707:northwest of
4706:
4702:
4694:
4675:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4615:James E. Webb
4612:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4595:space station
4592:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4462:Vivian Malone
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4439:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4374:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4305:
4289:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4120:in which the
4119:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:Walter Heller
4069:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:antitrust law
4054:
4050:
4046:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:Kennedy Round
3869:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
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2702:) and State (
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2631:Roger Hilsman
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2347:Trollope ploy
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2062:Vienna summit
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2051:Vienna Summit
2048:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2010:Vienna Summit
2007:
2004:
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1996:
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1964:
1962:
1957:
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1924:Schlesinger,
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1918:
1914:
1910:
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1853:MoΓ―se Tshombe
1850:
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1713:Kwame Nkrumah
1711:Kennedy with
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1609:Ugly American
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1598:(present-day
1597:
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1411:Larry O'Brien
1408:
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1338:Walter Heller
1335:
1331:
1330:David E. Bell
1327:
1323:
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1199:
1195:
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1188:
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1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1173:Stewart Udall
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:J. Edward Day
1140:
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1111:
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1024:
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1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
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986:
984:
979:
972:
967:
965:
961:
958:
957:Chief Justice
954:
946:
942:
938:
935:
934:Chief Justice
931:
926:
916:
914:
906:
902:
897:
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Harry F. Byrd
860:
856:
852:
842:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:Richard Nixon
779:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:1960 election
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Massachusetts
725:
721:
717:
711:
707:
700:1960 election
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:, Texas. The
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
627:Latin America
624:
620:
619:South Vietnam
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
578:
574:
570:
569:Richard Nixon
566:
562:
561:Massachusetts
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
528:
523:
521:
516:
514:
509:
508:
506:
505:
501:
497:
488:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
459:Eternal Flame
457:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:State funeral
445:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:Assassination
428:
427:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:1960 campaign
393:
392:
382:
379:
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364:
361:
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318:
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234:
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212:
208:
207:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:
184:
170:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
149:
143:
138:
131:
123:
117: →
116:
111:
108:←
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:Assassination
49:
42:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
17003:House Caucus
16879:South Dakota
16869:Rhode Island
16864:Pennsylvania
16844:North Dakota
15974:A. Stevenson
15908:
15832:Presidential
15466:Stevenson II
15446:Stevenson II
15072:Breckinridge
15055:Breckinridge
15002:
14946:presidential
14937:presidential
14710:T. Roosevelt
14679:2021βpresent
14665:Donald Trump
14655:Barack Obama
14635:Bill Clinton
14605:Jimmy Carter
14568:
14265:James Monroe
14216:presidencies
14157:
14148:
14141:
13982:
13973:
13965:
13765:Bibliography
13684:
13674:
13664:
13619:
13612:Arthur Evans
13600:
13584:Hickory Hill
13418:Presidential
13365:Space policy
13307:New Frontier
13185:
13138:Inauguration
13118:
13020:
13007:
13000:
12993:
12986:
12976:
12966:
12956:
12949:
12939:
12932:
12922:
12912:
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12565:
12550:
12532:
12521:
12500:
12490:
12483:New Frontier
12456:. ABC-CLIO.
