1809:
1519:, when speaking of the "hierarchs" of the Church, refers immediately to the image of St Peter. A careful analysis of ecclesiastical literature both Eastern and Western, of the first millennium, including such documents as the lives of the saint, would certainly show that this tradition was a persistent one; and indeed it belongs to the essence of Christian ecclesiology to consider any local bishop to be the teacher of his flock and therefore to fulfill sacramentally, through apostolic succession, the office of the first true believer, Peter. ...There exists, however, another succession, equally recognized by Byzantine theologians, but only on the level of the analogy existing between the apostolic college and the episcopal college, this second succession being determined by the need for ecclesiastical order. Its limits are determined by the Councils, and – in the Byzantine practice – by the "very pious emperors."
882:, Irenaeus wrote, "Although there are many dialects in the world, the force of the tradition is one and the same. For the same faith is held and handed down by the churches established in the German states, the Spains, among the Celtic tribes, in the East, in Libya, and in the central portions of the world." In Book 3, Irenaeus continues his defense of the unity of the church around the bishop, writing, "By pointing out the apostolic tradition and faith announced to mankind, which has been brought down to our time by successions of bishops, in the greatest, most ancient, and well known church, founded and established by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul, at Rome, we can confound all who in any other way … gather more than they ought."
2537:, had both care to hold firm to his Jewish heritage – which Paul lacked – and an openness to the demands of developing Christianity, which James lacked. John might have served as a figure of the center holding together the extremes, but if the writings linked with his name are at all indicative of his own stance, he was too much of an individualist to provide such a rallying point. Others could link the developing new religion more firmly to its founding events and to Jesus himself. But none of them, including the rest of the twelve, seem to have played any role of continuing significance for the whole sweep of Christianity—though James the brother of John might have proved an exception had he been spared."
1678:
representing the face of each of them severally. Achaia is very near you, (in which) you find
Corinth. Since you are not far from Macedonia, you have Philippi; (and there too) you have the Thessalonians. Since you are able to cross to Asia, you get Ephesus. Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood! where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's! where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile!
798:, defined the primacy of the bishop of Rome over the whole Catholic Church as an essential institution of the church that can never be relinquished. This is based on the statement in Matthew 16:18 "And so I say to you, you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church,* and the gates of the netherworld shall not prevail against it", and John 21:17 "He said to him the third time, “Simon, son of John, do you love me?” Peter was distressed that he had said to him a third time, “Do you love me?” and he said to him, “Lord, you know everything; you know that I love you.” said to him, “Feed my sheep." This conversation with Peter established Peter as the leader of the disciples in Jesus’ absence.
1029:, bishop of Eugubium, Innocent writes, "Who does not know or observe that it was delivered by Peter the chief of the apostles to the Roman church, and is kept until now, and ought to be retained by all, and that nothing ought to be imposed or introduced which has no authority, or seems to derive its precedents elsewhere?" It is also during this time that bishops began to recognize Innocent's primacy as Pope over other bishops in the West. This is made evident, among others, in a letter from the Council at Mileve to Innocent in 416 AD, which alludes to the authority of "his holiness" drawn from the authority of Scripture. The doctrine of primacy was beginning to take shape with Innocent's papacy.
1653:...Peter, the first of the apostles, received the keys of the kingdom of heaven for the binding and loosing of sins; and for the same congregation of saints, in reference to the perfect repose in the bosom of that mysterious life to come did the evangelist John recline on the breast of Christ. For it is not the former alone but the whole Church, that bindeth and looseth sins; nor did the latter alone drink at the fountain of the Lord's breast, to emit again in preaching, of the Word in the beginning, God with God, and those other sublime truths regarding the divinity of Christ, and the Trinity and Unity of the whole Godhead.
5333:
76:
2309:. This Creed binds Rome to explain the Scriptures only according to the unanimous consent of the Fathers. In the year 1870 when the Fathers gathered and the pope declared his infallibility, the cardinals were not in agreement on Matthew 16, 18. They had five different interpretations. Seventeen insisted, Peter is the rock. Sixteen held that Christ is the rock. Eight were emphatic that the whole apostolic college is the rock. Forty-four said, Peter's faith is the rock, The remainder looked upon the whole body of believers as the rock. – And yet Rome taught and still teaches that Peter is the rock.
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withal, to show him that he must thenceforward have confidence, as the denial was done away with, He puts into his hands the presidency over the brethren. And He brings not forward the denial, nor reproaches him with what had past, but says, "If you love me, preside over the brethren." ...And the third time He gives him the same injunction, showing what a price He sets the presidency over His own sheep. And if one should say, "How then did James receive the throne of
Jerusalem?," this I would answer that He appointed this man (Peter) teacher, not of that throne, but of the whole world.
1829:
329:
1462:
7428:
7417:
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27:
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remitted to him; but that whosoever should believe and should repent, and turn from his sins, should be saved by the same faith and repentance on the ground of which he is received into the bosom of the Church. For he who does not believe that his sins can be pardoned, falls into despair, and becomes worse as if no greater good remained for him than to be evil, when he has ceased to have faith in the results of his own repentance.
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was at Jesus' disposal, as was his fishing boat, when needed. Jesus cured Peter's mother-in-law, and Peter was among those who attended the wedding at Cana. He plays a prominent part in the account of the miraculous catch of fish, and the walking on the water. In John 20, when Peter and the other disciple run to the empty tomb, the other disciple arrives first, but it is Peter who enters the tomb.
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According to this view, Peter has a weak symbolic primacy or primacy of honor (in the sense of a purely honorary primacy). In the patristic era, this was actually the
Western view held by St. Augustine. Others (see above), following the traditional Byzantine view of John Chrysostom see Peter as the icon of the bishop and therefore endowed with authority in the church (i.e. the diocese).
1737:
development of the Roman primacy in the West remained unnoticed for...a long time in the West. ... Even in the ninth century they did not realize that their previous acclamations were being interpreted in Rome as formal definitions of the Roman right to a primacy of power." The Roman way of using the idea of "Development of
Doctrine" is often viewed critically in Orthodoxy.
2365:"And upon this rock I will build my church." Upon what rock? Peter? Upon a man? No, not upon a man, upon the rock of revelation, the thing which they were talking about. He had just said, "... flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven." This revelation that Jesus is the Christ is the foundation upon which he would build his Church.
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was imparted to all entrusted to but one. Therefore this is commended to Peter separately, because all the rulers of the Church are invested with the figure of Peter. …So then in Peter the strength of all is fortified, and the help of divine grace is so ordered that the stability which through Christ is given to Peter, through Peter is conveyed to the apostles." The
1545:
of the apostles alone has grown strong in authority, which in three places is the See of one. ...He himself stablished (sic) the See in which, though he was to leave it, he sat for seven years. Since then it is the See of one, and one See, over which by Divine authority three bishops now preside, whatever good I hear of you, this I impute to myself.
841:
and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it." Christ, the "living Stone", thus assures his Church, built on Peter, of victory over the powers of death. Because of the faith he confessed Peter will remain the unshakable rock of the Church. His mission will be to keep this faith from every lapse and to strengthen his brothers in it.
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Church, do not allow the Church to recall and bring back the lapsed. There is one God, and one Christ, and one Church, and one chair founded by the voice of the Lord on the rock. Another altar cannot be set up, nor a new priesthood made, besides the one altar and the one priesthood. Whoever gathers elsewhere scatters." In his 251 AD
744:. However, they believe the bishop of Jerusalem was not by that fact the head of the Catholic church, since the leadership rested in Peter as the "Rock" and "Chief Shepherd". Catholics who believe Peter was the first bishop of Jerusalem also believe he entrusted the community to James when he was forced to leave Jerusalem, due to
2020:) considered the "foundation rock" as applying to both Peter personally and his confession of faith (or the faith of his confession) symbolically, as well as seeing Christ's promise to apply more generally to his twelve apostles and the Christian Church at large. This "double meaning" interpretation is present in the current
816:"From the beginning and with increasing clarity, the Church has understood that, just as there is a succession of the Apostles in the ministry of Bishops, so too the ministry of unity entrusted to Peter belongs to the permanent structure of Christ's Church and that this succession is established in the see of his martyrdom.
1842:, which states "...one holy Church is to continue forever. The Church is the congregation of saints, in which the Gospel is rightly taught and the Sacraments are rightly administered." Here the rock from Matthew 16:18 refers to the preaching and ministry of Jesus as the Christ, a view discussed at length in the 1537
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primacy over all other churches. Gregory's papacy also bolstered the power of the church over that of the State. The
Gregorians defended the ideal of a separation of powers, claiming "Let kings have what belongs to kings, and priests have what belongs to priests." The Petrine primacy was now more affirmed than ever.
732:, "the brother of the Lord" (Galatians 1:19), appears as the bishop of Jerusalem at the earliest church community in Acts 15. The Ecclesiastical History (4th century) states: "James, ... was the first (as the records tell us) to be elected to the episcopal throne of the Jerusalem church.... Clement, in
2532:
James the brother of Jesus, and Paul of Tarsus, the two other most prominent leading figures in first-century
Christianity, were too much identified with their respective "brands" of Christianity, at least in the eyes of Christians at the opposite ends of this particular spectrum. But Peter, as shown
2082:
Although
Matthew 6 is used as a primary proof-text for the Catholic doctrine of Papal supremacy, Protestant scholars say that prior to the Reformation of the 16th century, Matthew 16 was very rarely used to support papal claims. Their position is that most of the early and medieval church interpreted
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meant "boulder" or "cliff". Accordingly, taking Peter's name to mean "pebble", they argue that the "rock" in question cannot have been Peter, but something else, either Jesus himself, or the faith in Jesus that Peter had just professed. However, the New
Testament was written in Koiné Greek, not Attic
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made it possible for him to become the Rock on which the Church is founded, and that in a certain sense all those who share the same faith are his successors." In this traditional
Orthodox and Patristic view, the church is the local Eucharistic assembly ("the diocese" in today's terminology) and the
1100:
all dealt with the issue of primacy in that they amended the power of the popes over the other bishops. The third canon of the First
Council of Constantinople of 381 AD declares Constantinople the new Rome, gives the Bishop of Rome the seat of honor and gives the Bishop of Constantinople second place
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identified with the authority bestowed on Peter as bishop of Rome. Leo himself was consecrated bishop of Rome in 440 AD. He writes that "The right of this power did indeed pass on to other apostles, and the order of this decree passed on to all the chiefs of the Church; but not in vain was that which
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or "New Greek Testament", Matthew 16:16–18 reports that Jesus changed Simon's name to Peter. Elsewhere in Scripture such a name change always denotes some change in status (e.g., Abram to Abraham, or Jacob to Israel). In the gospels, Peter is shown as a close associate of Jesus. His home at Capernaum
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Chrysostom says thus: "Upon this rock," not upon Peter. For He built His Church not upon man, but upon the faith of Peter. But what was his faith? "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God." And Hilary says: To Peter the Father revealed that he should say, "Thou art the Son of the living God."
