348:, and waking states, many dream researchers are attempting to scientifically explore consciousness. When exploring consciousness through the concept of dreams, many researchers believe the general characteristics that constitute primary and secondary consciousness remain intact: "Primary consciousness is a state in which you have no future or past, a state of just being…. no executive ego control in your dreams, no planning, things just happen to you, you just are in a dream. Yet, everything feels real…Secondary is based on language, has to do with self-reflection, it has to do with forming abstractions, and that is dependent of language. Only animals with language have secondary consciousness".
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of self-regulation that resembles that of musical improvisation. It is possible, he believes, that non-lucid dreaming entails self-regulated but fluid openness to 'what comes,’ rather than the direct self-monitoring and inhibition that enable 'rational' planning and decision making. In a recent study, it has been proven that unconscious task-relevant signals can actively trigger and initiate an inhibition to respond, thereby breaking the alleged close correlation between consciousness and inhibitory control. This proves that self-regulative activities (a characteristic of secondary consciousness for many scholars) can occur independently of consciousness of consciousness.
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79:. Damasio has demonstrated that emotions and their biological foundation play a critical role in high level cognition, and Edelman has created a framework for analyzing consciousness through a scientific outlook. The current problem consciousness researchers face involves explaining how and why consciousness arises from neural computation. In his research on this problem, Edelman has developed a theory of consciousness, in which he has coined the terms
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of conscious experience." These re-entrant signals are reinforced by areas
Edelman calls "degenerate". Degeneracy doesn't imply deterioration, but instead redundancy as many areas in the brain handle the same or similar tasks. With this brain structure emerging in early humans, selection could favor certain brains and pass their patterns down the generations. Habits once erratic and highly individual ultimately became the social norm.
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self-recognition, is at least a prerequisite of self-recognition. This is not only of interest regarding the convergent evolution of social intelligence; it is also valuable for an understanding of the general principles that govern cognitive evolution and their underlying neural mechanisms. The magpies were chosen to study based on their empathy/ lifestyle, a possible precursor for their ability of self-awareness.
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would develop secondary consciousness during REM sleep. She added that many types of birds have very sophisticated language systems. Don Kuiken of the
University of Alberta finds such research interesting as well as if we continue to study consciousness with animal models (with differing types of consciousness), we would be able to separate the different forms of reflectiveness found in today's world.
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dreaming as a model is greatly increased. For example, there may be a realization in a dream that will often go without gaining control. There are different amounts of 'executive functions' taken between lucid dreams, thus displaying how there are many different types of reflectiveness involved in 'lucid' dreaming.
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is similar in pattern to the activations and de-activations (including de-activation of the DL-PFC) that characterize REM sleep. It is probable that the loss of one conscious form of self-regulation during non-lucid dreaming creates the possibility for the adoption of an unconscious, but "fluid" form
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The AIM Model proposes that all of the universes' possible brain-mind states can be exemplified with a three-dimensional state space, with axes A, I, and M (activation, input, and mode), and that the state of the brain-mind at any given instant of time can be described as a point in this space. Since
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Many researchers of consciousness have looked upon such types of research in animals as significant and interesting approaches. Ursula Voss of the
Universität Bonn believes that the theory of protoconsciousness may serve as adequate explanation for self-recognition found in this bird species, as they
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development of large numbers of new reciprocal connections allowed rich re-entrant activity to take place between the more posterior brain systems carrying out perceptual categorization and the more frontally located systems responsible for value-category memory. The ability of an animal to relate a
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loops. "Re-entry", as
Edelman states, "provides the critical means by which the activities of distributed multiple brain areas are linked, bound, and then dynamically altered in time during perceptual categorization. Both diversity and re-entry are necessary to account for the fundamental properties
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Edelman elaborates on the dynamic core hypothesis (DCH), which describes the thalamocortical region- the region believed to be the integration center of consciousness. The DCH reflects the use and disuse of interconnected neuronal networks during stimulation of this region. It has been shown through
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and that science was not able to penetrate the issue of consciousness- that consciousness was outside of space and time. However, over the last 20 years, many scholars have begun to move toward a science of consciousness. Such notable neuroscientists that have led the move to neural correlates of