12453:
12434:
12408:
12386:
12366:
12341:
12316:
12295:
12274:
12252:
12227:
12204:
12184:
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12137:
12117:
12097:
12076:
12066:
12047:
12026:
12002:
11999:Nofi, Albert
11974:
11952:
11943:
11923:
11912:
11904:
11885:
11866:
11847:
11826:
11805:
11785:
11763:February 22,
11761:. Retrieved
11742:
11732:
11720:. Retrieved
11716:
11707:
11695:. Retrieved
11691:the original
11682:
11673:
11661:. Retrieved
11651:
11639:. Retrieved
11629:
11617:. Retrieved
11611:
11601:
11589:. Retrieved
11584:
11575:
11563:. Retrieved
11558:
11548:
11536:
11524:. Retrieved
11497:
11485:
11477:
11472:
11461:
11456:
11448:
11443:
11433:September 1,
11431:. Retrieved
11403:. Retrieved
11375:
11363:
11351:
11343:the original
11333:
11318:
11306:
11298:
11290:
11263:
11251:
11239:
11227:. Retrieved
11223:the original
11212:
11200:
11190:February 25,
11188:. Retrieved
11177:
11170:Bilharz 2002
11165:
11156:
11147:
11135:. Retrieved
11131:
11121:
11109:. Retrieved
11105:
11095:
11083:. Retrieved
11078:
11069:
11057:. Retrieved
11044:
11034:February 23,
11032:. Retrieved
11028:the original
11021:
11011:
11001:February 23,
10999:. Retrieved
10995:
10985:
10975:February 23,
10973:. Retrieved
10969:the original
10959:
10950:
10944:
10933:
10932:James Neff,
10928:
10916:
10904:
10884:
10877:
10860:
10856:
10846:
10834:
10822:. Retrieved
10818:the original
10808:
10796:
10784:. Retrieved
10773:
10761:
10749:
10737:
10726:
10714:
10704:February 26,
10702:. Retrieved
10698:the original
10687:
10679:the original
10664:
10654:February 26,
10652:. Retrieved
10648:
10638:
10615:. Retrieved
10608:the original
10591:
10577:
10565:. Retrieved
10561:the original
10554:
10515:. Retrieved
10508:the original
10491:
10477:
10465:. Retrieved
10461:the original
10450:
10437:
10425:
10413:
10401:
10375:
10369:
10361:
10356:
10344:
10321:
10316:
10289:
10277:
10244:
10232:
10220:
10208:. Retrieved
10198:
10186:. Retrieved
10183:The Atlantic
10182:
10172:
10160:
10148:
10136:. Retrieved
10132:
10122:
10110:
10098:
10086:. Retrieved
10081:
10071:
10059:
10044:
10036:
10017:
10011:
9999:
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9623:
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9610:
9598:
9586:
9574:
9562:
9550:
9539:
9534:
9521:Trans-action
9520:
9515:
9503:. Retrieved
9490:
9478:
9468:February 23,
9466:. Retrieved
9459:the original
9446:
9436:February 23,
9434:. Retrieved
9430:the original
9403:. Retrieved
9398:
9389:
9377:. Retrieved
9372:
9363:
9351:. Retrieved
9346:
9337:
9328:
9315:
9286:
9280:
9274:
9262:
9254:the original
9249:
9239:
9220:
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9029:
9024:
9012:
8987:February 23,
8985:. Retrieved
8981:the original
8971:
8957:
8945:. Retrieved
8931:
8921:
8909:. Retrieved
8902:
8893:
8882:
8873:
8863:February 23,
8861:. Retrieved
8857:the original
8850:
8841:
8832:
8808:
8798:November 13,
8796:. Retrieved
8792:the original
8787:
8778:
8766:
8754:
8731:
8726:
8707:
8701:
8692:
8680:
8668:
8656:
8644:
8632:
8625:Herring 2008
8620:
8597:
8588:
8580:
8575:
8566:
8557:
8548:
8539:
8520:
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8488:
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8469:
8457:
8448:
8440:
8435:
8428:Herring 2008
8423:
8411:
8399:. Retrieved
8386:
8378:
8373:
8361:. Retrieved
8354:
8327:
8317:February 19,
8315:. Retrieved
8311:the original
8306:
8293:
8281:
8269:. Retrieved
8265:
8256:
8247:
8238:
8230:the original
8220:
8208:
8188:. New York:
8185:
8179:
8167:
8155:. Retrieved
8151:the original
8146:
8136:
8111:
8107:
8101:
8089:
8077:
8065:
8053:
8041:
8029:
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7981:
7969:
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7945:
7933:. Retrieved
7922:
7910:. Retrieved
7899:
7887:
7875:
7863:
7851:. Retrieved
7847:the original
7837:
7825:. Retrieved
7821:the original
7811:
7799:
7780:
7771:
7759:
7747:
7737:November 22,
7735:. Retrieved
7725:
7715:November 22,
7713:. Retrieved
7703:
7691:. Retrieved
7681:
7669:
7657:
7650:Herring 2008
7645:
7633:
7621:
7609:
7597:
7585:
7573:
7561:. Retrieved
7557:the original
7546:
7537:
7531:
7512:
7506:
7472:
7446:
7434:
7425:
7412:
7400:
7393:Herring 2008
7388:
7376:
7364:
7352:
7345:Herring 2008
7340:
7328:
7316:
7292:
7282:
7273:
7264:
7257:Herring 2008
7252:
7240:
7228:
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6937:
6925:
6913:
6901:
6889:
6880:
6859:
6832:
6820:
6808:
6799:
6790:
6778:. Retrieved
6773:
6749:
6737:
6730:Herring 2008
6725:
6713:
6701:
6689:
6677:
6665:
6653:
6644:
6635:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6599:
6572:
6538:
6529:
6521:
6516:
6504:
6494:September 1,
6492:. Retrieved
6482:
6470:
6460:– via
6433:
6429:
6423:
6411:
6399:
6375:
6368:
6356:
6344:
6310:
6288:
6283:
6271:
6264:Herring 2008
6259:
6252:Herring 2008
6247:
6236:
6231:
6224:Herring 2008
6219:
6207:. Retrieved
6203:
6190:
6171:
6165:
6156:
6144:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6107:Herring 2008
6087:
6078:
6069:
6060:
6051:
6043:
6038:
6026:
6014:
6009:
5997:
5978:
5972:
5960:
5948:
5936:
5924:
5912:
5901:
5896:
5884:
5872:
5860:
5848:
5836:. Retrieved
5826:
5803:
5798:
5786:
5776:February 22,
5774:. Retrieved
5770:the original
5740:. Retrieved
5736:the original
5726:
5714:. Retrieved
5709:
5697:
5687:February 23,
5685:. Retrieved
5681:the original
5676:
5667:
5648:
5642:
5630:
5624:. p. 9.
5621:
5615:
5606:
5594:
5575:
5569:
5557:. Retrieved
5552:
5543:
5514:
5502:
5481:
5472:
5462:February 19,
5460:. Retrieved
5414:
5390:
5380:
5368:
5356:
5341:civil rights
5332:
5299:
5292:
5284:
5259:
5257:
5240:
5224:Bill Clinton
5216:
5209:outside the
5190:
5164:
5156:
5133:
5113:
5101:J. D. Tippit
5090:
5047:
5020:
4992:
4965:50-mile hike
4949:
4947:
4925:Other issues
4907:
4905:
4893:
4852:racketeering
4837:
4827:
4761:
4748:
4744:
4730:
4698:
4664:
4650:Yuri Gagarin
4647:
4643:
4604:
4584:
4578:Friendship 7
4576:
4553:Space policy
4531:
4527:
4499:
4452:blocked the
4443:
4418:ratification
4397:
4345:
4322:
4313:
4304:Ross Barnett
4242:James Farmer
4225:
4201:
4184:
4160:Civil rights
4154:
4150:depreciation
4131:
4096:
4078:
4049:Roger Blough
4041:
4011:
3861:
3833:
3818:
3762:
3725:New Frontier
3722:
3701:New Frontier
3687:Pope Paul VI
3676:Vatican City
3663:July 2, 1963
3524:West Germany
3481:West Germany
3386:Mexico, D.F.
3227:Adolf SchΓ€rf
3089:
3066:
3025:
3006:
3002:
2971:
2966:Robert Komer
2954:
2927:
2887:Cheddi Jagan
2868:
2860:
2856:
2821:human rights
2814:
2777:
2772:Ted Sorensen
2760:
2754:
2748:, arresting
2730:
2693:
2681:Ngo Dinh Nhu
2670:
2658:Agent Orange
2651:
2628:
2605:
2581:government.