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There is no biblical or historical evidence for the claims of the Roman Catholic church that Peter was the first pope. In fact there is no evidence that there even was a pope in the first century. Even Catholic historians recognize this as a historical fact. ...We honor Peter and in fact some of our
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for both "Peter" and "rock" in Matthew 16:18. John 1:42 says Jesus called Simon "Cephas", as does Paul in some letters. He was instructed by Christ to strengthen his brethren, i.e., the apostles. Peter also had a leadership role in the early Christian church at Jerusalem according to the Acts of the
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I will build my Church." Catholics interpret the verse as saying that Jesus would build his church on Peter, the apostle: Jesus told Peter (Rock) that he would build his Church on this Rock (Peter), and that Peter was made the shepherd of the apostolic flock – hence their assertion of the Primacy of
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churches was that its Petrine and Pauline 'apostolicity' was in fact added to the city's position as the capital city, and only the conjunction of both of these elements gave the Bishop of Rome the right to occupy the place of a primate in the Christian world with the consensus of all the churches."
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was for one of the essential texts for the organization of the Church: "'It is for right reasons that accorded privileges to old Rome, for this city was the seat of the Emperor and the Senate.' ...The reason why the Roman Church had been accorded an incontestable precedence over all other apostolic
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Orthodox historians also maintain that Rome's authority in the early Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) empire was recognized only partially because of Rome's Petrine character, and that this factor was not the decisive issue. Moreover, the Orthodox view is that Rome's privileges were not understood as an
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of 208 AD, Tertullian wrote, "No delay or inquest will meet Christians on the threshold. …For though you think that heaven is still shut up, remember that the Lord left the keys of it to Peter here, and through him to the Church, which keys everyone will carry with him, if he has been questioned and
840:
Simon Peter holds the first place in the college of the Twelve; Jesus entrusted a unique mission to him. Through a revelation from the Father, Peter had confessed: "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." Our Lord then declared to him: "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my Church,
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There are other Protestant scholars who also partially defend the historical Catholic position about the "Rock". Taking a somewhat different approach from Cullman, they point out that the Gospel of Matthew was not written in the classical Attic form of Greek, but in the Hellenistic Koine dialect in
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Yet, Cullmann sharply rejects the Catholic claim that Peter began the papal succession. He writes: "In the life of Peter there is no starting point for a chain of succession to the leadership of the church at large." While he believes the Matthew text is entirely valid and is in no way spurious, he
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which makes him the chief of Apostles, it would contradict the Bible's teaching in Ephesians 2:20, which says that the church's foundation is the apostles and prophets, not Peter alone. They posit that the meaning of Matthew 16:18 is that Jesus uses a play on words with Peter's name to say that the
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being a "small stone" or "pebble". (James G. McCarthy translates the two as "mass of rock" and "boulder or detached stone", respectively.) Jesus is not referring to Peter when talking about "this rock", but is in fact referring to Peter's confession of faith in the preceding verses. Jesus thus does
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Your most sweet Holiness has spoken much in your letter to me about the chair of Saint Peter, Prince of the apostles, saying that he himself now sits on it in the persons of his successors. ...Wherefore though there are many apostles, yet with regard to the principality itself the See of the Prince
1008:
states, "Peter in many places in the Scriptures appears to represent the Church, especially in that place where it was said 'I give to thee the keys … shall be loosed in heaven'. What! did Peter receive these keys, and Paul not receive? Did Peter receive and John and James not receive, and the rest
807:
In December 1996, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith held a doctrinal symposium on "The Primacy of the Successor of Peter". One of the "Reflections" on the essential points of Catholic doctrine on the primacy is that it is a necessary service to unity. A listing of some of the essential
1963:
An alternate Protestant argument is that when Jesus said "upon this rock" in the aforementioned Matthew verse, he referred to himself, in reference to Deuteronomy 32:3–4, which states that "God ... is the Rock, his work is perfect". This idea also appears in 1 Corinthians 10:4, which says "...that
1871:
One Protestant view on the Matthew verse agrees with the Catholic view, with disagreements about primacy stemming from doctrinal sources, and disagreements such as those over the identification of Simon Peter with the Pope. Other Protestants assert the following, based specifically on the verse in
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was made bishop of Carthage in 248 AD. but died only ten years later. Throughout his writings, Cyprian asserts that the Rock is Peter, and the church rests upon him. He also claims that as the church is settled upon the bishops, they too have authority. He writes, "They, who have departed from the
905:
in 115 AD, he encouraged the Smyrnaeans to "Avoid divisions, as the beginning of evil. Follow, all of you, the bishop, as Jesus Christ followed the father; and follow the presbytery as the apostles. Let no man do aught pertaining to the Church apart from the bishop. Wheresoever the bishop appears,
885:
Irenaeus asserted the Doctrine of Apostolic Succession to counter the claims of heretics, especially the Gnostics who were attacking the theology and authority of the mainstream church. He stated that one could find true teaching in several leading episcopal sees, not just at Rome. The doctrine he
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All of the arguments Roman Catholicism brings to set Peter up as the first Pope are done only to uphold its false teaching which says that people are saved, not by Christ's saving alone, but also by the deeds of penance they do. It is this teaching, which Roman Catholicism says has been taught by
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Was anything withheld from the knowledge of Peter, who is called "the rock on which the church should be built," who also obtained "the keys of the kingdom of heaven," with the power of "loosing and binding in heaven and on earth?" Was anything, again, concealed from John, the Lord's most beloved
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And why, then, passing by the others, does He converse with Peter on these things? (John 21:15). He was the chosen one of the Apostles, and the mouth of the disciples, and the leader of the choir. On this account, Paul also went up on a time to see him rather than the others (Galatians 1:18). And
978:
around 347 and would fight for the reform of the church until his exile in 404. His homilies emphasize his belief in the primacy. He called Peter "the leader of the choir, the mouth of all the apostles, the head of that tribe, the ruler of the whole world, the foundation of the Church, the ardent
1903:
Many Protestant scholars, however, reject this position, such as Craig L. Blomberg who states, "The expression 'this rock' almost certainly refers to Peter, following immediately after his name, just as the words following 'the Christ' in verse 16 applied to Jesus. The play on words in the Greek
1736:
John Meyendorff writes, "ur Byzantine documents authentically reflect the position of the Orthodox Church in regard to Roman ecclesiology, and have, as such, the value of a testimony very little known, often unpublished, and therefore ignored by a great number of contemporary theologians. ... he
1113:, the Council also resulted in limitations to the powers of the bishops. Many letters of the Council identify its position as in agreement with papal primacy. Those present employ titles such as "the most holy and beloved of God" and "ecumenical archbishop and patriarch of great Rome" to address
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outlines his policies and ideals, as well as those of the Catholic Church. In this work, Gregory claims that the pope has power to depose and restore bishops, and also effectively reduces the authority of other bishops. This doctrine supported the idea that Rome and the church here also afforded
802:
t has been ever understood by the Catholic Church ...that Peter in his single person, preferably to all the other Apostles, whether taken separately or together, was endowed by Christ with a true and proper primacy of jurisdiction; ...bestowed immediately and directly upon blessed Peter himself,
1608:
This faith it is which is the foundation of the Church; through this faith the gates of hell cannot prevail against her. This is the faith which has the keys of the kingdom of heaven. Whatsoever this faith shall have loosed or bound on earth shall be loosed or bound in heaven. This faith is the
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authority in the church must come through a line of authority traceable directly from Christ through Peter. However, in contrast to other groups, they believe that the line of succession was at some point broken following the death of the apostles, necessitating a restoration of the priesthood
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is the first known historical reference to the keys pertaining to anyone other than Peter. In it, he saw the keys as pertaining to "everyone" if they "made confession", rather than according to the modern interpretation concerning the bishops of Rome alone. Tertullian later retracted even this
270:
illustrates the leading role that Peter played among the Apostles, speaking up on matters that concern them all, being called by Jesus by a name linking him with the rock on which Jesus would build his church, being charged with pastoring the flock of Christ, and taking the leading role in the
2862:
Schaff, Philip., American Ed., 1994. Alexander Roberts, D.D. & James Donaldson, LL.D. with notes by A. Cleveland Coxe, D.D.. AnteNicene Fathers: Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second. On Modesty "Chap. XXI - Of the
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However, still other Protestant scholars believe that Jesus in fact did mean to single out Peter as the very rock which he will build upon, but that the passage does nothing to indicate a continued succession of Peter's implied position. They assert that Matthew uses the demonstrative pronoun
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Come now, you who would indulge a better curiosity, if you would apply it to the business of your salvation, run over the apostolic churches, in which the very thrones of the apostles are still pre-eminent in their places, in which their own authentic writings are read, uttering the voice and
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Some Orthodox scholars do not see Peter as being in any way above the other apostles, arguing that Peter did not have power and authority over them during Christ's public ministry. There were no positions of power between the twelve disciples, only "degrees of intimacy" or "degrees of honor."
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He has given, therefore, the keys to His Church, that whatsoever it should bind on earth might be bound in heaven, and whatsoever it should loose on earth might be, loosed in heaven; that is to say, that whosoever in the Church should not believe that his sins are remitted, they should not be
736:
Book VI, puts it thus, 'Peter, James and John, after the Ascension of the Saviour, did not claim pre-eminence because the Saviour had especially honored them, but chose James the Righteous as Bishop of Jerusalem.... James the Righteous, John, and Peter were entrusted by the Lord after his
2285:
by looking at the Aramaic language, as while it is true that Jews spoke mostly Aramaic at home, in public, they typically spoke in Greek. The few Aramaic words spoken by Jesus in public were unusual, and noted for this reason. Also contributing to the view held by many Lutherans that the
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absolute power (i.e., the difference between primacy and supremacy). In the East, there were numerous "apostolic sees", Jerusalem being considered the "mother of all churches", and the bishop of Antioch could also claim the title of successor to Peter, being that Peter was the first
1013:
states, "There are many other things which rightly keep me in the bosom of the Catholic Church. …The succession of the priests keeps me, from the very seat of the apostle Peter (to whom the Lord after his resurrection gave charge to feed his sheep) down to the present episcopate."