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Using lucid dreaming as a model of secondary consciousness. Some scholars believe lucid dreaming does not constitute a single type of reflectiveness. It is already argued that there may be different kinds of reflectiveness that might define secondary consciousness, so the difficulty in using lucid
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state, or that lucidity occurs in a state with features of both REM sleep and waking. In order to move from non-lucid REM sleep dreaming to lucid REM sleep dreaming, there must be a shift in brain activity in the direction of waking. Other well-known contributing scholars involved with lucid dream
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Experiments and studies have been taken out to test neural correlations of lucid dreams with consciousness in dream research. Although there are many difficulties in conducting lucid dreaming research (e.g. number of lucid subjects, 'type' of lucidity achieved, etc.), there have been studies with
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memory and behavioral inhibition Some experimental data which display differences between the self-awareness experienced in waking and its diminution in dreaming can be explained by deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during REM sleep. It has been proposed that deactivation results
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band. The increase in 40-Hz power was especially strong at frontolateral and frontal sites. Their findings include the indication that 40-Hz activity holds a functional role in the modulation of conscious awareness across different conscious states. Furthermore, they termed lucid dreaming as a
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It should be mentioned that even in the chimpanzee, the species most studied and with the most convincing findings, clear-cut evidence of self-recognition is not obtained in all individuals tested. Occurrence is about 75% in young adults and considerably less in young and old individuals. For
484:, has been developed through dream research and involves the idea of a secondary consciousness. Hobson suggests that brain states underlying waking and dreaming cooperate and that their functional interplay is crucial to the optimal functioning of both. Ultimately, he proposes the idea that
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van Gaal S., Ridderinkhof K.R., van den
Wildenberg W.P.M., Lamme V.A.F.(2009). Dissociating Consciousness From Inhibitory Control: Evidence for Unconsciously Triggered Response Inhibition in the Stop-Signal Task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 35 (4),
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are capable of understanding that a mirror image belongs to their own body. The findings show that magpies respond in the mirror and mark test in a manner similar to apes, dolphins and elephants. This is a remarkable capability that, although not fully concrete in its determination of
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For the advocates of the idea of a secondary consciousness, self-recognition serves as a critical component and a key defining measure. What is most interesting then, is the evolutionary appeal that arises with the concept of self-recognition. In non-human species and in children, the
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In one study, researchers sought physiological correlates of lucid dreaming. They showed that the unusual combination of hallucinatory dream activity and wake-like reflective awareness and agentive control experienced in lucid dreams is paralleled by significant changes in
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present complex scene to its own previous history of learning conferred an adaptive evolutionary advantage. At much later evolutionary epochs, further re-entrant circuits appeared that linked semantic and linguistic performance to categorical and conceptual
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control" and its articulation. Kuiken has stated that typical non-lucid REM dreaming may involve another form of self-regulative activity that is not related to activation of the DL-PFC. There is evidence that the subtle self-regulation characteristic of
111:" as a possible consideration. He also rejects theories based on the notion that the brain is a computer or an instructional system. Instead, he suggests that the brain is a selectional system, one in which large numbers of variant circuits are generated
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that are most relevant to the self-conscious awareness that is lost in sleep, commonly termed as 'executive' functions. These include self-observation, planning, prioritizing and decision-making abilities, which are, in turn, based upon more basic
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Patterson FGP, Cohn RH (1994) Self-recognition and self-awareness in lowland gorillas. In: Parker ST, Mitchell RW, editors. Self-awareness in animals and humans: developmental perspectives. New York (New York): Cambridge
University Press. pp.
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considerations to be taken with birds. This functional interplay which occurs during REM sleep constitutes a 'proto-conscious' state which preludes consciousness and can develop and maintain higher order consciousness.
467:– most known for his research on rare, non-ordinary ego experiences and OBEs that arise with lucid dreaming. He has also studied the cognitive abilities of dream characters in lucid dreams through various experiments.
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have long-term memory, they lack explicit narrative, and, at best, can only deal with the immediate scene in the remembered present. While they still have an advantage over animals lacking such ability,
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as the three dimensions, the proposers believe to have selected "how much information is being processed by the brain (A), what information is being processed (I), and how it is being processed (M).