2575:
2560:Hmong people
2528:
2492:
2480:
2471:
2460:Speech from
2443:
2417:
2372:
2330:
2309:
2288:
2231:
2198:
2157:
2133:
2125:
2096:Congo Crisis
2089:
2082:
2074:East Germany
2055:
2029:in June 1961
1988:
1965:
1952:Brigade 2506
1941:
1933:Dean Acheson
1913:Fidel Castro
1903:
1861:
1855:, leader of
1836:Congo Crisis
1833:
1826:
1811:Congo Crisis
1801:a plebiscite
1799:to agree to
1785:Saudi Arabia
1766:
1751:created the
1722:
1719:, March 1961
1687:
1675:B-52 bombers
1668:
1631:Soviet Union
1628:
1585:
1574:
1565:
1487:
1452:
1431:
1407:Ted Sorensen
1384:
1346:
1314:Allen Dulles
1303:
974:
969:
950:
919:Inauguration
910:
847:
780:
732:
670:assassinated
668:Kennedy was
667:
638:New Frontier
635:
629:, Kennedy's
603:Fidel Castro
591:Soviet Union
584:
536:
491:
370:Appointments
277:New Frontier
261:Inauguration
243:
223:
216:
209:
64:
45:
18:
17044:Fundraising
16949:Puerto Rico
16794:Mississippi
16709:Connecticut
16669:territorial
16369:(2005β2017)
16363:(1995β2005)
16357:(1989β1995)
16351:(1977β1989)
16345:(1961β1977)
16339:(1953β1961)
16333:(1951β1953)
16327:(1949β1951)
16321:(1937β1949)
16315:(1923β1937)
16309:(1920β1923)
16303:(1919β1920)
16297:(1917β1919)
16291:(1913β1917)
16285:(1911β1913)
16279:(1909β1911)
16273:(1907β1909)
16267:(1906β1907)
16261:(1903β1906)
16255:(1899β1903)
16253:J. K. Jones
16249:(1898β1899)
16243:(1890β1898)
16237:(1885β1890)
16231:(1881β1885)
16225:(1877β1881)
16219:(1873β1877)
16199:U.S. Senate
16184:(2003β2023)
16178:(1995β2003)
16172:(1989β1995)
16166:(1987β1989)
16160:(1977β1987)
16154:(1971β1977)
16148:(1962β1971)
16142:(1940β1961)
16136:(1936β1940)
16130:(1935β1936)
16124:(1933β1934)
16118:(1929β1933)
16112:(1923β1929)
16106:(1921β1923)
16100:(1909β1921)
16094:(1903β1909)
16088:(1897β1903)
16082:(1895β1897)
16076:(1891β1895)
16070:(1889β1891)
16064:(1883β1889)
16058:(1876β1881)
16052:(1875β1876)
16046:(1873β1875)
16040:(1869β1871)
16030:(1859β1861)
16024:(1857β1859)
16018:(1855β1857)
16016:G. W. Jones
16012:(1851β1855)
16006:(1849β1851)
16000:(1845β1847)
15994:(1843β1845)
15992:J. W. Jones
15988:(1835β1839)
15982:(1834β1835)
15976:(1827β1834)
15935:(2009β2017)
15929:(1993β2001)
15923:(1977β1981)
15917:(1963β1969)
15911:(1961β1963)
15905:(1945β1953)
15891:Roosevelt (
15888:(1913β1921)
15876:(1868β1869)
15870:(1857β1861)
15864:(1853β1857)
15858:(1845β1849)
15852:(1837β1841)
15846:(1829β1837)
15211:Stevenson I
15185:Stevenson I
14956:1828 (None)
14932:conventions
14595:Gerald Ford
14104:Ted Kennedy
13990:Yad Kennedy
13258:Vietnam War
13238:Peace Corps
13109:(1947β1953)
13097:(1953β1960)
13089:(1961β1963)
12163:Berlin 1961
12021:Frum, David
11776:Works cited
11619:January 22,
11559:Monkey Cage
11541:Giglio 2006
11502:Giglio 2006
11490:Giglio 2006
11380:Giglio 2006
11327:. Fox News.