1626:) the Son of thunder, the beloved of Christ, the pillar of the Churches throughout the world, who holds the keys of heaven, who drank the cup of Christ, and was baptized with His baptism, who lay upon his Master's bosom, with much confidence, this man now comes forward to us now.
781:, points out that keys are still a symbol of authority in today's culture; he uses the example of someone giving the keys of his house to another person, and that the latter represented the owner of the house in his absence. In receiving the keys, Peter takes on the office of
1496:
one who holds the "Chair of Peter" (Cyprian's expression) is the bishop. As a result, the primacy of Peter is relevant to the relationship between the bishop and the presbyters, not between the bishop of Rome and the other bishops who are all equally holding Peter's chair.
3371:: Chapter XXXVI.-The Apostolic Churches the Voice of the Apostles. Let the Heretics Examine Their Apostolic Claims, in Each Case, Indisputable. The Church of Rome Doubly Apostolic; Its Early Eminence and Excellence. Heresy, as Perverting the Truth, is Connected Therewith
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Moreover, Eastern Orthodox theologians follow such Church Fathers as John Chrysostom by clarifying that "rock" simultaneously refers to Peter (instrumentally) as well as Peter's confession of faith which is what has ultimate significance in establishing the church.
850:
Both Latin and Greek writers in the early church referred to "rock" as applying to both Peter personally and his faith symbolically, as well as seeing Christ's promise to apply more generally to his twelve apostles and the Catholic Church at large.
1062:, formerly the Archdeacon Hildebrand. Gregory became Pope in 1073 with the objective of reforming not the body of the church, but a purification of the clergy in general. Gregory is perhaps most recognized with the quarrel between himself and
762:, wrote that "nay more, that Peter was the prime mover in issuing the decree by which this was affirmed," in relation to the Council of Jerusalem, and again, "and to his opinion the Apostle James, and all the elders together, gave consent."
628:
2079:) is also used in 1 Corinthians 10:4 in describing Jesus, which reads: "They all ate the same spiritual food and drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them, and that rock was Christ."
2330:(LDS Church) accepts the primacy of Peter, although it does not generally use the term. The LDS Church teaches that Peter was the chief apostle and head of the church after Christ's ascension. The LDS Church further teaches that all
1577:
theologians agree that in Matthew 16:18, "rock" is a likely reference to Peter personally since the very name "Peter" means "rock". However, Matthew 18:18 implies that the other Apostles were given the same powers. Although the word
2136:. He disagrees with Luther and the Protestant reformers who held that by "rock" Christ did not mean Peter, but meant either himself or the faith of His followers. He believes the meaning of the original Aramaic is very clear: that
1594:
What, now, (has this to do) with the Church, and your (church), indeed, Psychic? For, in accordance with the person of Peter, it is to spiritual men that this power will correspondingly appertain, either to an apostle or else to a
936:, listing various reasons why the Keys of Peter pertained to Peter alone. The churches later declared him an apostate along with the followers of Montanus for insisting that authority must be associated with demonstrable power.
1941:"), since the word was used both for a name and for a "rock". The Peshitta (written in Syriac, a language cognate with Aramaic) makes no distinction between the words in the two clauses. The Greek makes the distinction between
1663:
How the Church? Why, to her it was said, "To thee I will give the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven, and whatsoever thou shall bind on earth shall be bound in
3725:
Rykle Borger, "Remarks of an Outsider about Bauer's Worterbuch, BAGD, BDAG, and Their Textual Basis," Biblical Greek Language and Lexicography: Essays in Honor of Frederick W. Danker, Bernard A. Tayler (et al. eds.) pp.
1295:, many non-Catholics have challenged the Catholic Church's position, questioning whether the feminine πέτρα refers to Peter, and claiming it may instead refer to either Peter's confession of faith or to Jesus himself.
2000:), two words that, while not identical, give an impression of one of many times when Jesus used a play on words. Furthermore, since Jesus presumably spoke to Peter in their native Aramaic language, he would have used
2123:
churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests.
831:
Moved by the grace of the Holy Spirit and drawn by the Father, we believe in Jesus and confess: "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." On the rock of this faith confessed by St. Peter, Christ built his
1210:
While the reasons for disagreement on the nature of the primacy are complex, hinging on matters of doctrine, history and politics, the debate is often reduced to a discussion of the meaning and translation of
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the 'rock' as being a reference either to Christ or to Peter's faith, not Peter himself. They understand Jesus' remark to have been his affirmation of Peter's testimony that Jesus was the Son of God.
1105:
in 431 AD offers debate as to whether the results determine that the pope is at the head of the church, or rather that it is under the authority of a council of bishops. Although the highlight of the
963:
agree with the above, and hold the same essential doctrines as all other Catholics, but also as a theological reflection usually consider Peter in some way to exemplify the other bishops as well.
959:
writes: "he ancient Christian father Cyprian used it to prove the authority of the bishop—not merely of the Roman bishop, but of every bishop," referring to Maurice Bevenot's work on St. Cyprian.
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Despite the acceptance of Peter's primacy, several leaders of the LDS Church have taught that the rock referred to by Jesus in Matthew 16:18 was neither Peter nor his confession, but the gift of
1609:
Father's gift by revelation; even the knowledge that we must not imagine a false Christ, a creature made out of nothing, but must confess Him the Son of God, truly possessed of the Divine nature.
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as Pope. Germany, Italy, England, and the rest of Northern and Eastern Europe remained loyal to Urban, while France, Spain, Scotland, and Rome followed Clement VII (1378–1394) and his successor,
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Although these quotes may represent normative LDS belief, none of them are from canonized doctrinal sources. The LDS Church therefore has no official doctrinal interpretation of Matthew 16:18.
2098:
Other theologically conservative Christians, including Confessional Lutherans, also rebut comments made by Karl Keating and D.A. Carson who claim that there is no distinction between the words
1271:
in Hebrew into Greek is tenuous at best as there is no real evidence or indication that the New Testament (in Greek) was ever translated from Hebrew or Aramaic texts; for that argument see
285:
and other early Christian writings attribute to Peter is due to their seeing him as a unifying factor in contrast to other figures identified with disputed interpretations of Christianity.
1923:
can mean "stone" and "rock" respectively in earlier Greek, the distinction is largely confined to poetry. Moreover the underlying Aramaic is in this case unquestionable; and most probably
1822::18. Most present-day Catholics interpret Jesus as saying he was building his church on the rock of the Apostle Peter and the succession of popes which claim Apostolic succession from him.
1246:, of the words presumably used by Jesus would be "Thou art Rock, and upon this rock will I build my church". To preserve a supposed pun, the Greek text chose to translate Peter's name as
699:
473:
2239:, the pronoun refers back to the preceding noun. The second rock Jesus refers to must then be the same rock as the first one; and if Peter is the first rock he must also be the second.
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Protestant counter-claims to the Catholic interpretation are largely based on the difference between the Greek words translated "Rock" in the Matthean passage. In classical Attic Greek
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321:. This belief makes a distinction between the personal prestige of Peter and the supremacy of the office of pope which Catholics believe Jesus instituted in the person of Peter.
3383::Chapter XXII.-Attempt to Invalidate This Rule of Faith Rebutted. The Apostles Safe Transmitters of the Truth. Sufficiently Taught at First, and Faithful in the Transmission.
1004:
in 387 AD. He was also bishop of Hippo from 397 AD until his death in 430 AD. Augustine taught that Peter was first amongst the apostles, and thus represents the church. His
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1900:
not declare the primacy of Peter, but rather declares that his church will be built upon the foundation of the revelation of and confession of faith of Jesus as the Christ.
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3736:
1904:
between Peter's name (Petros) and the word 'rock' (petra) makes sense only if Peter is the Rock and if Jesus is about to explain the significance of this identification."
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3048:
Schatz, Klaus. Papal Primacy: From Its Origins to the Present. Translated by John A. Otto and Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1996. p. 100.
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on the "See of Peter" being present in every local Church, and not only in Rome, is well-known. It is also found in the East, among people who certainly never read the
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1887:. This scripture was written in Greek, not Aramaic; what Jesus might have said in Aramaic is conjecture. In Greek, there is a distinction between the two words,
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As a king sending forth governors, gives power to cast into prison and to deliver from it, so in sending these forth, Christ investeth them with the same power.
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authority. The LDS Church teaches that this restoration occurred with the appearance of the resurrected Peter, James, and John, who conferred the authority on
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2227:, which allegedly means "this very" or "this same", when he refers to the rock on which Jesus' church will be built. He also uses the Greek word for "and",
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1491:
John Meyendorff, a 20th century Orthodox scholar, states, "he great Cappadocians, St. John Chrysostom, and St. Augustine all concur in affirming that the
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has authority delegated from Jesus to rule over the entire Church. There are various views on the nature of the primacy and how it has been exercised and
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685:
785:, which was well-known to ancient and contemporary Hebrews, and depicted in the Old Testament, as the one who had authority from God to bind and loose.
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distinction is irrelevant considering the Aramaic language in which the phrase might well have been spoken. In Greek, of any period, the feminine noun
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disciple, who used to lean on His breast to whom alone the Lord pointed Judas out as the traitor, whom He commended to Mary as a son in His own stead?
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Jesus in His teachings says, "Upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." What rock? Revelation.
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16:18: "And I say to thee: That thou art Peter; and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it."
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1706:... though He has delegated the care of His sheep to many shepherds, yet He has not Himself abandoned the guardianship of His beloved flock.
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1145:, an Italian, took the reins over a predominantly French college of Cardinals. The Cardinals called the election into question and elected
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held the papal office from 402 to 417. Modern theories of papal primacy developed around Innocent and his writings. In a 416 AD letter to
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Cullmann concludes that while Peter was the original head of the apostles, Peter was not the founder of any visible church succession.
1117:. Thus, as not all can be satisfied with the results, the Council of Chalcedon resulted in a schism with the Oriental Orthodox Church.
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of the apostles? But since in a figure Peter represented the Church, what was given to him singly was given to the Church." His 395 AD
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in 1829. Members of the LDS Church can request a written line of authority tracing back to Christ through Peter through this path.
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952:, Cyprian asks, "He who deserts the chair of Peter, upon whom the Church was founded, does he trust himself to be in the Church?"
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The Faith of Catholics: confirmed by Scripture, and attested by the Fathers of the five first centuries of the Church, Volume 1
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of Jesus, making him "the most prominent and influential member of the Twelve during Jesus' ministry and in the early Church".
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1515:, for example, affirms that Christ "through Peter gave to the bishops the keys of the heavenly honors," and the author of the
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lover of Christ." His writings also emphasize the mortality of Peter, linking him more closely to the people of the church.