294:, non-primate mammals, and in a number of bird species, exploration of the mirror and social displays were observed. However, hints at mirror-induced self-directed behavior have been obtained.
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and semantics. In considering how the neural mechanisms underlying primary consciousness arose and were maintained during evolution, it is proposed that at some time around the divergence of
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Povinelli DJ, Rulf AB, Landau KR, Bierschwale DT (1993) Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence. J Comp
Psychol 107: 347–372.
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Hobson, J. A., Pace-Schott, E. F., & Stickgold, R. (2000). Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 23(6), 793-+.
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Damasio, A. (2003). Feelings of emotion and the self. In J. LeDoux, J. Debiec & H. Moss (Eds.), Self: from Soul to Brain (Vol. 1001, pp. 253–261). New York: New York Acad
Sciences.
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nearly 300 million years ago, and have since independently evolved and formed significantly different brain types. The results of the mirror and mark tests showed that neocortex-less
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Voss, U., Holzmann, R., Tuin, I., & Hobson, J. A. (2009). Lucid
Dreaming: A State of Consciousness with Features of Both Waking and Non-Lucid Dreaming. Sleep, 32(9), 1191–1200.
34:. As such, it is ascribed to most animals. By contrast, secondary consciousness depends on and includes such features as self-reflective awareness, abstract thinking, volition and
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Walraven V, van Elsacker L, Verheyen R (1995) Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: evidence of self-recognition. Primates 36: 145–150.
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Bischof-Köhler, D. (1991). The development of empathy in infants. In M.E. Lamb & H. Keller (eds.), Infant Development. Perspectives from German speaking countries (245–273).
461:– known for his correlate of neuroscience and philosophy in understanding consciousness. He is praised for his ability to probe and link fundamental issues between these fields.
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and secondary consciousness. The author puts forward the belief that consciousness is a particular kind of brain process; linked and integrated, yet complex and differentiated.
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has evolved, it has metamorphosed into the three-dimensional framework known as the AIM model. The AIM model describes a method of mapping conscious states onto an underlying
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was carried out, and significant result quantified the ability of self-recognition in the magpie. Mammals and birds inherited the same brain components from their last common
103:, which posits that consciousness is the product of natural selection. He believes consciousness is not something separate from the real world, thus the attempt to eliminate
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of neural systems that gave rise to consciousness, but not on selection for consciousness itself. He is noted for his theory of neuronal group selection, also known as
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Laberge, S. (1980). Lucid dreaming: An exploratory study of consciousness during sleep. (PhD thesis, Stanford University, 1980), (University Microfilms No. 80-24, 691)
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provides opportunities to the brain to prepare itself for its main integrative functions, including secondary consciousness, which would explain the developmental and
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Prior, H., Schwarz, A., & Gunturkun, O. (2008). Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of self-recognition. Plos Biology, 6(8), 1642–1650.
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It was recently thought that self-recognition was restricted to mammals with large brains and highly evolved social cognition but absent from animals without a
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The AIM model proposes that all three parameters defining the state space are continuous variables, and any point in the state space can in theory be occupied.
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There have been numerous findings in the past 30 years which display fairly clear evidence of possessors of self-recognition including the following animals:
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with agreed-upon eye movements during REM sleep became the first published, scientifically-verified signal from a dreamer's mind to the outside world.
243:. In these experiments, subjects are placed in front of a mirror and provided with a mark that cannot be seen directly but is visible in the mirror.
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Reiss D, Marino L (2001) Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 5937–5942.
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is an individual's accessibility to their history and plans. The ability allows its possessors to go beyond the limits of the remembered present of
578:, and waking states used to determine reflective ability. If, as many scholars have come to suggest, typical non-lucid REM dreaming reflects
2004:
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Hobson, J. A. (2009). REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(11), 803-U862.
141:. The interaction between distinct neuronal groups forms the "dynamic core" and may help explain the nature of conscious experience.
434:(EEG), and 3 achieved lucidity in the experiment. Differences between REM sleep and lucid dreaming were most prominent in the 40-Hz
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582:, the belief that typical non-lucid dreaming is accompanied by de-activation of the DL-PFC becomes significant. Although the
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Kuiken, D. (2010). Primary and Secondary Consciousness During Dreaming. International Journal of Dream Research, 3(1), 1–25.
