481:. One study analyzed 40 patients with complex partial seizures to determine their level of consciousness during seizures. The data acquired was based on patients' subjective descriptions of their experience and descriptions from family members who witnessed the seizures. This study found there was a complete absence of consciousness in only 65% of people during the core period of the seizures. Meanwhile, 35% of seizures included some form of primary consciousness. Five seizure descriptions even reported some form of secondary consciousness, albeit short and intermittent. The level and contents of consciousness during epileptic seizures show considerable variability.
342:
regularities in sequences. "Strategic control measures" use a person's ability to deliberately use or not use knowledge according to instructions. If they use information despite intentions not to use it, it indicates unconscious knowledge. Post-decision wagering can also be used. In this method, subjects make a first-order discrimination (i.e. a choice) and then place a wager regarding the outcome of the discrimination. Some scientists view this as a direct and objective measure of consciousness, and it can be used with children and animals. However, this method has been argued to be subjective and indirect.
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46:, and mental images. For example, primary consciousness includes a person's experience of the blueness of the ocean, a bird's song, and the feeling of pain. Thus, primary consciousness refers to being mentally aware of things in the world in the present without any sense of past and future; it is composed of mental images bound to a time around the measurable present.
453:
dreaming is characterized by more 40 Hz power than non-lucid dreaming, especially in frontal regions. Since it is 40 Hz power that has been correlated with waking consciousness in previous studies, it can be suggested that enough 40 Hz power has been added to the non-lucid dreaming brain to support the increase in subjective
191:
that children born without a cortex are conscious. Instead of cortical mechanisms, these scientists emphasize brainstem mechanisms as essential to consciousness. Still, these scientists concede that higher order consciousness does involve the cortex and complex communication between different areas of the brain.
190:
These scientists also point out that the cortex might not be as important to primary consciousness as some neuroscientists have believed. Evidence of this lies in the fact that studies show that systematically disabling parts of the cortex in animals does not remove consciousness. Another study found
429:
Thus, although behavioral measures are mostly used for assessing which contents are conscious, some brain-based measures seem better suited for measuring conscious level. Objective measures also have their challenges, however. First, objective measures still require a response criterion, for example
134:
on the other side. The brain stem and limbic system take care of essential body functioning and survival, while the thalamocortical system receives signals from sensory receptors and sends out signals to voluntary muscles such as those of the arms and legs. The theory asserts that the connection of
542:
sites that are needed for the generation of consciousness of thirst. This study shows that consciousness of some key sensations like thirst is governed by the oldest regions of the brain, which raises the question of whether it is really then possible to say when primary consciousness developed.
464:
experience with a remarkably predictive simulation of external reality. Lucid dreamers may experience primary consciousness (the dream) and secondary consciousness (the waking) separately but simultaneously. Moreover, primary consciousness has recently been proposed by us to be characteristic of
452:
in the sense that there is an awareness of mental state. Studies have been able to show that lucid dreaming is associated with EEG power and coherence profiles that are significantly different from both non-lucid dreaming and waking. Lucid dreaming situates itself between those two states. Lucid
341:
Behavioral measures of primary consciousness can be either objective or subjective. Regarding objective measures, knowledge is unconscious if it expresses itself in an indirect test. For example, the ability to pick which item might come next in a series can indicate unconscious knowledge of
421:
Furthermore, there is the problem of post-decision wagering, which has been criticized because there is a possibility that advantageous wagering could be learned unconsciously; as a result, post-decision wagering would not in fact be considered a conscious behavior. For example, individual
158:
Other scientists have argued against
Edelman's theory, instead suggesting that primary consciousness might have emerged with the basic vegetative systems of the brain. That is, the evolutionary origin might have come from sensations and primal emotions arising from
447:
means that the human brain can simultaneously occupy two states: waking and dreaming. The dreaming portion has experiences and therefore has primary consciousness, while the waking self recognizes the dreaming and can be seen as having a sort of
143:. This connection allows past signals related to values set by the limbic-brain stem system and categorized signals from the outside world to be correlated, resulting in memory in conceptual areas. This memory is then linked to the organism's
361:
measures either float free of theory, gaining credibility through reliable correlation, or assume a version of integration theory in which the appearance of a particular ERP indicates global availability or locally recurrent processing.