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resurrection with the higher knowledge. They imparted it to the other apostles, and the other apostles to the seventy...'"
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Based on his knowledge of the Petrine texts of the Gospel, and his writings which expound upon it, it is easy to see that
769:." Especially for the Hebrew people, keys were a symbol of authority; keys are also used to symbolise power over death in
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4848:
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2118:, indeed list both words and the passages that give different meanings for each. Conservative Lutheran apologists state:
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4085:(9th ed.) London: Virtue & Co., 1925. (Provides citations for the use of "πέτρος" to mean "rock" in classical works)
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Modern Lutheran historians even disclose that the Catholic Church did not, at least unanimously, regard Peter as the
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regards the Apostle Peter, together with the Apostle Paul, as "preeminent apostles". Paul and Peter are both termed
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of Cyprian, but who share its main idea, thus witnessing to it as part of the catholic tradition of the Church. St
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Therefore, the building of the Church is upon this rock of confession; this faith is the foundation of the Church.
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Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. p. 133.
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Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. p. 129.
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Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. p. 101.
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through the Aramaic is pointless is the fact that the New Testament was written in Koine Greek, and not Aramaic.
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A very clear patristic tradition sees the succession of Peter in the episcopal ministry. The doctrine of St
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Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. pp. 280, 323.
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Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 297-321.
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Popes ever since Peter, which also gives us the reason for the way Roman Catholicism interprets Mt 16:18.
58:
3030:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. Pp. 238-256.
2875:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. pp. 29-30.
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difference Between Discipline and Power, and of the Power of the Keys." pp. 98-101. Published online at
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812:. Noting that in the list of the Twelve Apostles in the Synoptics and Acts, Simon/Peter appears first.
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3404:. (On His Birthday, III: Delivered on the Anniversary of His Elevation to the Pontificate, Chapter II)
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There is general agreement among scholars on the preeminence that the historical Peter held among the
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Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 198.
2976:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 194.
2967:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 182.
2958:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 175.
2949:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 163.
2926:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 126.
1125:
The papacy's most widely known crisis, as well as its largest challenge to authority, came with the "
1058:
was rather a series of movements many of which involved the reform of the Catholic Church, headed by
960:
901:, was well known for his insistence on the authority of the bishop. In his writings to the church at
2884:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 53.
2853:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 23.
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Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 4.
2835:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 9.
2826:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 8.
2817:
Giles, E., ed. Documents Illustrating Papal Authority: A.D. 96-454. London: S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 6.
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1046:
would later refer to Leo as "him who had been charged with the custody of the vine by the savior."
609:
297:, it is held that the primacy of Peter is a basis for the primacy of the bishop of Rome over other
5037:
3634:
3057:
Logan, F. Donald. A History of the Church in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 2002. p. 297.
1177:), meaning "rock," that Jesus gave the man previously known as Simon. The Greeks translated it as
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Knight, Kevin. "Question 106. The law of the Gospel, called the New Law, considered in itself."
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refers to a boulder used as a landmark, obviously something more than a pebble. In any case, a
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and many other Protestant apologists agree that it is meaningless to elaborate the meaning of
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Of the church of Rome, Linus the son of Claudia was the first, ordained by Paul; and Clemens (
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4144:
Chronicle of the Popes: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present
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was the Aramaic word for "rock", and that it was also the name by which Christ called Peter.
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there let the people be, even as wheresoever Christ Jesus is, there is the Catholic Church."
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Many challenges faced the popes claiming primacy throughout the history of Catholicism. The
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Greek, and some authorities say no significant difference existed between the meanings of
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became a priest around the age of forty and worked tirelessly to defend the faith. In his
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who did more than any other to hold together the diversity of first-century Christianity.
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3416:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter
3257:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter
3183:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter
2805:"Peter's Primacy in the New Testament and the Early Tradition" in The Primacy of Peter
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was a smallish stone, there are instances of its use to refer to larger rocks, as in
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sfn error: no target: CITEREF"The_Primacy_of_the_Successor_of_Peter",_§3 (
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Upon This Rock: St. Peter and the Primacy of Rome in Scripture and the Early Church
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One common Protestant argument historically has been that the translation from the
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risked returning to turbulent Italy and the Roman seat. Following the close of the
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3234:, Book 7, Chapter XLVI – "Who Were They that the Holy Apostles Sent and Ordained?"
2937:"If Peter had primacy, why did James make the decision on circumcision? (Acts 15)"
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asserted, therefore, has two parts: lineage from the Apostles and right teaching.
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je bâtirai mon Église, et les portes de l'enfer ne prévaudront point contre elle"
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Though among the twelve disciples, Peter is predominant in the first chapters of
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Rock is Christ." In Ephesians 2:20, Jesus is called "the chief cornerstone".
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1230:), and in the second half of the same verse the word translated as "rock" is
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Theodore Stylianopoulos "Concerning the Biblical Foundation of Primacy", in
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believes in the re-established Apostle ministry. It sees Peter as the first
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could not be used as the given name of a male, which may explain the use of
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4124:"Ninth Article: 'The Holy Catholic Church; the Communion of Saints.'"
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simply because it is trying to preserve the pun, and in Greek the feminine
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Rome's rule for explaining the Scriptures and determining doctrine is the
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in both instances. The Peshitta Text and the Old Syriac text use the word
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2743:"The Primacy of the Successor of Peter in the Mystery of the Church", CDF
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1129:" in the late Middle Ages, dating from 1378–1417. Seven popes ruled from
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3185:(in eng). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 67–68.
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in Koine Greek. The Lutheran theologians state that the dictionaries of
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Webster, William. "The Matthew 16 Controversy". Calvary Press, 1996. (
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Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession
1775: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1600:
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1333: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Controversy has surrounded one particular text that is linked with the
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confession he had just made is the rock on which the church is built.
1189:), a new form, appropriately masculine, of the standard feminine word
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3834:"The Doctrine of Church and Ministry in the Life of the Church Today"
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2036:
2030:
1995:
1983:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1882:
1876:
1645:
1259:
1237:
1225:
1196:
1184:
1026:
1750:
1308:
1280:
1166:
7416:
7324:
7151:
6250:
5619:
5344:
4452:
4242:
1590:
is implicitly there, and that the rest of the church has the keys:
915:
867:
859:
26:
5360:
1488:, which could be translated as "Choir-director," or lead singer.
7121:
5959:
5833:
5776:
4151:
The Primacy of Peter: Essays in Ecclesiology and the Early Church
2306:
2165:. Moreover, even in Attic Greek, in which the regular meaning of
1162:
1130:
997:
975:
944:
298:
248:, "Peter"), is the position of preeminence that is attributed to
4108:
The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great
3867:"Cross-Cultural And Multicultural Ministry In The New Testament"
3796:
Jesus, Peter & the Keys: A Scriptural Handbook on the Papacy
7274:
6579:
6564:
6508:
6475:
4657:
4131:. Translated by Rev. John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.
2233:. It is alleged that when a demonstrative pronoun is used with
1275:. According to the Protestant transliteration argument, in the
902:
755:
31:
4093:
2067:
in the phrase "on this rock I will build my church," the word
7372:
6540:
6504:
2146:
says it cannot be used as "warrant of the papal succession."
2074:
1989:
1977:
1894:
1888:
1253:
1247:
1231:
1219:
1190:
1178:
1001:
808:
points of the doctrine was issued by the prefect of the CDF,
305:. This extension of Petrine primacy to popes is known as the
5050:
Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
4081:
Addis, William E. & Thomas Arnold (rev. T.B. Scannell).
3974:"The Restoration of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods"
2798:
2796:
2794:
6545:
6264:
4932:
4460:
4260:
4211:
3430:
Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope, paragraph 22
3392:"On the Gospel of John" On John xx. 10, 11. (Homily LXXXVI)
1859:
centers on Matthew 16:18 where Jesus tells Peter: "You are
1569:
1465:
310:
1201:), also meaning "rock;" this was translated into Latin as
765:
Jesus said to Peter in verse 19, "I will give to thee the
740:
For Catholics, St. Peter is commonly considered the first
3543:. Catholic Answers Magazine. October 1999. Archived from
2914:
St. Cyprian: The Lapsed, The Unity of the Catholic Church
2791:
1436:
5167:
House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
1565:), after Linus' death, the second, ordained by me Peter.
1432:
2865:
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.iii.viii.xxi.html
2638:"CHURCH FATHERS: Letter 75 (Augustine) or 112 (Jerome)"
2544:. McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, ch. 32, p. 577.
2323:
View of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1582:
is explicitly absent from this later verse a number of
1456:
845:
3988:"Dating the Restoration of the Melchizedek Priesthood"
3950:. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from
3742:. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from
3714:
The concise Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament
3690:. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from
3345:
A Treatise Concerning the Correction of the Donatists.
2369:
Church founder Joseph Smith is quoted as having said:
259:
4168:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994.
2132:
Partial support for the Catholic position comes from
2086:
Another rebuttal of the Catholic position is that if
1536:
were 'of Peter' had also once been held in the West.
5060:
Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
3566:"Peshitta Aramaic/English Interlinear New Testament"
2526:
Peter was probably in fact and effect the bridge-man
1814:
Stained glass window in a Catholic church depicting
5235:
5117:
4043:
Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Joseph Smith
3913:"The Specific Functions of the Church in the World"
4146:. 2nd ed. London : Thames & Hudson, 2006.
4115:Upon This Rock: The Popes and their Changing Roles
4095:"Primacy of Saint Peter and His Successors."
2673:"Dr Scott Hahn on the Papacy | Catholic-Pages.com"
2211:as the Greek word with which to translate Aramaic
955:Regarding the interpretation of Matthew 16:18-19,
728:, the focus shifts to Paul in the later chapters.
2153:which there is no distinction in meaning between
1818:in Rome sitting "Upon this rock," a reference to
7444:
3259:. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 47–48.
2807:. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 61–66.
2016:Early Catholic Latin and Greek writers (such as
408:Apiarius of Sicca § Appeal to the bishop of Rome
4038:"Chapter 16: Revelation and the Living Prophet"
3808:"Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope"
3773:" "Time," Dec. 07, 1953. Accessed Oct. 08, 2009
2328:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1153:(1394–1417) who would reside in Avignon.
309:. This Catholic Church doctrine holds that the
281:In one interpretation, the prominence that the
4117:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2000.
3413:
3254:
2802:
1967:
1959:could not very well serve as a masculine name.
1242:). A literal translation, in the style of the
862:has been called the most important witness of
475:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
5376:
5218:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
4227:
4129:A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion
3918:. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Archived from
3872:. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Archived from
3839:. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Archived from
3455:"PETER IS THE ROCK (This Rock: January 1998)"
2504:A Marginal Jew. 3. Companions and Competitors
2354:which made Christ's divinity known to Peter.