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Secondary consciousness, as it remains a controversial topic, has received often contrasting findings and beliefs regarding
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the AIM model represents brain-mind state as a sequence of points, Hobson adds that time is a fourth dimension of the model.
451:– most known for his lucid dreaming education and facilitation. His technique of signaling to a collaborator monitoring his
1989:
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Werner, A. G. (2007). Metastability, criticality and phase transitions in brain and its models. Biosystems, 90(2), 496–508
115:. He claims the potential connectivity in the neural net "far exceeds the number of elementary particles in the universe"
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Plotnik JM, de Waal FBM, Reiss D (2006) Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 17053–17057.
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Edelman, G. M. (2003). Naturalizing consciousness: a theoretical framework. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 5520–5524.
189:. Animals with this complexity are said to have secondary consciousness. Secondary consciousness is seen in animals with
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Metzinger, T. (2000) Neural Correlates of Consciousness – Empirical and Conceptual Questions. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
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Edelman, G. M., Tononi, G. (2000). A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination. New York: Basic Books
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Edelman, G. M. (2004). Wider than the sky: a revolutionary view of consciousness. Penguin Press Science, London, UK.
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Damasio, A. (1999). The Feeling of What Happens: Body, Emotion and the Making ofConsciousness. Harcourt Brace, 1999.
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Muzur, A. Pace-Schott, E.F. Hobson, JA (2002) The Prefrontal Cortex in Sleep. Trends Cogn Sci, 6(11), 475–481.
528:("A"), the origin of inputs ("I") to the activated areas, and the relative levels of activation of aminergic (
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Chalmers D J, The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory (Oxford University Press, New York) 1996.
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Edelman, G. M. (200). Second Nature:Brain Science and Human Knowledge. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
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state space. The AIM model relates not just to wake/sleep states of consciousness, but to all states of
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In the last couple of decades, dream research has begun to focus on the field of consciousness. Through
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Tholey, Paul (1989), "Consciousness and Abilities of Dream Characters Observed during Lucid Dreaming",
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Metzinger, T. (1995) Conscious Experience. Imprint Academic, Thorverton und mentis, Paderborn, Germany.
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Hyatt CW (1998) Responses of gibbons (Hylobates lar) to their mirror images. Am J Primatol 45: 307–311.
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12 Fuster, J.M. (1997) The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal.
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Goldberg, E. (2001) The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind, Oxford University Press
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research and consciousness, yet primarily based in fields such as psychology and philosophy include:
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Edelman, G. M. (1992). Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. Basic Books, New York.
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Conscious states are in large part determined by three interdependent processes, the level of brain
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correlates of dreaming and apply them in the hopes of understanding relations to consciousness.
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LaBerge, S. (1991). Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming. New York: Ballantine Books.
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Chalmers D J, Facing up to the problem of consciousness, J Cons Stud, 2 (1995) 200.
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interactions in the thalamocortical region cause a process of selectionism through
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as a model, which entails the true difficulty in understanding consciousness.
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from a direct inhibition of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical neurons by
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systems. This development enabled the emergence of secondary consciousness.
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has brought forth a growing complexity in consciousness, particularly in
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Hobson, Schott, and Stickgold propose three aspects of the AIM model:
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Some notable, albeit criticized findings include the functions of the
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Edelman integrates the DCH hypothesis into Neural Darwinism, in which
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and waking states. The goal of these studies is often to seek
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highlighted by red box. Eye movement highlighted by red line.
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Representation of consciousness from the seventeenth century.
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Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)
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Exhibiting secondary consciousness in the animal kingdom
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Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness
398:, the release of which is enhanced during REM sleep.
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computer models that neuronal groups existing in the
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513:. By choosing activation, input source, and mode of
780:Gallup GG Jr (1970) Chimpanzees: self-recognition.
