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The measures which I, jointly with you, undertook in my consulship for the safety of the empire, the lives of our citizens, and the common weal of the state, have been taken by my client as the subject of a poem which he has begun; he read this to me, and the work struck me as at once so forcible and
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I hope that my departure from the practice and the conventions of the courts, and my digression upon the subject of my client’s genius, and, in general terms, upon the art which he follows, has been welcomed by you in as generous a spirit as I am assured it has been welcomed by him who presides over
336:
Lucullus, indeed, and Drusus and
Octavius, and Cato and the whole house of Hortensii, since he held them bound by close social ties, he was treated by them with the highest of honors; for not only did everyone cultivate his friendship who devoted to hear and to take in anything they did, but even
377:
Est ridiculum ad ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non possumus; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriam flagitare; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem, integerrimi municipi ius iurandum fidemque, ea quae depravari nullo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas, quas idem
365:
In this section, Cicero discredits the four points raised against his client. He uses dramatic rhetoric to discredit the case of his opponent, Grattius, whom he here names. He starts with two chiastic structures identifying his witnesses, Lucius
Lucullus and the embassy, and then ridicules the
382:
It is ridiculous! To say nothing in contradiction of those things which we do have, but to ask for proof of those things which we cannot have; to keep silent with regard to the memory of men, but to demand the memory of documents; and (although you have the revered testimony of a distinguished
415:
In his argument, Cicero discusses the benefits of literature, the intrinsic dignity or virtue of poets and the relationship of the poet to the state. Cicero mentions three benefits of literature: literature provides refreshment for the spirit and repose for the senses; it provides Cicero with
78:
around 120 BC and arrived in Rome in 102 BC. It was here that he earned a living as a poet and gained the patronage of the Roman general and politician L. Lucullus. Archias wrote poems of the general's military exploits, and in 93 BC, Lucullus helped him gain citizenship of the
431:
Nam quas res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute huius urbis atque imperii et pro vita civium proque universa re publica gessimus, attigit hic versibus atque inchoavit: quibus auditis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adhortatus
130:, which challenged false claims of citizenship and expelled foreigners from Rome. It is most likely under this law that Archias was prosecuted. Cicero came to his former teacher's defense at his trial in 62 BC, only months after delivering the famous
191:
Because of
Archias' close association with Lucullus, the case was probably a political attack directed at the politician by one of his many enemies. Chief among his enemies, and one who would stand to gain much by disgracing Lucullus was
33:: "these studies are the food of youth, the delight of old age; the ornament of prosperity, the refuge and comfort of adversity; a delight at home, and no hindrance abroad; they are companions by night, and in travel, and in the country."
331:
Lucullos vero et Drusum et
Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficiebatur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte
319:
Cicero begins his account of
Archias' life and travels through Asia and Greece during the poet's early career before his first arrival in Rome. He says that he was yet only sixteen or seventeen years old, wearing the striped toga or
324:, when he began his studies in the arts and gained the attention of some of Rome's most influential citizens. Cicero emphasizes the stature of those who is gave patronage to Archias by altering the usual word order.
87:. Thereafter, Archias was set up with a permanent residence in Rome in preparation for achieving full Roman citizenship. It was in Rome where Archias became a mentor and teacher of Cicero in his early education in
465:... quae a foro aliena iudicialique consuetudine et de hominis ingenio et communiter de ipsius studio locutus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta, ab eo, qui iudicium exercet, certo scio.
419:
Cicero states that poets have a natural gift and that Ennius called poets holy. Literature tells and celebrates achievements. It is for that reason that many noble Romans had a poet to write for them.
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gentleman and the sworn oath and good faith of a respectable municipality) to reject those things which in no way may be tarnished, but to demand records which you say yourself are often corrupted.
308:
He continues with this approach in the final lines of this section where he proposes that even if
Archias were not enrolled as a citizen, his virtuous qualities should compel us to enroll him.