2127:
1431:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
693:
478:§ The Third Wall: Authority to Call a Council
213:
3945:"And On THIS ROCK I Will Build My Church..."
3825:
3418:. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 68.
2430:
667:Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy
655:Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council,
4646:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
3154:The Primacy of Peter in the Orthodox Church
2754:"The Primacy of the Successor of Peter", §3
2591:Eusebius. Ecclesiastical History. Book 1:1.
1202:
1133:in France in the early 14th century, until
378:First Vatican Council § Papal infallibility
16:Position of preeminence attributed to Peter
7305:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
5383:
5369:
4234:
4220:
4175:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
3904:
3535:
3533:
3180:
3111:"The Rock-Foundation of Matthew 16:17-20".
2581:"The Primacy of Peter", Catholic Tradition
1658:...the keys that were given to the Church,
700:
686:
423:Gregory II Youssef § First Vatican Council
220:
206:
4088:
3937:
3858:
3676:
3357:Ten Homilies on the First Epistle of John
3079:"Cephas - Dictionary.com - Reference.com"
2720:"Church of the Primacy of Peter", FaithND
1791:Learn how and when to remove this message
1393:Learn how and when to remove this message
1218:In the Greek text, the new name given is
4975:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
4110:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
4002:"Request a Priesthood Line of Authority"
3831:
1718:
1570:'Keys' and 'rock' not exclusive to Peter
1460:
1298:
631:Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox
25:
4120:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3530:
2901:. New York: Abingdon Press. p. 78.
2893:
2559:http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2106.htm
2533:particularly by the Antioch episode in
2057:However, even though the feminine noun
567:bishops § Centralization of papal power
7445:
5764:
3103:
2013:Apostles chapters 1–2, 10–11, and 15.
889:
629:Ecclesiastical differences between the
413:Pentarchy § After the East–West Schism
5364:
4712:
4215:
3864:
3205:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
3176:
3174:
3123:
1881:. However he refers to the "rock" as
1855:A major debate between Catholics and
1422:too many or overly lengthy quotations
988:
638:Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority
3758:
3737:"Responses to previous questions..."
3729:
3482:. Users.stargate.net. Archived from
3232:Apostolic Teaching and Constitutions
1773:adding citations to reliable sources
1744:
1553:, not Peter, was actually the first
1457:A Different Understanding of Primacy
1404:
1331:adding citations to reliable sources
1302:
1281:
1167:
1109:in 451 AD was the confession of the
846:Individuals supporting Roman primacy
5390:
5250:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
4166:Peter: Apostle for the Whole Church
4137:The Church in the Early Middle Ages
3832:Gawrisch, Wilbert R. (5 Aug 1991).
2911:
2116:Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich Lexicon
1988:) and that translated as "rock" is
1929:was used in both clauses ("you are
1740:
1049:
260:Primacy of Peter among the Apostles
13:
5255:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
4965:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
4075:
3910:
3684:"Matthew 16:18 - Peter, This Rock"
3171:
2774:"Cathecism of the Catholic Church"
2465:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology
1976:the word translated as "Peter" is
1017:
966:
462:Conciliarism § Modern conciliarism
267:Evangelical Dictionary of Theology
14:
7484:
5033:Pontifical North American College
4595:Section for Relations with States
4208:. Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1960.
3865:Balge, Richard D. (6 June 1995).
3810:. Book of Concord. Archived from
3381:The Prescription Against Heretics
3369:The Prescription Against Heretics
3220:To Eulogius, Bishop of Alexandria
7427:
7426:
7415:
7383:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
6931:Criticism of the Catholic Church
5343:
5331:
4727:Extraordinary general assemblies
4058:
4030:
4008:
3994:
3980:
3966:
3786:(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984).
3784:The Expositor's Bible Commentary
3611:Catechism of the Catholic Church
2257:
2035:generally meant "pebble," while
2023:Catechism of the Catholic Church
1827:
1807:
1749:
1549:The Orthodox also consider that
1409:
1307:
1156:
822:Catechism of the Catholic Church
650:Papal infallibility § Objections
327:
288:
74:
5550:First seven ecumenical councils
5195:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
5095:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
5075:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
4874:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
3891:
3800:
3789:
3776:
3771:Religion: Peter & the Rock.
3719:
3706:
3665:
3654:
3639:
3628:
3617:
3603:
3592:
3581:
3558:
3519:
3508:
3497:
3472:
3447:
3436:
3422:
3407:
3395:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3310:
3305:Homilies on the Gospel of John.
3298:
3286:
3274:
3263:
3248:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3143:
3092:
3071:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2929:
2920:
2905:
2899:The Riddle of Roman Catholicism
2887:
2878:
2869:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2766:
2736:
2724:
2713:
2689:
2665:
2654:
2630:
2618:
2419:
2313:Lutheran apologists criticize:
1875:Jesus gives Simon the new name
1834:A 17th century illustration of
1760:needs additional citations for
1586:recognised that the meaning of
1318:needs additional citations for
1098:First Council of Constantinople
950:De Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitate
864:Christianity in the 2nd century
467:Ecumenical council § Acceptance
403:Episcopal see § Catholic Church
6125:Separation of church and state
4884:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
4139:. I.B. Tauris: New York, 2007.
4016:"New Testament Student Manual"
3899:Some thoughts on Matthew 16:18
3457:. Catholic.com. Archived from
2607:
2594:
2585:
2574:
2563:
2547:
2518:
2479:
2456:
2114:, including the authoritative
1499:As John Meyendorff explained:
1000:in 354 AD and was baptized in
1:
5147:Pontifical Oriental Institute
4066:"Approaching Mormon Doctrine"
2450:
1907:Donald A. Carson III states:
1078:
1032:
909:
870:, who had been instructed by
767:keys of the kingdom of heaven
657:Old Catholic Union of Utrecht
307:primacy of the Bishop of Rome
30:An imaginative depiction of "
4970:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
4241:
3321:The Keys Given to the Church
2776:. Vatican.va. Archived from
2476:), entry "Peter, Primacy of"
2235:
2229:
2223:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2138:
2106:
2100:
2069:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1984:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1883:
1877:
1468:of St. Peter (15th century,
1287:
1260:
1238:
1226:
1197:
1185:
1173:
945:Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus
643:Ultramontanism § Position of
7:
7458:Bible-related controversies
5152:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
5028:Pontifical Urban University
4722:Ordinary general assemblies
4469:Cardinal Secretary of State
3648:The Shape of Sola Scriptura
2602:The Dictionary of the Bible
2515:), pp. 221–225, and others.
2463:Walter A. Elwell (editor),
2380:
1083:
854:
788:The Dogmatic Constitution,
495:Catholic episcopal councils
435:Eastern Orthodox opposition
10:
7489:
7422:Catholic Church portal
5245:Basilica of the Holy House
4869:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
4277:Sovereignty and government
3081:. Dictionary.reference.com
2128:Partial Protestant support
2075:
1990:
1978:
1895:
1889:
1836:Article VII: Of the Church
1254:
1248:
1232:
1220:
1191:
1179:
1066:of Germany, known as the "
1011:Contra Epistolam Manichaei
939:
623:Objections and controversy
603:Cum ex apostolatus officio
18:
7410:
7348:Aid to the Church in Need
7338:
7195:
7008:
6969:Vatican Television Center
6944:
6854:
6744:
6614:Eastern Catholic Churches
6595:
6484:
6377:
6324:
6249:
6220:
6145:
6070:
6005:
5950:
5869:
5739:
5653:
5585:
5530:
5449:
5426:
5398:
5326:
5271:
5202:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
5185:
5055:Palace of the Holy Office
5045:Palazzo della Cancelleria
5017:Palace of Saint Callixtus
4987:
4950:
4940:
4929:
4910:
4839:
4816:
4768:
4740:
4684:
4579:
4527:
4497:
4451:
4424:
4298:
4286:Sovereign judicial entity
4249:
4206:Saint Peter and the Popes
3181:Meyendorff, John (1992).
2697:"St. Peter and the Popes"
1911:Although it is true that
1277:language that Jesus spoke
1120:
1056:Gregorian Reform movement
810:Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger
7463:1st-century Christianity
7290:Communion and Liberation
6754:Eastern Catholic liturgy
5919:Mystici Corporis Christi
5847:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
5143:Archaeological Institute
4328:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4323:Patrimony of Saint Peter
4318:History of papal primacy
4121:Deharbe, Joseph (1912).
3133:. Broadman Press, 1962.
2487:Walter Kasper (editor),
2412:
1429:summarize the quotations
779:The Faith of Our Fathers
645:other apostolic churches
633:Church § Papal authority
610:Pascendi Dominici gregis
19:Not to be confused with
6105:Philosophy of canon law
6035:Mariology of the saints
5615:Investiture Controversy
5338:Vatican City portal
5070:Palace of the Vicariate
4864:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
4388:Prisoner in the Vatican
4377:Investiture Controversy
3414:Veselin Kesich (1992).
3283:. Book VII. Chapter XXI
3255:Veselin Kesich (1992).
3158:St. Vladimir's Seminary
2803:Veselin Kesich (1992).
2277:Unlike Oscar Cullmann,
1482:Eastern Orthodox Church
597:Development of doctrine
565:Appointment of Catholic
7358:Catholic Charities USA
6992:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
6980:Vatican Polyglot Press
6030:Mariology of the popes
5668:Protestant Reformation
5350:Catholicism portal
5306:Apostolic Penitentiary
5280:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
5227:Santa Maria di Galeria
4552:For Vatican City State
4149:Meyendorff, John, ed.
3712:Danker, Frederick W.,
3614:, Articles 424 and 552
3319:Book I. Chapter 18.17
3131:New Testament Theology
2677:www.catholic-pages.com
2507:(Knopf Doubleday 2001
2431:
2375:
2367:
2332:Melchizedek Priesthood
2320:
2311:
2279:Confessional Lutherans
2275:
2125:
1961:
1868:the Catholic Pontiff.
1716:
1703:
1692:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1636:
1619:
1605:
1567:
1547:
1530:
1477:
1293:Protestant Reformation
1203:
986:
843:
834:
818:
805:
716:, which some call the
245:
51:
7112:Good Shepherd Sisters
6954:Holy See Press Office
6192:Doctors of the Church
6025:Immaculate Conception
5980:Anointing of the Sick
5515:History of the papacy
5134:San Carlo ai Catinari
5105:Paul VI Audience Hall
5091:Benedictine monastery
5038:Bambino Gesù Hospital
4808:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
4142:Maxwell-Stuart, P.G.