11283:Brauer 2002
11205:Giglio 2006
11079:Tom Nikkola
10921:Giglio 2006
10909:Giglio 2006
10839:Giglio 2006
10801:Reeves 1993
10786:January 25,
10766:Giglio 2006
10754:Giglio 2006
10742:Dallek 2003
10719:Dallek 2003
10430:Dallek 2003
10418:Dallek 2003
10406:Kenney 2000
10394:Nelson 2009
10349:Nelson 2009
10337:Reeves 1993
10309:Brauer 2002
10294:Reeves 1993
10282:Reeves 1993
10270:Reeves 1993
10210:December 3,
10165:Reeves 1993
10153:Giglio 2006
10115:Reeves 1993
10004:Dallek 2003
9992:Bryant 2006
9940:Reeves 1993
9885:Bryant 2006
9855:Brauer 2002
9812:Brauer 2002
9689:Giglio 2006
9677:Giglio 2006
9665:Giglio 2006
9628:Giglio 2006
9603:Giglio 2006
9591:Parmet 1983
9483:Giglio 2006
9399:White House
9373:White House
9347:White House
9321:fiscal year
9293:: 403β434.
9267:Giglio 2006
9204:Giglio 2006
9160:Giglio 2006
9148:Giglio 2006
9136:Giglio 2006
9111:Giglio 2006
9094:Giglio 2006
9082:Giglio 2006
9070:Giglio 2006
9058:Giglio 2006
9046:Giglio 2006
9017:Giglio 2006
8947:February 6,
8685:Gibson 2015
8673:Gibson 2015
8661:Gibson 2015
8649:Gibson 2015
8637:Gibson 2015
8498:History.com
8332:Dallek 2003
8286:Giglio 2006
8271:January 30,
8094:Reeves 1993
8082:Reeves 1993
8070:Reeves 1993
8058:Reeves 1993
8046:Reeves 1993
8034:Reeves 1993
8022:Reeves 1993
8010:Reeves 1993
7998:Reeves 1993
7986:Reeves 1993
7974:Reeves 1993
7962:Reeves 1993
7950:Reeves 1993
7892:Reeves 1993
7880:Reeves 1993
7868:Tucker 2011
7804:Reeves 1993
7764:Reeves 1993
7662:Giglio 2006
7638:Parmet 1983
7626:Giglio 2006
7614:Giglio 2006
7602:Reeves 1993
7590:Reeves 1993
7578:Reeves 1993
7499:Giglio 2006
7451:Reeves 1993
7439:Reeves 1993
7369:Reeves 1993
7357:Kenney 2000
7333:Kenney 2000
7321:Giglio 2006
7309:Giglio 2006
7293:History.com
7245:Giglio 2006
7233:Giglio 2006
7221:Giglio 2006
7209:Giglio 2006
7197:Giglio 2006
7185:Giglio 2006
7173:Giglio 2006
7161:Reeves 1993
7149:Giglio 2006
7137:Giglio 2006
7125:Reeves 1993
7065:Giglio 2006
6944:, pp.
6930:Giglio 2006
6918:Reeves 1993
6906:Reeves 1993
6894:Reeves 1993
6864:Giglio 2006
6852:Reeves 1993
6837:Reeves 1993
6825:Giglio 2006
6754:Reeves 1993
6742:Giglio 2006
6718:Dallek 2003
6694:Dallek 2003
6670:Reeves 1993
6645:History.com
6565:Reeves 1993
6509:Giglio 2006
6475:Reeves 1993
6436:(1): 1β42.