167:, both internal and surface, signaling that the well-being of the creature was immediately threatened—for example, hunger for air, thirst, hunger, pain, and extreme temperature change. This is based on neurological data showing the
465:
dreaming. It remains to be seen whether the enactment of dream behaviors uses the same brain processes as those that mediate those very behaviors in waking, and whether conscious within a dream is governed by the same processes.
551:
In some types of meditation/yoga it is possible to have the experience known as
Samadhi, where there is inner alertness but no object of consciousness. This mental state corresponds with specific physiological parameters.
430:
the decision of whether or not to push a button. Second, they may not even measure consciousness at all because many behavioral proxies, such as forced-choice decision accuracy, are capable of being learned unconsciously.
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Denton, D., Shade, R., Zamarippa, F., Egan, G., Blair-West, J., McKinley, M., et al. (1999). Neuroimaging of genesis and satiation of thirst and an interoceptor-driven theory of origins of primary consciousness.
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conscious content assumes primary consciousness but not vice versa, subjective measures risk missing or rejecting the presence of sensory consciousness simply because metacognition isn't observed.
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cortex, while closely matched input that does not reach consciousness activates mainly local sensory regions. Further, the widespread activity appears to involve more globally coordinated activity.
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states, but must also provide a guide by which the conscious level, or extent of consciousness, can be determined. Measures of consciousness are each associated with particular theories.
147:
perception, which results in an awareness of the present, or primary consciousness. In other words, Edelman posits that primary consciousness arises from the correlation of
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It is important to note that subjective measures are always indirect and can be vulnerable to many biases (e.g., reluctance to report uncertain experiences). Also, because
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shares with the DCH the idea that conscious experiences provide informative discriminations among a vast repertoire of possible experiences. In the IITC, the quantity
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Seth, A. K., Dienes, Z., Cleeremans, A., Overgaard, M., & Pessoa, L. (2008). Measuring consciousness: relating behavioural and neurophysiological approaches.
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Abundant evidence indicates that consciously perceived inputs elicit widespread brain activation, as compared with inputs that do not reach consciousness.
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focus on finding a divide between conscious and unconscious processes. According to integration theories, conscious contents are widely available to many
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620:
Johanson, M., Revonsuo, A., Chaplin, J., & Wedlund, J.-E. (2003). Level and contents of consciousness in connection with partial epileptic seizures.
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value is high if each subset of a neural system can take on many different states, and if these states make a difference to the rest of the system. The
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Consciousness seems to be intrinsically associated with the thalamus and cortex, even if the extent to which this true is argued among scientists.
53:
can be described as being "conscious of being conscious"; it includes reflective thought, a concept of the past, and speculation about the future.
110:-free" observer. Qualia are collections of personal or subjective experiences, feelings, and sensations that inevitably come with human awareness.
808:
Travis, F. & Pearsoon. C. (2000) Pure
Consciousness: Distinct phenomenological and physiological correlates of "consciousness itself",
633:
Edelman, G. (2003). Naturalizing consciousness: a theoretical framework. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 100(9), 5520.
80:
basis of primary consciousness was proposed by Gerald
Edelman. This theory of consciousness is premised upon three major assumptions:
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1550:
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64:, whereas peripheral awareness consists of things outside the center of attention, which a person or animal is only dimly aware of.
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or thalamus can abolish consciousness, while damage to the sensory cortex appears to delete specific conscious features such as
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is conscious; thus, an organism is consciously aware of something in the world if it can discriminate it with choice behavior.
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Morin, A. (2006). Levels of consciousness and self-awareness: A comparison and integration of various neurocognitive views.