3333:On the Gospel of John
3317:On Christian Doctrine
3307:Preface to Homily 1.2
3160:Press, Crestwood NY,
2500:), pp. 43–44, citing
2468:(Baker Academic 2001
2397:Historical episcopate
2371:
2363:
2315:
2299:
2270:
2120:
1909:
1719:Examples from history
1704:
1693:
1687:
1675:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1637:
1620:
1606:
1592:
1559:
1542:
1532:The notion that many
1501:
1464:
1299:Eastern Orthodox view
981:
835:
826:
814:
800:
796:First Vatican Council
29:
6985:L'Osservatore Romano
6923:Role in civilisation
6649:Croatian and Serbian
6397:Episcopal conference
6359:St. Peter's Basilica
5717:Sexual abuse scandal
5673:Catholic Reformation
4960:St. Peter's Basilica
4653:Apostolic nunciature
4512:College of Cardinals
4507:Secretariat of State
4083:Catholic Dictionary.
3954:on 27 September 2009
3948:WELS Topical Q&A
3746:on 27 September 2009
3740:WELS Topical Q&A
3688:WELS Topical Q&A
3645:Mathison, Keith A.,
3222:Book VII, Epistle XL
3120:Accessed 12 Mar 2013
2701:Catholic News Agency
2528:(pontifex maximus!)
2492:(Paulist Press 2008
2489:The Petrine Ministry
2387:Apostolic Succession
2244:New Apostolic Church
1816:St. Peter's Basilica
1769:improve this article
1525:The Primacy of Peter
1470:Russian State Museum
1327:improve this article
1107:Council of Chalcedon
1044:Council of Chalcedon
880:Against the Heresies
758:, in his epistle to
726:Acts of the Apostles
577:Papal deposing power
517:The Ratzinger Report
418:Pope John XIX § Life
7320:Neocatechumenal Way
7285:Charismatic Renewal
6999:Annuario Pontificio
6597:Particular churches
6273:Ecumenical councils
6045:Perpetual virginity
5880:Communitas perfecta
5824:Sermon on the Mount
5311:Apostolic Signatura
5139:Collegio Bellarmino
5011:Adjoining buildings
4586:Multilateral policy
4204:Winter, Michael M.
3099:bible Matthew 16:18
2429:, the translation,
2402:Papal infallibility
1893:being a "rock" but
1840:Augsburg Confession
1509:De unitate ecclesia
1505:Cyprian of Carthage
1068:Investiture Contest
927:made confession ."
890:Ignatius of Antioch
742:Bishop of Jerusalem
449:Ecumenical councils
373:Papal infallibility
129:Incident at Antioch
7157:Premonstratensians
5540:Ante-Nicene period
5418:Lists of Catholics
5080:Collegio Teutonico
4997:Lateran University
4841:Suffragan dioceses
4818:Territorial abbeys
4788:Porto-Santa Rufina
4770:Suburbicarian sees
4732:Special assemblies
4627:Permanent Observer
4171:Pham, John-Peter.
3911:Eckert, Harold H.
3694:on 2 December 2008
3624:1 Corinthians 10:4
3515:1 Corinthians 10:4
3504:Deuteronomy 32:3–4
3480:"Who is the Rock?"
3335:. Tractate CXXIV.7
3116:2016-06-23 at the
2912:Bevenot, Maurice.
2600:Mckenzie, John L.
2392:Early Christianity
2286:interpretation of
2178:Oedipus at Colonus
1615:Hilary of Poitiers
1478:
1342:"Primacy of Peter"
1244:King James Version
1103:Council of Ephesus
994:Augustine of Hippo
989:Augustine of Hippo
874:, Irenaeus became
760:Augustine of Hippo
437:to papal supremacy
52:
7468:Gospel of Matthew
7440:
7439:
6850:
6849:
6243:
6066:
6065:
5758:
5735:
5734:
5727:COVID-19 pandemic
5697:French Revolution
5687:Thirty Years' War
5595:Islamic conquests
5508:Apostolic fathers
5443:
5358:
5357:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5225:antennae area of
5216:Summer estate of
5181:
5180:
5113:
5112:
5085:Teutonic Cemetery
4983:
4982:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4923:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4859:Civita Castellana
4762:
4706:
4680:
4679:
4445:
4382:Age of Revolution
4355:Donation of Pepin
4350:Donation of Sutri
4290:international law
4106:Chadwick, Henry.
4090:Berington, Joseph
3166:978-0-88141-125-6
3152:, et al. (1963),
2895:Pelikan, Jaroslav
2642:www.newadvent.org
2625:The Navarre Bible
2297:until the 1870s:
2063:is translated as
1968:Meaning of "Rock"
1801:
1800:
1793:
1726:bishop of Antioch
1454:
1453:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1377:
1279:, the same word,
961:Eastern Catholics
899:bishop of Antioch
710:
709:
591:compared to popes
532:compared to popes
497:compared to popes
451:compared to popes
392:compared to popes
271:initial church.
230:
229:
119:Vision of a sheet
7480:
7430:
7429:
7420:
7419:
7162:Redemptoristines
7010:Religious orders
6936:Anti-Catholicism
6886:Church buildings
6746:Catholic liturgy
6486:Consecrated life
6344:Apostolic Palace
6311:Synod of Bishops
6247:
6246:
6223:
5829:Ten Commandments
5762:
5761:
5744:
5645:Age of Discovery
5479:Great Commission
5447:
5446:
5431:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5362:
5361:
5348:
5347:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5238:extraterritorial
5233:
5232:
5211:Adjacent gardens
5171:Nympheum of Nero
5120:extraterritorial
5115:
5114:
5007:Sancta Sanctorum
4985:
4984:
4948:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4926:
4915:
4766:
4765:
4747:
4744:province of Rome
4710:
4709:
4691:
4542:Apostolic Camera
4449:
4448:
4431:
4313:Primacy of Peter
4236:
4229:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4178:Ray, Stephen K.
4164:Perkins, Pheme.
4132:
4126:
4103:
4097:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3804:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3782:D. A. Carson in
3780:
3774:
3767:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3680:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3643:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3541:"Peter the Rock"
3537:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3451:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3196:
3178:
3169:
3147:
3141:
3127:
3121:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2669:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:Matthew 16:16–18
2567:
2561:
2557:Sept. 11, 2009:
2551:
2545:
2542:The Canon Debate
2539:Dunn, James D.G.
2522:
2516:
2513:978-0-38546993-7
2498:978-0-80914334-4
2483:
2477:
2474:978-0-80102075-9
2460:
2444:
2442:
2423:
2359:Howard W. Hunter
2238:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2141:
2109:
2103:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1972:In the original
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1831:
1811:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1753:
1745:
1741:Protestant views
1714:
1701:
1684:
1648:
1634:
1617:
1603:
1575:Eastern Orthodox
1528:
1513:Gregory of Nyssa
1474:Saint Petersburg
1449:
1446:
1440:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1335:
1311:
1303:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1111:Person of Christ
1094:Council of Nicea
1050:Pope Gregory VII
957:Jaroslav Pelikan
872:John the apostle
794:, issued by the
775:Cardinal Gibbons
751:The 4th century
748:'s persecution.
702:
695:
688:
572:Concordat § List
530:Political rulers
509:Christus Dominus
429:Ravenna Document
359:Primacy of Peter
331:
324:
323:
236:, also known as
234:primacy of Peter
222:
215:
208:
94:Walking on water
78:
54:
53:
42:" as written in
7488:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7414:
7406:
7385:
7368:Relief Services
7334:
7280:Catholic Action
7270:Military orders
7207:Confraternities
7199:of the faithful
7198:
7191:
7013:
7004:
6940:
6846:
6740:
6599:
6591:
6524:Prior, Prioress
6480:
6373:
6369:Vatican Museums
6320:
6253:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6141:
6095:Social teaching
6062:
6001:
5946:
5901:One true church
5865:
5842:Sixtine Vulgate
5838:Official Bible
5752:
5748:
5743:
5731:
5649:
5581:
5526:
5496:Petrine primacy
5439:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5394:
5392:Catholic Church
5389:
5359:
5354:
5342:
5332:
5330:
5322:
5291:Papal household
5259:
5237:
5231:
5187:
5177:
5163:Sant'Apollinare
5161:Two Palaces of
5157:Russian College
5119:
5109:
4979:
4952:Major basilicas
4931:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4898:
4835:
4812:
4757:
4746:
4743:
4736:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4676:
4605:Of the Holy See
4600:To the Holy See
4583:
4581:Foreign affairs
4575:
4523:
4493:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4428:judicial entity
4427:
4420:
4294:
4272:Diocese of Rome
4245:
4240:
4113:Collins, Paul.
4078:
4076:Further reading
4073:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3777:
3768:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3498:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3423:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3264:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3179:
3172:
3150:John Meyendorff
3148:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3118:Wayback Machine
3108:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2916:. pp. 6–8.
2910:
2906:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2737:
2731:Pastor aeternus
2729:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2661:Revelation 1:18
2659:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2523:
2519:
2502:John P. Meier,
2484:
2480:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2436:, et sur cette
2424:
2420:
2415:
2407:Papal supremacy
2383:
2325:
2265:Book of Concord
2260:
2181:v. 1595, where
2130:
2018:John Chrysostom
1970:
1935:" and "on this
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1797:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1766:
1754:
1743:
1728:. "Canon 28 of
1721:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1700:John Chrysostom
1699:
1685:
1682:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1632:John Chrysostom
1630:
1618:
1613:
1604:
1599:
1572:
1529:
1523:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:or excerpts to
1426:
1414:
1410:
1399:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1336:
1334:
1324:
1312:
1301:
1273:Aramaic primacy
1252:rather than as
1159:
1123:
1086:
1081:
1052:
1035:
1020:
1018:Pope Innocent I
991:
972:John Chrysostom
969:
967:John Chrysostom
942:
932:association in
918:around 155 AD,
912:
892:
878:in 178. In his
857:
848:
791:Pastor aeternus
706:
677:
676:
656:
644:
632:
630:
624:
616:
615:
592:
590:
582:
581:
566:
533:
531:
523:
522:
498:
496:
488:
487:
477:
469:of the councils
468:
452:
450:
442:
441:
436:
393:
391:
383:
382:
368:Papal supremacy
354:
303:Catholic Church
301:throughout the
291:
262:
254:Twelve Apostles
238:Petrine primacy
226:
48:Pietro Perugino
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7486:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7424:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7344:
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7315:Legion of Mary
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7244:Lay Carmelites
7241:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7203:
7201:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7092:Conceptionists
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7027:Assumptionists
7023:
7021:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6860:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6729:Syro-Malankara
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6679:Italo-Albanian
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6567:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6497:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6388:
6386:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6349:Lateran Treaty
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6275:
6270:
6261:
6259:
6244:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6151:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6085:Moral theology
6082:
6076:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5939:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5875:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5768:
5766:
5759:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5670:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5600:Pope Gregory I
5597:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5572:Biblical canon
5569:
5567:Late antiquity
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5503:Church fathers
5500:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5455:
5453:
5444:
5437:Ecclesiastical
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5340:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5126:Palace of the
5123:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4992:Lateran Palace
4988:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4924:
4921:territoriality
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4783:Velletri-Segni
4780:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4742:Ecclesiastical
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4707:
4698:full communion
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4641:European Union
4638:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4622:United Nations
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4517:Papal conclave
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4472:Pietro Parolin
4466:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4404:Lateran Treaty
4396:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:Temporal power
4362:
4360:Avignon Papacy
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4333:Lateran Palace
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4191:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4102:. Jos. Booker.