6404:Giglio 2006
6349:Ashton 2002
6337:Giglio 2006
6276:Giglio 2006
6209:January 27,
6092:Giglio 2006
6002:Giglio 2006
5965:Giglio 2006
5953:Giglio 2006
5917:Giglio 2006
5889:Giglio 2006
5877:Reeves 1993
5865:Reeves 1993
5853:Giglio 2006
5819:Giglio 2006
5716:February 4,
5635:Reeves 1993
5519:Reeves 1993
5507:Giglio 2006
5436:Giglio 2006
5419:Giglio 2006
5396:Reeves 1993
5248:U.S.βSoviet
5171:King Arthur
5124:Gallup Poll
5120:Earl Warren
5017:Agriculture
4943: 1963
4876:Jimmy Hoffa
4864:Joey Aiuppa
4515:Jack O'Dell
4483:Carl Albert
4190:segregation
4126:Che Guevara
3770:Carl Vinson
3750:Sam Rayburn
3657:officials.
3612:Birch Grove
3529:West Berlin
3415:The Bahamas
2950:Arab League
2893:Middle East
2757:Vietnam War
2619:recommended
2616:Walt Rostow
2601: 1961
2444:World Peace
2234:missile gap
2208:, 49 light
2145:Berlin Wall
2141:barbed wire
2122:West Berlin
2092:East Berlin
2070:West Berlin
1956:Bay of Pigs
1948:Cuban exile
1892:Orange Bowl
1890:at Miami's
1797:Netherlands
1761:Peace Corps
1656:nuclear war
1639:containment
1581:Third World
1524:Peace Corps
1514:Peace Corps
1508:Peace Corps
1463:Byron White
960:Earl Warren
945:the Capitol
937:Earl Warren
905:White House
859:Mississippi
822:Catholicism
818:containment
659:Peace Corps
623:Vietnam War
615:nuclear war
599:Bay of Pigs
547:began with
452:dignitaries
332:Peace Corps
301:Bay of Pigs
99:White House
17204:Categories
16969:Affiliated
16909:Washington
16829:New Mexico
16824:New Jersey
16699:California
16086:Richardson
15950:U.S. House
15874:A. Johnson
15771:H. Clinton
15671:B. Clinton
15651:B. Clinton
15506:L. Johnson
15490:L. Johnson
15068:H. Johnson
14990:R. Johnson
14795:G. W. Bush
14750:Eisenhower
14700:Washington
14691:Presidency
14315:John Tyler
14235:John Adams
14130:(hamsters)
14046:(grandson)
14016:(daughter)
13864:Memorials,
13589:La Querida
13133:Transition
13119:Presidency
11641:August 31,
10237:Herst 2007
10225:Herst 2007
9757:080784764X
8829:"Timeline"
8717:0754635910
8394:(Report).
8307:JFK Lancer
7931:. Politico
7693:October 8,
6942:Kempe 2011
5838:August 31,
5791:Kempe 2011
5406:References
5385:(AFL-CIO).
5318:Navy SEALs
5165:The term "
4995:Kinzua Dam
4655:Space Race
4573:John Glenn
4559:Space Race
4466:James Hood
4316:media help
4194:Deep South
4053:U.S. Steel
4038:U.S. Steel
3778:Appalachia
3537:" speech.