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coined to describe the ability, found in humans and some animals, to integrate observed events with memory to create an
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is also sometimes called "sensory consciousness". Put another way, primary consciousness is the presence of various
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is defined as the information that is integrated across the informational "weakest link" of a system. Importantly,
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proposes that consciousness arises from neural dynamics in the thalamocortical system, as measured by the quantity
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406:, measures the fraction of causal interactions among elements of a system that are statistically significant.
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Consciousness is distinctively associated with widespread brain activation related to the conscious content.
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These theories are then accompanied with measures of the level of consciousness, which are subdivided into
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Merker, B. (2007). Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine.
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may lead to variations in wagering performance even with the same underlying conscious phenomenology.
1991:
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Seth, A. (2009). Explanatory
Correlates of Consciousness: Theoretical and Computational Challenges.
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To be fully comprehensive, measures of consciousness must not only define and distinguish between
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Perhaps two dozen experiments show that sensory input supporting consciousness spreads from the
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Consciousness is an evolved characteristic, which means it is a helpful characteristic from a
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is a measure of the capacity of a neural system to integrate information, whereas
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Physiologically, three fundamental facts stand out about primary consciousness:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Hobson, A. (2009). The neurobiology of consciousness: Lucid dreaming wakes up.
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92:, which rules out concepts such as spirits and a soul and allows for a purely
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Seth, A. K. (2008). Theories and measures of consciousness develop together.
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Seth, A. K., & Baars, B. J. (2005). Neural
Darwinism and consciousness.
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quantifies discriminability of a stimulus among a set of different stimuli.
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Studies show that it is possible to retain primary consciousness and even
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of the present and immediate past of the world around them. This form of
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After wetting of the mouth with water to remove the sensation of dryness
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3, 14, 45, and 60 minutes after drinking water to fully quench thirst
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is a measure of the actual dynamics of the system. A third measure,
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and peripheral awareness. Focal awareness encompasses the center of
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that permits lucidity but not enough to cause full awakening.
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Primary consciousness can be subdivided into two forms, focal
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Edelman, G. (2001). Consciousness: the remembered present.
215:
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Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)
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208:
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Wider than the sky: The phenomenal gift of consciousness
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Wider than the sky: The phenomenal gift of consciousness
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information integration theory of consciousness (IITC)
1925:
Association for the
Scientific Study of Consciousness
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During generation of moderate thirst by infusion of
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asserts that any mental state that is manifested in
155:perceptual categorizations—a "remembered present".
514:The data suggest that the anterior and posterior
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214:Conversely, unconscious states like deep sleep,
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16:Awareness of things in the world in the present
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300:Certain defining theories are included below:
187:sites are the key to consciousness of thirst.
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522:, are major elements of a circuit including
203:Waking consciousness is associated with low
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751:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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518:as well as the anterior wall of the third
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38:sensory contents of consciousness such as
1551:Electromagnetic theories of consciousness
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379:is an information-theoretic measure; the
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351:Event-related cortical potentials (ERPs)
769:International Journal of Dream Research
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681:
679:
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609:
489:In one study, 10 adult males underwent
357:is consciously perceived or not. These
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1561:Higher-order theories of consciousness
774:
756:
336:
226:of absence show a predominance of low
1576:Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis
874:
836:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
810:International Journal of Neuroscience
654:
636:
443:Hobson asserts that the existence of
211:activity in the 20–70 Hz range.
2042:
674:
493:scans in three different scenarios:
353:have been used to assess whether a
13:
1867:Subjective character of experience
1763:Neural correlates of consciousness
479:complex partial epileptic seizures
438:
14:
2084:
1897:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
1546:Damasio's theory of consciousness
900:
819:
22:is a term the American biologist
2041:
2032:
2031:
1959:Journal of Consciousness Studies
1847:Sociology of human consciousness
1683:Dual consciousness (split-brain)
1586:Orchestrated objective reduction
546:
114:Edelman's theory focuses on two
1965:Online Consciousness Conference
1952:How the Self Controls Its Brain
802:
793:
1611:Altered state of consciousness
842:(11). J. Clin. Invest.: 1530.