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by depicting his strengths of natural talent, experience, and strategy while appearing humble and inferior to the qualities of his client. He asks the court to indulge him with a
273:"new manner of speaking", similar to the style of a poet. The greater part of the speech contains finely crafted rhetoric and an increased frequency of such poetical devices as
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inspiration for his daily speeches and therefore strengthens his oratorical powers; and it contains moral lessons and provides examples to contemplate and to emulate.
302:
To be sure, all arts which are relevant to human culture have a certain common bond, and are connected, one to another, by a sort of, as it were, kindred relationship.
62:
in the year following the trial makes mention of
Archias, but there is no conclusive evidence about the outcome of the trial. The oration was rediscovered in Liège by
350:
While naming the law under which
Archias was granted citizenship at Heraclea, Cicero begins with the verb to emphasize that citizenship was indeed granted (
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Pro Archia poeta ; Post reditum in Senatu ; Post reditum ad quirites ; De domo sua ; De haruspicum responsis ; Pro
Plancio
460:
he makes clear that this was an unusual speech compared to the tradition of trials. He is however certain the judges have received it gladly:
347:("since") as what would be expected, Cicero suspends it to the end of the phrase to bring attention to the gravity of the names he states.
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285:. His aim is to draw attention to Archias' profession and appeal to his value in Roman culture. He reveals this thesis in lines 20–22:
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There was no official enrollment record for
Archias in Heraclea because the records office had notoriously been destroyed during the
642:
Antiphilesis: Studies on Classical, Byzantine and Modern Greek Literature and Culture in Honour of John Theophanes A. Papademetriou.
58:
through Archias. The poet was originally Greek but had been living in Rome for an extended period of time. A letter from Cicero to
292:
Etenim omnes artes quae ad humanitatem pertinent habent quoddam commune vinculum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur.
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granted Roman citizenship to all citizens of municipia on the Italic peninsula, provided they had not fought against Rome in the
494:
187:
Archias did not appear on the Roman census because he was away on campaign with Lucullus at each time they were taken.
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Archias does not appear on the Roman census rolls taken during the period in which he claimed to have lived there.
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Apparently Archias was writing a poem about Cicero's consulship, and Cicero was eager for him to complete it.
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Dugan, J. (2001) ‘How to Make (and Break) a Cicero: Epideixis, Textuality, and Self-fashioning in the
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M. Tulli Ciceronis pro A. Licinio Archia poeta ad iudices: edited for schools and colleges
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After the rebuttal Cicero presents his case for Archias’ citizenship. He starts the
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46:("On Behalf of Archias the Poet") is the published literary form of his defense of
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There was no official enrollment record for Archias as a citizen of Heraclea
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564:. Translated by Watts, Nevile. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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Italy and the Classical Tradition: Language, Thought and Poetry 1300-1600
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so interesting, that I encouraged him to complete it. (Watts translation)
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The prosecution laid out four accusations in its case against Archias:
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Cicero divided the speech by following the formal structure of the
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Cicero makes a final emotional appeal to the jury. Just as in the
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You will ask me, Gratius, why I am so enthusiastic about this man.
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Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur.
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Archias had become eligible for Roman citizenship under the
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Panoussi, V. (2009) ‘Roman Cultural Identity in Cicero’s
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Nesholm, E.J. (2010) ‘Language and Artistry in Cicero’s “
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Cicero gives another reason for his passion for Archias:
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Archias did not maintain a permanent residence in Rome
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M. TVLLI CICERONIS PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO
706:
M. TVLLI CICERONIS PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO
640:’, in Karamalengou, E. and Makrygianni, E.D., eds.,
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by asking himself a question on behalf of Grattius.
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603:Clark, Albert Curtis: in Oxford Classical Texts,
151:of 89 BC, which list Archias’ name, are unreliable
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180:He also appeared in the records of the praetor
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265:of the judges. He starts with his trademark
699:has original text related to this article:
495:"M. Tullius Cicero, For Archias, chapter 7"
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667:Cicero's Elegant Style: an Analysis of the
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672:Bellemore, Jane: "The Date of Cicero's
257:Cicero begins his speech by gaining the
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651:and the Responsibilities of Reading’,
607:vol.VI (Oxford University Press, 1911)
126:In 65 BC, the Roman Senate passed the
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653:A Journal of the History of Rhetoric,
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196:, better known as Pompey the Great.