3450:Costa Rica
3231:Held talks
3124:Locations
3017:Golda Meir
2997:Golda Meir
2879:Juan Bosch
2474:media help
2334:veto power
2291:media help
2110:See also:
2098:, China's
2003:false flag
1737:Yugoslavia
1596:Tanganyika
1568:media help
1421:, General
993:See also:
885:Transition
763:Protestant
663:Space Race
565:Republican
405:convention
256:Transition
244:Presidency
77:Democratic
17149:Primaries
17090:Sectional
16919:Wisconsin
16884:Tennessee
16789:Minnesota
16764:Louisiana
16667:State and
16632:McAuliffe
16460:McCormick
16383:Chairs of
16343:Mansfield
16331:McFarland
16307:Underwood
16301:Hitchcock
16265:Blackburn
16229:Pendleton
16146:McCormack
15897:1941β1945
15893:1933β1941
15880:Cleveland
15850:Van Buren
15820:primaries
15800:primaries
15780:primaries
15760:primaries
15740:primaries
15720:primaries
15700:primaries
15695:Lieberman
15680:primaries
15660:primaries
15640:primaries
15620:primaries
15600:primaries
15580:primaries
15560:primaries
15535:primaries
15515:primaries
15495:primaries
15475:primaries
15455:primaries
15435:primaries
15415:primaries
15406:Roosevelt
15395:primaries
15386:Roosevelt
15375:primaries
15366:Roosevelt
15355:primaries
15346:Roosevelt
15335:primaries
15315:primaries
15295:primaries
15290:Roosevelt
15275:primaries
15255:primaries
15181:Cleveland
15168:Cleveland
15159:Hendricks
15155:Cleveland
15133:Hendricks
15094:Pendleton
15090:McClellan
14999:Van Buren
14986:Van Buren
14977:Van Buren
14948:primaries
14693:timelines
14675:Joe Biden
14669:2017β2021
14659:2009β2017
14649:2001β2009
14639:1993β2001
14629:1989β1993
14619:1981β1989
14609:1977β1981
14599:1974β1977
14589:1969β1974
14579:1963β1969
14569:1961β1963
14559:1953β1961
14549:1945β1953
14539:1933β1945
14529:1929β1933
14519:1923β1929
14509:1921β1923
14499:1913β1921
14489:1909β1913
14479:1901β1909
14469:1897β1901
14459:1893β1897
14449:1889β1893
14439:1885β1889
14429:1881β1885
14409:1877β1881
14399:1869β1877
14389:1865β1869
14379:1861β1865
14369:1857β1861
14359:1853β1857
14349:1850β1853
14339:1849β1850
14329:1845β1849
14319:1841β1845
14299:1837β1841
14289:1829β1837
14279:1825β1829
14269:1817β1825
14259:1809β1817
14249:1801β1809
14239:1797β1801
14229:1789β1797
14106:(brother)
14094:(brother)
14064:(brother)
13981:USS
13972:USS
13866:namesakes
13720:reactions
13495:Elections
12431:(1966) .
12407:(2002) .
11663:August 3,
11591:April 28,
11565:April 28,
11526:April 28,
11405:April 28,
11229:March 28,
11132:U.S. Army
10824:March 26,
10617:August 1,
10567:August 1,
10517:August 1,
10467:August 1,
10188:April 25,
9567:Frum 2000
9555:Frum 2000
9505:March 28,
8942:1393-9564
8771:Salt 2008
8759:Salt 2008
8747:Salt 2008
8128:144881388
7853:August 2,
7827:August 2,
7563:August 6,
6780:April 15,
6774:USA Today
6458:146390097
6450:0022-216X
5559:April 26,
5236:Gary Hart
5213:in Boston
5105:Jack Ruby
5087:in Dallas
5070:motorcade
4868:Guatemala
4752:Apollo 11
4734:Full text
4667:Full text
4014:inflation
3897:Receipts
3859:in 1965.
3737:Fair Deal
3731:'s 1944 "
3501:Wiesbaden
3496:Frankfurt
3283:Venezuela
3071:from the
3040:Beersheba
2689:Cable 243
2675:replaced
2608:Viet Cong
2249:in Cuba.