284:
1:
1713:Hard problem of consciousness
1571:Integrated information theory
649:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
582:
370:dynamic core hypothesis (DCH)
304:Worldly discrimination theory
106:There is no such thing as a "
2011:What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
1998:The Science of Consciousness
1872:Subjectivity and objectivity
725:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
491:positron emission tomography
484:
7:
2004:Understanding Consciousness
1931:Consciousness and Cognition
1919:A Universe of Consciousness
707:Consciousness and Cognition
687:Consciousness and Cognition
669:Consciousness and Cognition
555:
67:
10:
2089:
1978:The Astonishing Hypothesis
1673:Disorders of consciousness
51:higher order consciousness
2027:
1910:
1758:Minimally conscious state
1668:Consciousness after death
1598:
1528:
1400:
1393:
1328:
1222:
1156:
915:
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322:and/or neural processes.
135:these two systems during
1621:Artificial consciousness
1138:William Kingdon Clifford
799:Patanjali's Yoga Sutras.
195:Neurophysiological basis
1938:Consciousness Explained
1857:Stream of consciousness
1832:Secondary consciousness
1556:Global workspace theory
1541:Dynamic core hypothesis
1536:Attention schema theory
1510:Revisionary materialism
1425:Eliminative materialism
948:Charles Augustus Strong
622:Epilepsy & Behavior
572:Secondary consciousness
475:secondary consciousness
450:secondary consciousness
410:Challenges in measuring
374:neural complexity (CN).
312:Signal detection theory
96:model of consciousness.
1992:The Emperor's New Mind
1798:Problem of other minds
1733:Introspection illusion
1566:Holonomic brain theory
923:Alfred North Whitehead
346:Physiological measures
1793:Primary consciousness
1678:Divided consciousness
1581:Multiple drafts model
1083:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
738:Cognitive Computation
469:In epileptic seizures
434:Miscellaneous studies
139:helped animals learn
20:Primary consciousness
1945:Cosmic Consciousness
1783:Philosophical zombie
1723:Higher consciousness
1616:Animal consciousness
1420:Double-aspect theory
953:Christopher Peacocke
602:Edelman, G. (2004).
316:Integration theories
126:on one side and the
1718:Heterophenomenology
1631:Attentional control
1280:Lawrence Weiskrantz
1108:Patricia Churchland
943:Brian O'Shaughnessy
928:Arthur Schopenhauer
826:Adam Zeman (2004).
460:Dreaming is thus a
337:Behavioral measures
151:memory to a set of
118:organizations: the
2018:Wider than the Sky
1985:The Conscious Mind
1788:Philosophy of mind
1768:Neurophenomenology
1743:Locked-in syndrome
1738:Knowledge argument
1402:Philosophy of mind
1023:George Henry Lewes
993:Douglas Hofstadter
220:general anesthesia
141:adaptive behaviors
78:neurophysiological
2068:Cognitive science
2055:
2054:
1753:Mind–body problem
1703:Flash suppression
1663:Cartesian theater
1648:Binocular rivalry
1594:
1593:
1460:Mind–body dualism
1389:
1388:
1376:Victor J. Stenger
1351:Erwin Schrödinger
1305:Stanislas Dehaene
1285:Michael Gazzaniga
1169:Donald D. Hoffman
1053:John Polkinghorne
1033:Gottfried Leibniz
727:, 12(8), 314–321.
709:, 17(3), 986–988.
689:, 15(2), 358–371.
671:, 14(1), 140–168.
238:at less than 4Hz.
234:and more regular
2080:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2034:
1877:Unconscious mind
1505:Reflexive monism
1500:Property dualism
1475:New mysterianism
1435:Epiphenomenalism
1415:Computationalism
1410:Anomalous monism
1398:
1397:
1290:Michael Graziano
1260:Francisco Varela
1164:Carl Gustav Jung
1128:Thomas Metzinger
1098:Martin Heidegger
1078:Kenneth M. Sayre
938:Bertrand Russell
913:
912:
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848:10.1172/JCI23795
813:
812:, 100 pp. 77–89.