570:The analyzed circuitry involved in lucid dreaming,
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Awareness beyond things in the world in the present
586:(DL-PFC) is believed to be the site of "executive
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476:The theory of protoconsciousness, developed by
201:species, which is unique in possessing complex
566:The most common of recent criticisms include:
430:. Participants were recorded using 19-channel
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389:abilities such as attention, working memory,
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197:. It is present in its richest form in the
95:emergence of consciousness depended on the
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1684:Electromagnetic theories of consciousness
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332:Lucid vs. non-lucid dreaming as a model
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1709:Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis
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298:Self-recognition study in the magpie
137:interact in the form of synchronous
119:Dynamic core hypothesis and re-entry
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590:control", it has never been tested.
239:" has been used as an indicator of
13:
2000:Subjective character of experience
1896:Neural correlates of consciousness
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71:the self and of consciousness are
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2030:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
1679:Damasio's theory of consciousness
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555:Criticism of lucid dreaming model
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2092:Journal of Consciousness Studies
1980:Sociology of human consciousness
1816:Dual consciousness (split-brain)
1719:Orchestrated objective reduction
323:Research on animal consciousness
2098:Online Consciousness Conference
2085:How the Self Controls Its Brain
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503:activation-synthesis hypothesis
482:Activation-synthesis hypothesis
1744:Altered state of consciousness
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584:Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
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1846:Hard problem of consciousness
1704:Integrated information theory
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2144:What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
2131:The Science of Consciousness
2005:Subjectivity and objectivity
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7:
2137:Understanding Consciousness
2064:Consciousness and Cognition
2052:A Universe of Consciousness
923:Perceptual and Motor Skills
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213:into mammals and then into
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2111:The Astonishing Hypothesis
1806:Disorders of consciousness
151:Reentry (neural circuitry)
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46:Brief history and overview
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1891:Minimally conscious state
1801:Consciousness after death
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38:. The term was coined by
1754:Artificial consciousness
1271:William Kingdon Clifford
124:Dynamic core hypothesis
91:Edelman argues that the
2071:Consciousness Explained
1990:Stream of consciousness
1965:Secondary consciousness
1689:Global workspace theory
1674:Dynamic core hypothesis
1669:Attention schema theory
1643:Revisionary materialism
1558:Eliminative materialism
1081:Charles Augustus Strong
593:The idea of "executive
20:Secondary consciousness
2125:The Emperor's New Mind
1931:Problem of other minds
1866:Introspection illusion
1699:Holonomic brain theory
1056:Alfred North Whitehead
432:electroencephalography
418:
55:
1926:Primary consciousness
1811:Divided consciousness
1714:Multiple drafts model
1216:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
628:Primary consciousness
600:musical improvisation
580:primary consciousness
422:significant results.
413:record of REM Sleep.
409:
191:semantic capabilities
178:primary consciousness
163:, a host of internal
81:primary consciousness
53:
24:primary consciousness
2078:Cosmic Consciousness
1916:Philosophical zombie
1856:Higher consciousness
1749:Animal consciousness
1553:Double-aspect theory
1086:Christopher Peacocke
1851:Heterophenomenology
1764:Attentional control
1413:Lawrence Weiskrantz
1241:Patricia Churchland
1076:Brian O'Shaughnessy
1061:Arthur Schopenhauer
480:, a creator of the
279:have been reported.