4086:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4057:
4029:
4007:
3993:
3979:
3965:
3936:
3903:
3890:
3857:
3824:
3799:
3788:
3775:
3757:
3728:
3718:
3705:
3675:
3664:
3661:Ephesians 2:20
3653:
3638:
3627:
3616:
3602:
3591:
3580:
3557:
3529:
3526:Ephesians 2:20
3518:
3507:
3496:
3471:
3446:
3435:
3421:
3406:
3394:
3385:
3373:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3309:
3297:
3293:On the Trinity
3285:
3273:
3262:
3247:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3191:
3170:
3142:
3129:Stagg, Frank.
3122:
3102:
3091:
3070:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2928:
2919:
2904:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2790:
2765:
2746:
2735:
2723:
2712:
2688:
2664:
2653:
2629:
2617:
2606:
2593:
2584:
2573:
2562:
2546:
2517:
2478:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2341:Oliver Cowdery
2324:
2321:
2259:
2256:
2134:Oscar Cullmann
2129:
2126:
1969:
1966:
1863:, and on this
1833:
1826:
1825:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1720:
1717:
1708:
1697:
1680:
1642:
1628:
1611:
1597:
1584:Church Fathers
1571:
1568:
1555:Bishop of Rome
1538:Pope Gregory I
1521:
1493:faith of Simon
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1417:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1158:
1155:
1139:Avignon papacy
1127:Western Schism
1122:
1119:
1101:in honor. The
1090:Edict of Milan
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1051:
1048:
1034:
1031:
1019:
1016:
990:
987:
968:
965:
941:
938:
911:
908:
891:
888:
876:Bishop of Lyon
856:
853:
847:
844:
783:prime minister
777:, in his book
730:James the Just
708:
707:
705:
704:
697:
690:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
652:
647:
640:
635:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
606:
599:
593:
589:Existing dogma
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
574:
569:
562:
557:
552:
547:
544:Patronato real
540:
534:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
513:
505:
499:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
480:
471:
464:
459:
453:
448:
447:
444:
443:
440:
439:
432:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
333:
332:
315:Bishop of Rome
290:
287:
261:
258:
228:
227:
225:
224:
217:
210:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
174:
169:
164:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
88:
87:
80:
79:
71:
70:
63:
62:
61:of articles on
36:Keys of Heaven
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7485:
7474:
7473:Papal primacy
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7433:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7363:Home Missions
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7337:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7256:Saint Francis
7254:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7239:Saint Dominic
7237:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7194:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:Bethlehemites
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6974:Vatican Radio
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6959:Vatican Media
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:List of popes
6252:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6040:Mother of God
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:People of God
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:Infallibility
5911:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:Body and soul
5787:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:Enlightenment
5690:
5688:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5663:Protestantism
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5640:Scholasticism
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5625:Schism (1378)
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5610:Schism (1054)
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Peter's Pence
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5223:Vatican Radio
5221:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5128:Holy Apostles
5125:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4913:
4909:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Anagni-Alatri
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4703:Papal primacy
4699:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Congregations
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4435:international
4429:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Duchy of Rome
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Apostolic see
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4257:episcopal see
4255:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:1-87973-725-6
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:0-89870-723-4
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:0-88141-125-6
4156:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4068:. 2007-05-04.
4067:
4061:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4017:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3925:on 2015-02-03
3921:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3879:on 2015-02-03
3875:
3868:
3861:
3846:on 2015-02-03
3842:
3835:
3828:
3814:on 2012-07-17
3813:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3792:
3785:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3722:
3715:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3672:Matthew 16:18
3668:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3599:Luke 22:31–32
3595:
3589:
3584:
3567:
3561:
3547:on 2016-06-01
3546:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3486:on 2012-02-16
3485:
3481:
3475:
3461:on 2011-07-26
3460:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3443:John 21:15–19
3439:
3433:and following
3432:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3359:. Homily X.10
3358:
3353:
3347:Chapter 10.45
3346:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3270:Matthew 18:18
3266:
3258:
3251:
3245:
3244:Matthew 16:18
3240:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3194:
3192:0-88141-125-6
3188:
3184:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3139:0-8054-1613-7
3136:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:John Engler.
3106:
3100:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2938:
2932:
2923:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2780:on 2012-06-23
2779:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2258:Lutheran view
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:Chief Apostle
2245:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2090:really means
2089:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1986:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1792:
1784:
1781:December 2018
1774:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:This section
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1713:
1707:
1696:
1691:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1540:states that:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1418:This section
1416:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344: –
1343:
1339:
1338:Find sources:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1316:This section
1314:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:New Testament
1265:
1262:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1164:
1157:Matthew 16:18
1154:
1152:
1151:Benedict XIII
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1076:
1073:
1070:". Gregory's
1069:
1065:
1064:King Henry IV
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
985:
980:
977:
973:
964:
962:
958:
953:
951:
946:
937:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
907:
904:
900:
896:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
852:
842:
839:
833:
830:
825:
823:
817:
813:
811:
804:
799:
797:
793:
792:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
754:
749:
747:
746:Herod Agrippa
743:
738:
735:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
714:New Testament
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
683:
681:
680:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:Sedevacantism
660:
658:
653:
651:
648:
646:
641:
639:
636:
634:
627:
626:
620:
619:
612:
611:
607:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
594:
586:
585:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
527:
526:
519:
518:
514:
512:
511:§ Controversy
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
492:
491:
484:
483:Ultrajectines
481:
479:
476:
472:
470:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
446:
445:
438:
433:
431:
430:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Papal primacy
396:
395:
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Papal primacy
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
346:
345:infallibility
342:
338:
337:Papal primacy
335:
334:
330:
326:
325:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
289:Catholic view
286:
284:
283:New Testament
279:
277:
272:
269:
268:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
204:
203:
201:
200:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
179:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
153:
152:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
104:Servant's ear
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:New Testament
82:
81:
77:
73:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
44:Matthew 16:18
41:
40:Apostle Peter
37:
33:
28:
22:
21:Papal primacy
7402:Universities
7234:Third orders
7197:Associations
7187:Visitandines
7182:Trinitarians
7132:Mercedarians
7117:Hieronymites
7062:Camaldoleses
7047:Benedictines
7037:Augustinians
6997:
6990:
6983:
6964:Vatican News
6918:Distinctions
6724:Syro-Malabar
6609:Latin Church
6531:Grand master
6429:Metropolitan
6326:Vatican City
6221:Organisation
6100:Philosophers
5965:Confirmation
5942:In canon law
5936:Subsistit in
5934:
5930:Three states
5917:
5878:
5871:Ecclesiology
5853:Nova Vulgata
5851:
5809:Original sin
5804:Nicene Creed
5794:Divine grace
5753:
5635:Universities
5605:Papal States
5532:Great Church
5495:
5474:Resurrection
5451:Early Church
5278:
5100:Beda College
5002:Scala Sancta
4826:Montecassino
4759:Vatican City
4442:Legal status
4411:World War II
4399:Vatican City
4394:Savoyard era
4365:Papal States
4312:
4281:Vatican City
4205:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4135:Evans, G.R.
4128:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4082:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4046:. LDS Church
4042:
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4018:. LDS Church
4010:
3996:
3982:
3968:
3956:. Retrieved
3952:the original
3947:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3920:the original
3906:
3898:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3874:the original
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3841:the original
3827:
3816:. Retrieved
3812:the original
3802:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3748:. Retrieved
3744:the original
3739:
3731:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3692:the original
3687:
3678:
3667:
3656:
3651:, pp.184–185
3647:
3641:
3630:
3619:
3609:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3572:. Retrieved
3560:
3549:. Retrieved
3545:the original
3521:
3510:
3499:
3488:. Retrieved
3484:the original
3474:
3463:. Retrieved
3459:the original
3449:
3438:
3429:
3424:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3295:. Book VI.37
3292:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3265:
3256:
3250:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3182:
3153:
3145:
3130:
3125:
3105:
3094:
3083:. Retrieved
3073:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2782:. Retrieved
2778:the original
2768:
2749:
2738:
2733:, Chapter IV
2730:
2726:
2715:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2656:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2601:
2596:
2587:
2576:
2565:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2503:
2488:
2481:
2464:
2458:
2421:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2345:
2337:Joseph Smith
2326:
2316:
2312:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2252:Early Church
2241:
2219:
2176:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2131:
2121:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2064:
2056:
2028:
2021:
2015:
1971:
1962:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1843:
1839:
1787:
1778:
1767:Please help
1762:verification
1759:
1735:
1722:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1638:
1621:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1560:
1548:
1543:
1531:
1524:
1517:Areopagitica
1516:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1442:
1427:Please help
1419:
1389:
1380:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1337:
1325:Please help
1320:verification
1317:
1266:
1217:
1209:
1160:
1124:
1087:
1071:
1053:
1036:
1021:
1010:
1005:
996:was born in
992:
982:
974:was born at
970:
954:
949:
943:
934:De Pudecitia
933:
928:
923:
913:
893:
884:
879:
866:. Taught by
858:
849:
837:
836:
828:
827:
819:
815:
806:
801:
789:
787:
778:
764:
753:Latin Father
750:
739:
733:
723:
717:
711:
672:Ultrajectine
608:
601:
555:Febronianism
542:
515:
508:
503:Febronianism
474:
457:Conciliarity
427:
358:
292:
280:
273:
265:
263:
237:
233:
231:
183:
176:
69:in the Bible
34:handing the
7453:Saint Peter
7392:Health care
7378:Pax Christi
7330:Schoenstatt
7295:Sant'Egidio
7127:Legionaries
7107:Franciscans
7082:Cistercians
7077:Carthusians
7032:Annonciades
6891:Altarpieces
6784:West Syriac
6779:East Syriac
6759:Alexandrian
6383:Holy orders
6364:Swiss Guard
6304:Dicasteries
6299:Roman Curia
6197:Evangelists
6155:Holy Family
6090:Personalism
6080:Natural law
6058:Josephology
5992:Holy orders
5630:Inquisition
5587:Middle Ages
5577:Monasticism
5545:Constantine
5469:Crucifixion
5318:Swiss Guard
5065:Palazzo Pio
4569:Dicasteries
4547:Commissions
4537:Roman Curia
4416:Warsaw Pact
2627:, footnotes
2555:New Advent.