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651:, 30(01), 63–81.
645:
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624:, 4(3), 279–285.
618:
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577:Neural Darwinism
516:cingulate cortex
224:epileptic states
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2087:
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2079:
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1882:Unconsciousness
1693:Explanatory gap
1643:Binding problem
1590:
1524:
1385:
1371:Susan Blackmore
1324:
1315:Stuart Hameroff
1235:Antonio Damasio
1218:
1214:Wolfgang Köhler
1152:
1113:Paul Churchland
1018:George Berkeley
988:Donald Davidson
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753:, 929, 111–122.
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606:: Yale Univ Pr.
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462:virtual reality
441:
439:In lucid dreams
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422:differences in
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401:causal density
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276:medial-temporal
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132:cerebral cortex
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1892:Visual masking
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1470:Neutral monism
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1450:Interactionism
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1381:Wolfgang Pauli
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1310:Steven Laureys
1307:
1302:
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1295:Patrick Wilken
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1265:Gerald Edelman
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1240:Benjamin Libet
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1194:Max Wertheimer
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1179:Gustav Fechner
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1174:Franz Brentano
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1148:William Seager
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1123:René Descartes
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978:David Papineau
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820:External links
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790:, 96(9), 5304.
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72:One prominent
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24:Gerald Edelman
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562:Consciousness
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547:In meditation
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532:orbitofrontal
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2016:
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1862:Subconscious
1822:
1808:Quantum mind
1792:
1300:Roger Sperry
1275:Karl Pribram
1223:Neuroscience
1133:Thomas Nagel
1008:Fred Dretske
983:David Pearce
958:Colin McGinn
861:. Retrieved
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103:perspective.
84:The laws of
71:
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49:Conversely,
48:
19:
18:
1495:Physicalism
1490:Parallelism
1485:Panpsychism
1455:Materialism
1430:Emergentism
1320:Wolf Singer
1189:Kurt Koffka
1118:Philip Goff
1093:Michael Tye
1088:Max Velmans
1068:Karl Popper
1058:John Searle
1043:John Eccles
1028:Georges Rey
567:Lucid dream
528:hippocampal
499:intravenous
295:unconscious
285:Measurement
173:hippocampal
44:perceptions
2062:Categories
1887:Upanishads
1688:Experience
1653:Blindsight
1480:Nondualism
1361:Max Planck
1341:David Bohm
1157:Psychology
1048:John Locke
973:David Hume
916:Philosophy
863:2008-06-25
583:References
502:hypertonic
333:measures.
327:behavioral
272:prefrontal
149:conceptual
40:sensations
36:subjective
1902:Yogachara
1837:Sentience
1698:Free will
1638:Awareness
1626:Attention
1515:Solipsism
1230:Anil Seth
1103:Ned Block
520:ventricle
485:In thirst
455:awareness
320:cognitive
291:conscious
248:brainstem
232:amplitude
228:frequency
205:amplitude
165:receptors
137:evolution
120:brainstem
101:Darwinian
88:apply to
62:attention
58:awareness
28:awareness
2037:Category
1773:Ontology
1728:Illusion
1445:Idealism
1394:Theories
556:See also
540:midbrain
524:thalamic
355:stimulus
308:behavior
268:parietal
236:voltages
185:midbrain
169:thalamic
128:thalamus
76:for the
68:Theories
2047:Commons
1824:Purusha
1813:Reentry
1606:Agnosia
1529:Science
909:Figures
477:during
230:, high-
161:sensors
153:ongoing
145:current
86:physics
1971:Psyche
1818:Sakshi
1803:Qualia
1599:Topics
1465:Monism
1329:Others
857:529293
854:
538:, and
536:insula
274:, and
222:, and
183:, and
181:insula
108:qualia
74:theory
1911:Works
1658:Brain
1852:Soul
1748:Mind
403:(CD)
368:The
293:and
216:coma
163:and
130:and
122:and
852:PMC
844:doi
840:114
393:phi
389:phi
359:EEG
266:to
209:EEG
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397:CN
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