193:, such as the four
176:While animals with
2151:Wider than the Sky
2118:The Conscious Mind
1921:Philosophy of mind
1901:Neurophenomenology
1876:Locked-in syndrome
1871:Knowledge argument
1535:Philosophy of mind
1156:George Henry Lewes
1126:Douglas Hofstadter
472:Protoconsciousness
419:
56:
2188:
2187:
1886:Mind–body problem
1836:Flash suppression
1796:Cartesian theater
1781:Binocular rivalry
1727:
1726:
1593:Mind–body dualism
1522:
1521:
1509:Victor J. Stenger
1484:Erwin Schrödinger
1438:Stanislas Dehaene
1418:Michael Gazzaniga
1302:Donald D. Hoffman
1186:John Polkinghorne
1166:Gottfried Leibniz
428:electrophysiology
382:prefrontal cortex
376:Prefrontal cortex
352:Circuitry/anatomy
97:natural selection
2208:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2010:Unconscious mind
1638:Reflexive monism
1633:Property dualism
1608:New mysterianism
1568:Epiphenomenalism
1548:Computationalism
1543:Anomalous monism
1531:
1530:
1423:Michael Graziano
1393:Francisco Varela
1297:Carl Gustav Jung
1261:Thomas Metzinger
1231:Martin Heidegger
1211:Kenneth M. Sayre
1071:Bertrand Russell
1046:
1045:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1004:
998:
994:
988:
985:
979:
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831:
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813:
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769:
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749:
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731:
728:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
690:
687:
681:
678:
672:
669:
663:
660:
633:Neural Darwinism
459:Thomas Metzinger
411:Polysomnographic
230:Self-recognition
101:Neural Darwinism
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2156:
2039:
2015:Unconsciousness
1826:Explanatory gap
1776:Binding problem
1723:
1657:
1518:
1504:Susan Blackmore
1457:
1448:Stuart Hameroff
1368:Antonio Damasio
1351:
1347:Wolfgang Köhler
1285:
1246:Paul Churchland
1151:George Berkeley
1121:Donald Davidson
1037:
1032:
1002:
1001:
995:
991:
986:
982:
977:
966:
960:10.1038/nrn2716
953:
949:
919:
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906:
901:
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888:
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865:
861:
856:
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834:
829:
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820:
816:
811:
807:
801:
797:
792:
788:
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775:
770:
761:
756:
752:
747:
743:
738:
734:
729:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
693:
688:
684:
679:
675:
670:
666:
661:
646:
641:
614:
557:
541:neuromodulators
515:neuromodulation
499:
474:
449:Stephen LaBerge
404:
354:
334:
174:
153:
131:cerebral cortex
121:
89:
73:Antonio Damasio
62:'s proposal of
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2025:Visual masking
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Sentiocentrism
1972:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
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1843:
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1823:
1818:
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1808:
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1798:
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1773:
1768:
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1725:
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1716:
1711:
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1701:
1696:
1691:
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1676:
1671:
1665:
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1659:
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1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:Neutral monism
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:Interactionism
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1514:Wolfgang Pauli
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Steven Laureys
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Patrick Wilken
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:Gerald Edelman
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:Benjamin Libet
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:Max Wertheimer
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:Gustav Fechner
1309:
1307:Franz Brentano
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1281:William Seager
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:René Descartes
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1206:Keith Frankish
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Galen Strawson
1143:
1138:
1133:
1131:Edmund Husserl
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:David Papineau
1108:
1103:
1101:David Chalmers
1098:
1096:Daniel Dennett
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:Baruch Spinoza
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1000:
999:
989:
980:
964:
947:
929:(2): 567–578,
913:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
832:
823:
814:
805:
795:
786:
773:
759:
750:
741:
732:
718:
709:
700:
691:
682:
673:
664:
643:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
613:
610:
609:
608:
604:
591:
561:lucid dreaming
556:
553:
552:
551:
548:
544:
498:
495:
473:
470:
469:
468:
462:
456:
403:
400:
358:lucid dreaming
353:
350:
338:lucid dreaming
333:
330:
287:
286:
280:
266:
241:self-awareness
173:
170:
149:Main article:
120:
117:
113:epigenetically
88:
85:
77:Gerald Edelman
47:
44:
40:Gerald Edelman
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2213:
2202:
2201:Consciousness
2199:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Phenomenology
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Hallucination
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
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1737:
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1720:
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1712:
1710:
1707:
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1702:
1700:
1697:
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1677:
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1611:
1609:
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1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Functionalism
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
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1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Roger Penrose
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Marvin Minsky
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Eugene Wigner
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:Annaka Harris
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Giulio Tononi
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:Francis Crick
1386:
1384:
1383:Christof Koch
1381:
1379:
1378:Bernard Baars
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:William James
1340:
1338:
1337:Wilhelm Wundt
1335:
1333:
1332:Sigmund Freud
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Julian Jaynes
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:William Lycan
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Joseph Levine
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:Immanuel Kant
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Frank Jackson
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Consciousness
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1006:
993:
984:
975:
973:
971:
969:
961:
957:
951:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
827:
818:
809:
799:
790:
783:
777:
768:
766:
764:
754:
745:
736:
727:
725:
723:
713:
704:
695:
686:
677:
668:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
644:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Consciousness
616:
615:
605:
601:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:
567:
564:
562:
549:
545:
542:
539:
535:
531:
530:noradrenergic
527:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
512:
511:consciousness
508:
507:physiological
504:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
437:
433:
429:
423:
416:
412:
408:
399:
397:
396:acetylcholine
392:
388:
383:
378:
377:
373:
371:
370:physiological
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
339:
329:
325:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
299:
295:
293:
284:
281:
278:
274:
270:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
238:
232:
231:
227:
225:
220:
219:embryological
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
169:
166:
162:
158:
152:
147:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
126:
125:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
52:
43:
41:
37:
36:metacognition
33:
29:
25:
21:
2149:
2135:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2050:
1995:Subconscious
1964:
1955:
1941:Quantum mind
1433:Roger Sperry
1408:Karl Pribram
1356:Neuroscience
1266:Thomas Nagel
1141:Fred Dretske
1116:David Pearce
1091:Colin McGinn
992:
983:
950:
926:
922:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
798:
789:
781:
776:
753:
744:
735:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
565:
558:
534:serotonergic
519:
500:
490:evolutionary
478:Allan Hobson
475:
424:
420:
379:
375:
374:
355:
335:
326:
322:
321:
301:
297:
296:
288:
245:
233:
229:
228:
175:
154:
144:
143:
127:
123:
122:
93:evolutionary
90:
57:
19:
18:
1628:Physicalism
1623:Parallelism
1618:Panpsychism
1588:Materialism
1563:Emergentism
1453:Wolf Singer
1322:Kurt Koffka
1251:Philip Goff
1226:Michael Tye
1221:Max Velmans
1201:Karl Popper
1191:John Searle
1176:John Eccles
1161:Georges Rey
784:167: 86–87.
623:Lucid dream
538:cholinergic
465:Paul Tholey
251:Chimpanzees
237:mirror test
205:made up of
139:oscillation
2020:Upanishads
1821:Experience
1786:Blindsight
1613:Nondualism
1494:Max Planck
1474:David Bohm
1290:Psychology
1181:John Locke
1106:David Hume
1049:Philosophy
997:1129–1139.
639:References
576:NREM sleep
526:activation
362:NREM sleep
342:NREM sleep
259:orangutans
195:great apes
157:metastable
68:philosophy
28:perception
2035:Yogachara
1970:Sentience
1831:Free will
1771:Awareness
1759:Attention
1648:Solipsism
1363:Anil Seth
1236:Ned Block
572:REM sleep
497:AIM model
486:REM sleep
436:frequency
387:cognitive
366:REM sleep
346:REM sleep
304:neocortex
273:elephants
183:evolution
105:Descartes
60:Descartes
2195:Category
2170:Category
1906:Ontology
1861:Illusion
1578:Idealism
1527:Theories
803:273–290.
612:See also
402:Research
391:temporal
312:ancestor
269:Dolphins
263:gorillas
211:reptiles
203:language
165:feedback
161:re-entry
145:Re-entry
135:thalamus
2180:Commons
1957:Purusha
1946:Reentry
1739:Agnosia
1662:Science
1042:Figures
943:2717365
782:Science
501:As the
316:magpies
308:corvids
292:Monkeys
283:Magpies
255:bonobos
187:mammals
109:dualism
64:dualism
32:emotion
2104:Psyche
1951:Sakshi
1936:Qualia
1732:Topics
1598:Monism
1462:Others
941:
543:("M").
536:) and
441:hybrid
224:memory
217:, the
207:syntax
58:Since
2044:Works
1791:Brain
215:birds
199:human
1985:Soul
1881:Mind
939:PMID
532:and
277:apes
271:and
261:and
133:and
75:and
30:and
956:doi
931:doi
595:ego
588:ego
453:EEG
415:EEG
107:’ "
2197::
967:^
937:,
927:68
925:,
762:^
721:^
647:^
574:,
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360:,
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340:,
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253:,
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2142:"
1027:e
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962:.
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285:.
265:.
235:"
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