1781:hostility
1741:Indonesia
1725:countries
1360:Dean Rusk
1356:Whiz Kids
1066:Dean Rusk
1023:President
978:Full text
807:electoral
464:Memorials
400:primaries
327:Clean Air
17008:Factions
16979:Congress
16904:Virginia
16854:Oklahoma
16834:New York
16809:Nebraska
16799:Missouri
16784:Michigan
16774:Maryland
16759:Kentucky
16739:Illinois
16714:Delaware
16704:Colorado
16694:Arkansas
16657:Harrison
16618:Grossman
16560:Westwood
16525:Mitchell
16520:McKinney
16505:Hannegan
16465:Cummings
16355:Mitchell
16313:Robinson
16188:Jeffries
16176:Gephardt
16134:Bankhead
16092:Williams
16062:Carlisle
15957:Speakers
15868:Buchanan
15550:Eagleton
15546:McGovern
15526:Humphrey
15510:Humphrey
15470:Kefauver
15450:Sparkman
15330:Robinson
15310:C. Bryan
15306:J. Davis
15270:Marshall
15250:Marshall
15233:W. Bryan
15224:H. Davis
15207:W. Bryan
15194:W. Bryan
15051:Buchanan
14930:National
14828:Category
14730:Coolidge
14705:McKinley
14164:Category
14122:Pushinka
14100:(sister)
14088:(sister)
14082:(sister)
14076:(sister)
14070:(sister)
14058:(mother)
14052:(father)
13710:timeline
13420:speeches
13186:Resolute
13124:timeline
12364:(1993).
12338:(1996).
12249:(2000).
12225:(2011).
12159:(2011).
12023:(2000).
12001:(1999).
11922:(2003).
11740:(1997).
11137:July 26,
11111:July 26,
11085:July 26,
11023:ABC News
10627:Archived
10604:31825096
10527:Archived
10504:31825096
10364:, p. 71.
10360:Levine,
10324:, p. 60.
9787:, p. 156
9742:(1999).
9405:March 4,
9379:March 4,
9353:March 4,
8936:. Cork.
8906:Archives
8852:BBC News
8596:(2005).
8480:Politico
8359:(Report)
8157:March 1,
7779:(1992).
6627:CBS News
5742:April 4,
5480:(2012).
4711:, and a
4703:for the
4472:and the
4436:Kennedy
4405:poll tax
4187:Jim Crow
3905:Deficit
3903:Surplus/
3900:Outlays
3857:Medicaid
3844:Rosemary
3800:and for
3581:Limerick
3455:San JosΓ©
3355:Hamilton
3315:Colombia
3121:Country
3085:New Ross
2959:(IPC)'s
2781:NSAM 263
2713:General
2544:Thailand
1783:towards
1773:Pakistan
1643:New Look
1635:Cold War
1600:Tanzania
1368:nepotism
1336:, while
871:Oklahoma
815:Cold War
813:and the
811:New Deal
587:Cold War
557:Democrat
435:timeline
415:election
287:Doctrine
249:timeline
83:Election
66:See list
17159:Debates
17142:Related
16924:Wyoming
16899:Vermont
16804:Montana
16744:Indiana
16724:Georgia
16719:Florida
16689:Arizona
16679:Alabama
16671:parties
16623:Rendell
16595:Wilhelm
16565:Strauss
16555:O'Brien
16545:O'Brien
16535:Jackson
16510:McGrath
16455:McCombs
16445:Taggart
16435:Harrity
16410:Belmont
16405:Smalley
16395:Hallett
16375:(2017β)
16373:Schumer
16361:Daschle
16337:Johnson
16319:Barkley
16223:Wallace
16201:leaders
16190:(2023β)
16158:O'Neill
16140:Rayburn
16110:Garrett
16104:Kitchin
16056:Randall
16044:Niblack
16038:Randall
16034:Niblack
16028:Houston
15952:leaders
15941:(2021β)
15927:Clinton
15909:Kennedy
15844:Jackson
15715:Edwards
15635:Bentsen
15631:Dukakis
15615:Ferraro
15611:Mondale
15595:Mondale
15575:Mondale
15554:Shriver
15486:Kennedy
15430:Barkley
15390:Wallace
15172:Thurman
15146:English
15142:Hancock
15116:Greeley
15103:Seymour
15064:Douglas
14973:Jackson
14964:Calhoun
14960:Jackson
14939:tickets
14893:History
14790:Clinton
14755:Kennedy
14725:Harding
13594:Wexford
13556:debates
13143:Cabinet
12981:excerpt
12979:(2022)
12908:(1988).
12867:(1972).
12835:excerpt
12802:(1989)
12781:(2011).
12767:(2008).
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3216:Austria
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2873:in the
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