122:Basis of the prosecution and defense
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600:(Cambridge University Press, 1897)
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378:dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare.
361:or rebuttal of the opponent's case
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560:Cicero, Marcus Tullius. (1979) .
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50:, a poet accused of not being a
647:Porter, W.M. (1990) ‘Cicero’s
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516:, A&C Black, 2013, p. 164.
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891:De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum
74:Licinius Archias was born in
1156:Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem
605:M. Tulli Ciceronis Orationes
25:(1837) with an engraving of
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701:Pro A. Licinio Archia poeta
184:, which were very reliable.
103:, passed in 90 BC, and the
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824:De Partitionibus Oratoriae
669:Pro Archia, (Urbana, 1979)
343:Instead of beginning with
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337:those who only pretended.
100:de Civitate Latinis Danda
898:Tusculanae Disputationes
542:: CS1 maint: location (
526:Cicero, Marcus Tullius.
315:or statement of the case
108:de Civitate Sociis Danda
1149:Epistulae ad Familiares
926:Cato Maior de Senectute
200:Structure of the speech
128:Lex Papia de Peregrinis
110:, passed in 89 BC. The
60:Titus Pomponius Atticus
1071:Divinatio in Caecilium
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476:References and sources
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194:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
48:Aulus Licinius Archias
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27:Joseph Hilarius Eckhel
23:The Numismatic Journal
1004:De Imperio Cn. Pompei
981:Marcus Tullius Cicero
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756:Marcus Tullius Cicero
499:www.perseus.tufts.edu
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70:Historical background
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1135:Epistulae ad Atticum
631:The Classical World,
620:Classical Antiquity,
452:or closing statement
393:or Cicero's own case
1142:Epistulae ad Brutum
933:Laelius de Amicitia
644:Stuttgart. 516-523.
366:prosecution with a
271:novum genus dicendi
147:The records of the
106:Lex Plautia Papiria
29:and quotation from
1196:Orations of Cicero
1064:Pro Roscio Amerino
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422:In the end of the
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1011:In Catilinam I–IV
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434:(Cic. Arch. 28)
267:periodic sentence
160:argued in defense
132:Catiline Orations
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905:De Natura Deorum
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772:Political career
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1099:Pro Cluentio
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1092:Pro Caecina
1039:Philippicae
940:De Officiis
717:– original
708:– original
424:confirmatio
399:confirmatio
391:Confirmatio
370:crescendo.
332:simulabant.
283:golden line
235:Confirmatio
40:'s oration
1190:Categories
1113:Pro Caelio
1085:Pro Tullio
1025:Pro Milone
884:Consolatio
870:Hortensius
852:De Legibus
810:De Oratore
697:Wikisource
678:Antichthon
674:Pro Archia
649:Pro Archia
638:Pro Archia
627:Pro Archia
616:In Pisonem
612:Pro Archia
529:Pro Archia
481:References
281:, and the
207:dispositio
168:Social War
116:Social War
81:municipium
1201:Roman law
1078:In Verrem
996:Political
877:Academica
786:Treatises
538:cite book
450:Peroratio
359:Refutatio
275:hendiadys
242:Peroratio
229:Refutatio
175:residence
112:Lex Iulia
97:Lex Iulia
66:in 1333.
1049:Judicial
989:Orations
816:Book III
793:Rhetoric
777:Writings
580:13483267
458:exordium
368:tricolon
352:Data est
313:Narratio
279:chiasmus
259:goodwill
251:Exordium
223:Narratio
216:Exordium
182:Metellus
177:in Rome.
149:praetors
89:rhetoric
85:Heraclea
64:Petrarch
56:Lucullus
1166:Related
1127:Letters
919:De Fato
591:Sources
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158:Cicero
76:Antioch
845:Orator
838:Brutus
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614:and
576:OCLC
566:ISBN
544:link
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345:cum
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