2535:Galatians 2
2352:Holy Spirit
2112:Koine Greek
1857:Protestants
1147:Clement VII
1072:Dictus Pape
1060:Gregory VII
560:Cisalpinism
550:Josephinism
538:Gallicanism
295:Catholicism
114:Restoration
7447:Categories
7147:Oratorians
7102:Dominicans
7072:Carmelites
7067:Camillians
7015:institutes
6828:Tridentine
6764:Antiochian
6684:Macedonian
6629:Belarusian
6519:Provincial
6434:Archbishop
6354:Roman Rota
6316:Properties
6241:By country
6237:Precedence
6202:Confessors
6182:Archangels
6172:Patriarchs
6072:Philosophy
6050:Veneration
6015:Assumption
5985:Last rites
5952:Sacraments
5896:Four marks
5707:Vatican II
5655:Modern era
5491:Succession
5301:Roman Rota
5199:Papal farm
5132:Palace of
5024:Hill area
4912:Properties
4798:Palestrina
4670:Concordats
4529:Government
4499:Governance
3818:2012-07-16
3635:Matthew 16
3574:2012-07-22
3551:2012-07-22
3490:2012-07-16
3465:2012-07-16
3402:Sermon III
3281:On Modesty
3085:2013-07-18
2784:2012-07-22
2706:2020-04-24
2682:2020-04-24
2647:2020-04-25
2604:(Catholic)
2451:References
2348:revelation
1820:Matthew 16
1712:Pope Leo I
1683:Tertullian
1601:Tertullian
1551:Pope Linus
1486:Coryphaeus
1445:March 2022
1437:Wikisource
1353:newspapers
1135:Gregory XI
1096:, and the
1079:Challenges
1033:Pope Leo I
1023:Innocent I
920:Tertullian
910:Tertullian
771:Revelation
390:Patriarchs
252:among the
240:(from the
189:In Judaism
178:Quo vadis?
124:Liberation
99:Confession
7388:See also:
7340:Charities
7249:Discalced
7177:Trappists
7172:Theatines
7142:Olivetans
7087:Clarisses
7057:Blue nuns
7042:Basilians
7019:societies
6927:See also:
6813:Mozarabic
6803:Ambrosian
6789:Malankara
6774:Byzantine
6734:Ukrainian
6709:Ruthenian
6674:Hungarian
6659:Ethiopian
6634:Bulgarian
6601:sui iuris
6585:Postulant
6494:Religious
6449:Auxiliary
6444:Coadjutor
6414:Patriarch
6282:Cardinals
6229:Canon law
6225:Hierarchy
6207:Disciples
6130:Relations
6118:Evolution
6109:See also:
6054:See also:
6007:Mariology
5997:Matrimony
5970:Eucharist
5891:Ecumenism
5819:Salvation
5755:Catechism
5750:Tradition
5712:Communism
5560:Chalcedon
5207:Barberini
5022:Gianicolo
4916:including
4750:Vicariate
4694:universal
4632:in Geneva
4477:Cardinals
4453:Officials
4426:Sovereign
4254:Apostolic
3716:, p. 282.
3588:John 1:42
3201:cite book
3067:John 1:42
2350:from the
2262:From the
2173:Sophocles
1872:Matthew:
1838:from the
1730:Chalcedon
1646:Augustine
1433:Wikiquote
1420:contains
1383:July 2021
1165:nickname
1141:in 1377,
1027:Decentius
929:Scorpiace
924:Scorpiace
341:supremacy
319:passed on
276:disciples
50:(1481–82)
7432:Category
7325:Opus Dei
7310:Scouting
7300:Focolare
7167:Servites
7152:Piarists
7097:Crosiers
6833:Anglican
6769:Armenian
6699:Romanian
6689:Maronite
6664:Georgian
6654:Eritrean
6639:Chaldean
6624:Armenian
6619:Albanian
6500:Superior
6459:Emeritus
6439:Diocesan
6292:Advisers
6251:Holy See
6177:Prophets
6135:Politics
5906:Catholic
5886:Councils
5741:Theology
5620:Crusades
5555:Nicaea I
5486:Apostles
5464:Ministry
5433:Timeline
5413:Glossary
5272:See also
4793:Frascati
4665:Treaties
4559:Councils
4487:Advisers
4243:Holy See
4092:(1830).
3114:Archived
2897:(1959).
2381:See also
2361:taught:
2092:the Rock
1845:Treatise
1709:—
1698:—
1681:—
1664:heaven."
1643:—
1629:—
1612:—
1598:—
1595:prophet.
1522:—
1143:Urban VI
1115:Pope Leo
1084:Councils
916:Carthage
914:Born in
895:Ignatius
868:Polycarp
860:Irenaeus
855:Irenaeus
824:states:
734:Outlines
353:Overview
194:In Islam
134:Epistles
59:a series
57:Part of
7397:Schools
7353:Caritas
7261:Secular
7227:Workers
7122:Jesuits
6908:Museums
6903:Library
6881:Writers
6876:Artists
6856:Culture
6823:Paul VI
6704:Russian
6694:Melkite
6536:Brother
6514:General
6454:Titular
6424:Primate
6402:Eparchy
6392:Diocese
6339:Outline
6278:College
6268:Francis
6212:Virgins
6187:Martyrs
6113:Science
6020:History
5975:Penance
5960:Baptism
5861:Worship
5834:Vulgate
5782:Kingdom
5777:Trinity
5765:General
5520:Primacy
5428:History
5408:Outline
5186:Outside
4894:Viterbo
4831:Subiaco
4688:of Rome
4686:Diocese
4464:Francis
4300:History
4270:of the
4264:Francis
2614:Acts 12
2432:"Tu es
2356:Apostle
2307:Pius IV
2250:in the
1563:Clement
1527:, p. 89
1367:scholar
1213:Matthew
1163:Aramaic
1131:Avignon
998:Numidia
976:Antioch
940:Cyprian
832:Church.
718:New Law
712:In the
299:bishops
184:Primacy
144:2 Peter
139:1 Peter
83:In the
38:to the
7275:Fimcap
7217:Marian
7137:Minims
6869:Marian
6719:Syriac
6714:Slovak
6644:Coptic
6580:Oblate
6575:Master
6570:Novice
6565:Hermit
6553:Sister
6509:Abbess
6476:Deacon
6471:Priest
6466:Parish
6409:Bishop
6379:Polity
6165:Joseph
6147:Saints
5814:Saints
5702:Nazism
5286:Awards
5205:Villa
4930:Inside
4919:extra-
4889:Tivoli
4803:Albano
4714:Synods
4692:with
4658:Nuncio
4338:Museum
4288:under
4268:bishop
4197:
4186:
4157:
4050:31 Mar
4022:31 Mar
3958:16 Mar
3750:16 Mar
3726:32–47.
3698:16 Mar
3189:
3164:
3137:
2511:
2496:
2472:
2438:pierre
2434:Pierre
2427:French
2208:Petros
2190:petros
2184:petros
2168:petros
2156:petros
2101:petros
2045:petros
2032:petros
1985:Petros
1979:Πέτρος
1944:petros
1914:petros
1896:πέτρος
1878:petros
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1261:Cephas
1249:Πέτρος
1227:Petros
1221:Πέτρος
1204:Petrus
1186:Petros
1180:Πέτρος
1121:Schism
1092:, the
903:Smyrna
773:1:18.
756:Jerome
361:&
246:Petrus
109:Denial
32:Christ
7373:CIDSE
7222:Youth
6946:Media
6913:Music
6838:Zaire
6818:Roman
6808:Braga
6798:Latin
6669:Greek
6541:Friar
6505:Abbot
6419:Major
6334:Index
6233:Laity
5799:Dogma
5746:Bible
5722:Islam
5678:Trent
5459:Jesus
5441:Legal
5403:Index
4879:Rieti
4849:Gaeta
4778:Ostia
4617:Italy
4610:Heads
4432:under
3929:4 Feb
3923:(PDF)
3916:(PDF)
3883:4 Feb
3877:(PDF)
3870:(PDF)
3850:4 Feb
3844:(PDF)
3837:(PDF)
3569:(PDF)
2524:"For
2413:Notes
2303:Creed
2224:taute
2214:Kepha
2202:petra
2196:petra
2162:petra
2139:kepha
2107:petra
2088:Peter
2076:πέτρα
2070:petra
2060:petra
2051:petra
2038:petra
2009:kepha
2003:kepha
1997:petra
1991:πέτρα
1974:Greek
1956:petra
1950:petra
1938:kepha
1932:kepha
1926:kepha
1920:petra
1890:πέτρα
1884:petra
1861:Peter
1622:For (
1374:JSTOR
1360:books
1288:cepha
1255:Κηφᾶς
1239:petra
1233:πέτρα
1198:petra
1192:πέτρα
1174:Cepha
1039:Leo I
1006:Sermo
1002:Milan
250:Peter
242:Latin
167:Sword
162:Cross
154:Other
67:Peter
46:, by
6898:Folk
6546:Monk
6287:List
6265:Pope
6160:Mary
5236:Non-
5188:Rome
5118:Non-
4933:Rome
4754:Rome
4482:List
4461:Pope
4261:Pope
4195:ISBN
4184:ISBN
4155:ISBN
4052:2016
4024:2016
3960:2017
3931:2015
3885:2015
3852:2015
3752:2017
3700:2017
3207:link
3187:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3135:ISBN
2760:help
2509:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2470:ISBN
2339:and
2295:Rock
2288:Rock
2283:Rock
2242:The
2159:and
2104:and
2065:rock
2048:and
1947:and
1917:and
1865:rock
1624:John
1588:keys
1580:keys
1534:Sees
1480:The
1466:Icon
1346:news
1054:The
820:The
343:and
311:pope
264:The
232:The
172:Tomb
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6280:of
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4437:law
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4259:of
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